1 Second semester 14 -15 Chapter 12 Diet during Childhood and Adolescence Bader A. EL Safadi BSN, MSc Science of Nutrition Childhood and Adolescence.

1Second semester 14 -15

Chapter 12Diet during Childhood and

Adolescence

Bader A. EL Safadi BSN , MSc Science of Nutrition Childhood and Adolescence


Nutrition in Children


Facts •Children’s nutrition affects physical, emotional, and intellectual development•Once developed, poor eating habits difficult to change•Poor eating habits can exacerbate emotional and physical problems•Appetites often vary according to rate of growth•Likes and dislikes change•New foods should be introduced gradually•Children should be involved in food selection and preparation


Nutrition in Children ( cont‘d)


Facts •Fats should not be limited before age 2•Whole milk recommended until age 2

• Low-fat or fat-free milk served starting at age 2

•Calorie needs depend on rate of growth, activity level, body size, metabolism, and health•Nutrient-dense snacks needed every two to three hours•Forcing a child to eat can cause eating disorders•Choking prevalent in young children


Calorie and Nutrient Needs


• From age 1 to 10, caloric needs decrease but nutrient needs increase

• Use MyPyramid for meal planning for kids• Need 2 to 3 cups of milk or equivalent in terms

of calcium per day• Limit sweets and sweetened fruit juices• Introduce fiber slowly


Childhood Obesity


• Child overweight if above 95th percentile for body mass index (BMI) by sex and age

• Many factors contribute to this epidemic:

1. Genetic • (Increased risk in children with one or both

obese parents)

2. Behavioral

3. Environmental


Childhood Obesity ( cont‘d)


Behavioral Factors•Large portions of food and beverage•Snacking on energy-dense foods•High sugar intake•Lack of physical activity at home, school, or day care•Excessive sedentary activities:

• E.g., television, computer, video games


Childhood Obesity ( cont‘d)


Environmental Factors•School foods often high in fat and calories•Community environment not always safe or conducive to physical activity


What Parents Can Do


• Model healthy food choices and active lifestyle• Involve entire family for lifestyle change• Balance calories with snacking and portion

control but no dieting• Promote healthy food, snacks, and drinks• Remove calorie-rich desire• Engage physical activity daily as a family• Limit inactive time• Ensure child gets enough sleep


What Parents Can Do ( cont‘d)


• Never tell child that he or she is too fat• Understand devastating effects of social

favoritism on obese children• Never provide food as comfort or reward• But do not forbid food• Eat only at table and at designated times• Give water rather than juice or sweetened drinks• Eat slowly• Determine reasons for eating


Adolescence


• Period of rapid growth and physical changes• Cause increased calorie needs• Typically enormous appetites• Often substitute popular low-nutrient-dense foods• Food choices affected by peer pressure and busy

schedules• Calorie requirement increases• Except for vitamin D, all nutrient needs increase• Menstruation in girls creates greater need for iron• DRIs for many nutrients higher for boys than girls


Adolescent Problems Related to Nutrition


1. Anorexia nervosa

2. Bulimia

3. Overweight


Anorexia Nervosa


• Psychological disorder• Causes client to drastically reduce calories

consumed• Causes altered metabolism• Distorted body image and fear of being fat• Often exercise excessively• May result in hair loss, low blood pressure,

weakness, amenorrhea, brain damage, and even death


Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa


• Individual and family counseling• Self-acceptance• Nutrition therapy• Close supervision• Time and patience


Bulimia


• Syndrome when client alternately binges and purges by inducing vomiting and using laxatives and diuretics to rid of ingested food

• Fear of being overweight• Often binge on high-calorie foods• Usually not life-threatening, but can irritate

esophagus and cause electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, dehydration, and dental caries


Treatment for Bulimia


• Eating only at mealtime• Portion control• Close supervision after eating• Psychological counseling


Overweight


Contributing factors:•Heredity, overfeeding as infant or child, and psychological issues

Treatment:•Evaluation by health care provider•Change in unhealthy eating habits•Exercise

1 Second semester 14 -15 Chapter 12 Diet during Childhood and Adolescence Bader A. EL Safadi BSN, MSc Science of Nutrition Childhood and Adolescence.

Documents

safadi bsn

childhood obesity contd

childhood obesitybader

children contd bader

calorie needs

physical problemsappetites

food selection

adolescencefrom age