1. SOUTHERN SLAVERY THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION Prior to 1791 slavery was not profitable Cotton Gin ----Eli Whitney---1791 South relied on cotton and slaves. Cotton production doubles every 10 years King Cotton 2. Southern society 3. Facts on Slavery 4. Why did the South fight a war to preserve slavery when ¾ of Southerner’s did not own slaves? American Dream
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1. SOUTHERN SLAVERY THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION Prior to 1791 slavery was not profitable Cotton Gin----Eli Whitney---1791 South relied on cotton and.
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1. SOUTHERN SLAVERY THE PECULIAR INSTITUTION Prior to 1791 slavery was not profitable
Cotton Gin----Eli Whitney---1791 South relied on cotton and slaves. Cotton production doubles every 10 years
King Cotton
2. Southern society3. Facts on Slavery
4. Why did the South fight a war to preserve slavery when ¾ of Southerner’s did not own slaves?
American Dream
5. SOCIAL OUTCRY AGAINST SLAVERYRise of abolitionists----1830 to 1860
William Lloyd GarrisonFrederick DouglassHarriet TubmanHarriet Beecher Stowe
Arguments For slavery Against slavery
6. Did slaves revolt against slavery?Slave revolts Slave codes
1791: 4,000 bales of cotton are produced1849: 2, 246, 900 bales of cotton are produced
6 cents a lb. to 14 cents in 1857Expanded into Arkansas and Texas
Crop increase: 2,500,000 bales in 1850 to 5,300,000 in 1860Crop Value: In 1800, $8 million: In 1860, $250 millionTobacco by 1860 : 200,000,000 lbs. to 430,000,000 lbs.
The invention which changed
the South, cotton and
slavery.
The invention which changed
the South, cotton and
slavery.
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
• Cotton gin invented in 1793– 50 times more effective than hand picking
• Raising cotton more profitable– South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”
New England factories flourish with Southern cotton
•Southern society was Southern society was similar to a similar to a Feudal systemFeudal system
that existed in Europe that existed in Europe during the Dark and Middle during the Dark and Middle Ages…..(Ages…..(Manorial System)Manorial System)
•Caste systemCaste system and difficult and difficult to move up the social to move up the social
ladder.ladder.
•Based on white supremacy Based on white supremacy and the slave was inferior.and the slave was inferior.
Plantation Plantation owners owners
AristocracyAristocracyMiddle Middle ClassClassSmall Small
farmersfarmersPoor Poor
WhitesWhitesFree Blacks, 2Free Blacks, 2ndnd class citizens class citizens
Slaves---no rights, considered Slaves---no rights, considered propertyproperty
No No political political or civil or civil rights.rights.
Upper Upper classclass
Owned some Owned some slaves. Achieve slaves. Achieve
American American DreamDream
Owned no Owned no slaves….Hated white slaves….Hated white
upper class…upper class…American American DreamDream
Characteristics Characteristics of the of the
Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth
Characteristics Characteristics of the of the
Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth
1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.
2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”
3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).
4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.
•At the Constitutional Convention At the Constitutional Convention •3/5’s Compromise3/5’s Compromise•1807, imported slaves was abolished in the U.S.1807, imported slaves was abolished in the U.S.•Fugitive Slave LawFugitive Slave Law
•90% of Europe’s cotton came from the South by 186090% of Europe’s cotton came from the South by 1860•1/2 of U.S. exports were from cotton1/2 of U.S. exports were from cotton•More money invested in slaves than land and tools---$2 More money invested in slaves than land and tools---$2 billionbillion
Conditions on a slave ship were horrible. This was called the Middle Passage.
Conditions on a slave ship were horrible. This was called the Middle Passage.
•More slaves you had the greater social status
•2/3’s of presidents since independence were slaveowners
•Majority of Supreme Court justices were from the South
•More millionaires in the South than the NorthMore millionaires in the South than the North
•75% of the cotton harvest was done by 75% of the cotton harvest was done by plantations with10 or more slaves.plantations with10 or more slaves.
•Slave population grew from natural reproductionSlave population grew from natural reproduction•There was a slave trade within the U.S.There was a slave trade within the U.S.
Facts on slavery
Slaves being Slaves being sold at an sold at an
auction was auction was prevalent prevalent
throughout the throughout the Southern U.S. Southern U.S. right up to the right up to the
Civil War.Civil War.
•No political or civil rights to No political or civil rights to protect slavesprotect slaves
•U.S. was the largest slave U.S. was the largest slave institution in the world by institution in the world by
18601860
•U.S. produced 7/8’s of U.S. produced 7/8’s of world’s cotton supplyworld’s cotton supply
•Peculiar Institution, to own Peculiar Institution, to own another human being is another human being is
immoral.immoral.
•Cotton is King/King CottonCotton is King/King Cotton
•South was not willing to South was not willing to changechange
•Always felt isolated and Always felt isolated and threatened from the rest of threatened from the rest of
the U.S.the U.S.
Chart/Total slaves
Chart/Life expectancy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
US White Eng. Holland France US Slave Italy Chile NY, Phil
Country/Age Life Expectancy of Working Men, 1830 to 1920Life Expectancy of Working Men, 1830 to 1920
Chart/Net Earnings
42%
45%
50%
55%
55%
56%
56%
65%
70%
74%5
7%
55% 47%
44%
44%
44%
39%
33%
30%
26%
1%
3%
1%
1%
5%
3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
White Black Free % of White to Black Population in % of White to Black Population in 18601860
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2+ 5+ 10+ 20+ 50+
Non Slaveholders SlaveholdersChart: Total Deaths
About 1,150,000 About 1,150,000 Southern white families Southern white families owned no slaves---75%owned no slaves---75%
About 384,000 Southern About 384,000 Southern white families owned 1 white families owned 1
slave or more---25%slave or more---25%
Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….
Total of 1,534,000 Southern white families in 1860……A total population of 7,981,000….
(Number of slaves)(Number of slaves)
%%
•Statistically Statistically only 25% of only 25% of
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.
•Slaves resorted to revolts in the Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the 13 colonies and later in the
southern U.S.southern U.S.
• 250 insurrections250 insurrections have been have been documented; between documented; between 1780 and 1780 and
18641864..
•91 African-Americans were 91 African-Americans were convicted of insurrection in convicted of insurrection in
Virginia alone. Virginia alone.
•First revolt in what became the First revolt in what became the United States took place in 1526 United States took place in 1526 at a Spanish settlement near the at a Spanish settlement near the
mouth of the Pee Dee River in mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina. South Carolina.
•September 9, 1739September 9, 1739, twenty black Carolinians met near the Stono River, approximately twenty miles
southwest of Charleston. They took guns and powder from a store and killed the two
storekeepers they found there.
•"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums"With cries of 'Liberty' and beating of drums," "the rebels raised a standard and headed south toward Spanish St. Augustine . Burned houses,
and killed white opponents.
•Largest slave uprising in the 13 colonies prior to the American Revolution.
•Slaveowners caught up with the band of 60 to 100 slaves. 20 white Carolinians and 40 black 20 white Carolinians and 40 black
Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was Carolinians were killed before the rebellion was suppressed.suppressed.
Stono County Rebellion
•Slaves resorted to revolts in the 13 colonies and later in the southern
U.S.
•Gabriel Prosser•Denmark Vessey
•Nat Turner
Gabriel ProsserGabriel Prosser, (1776-1800), American leader of an aborted slave uprising, whose intention was to
create a free black state in Virginia. Born near Richmond, he was the son of an African mother
who instilled in him the love of freedom. Inspired perhaps by the success of the black revolutionaries of Haiti, he plotted with other slaves, notably Jack Bowler, in the spring of 1800 to seize the arsenal at Richmond and kill whites. On August 30, 1800August 30, 1800, as many as 1000 armed slaves gathered outside
Richmond ready for action. A torrential downpour and thunderstorm, however, washed away a bridge
vital to the insurrectionists' march; at the same time Governor James MonroeGovernor James Monroe, the future president, was informed of the plot and dispatched the state militia against them. Prosser and some 35 of his Prosser and some 35 of his
young comrades were captured and hanged.young comrades were captured and hanged.
The leader of an American slave revolt in Charleston, S.C., Denmark Vesey, b. Africa, 1767, d. July 2, 1822, had been owned by a slave-ship captain before he purchased his freedom (1800) with
$600 won in a street lottery. As a freedman in Charleston, he worked at
carpentry, became a leader of his church, and read antislavery
literature. Determined to strike a blow against the institution that had
victimized him, he devised an intricate conspiracy for an uprising in
Charleston and vicinity during the summer of 1822. Informers divulged
the plot, however, and 35 blacks, including Vesey, were executed.
Nat Turner RebellionNat Turner Rebellion
Nat TurnerNat Turner,, a slave owned by Joseph Travis of Southampton, Virginia, believed that he
had been chosen by God to lead a slave rebellion. On 21st August, 1831,21st August, 1831, Turner and
seven fellow slaves, murdered Travis and his family. Over the next two days and
nights, Turner's band killed around 60 white people in Virginia. Turner had hoped that this action would cause a massive slave uprising but only 75 joined his rebellion. Over 3,000 members of the state militia
were sent to deal with Turner's gang, and they were soon defeated. In retaliation,
more than a hundred innocent slaves were killed. Turner went into hiding but was
captured six weeks later. Nat Turner was Nat Turner was executed on 11th November, 1831.executed on 11th November, 1831.
Nat Turner Nat Turner RebellionRebellion
Arrest of Nat Arrest of Nat TurnerTurner
Tree Nat Tree Nat Turner was Turner was
hung onhung on
Slave Revolts/Turner
Slave Revolts
Besides slave revolts, slaves Besides slave revolts, slaves resorted to other ways to resorted to other ways to
revolt…..revolt…..
•Wouldn’t work hard.Wouldn’t work hard.
•Would sabotage equipment or break Would sabotage equipment or break tools.tools.
•Sometimes poisoned their master’s Sometimes poisoned their master’s food.food.
•Tried to escapeTried to escape
Slave Revolts would lead Slave Revolts would lead plantation owners to develop a plantation owners to develop a
series of series of slave laws/codesslave laws/codes which which restricted the movement of the restricted the movement of the
slaves.slaves.•Slaves were not taught to read or writeSlaves were not taught to read or write
•Restricted to the plantationRestricted to the plantation•Slaves could not congregate after darkSlaves could not congregate after dark
•Slaves could not possess any type of firearmSlaves could not possess any type of firearm•A larger slave plantation than white in some A larger slave plantation than white in some
statesstates
Slave owners wanted to keep Slave owners wanted to keep their slaves ignorant of the their slaves ignorant of the
outside world because learning outside world because learning about life beyond the plantation about life beyond the plantation could lead to more slave revolts could lead to more slave revolts
and wanting to escape.and wanting to escape.
Slave Laws
Slave Codes of the State of Georgia, 1848
SEC. I. CAPITAL OFFENSES.SEC. I. CAPITAL OFFENSES.
1. Capital crimes when punished with 1. Capital crimes when punished with death.death.
The following shall be considered as capital offences, when committed by a slave or free person of color: insurrection, or an attempt to
excite it; committing a rape, or attempting it on a free white female; murder of a free white
person, or murder of a slave or free person of color, or poisoning of a human being; every and each of these offences shall, on conviction, be
punished with death.
Georgia Slave Code, 1848Georgia Slave Code, 1848
2. Punishment of free persons of color 2. Punishment of free persons of color for encouraging slavesfor encouraging slaves.
If any free person of color commits the offence of encouraging or enticing away any slave or slaves, for the purpose of, and with the intention to aid
and assist such slave or slaves leaving the service of his or their owner or owners, or in
going to another state, such person so offending shall, for each and every such offence, on
conviction, be confined in the penitentiary at hard labor for one year.
Georgia Slave Code, 1848 Georgia Slave Code, 1848
3. Punishment for teaching slaves or 3. Punishment for teaching slaves or free persons of color to read.free persons of color to read.
If any slave, Negro, or free person of color, or any white person, shall teach any other slave, Negro,
or free person of color, to read or write either written or printed characters, the said free person
of color or slave shall be punished by fine and whipping, or fine or whipping, at the discretion of
the court.
Abolitionist Movement Abolitionist Movement 1816 American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.
British Colonization Society symbol
Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement
Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.
No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.
•Abolitionists believed slavery was immoral…..Peculiar institution or it is odd, strange or weird to own another human being.
•Abolitionists argued slavery was immoral because it violated the ideals that this country was founded on.
•All men are created equal (DOI)•If the U.S. was to succeed as a democratic society, slavery had to be abolished
Abolitionists
Abolitionism: Division and Opposition
Abolitionism: Division and Opposition
Abolitionism forced the churches to face the question of slavery head-on, and in the 1840s the Methodist and Baptist churches each split into northern and
southern organizations over the issue of slavery
Even the abolitionists themselves splintered
More conservative reformers wanted to work within established institutions, using churches and political action to
end slavery
Abolitionism forced the churches to face the question of slavery head-on, and in the 1840s the Methodist and Baptist churches each split into northern and
southern organizations over the issue of slavery
Even the abolitionists themselves splintered
More conservative reformers wanted to work within established institutions, using churches and political action to
end slavery
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.
Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.
Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4
Picture/Garrison
•Through his newspaper, The Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison spoke out against
slavery and for the rights of black Americans for 35 years. The tone of the paper was
established in the first issue of the paper with Garrison's editorial entitled, "To the Public,”
“On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. No! no! Tell a
man whose house is on fire, to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hand of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from
the fire into which it has fallen; -- but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the
present. I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single
inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD”.
Garrison, a leader among American
abolitionists, delivered his views
with great conviction, as well as great foresight.
"Posterity," he concluded in the
editorial, "will bear testimony that I
was right
The LiberatorThe Liberator
Premiere issue January 1, 1831
R2-5
Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.
1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World
Picture/Douglass
Frederick Douglas
•Escaped slave in 1838
•Mother was a slave and father was white
•Great speaker against slavery
•Bought his freedom for $600.00
•Wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass
•Editor of the North Star--Abolitionist paper
•Friends with Garrison
•Organized the 54th Black Regiment of Mass
•Escaped slave in 1838
•Mother was a slave and father was white
•Great speaker against slavery
•Bought his freedom for $600.00
•Wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass
•Editor of the North Star--Abolitionist paper
•Friends with Garrison
•Organized the 54th Black Regiment of Mass
Reading/On Douglass
After hearing Frederick Douglass speak in Bristol, England, in 1846, Mary A.
Estlin wrote to an American abolitionist:
“There is but one opinion of him. Wherever he goes he arouses
sympathy in your cause and love for himself…..Our expectations were
highly roused by his narrative, his printed speeches, and the eulogisms
of the friends with whom he has been staying: but he far exceeds the picture we had formed both in
outward graces, intellectual power and culture and eloquence.”