1 report ob.docx

School of Business, Public Policy and Social Entrepreneurship

PROJECT REPORT ON

PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

THE ARCHITECT OF MODERN INDIA

Under the guidance of Submitted by :Dr. Tuheena Mukherjee Amrita Arora

Assistant Professor (HR & OB) S143F0005

School of Business, Public Policy

& Social Entrepreneurship (SBPPSE)

Ambedkar University Delhi (AUD)

Acknowledgement

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I am highly indebted to Tuheena Mukherjee mam for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for her support in completing the project.

I would also like to express my gratitude towards my family & members of School of Business, Public Policy and Social Entrepreneurship, Ambedkar University, Delhi for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in completion of this project. My thanks and appreciations also go to my colleagues, specially Ms. Akriti Sondhi, in developing the project and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

AMRITA ARORA

PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU Page 2

Description Page No.

PART-I

HIS LIFE AT A GLANCE

1.

PART – II

ANALYSIS USING OB THEORIES

1. Introduction

PART- III

CONCLUSION

Conclusion of the project

PART- IV

BIBLIOGRAPHY


PART- IHIS LIFE AT A

GLANCE


Pandit JawaharlalPandit Jawaharlal NehruNehru

The Architect of Modern India

'Awake to freedom' "Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny,

and now the time comes

when we shall redeem our pledge.”


INTRODUCTION

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru’s life was closely intertwined with the history and destiny of modern India. Born on November 14, 1989, this great leader, played a central role in India’s struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and went on to become the first and longest serving Prime Minister of independent India.

With his visionary thinking, compassionate approach and rational decision making, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the greatest man of his generation, who laid the foundation stones of the India, as we see today. The following lines describe the greatest man in his own words:

“The ambition of the greatest man of our generation

has been to wipe every tear from every eye.

That may be beyond us,

but as long as there are tears and suffering,

so long our work will not be over”

By understanding his life journey and various facets of his personality, we’ll get to know what made this great leader, the transformer of the country called India.


CHILDHOOD

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was born in the famous, sacred city of Uttar Pradesh, Allahbad on November 14, 1889. His mother’s name was Swarup Rani and the father’s Pandit Motilal Nehru.

He had a sheltered and uneventful childhood. He was the only son of his prosperous parents and that too, an only child for first eleven years of his existence. He did not even had the companionship of children at school as he was taught by governesses and tutors. Loneliness, apparently for this reason, was embedded deeply in the psychology of Nehru ji.

In the summer of 1905, as a sixteen year lad, he went to England for studies. There he easily adjusted in the new environment. At Harrow, he took full interest in all the activities- he was always updated in current affairs, good at studies and played all the games, like cricket, with full interest. Then he went to Trinity College, Cambridge University. His experience, in his words:


“The three years I was at Cambridge, three quiet years with little of disturbance in them, moving slowly on like the sluggish Cam. These were the pleasant years, with many friends and some work and some play and a gradual widening of the intellectual horizons.”

YOUTH

Nehru’s stay in England had made him an Englishman by body, though he remained out and out Indian by heart.

After getting his degree at Cambridge in 1910, young Nehru dilly – dallied a while over I.C.S., and then joined the Inner Temple for the Bar, where he worked for two years. At that time, he drifted through fashionable life and developed expensive habits.

Young Barrister from England returned to India and took to law here by joining the high court. But his life began to lose his freshness. He felt his existence pointless.


This was the time when he decided to join the Indian freedom struggle.

FREEDOM STRUGGLE

Jawaharlal Nehru and the Non-Cooperation Movement: The first big involvement of Jawaharlal Nehru came at the onset of the non-cooperation movement in 1920. Nehru joined in whole-heartedly in this Satyagraha based movement that stormed India. Nehru was arrested on charges of anti-governmental activities and was released a few months later. In the rift formed within the Congress following the sudden closure of the non-cooperation movement after the Chauri Chaura incident, Nehru remained loyal to Gandhi's camp and denied to join the Swaraj Party formed by Motilal Nehru and CR Das

Nehru and the Civil Disobedience Movement: The Lahore Congress of 1929 was monumental in the political career of Nehru as well as the history of India's freedom struggle. Nehru was elected the president of Congress for the first time at a young age of forty. He used the platform of the Lahore conference to declare the goal of complete freedom or Purna Swaraj.

Nehru and the last days of Indian Freedom Struggle: The Government of India Act of 1935 called for nation-wide elections. Nehru campaigned vigorously for Congress, although he himself did not contest directly in the elections. With Gandhi concentrating on the spiritual


development of his followers and gradually dissociating himself from direct political action, the stature of Nehru within the Congress ranks was now more than ever. He became the Congress President in the consecutive years of 1936 and 1937.

RISE IN POLITICS

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF GANDHIJI

Nehru’s autobiography discloses his lively interest in Indian politics. His letters to his father over the same period reveal their common interest in India’s freedom. But not until father and son met Mahatma Gandhi and were persuaded to follow in his political footsteps did either of them develop any definite ideas on how freedom was to be attained. The quality in Gandhi that impressed the two Nehrus was his insistence on action. A wrong, Gandhi argued, should not only be condemned, it should be resisted. Earlier, Nehru and his father had been contemptuous of the run of contemporary Indian politicians, whose nationalism, with a few notable exceptions, consisted of interminable speeches and long-winded resolutions. Jawaharlal was also attracted by Gandhi’s insistence on fighting Great Britain without fear or hate.

Nehru met Gandhi for the first time in 1916 at the annual meeting of the Indian National Congress(Congress Party) in Lucknow. Gandhi was 20 years his senior. Neither seems to have made any initially strong impression on the other. Nehru did not assume a leadership role in Indian politics, however, until his election as Congress president in 1929, when he presided over


http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/350656/Lucknow

the historic session at Lahore (now in Pakistan) that proclaimed complete independence as India’s political goal.

This was the time, when he rose as a leader in Indian politics and grew afterwards.

PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. His Prime-Minister-ship was marked by social and economic reforms of the Indian state. A number of foreign policy landmarks like the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement also marked the tenure of Jawaharlal Nehru as Prime Minister.

The enduring legacy of Nehru rule is the effect of Nehru's economic policies. His economic policies were far reaching and its effects are felt to this day. Jawaharlal Nehru is best known for his enduring brand of 'Nehruvian Socialism' or the Indian version of Socialism. The original socialist policies were watered down by Nehru to gel with the Indian economic context. Jawaharlal Nehru was responsible for the special economic reform policy vehicle, Planning Commission of India. .

Jawaharlal Nehru's last days as India's Prime Minister were marred by political problems. The


Congress Party suffered from corruption within itself. He promoted his daughter Indira Gandhi to the Indian political landscape in that period. Indira Gandhi later became India's first woman Prime Minister. The last period of his Prime Minister-ship also included the Indian invasion of Portugal in 1961. Jawaharlal Nehru died in office on the 27th of May 1964.

HIS BOOKS

Letters from a Father to his Daughter, 1929 This is a collection of 30 letters written by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929 to his daughter Indira Gandhi when she was 10 years old, teaching about natural history and the story of civilisations. At the time of the writing of the letters, Nehru was in Allahabad, while Indira was in Mussoorie.

Written in 1928, these letters remain fresh and vibrant, and capture.

• Glimpses of World History, 1934

This is a panoramic sweep of the history of humankind. It is a collection of 196 letters on world history written from various prisons in British India between1930–1933. The letters were written to his young daughter Indira, and were meant to introduce her to world history.

An Autobiography, 1936

An Autobiography also known as Toward Freedom, (1936) is an autobiographical book written by the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru while he was in prison. It ran nine editions in the first year alone. He wrote the book to explore how and why he had ended up taking the path of civil disobedience that in turn led to his imprisonment.

Discovery of India, 1946 In this book, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru tries to study the history of India starting from the Indus Valley Civilization, and then covers the country's history from the arrival of the Aryans to government under the British Empire. He says that India in the past was a country that lived in harmony and peace, but the evils of society


corrupted the people. The effect of these various people on Indian culture and their incorporation into Indian society is examined. This book also analyses in depth the philosophy of Indian life.

This book was dedicated to the Prisoners of Ahmednagar jail.

CHACHA NEHRU

His great love for roses as well as children is a well-known fact. In fact he often compared the two, saying that children were like the buds in a garden. They should be carefully and lovingly nurtured, as they were the future of the nation and the citizens of tomorrow. He felt that children are the real strength of a country and the very foundation of society. Most importantly he did not discriminate between the sexes and believed in giving equal opportunities to girls and boys. In fact his own little girl grew up to be the third Prime Minister of India.

Quite naturally, he was the 'beloved' of all the children who gave him the endearing name of 'Chacha Nehru'. As a tribute to this great man and his genuine love for children, his birthday is celebrated all over India as 'UNIVERSAL CHILDREN'S DAY'. A day of fun and fanfare. It is not only a national holiday, but is celebrated with singing, dancing and storytelling in schools and colleges as well as on radio and television. Special functions are held to honor children all over the country.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmednagar

HIS DEMISE

It was a scorching day of the summers, the 27th May 1964, when the messiah of peace and brotherhood passed away. The whole nation, nay, the entire world was stunned with grief. The news of his demise made people throng at his official residence, the Teen Murti Bhavan, in uncountable numbers. People came from all walks of life, from all directions and from every age group. For his popularity knew no caste, creed, age, sect or even the geographical barriers. He was the darling of the masses. Especially the children lost their beloved Chacha Nehru.

His funeral procession started from the Teen Murti Bhavan and traversing the few kilometres’ distance in many hours, reached the bank of Jamuna. The spot where she was cremated is known as Shanti Ghat, on the banks of Jamuna, adjoining to the Raj Ghat, where his mentor and Guru, Gandhiji’s cremation took place

In the crimson haze of the dying sun, the flames lept higher and the fire consumed the mortal remains of the India’s most illustrious son.

Indian newspapers repeated Nehru's own words of the time of Gandhi's assassination:

"The light has gone out of our lives and there is darkness everywhere."


Awards and Recognition

Bharat Ratna, 1955On July 15th 1955, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, was awarded the Bharat Ratna (India’s highest civilian honour) by then President Rajendra Prasad.

Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding

The Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding is an international award presented by the Government of India in honor of Jawaharlal Nehru, the country's first prime minister.

Jawaharlal Nehru University


Many institutions were also named after Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. The most famous of them being the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi.

PART – IIANALYSIS USING

OB THEORIES


Big 5 Model Of Personality

Openness To ExperiencePandit Jawaharlal Nehru was high on the parameter of openness to experience. This was because he was broad minded, open to new ideas , easily adjustable to new culture and secular. This is depicted in his following quote:“By education I am an Englishman, by views an internationalist, by culture a Muslim, & a Hindu only by accident of birth."

Conscientiousness Nehru was high on conscientiousness as he was hard working and ambitious in nature.

ExtraversionAs an individual, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was low on extraversion trait. Since childhood, loneliness was his constant companion. Even, during his time in jail, he liked loneliness, that was when he wrote his famous letters. But as a leader, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was high on extraversion as he listened compassionately to the people and also conveyed his views and opinions easily.

AgreeablenessPandit Nehru was high on agreeableness which can be seen in his concern for the people of India.

Neuroticism


Nehru was low on neuroticism as he had a stable state of mind and he always made rational decisions.

Nurture Theory

Nurture theory shows how nurture affects the personality of an individual.

This theory can be easily applied to the life of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, where there are explicirt instances to support this.

Childhood• Loneliness defined his childhood

• Being the only son for a long time and his staying alone in London contributed to his shyness

• He had a fear for Public Speaking.

• For e.g.- At the debating society of Trinity College, Cambridge, “ The Magpie and Stump” he usually paid fine rather than speaking in public

Youth Peasants robbed young Nehru of his shyness

Earlier, he was frightened of public speaking

They taught him how to speak in public

Indeed, real school of Oratory for Nehru

Being surrounded by them all time, made him speak, without any choice in front of around 10,000 people

Thus, the Nurture theory shows how the surroundings of an individual shape his behavior


AbilitiesAbility is the mental or physical capacity to do something.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru possessed both cognitive and physical abilities.

Cognitive Abilities

• He had keen interest in General knowledge

• Read books and newspapers

• Had interest in politics, knew more about english political scene than the English boys at harrow

• Took natural Tripos + literature history economics politics in Cambridge

• Envisioned himself as Garibaldi in India after reading a series on Garibaldi

Physical Abilities

• Enjoyed swimming a lot

• Took full share of games at Harrow

• Adventure fascinated him

• Enjoyed games heartily

• He also liked horse riding, which can also be seen in the picture.

Thus, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had a good share of cognitive and physical abilities.


Utilitarian Values

These are values that dictate that decisions should be made that generate greatest good for greatest number of people.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru made his decisions using utilitarian values

.

For e.g.- Planning Commission was based on the concept of Utilitarian thinking.


Motivation

Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was on the level of Self Actualisation Needs.

This can be shown as follows:

Physiological Needs His physiological needs were fulfilled because he came from a well to do family

Safety Needs His safety needs were fulfilled because he got a good job as a Lawyer

Social NeedsThese needs were fulfilled when he came back to India and met different people, specially the peasants

Esteem Needs These needs were fulfilled when he left Law practice to join Politics, got recognized as a leader first and then as the Prime Minister of India

Self – Actualization NeedsHe was at this level as he felt the need to serve the country at the best of his capabilities


Expectancy Theory

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was a great motivator. With his thoughts and speeches, he made the Indians think about and feel the need for Independence. It’s impact on Indians can be understood through the Expectancy Theory.

Expectancy Expectancy among Indians was high. They perceived that if they try hard, they can together work towards achieving Independence.

Instrumentality

Instrumentality was also high among Indians. They perceived that if they worked collectively towards achievement of Independence, they’ll certainly get it.

Valence For the outcome to be achieved i.e. Independence, valence was at a very high level among Indians. They felt the need for it.


LEADERSHIP

Leadership is the ability of an individual to influence others.

Transformational Leadership

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was a Transformational Leader, who inspired his followers to trust him and perform behaviors that contribute towards achievement of goals.

With his leadership skills, he transformed India from what it was left by the British at the time of independence to a strong country.

What India is today, is firstly because of the efforts of Jawaharlal Nehru.


Charismatic Leadership

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was a Charismatic Leader who won follower’s respect and support for his vision.

Peasants put their heart at his feet

They showered affection on Chacha Nehru

They looked on him with loving and hopeful eyes

Clung to Nehru deeply

Told him about their crushing exactions

They gave him full support


Rational Leadership

Rational leadership stands for a rational and scientific outlook in life. It is mostly exhibited through the State power. This kind of leadership pays due respect to the past culture, but its main concern is with gradual change for the better in every sphere of social and political life. It tries to bring about the desired changes through State laws and State authority.

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a rational leader. This can be seen through his rational decisions.

It is also depicted in his following quote:

“A leader or a man of action in a crisis almost always acts subconsciously and then thinks of the reasons for his action.”


Effective Communication Skills

Though, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had a fear of public speaking in his childhood, he developed effective communication skills later in his life.

Some of the major features of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s effective communication skills were:

Transparent sincerity in his words

Conversationalist’s manner of speaking

Heart to heart manner of communicating

Simplicity

Expertise in the precious art of artlessness


Power

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru possessed following types of power:

• Expert Power

• He came back to India as a highly educated man and also as lawyer

• So, he had high credibility and hence expert power

• Referent Power

• Indians admired Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, before and after independence

• They looked upon him and hence he had referent power

• Legitimate Power

• Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of independent India

• He thus got the legitimate power with his position.


PART-IIICONCLUSION


Conclusion

It’s too difficult to describe such a great man in few words.

But, I would like to end with the following lines:

Poet Robert Frost’s lines were the Mantra of this great leader, let them be so for all his countrymen:-

The woods are lovely dark and deep

But I have promises to keep

And miles to go before I sleep!

And miles to go before I sleep!


PART -IV BIBLIOGRAPHY


Bibliography

An Autobiography, Jawaharlal Nehru, Penguin Viking, 2004

Chacha Nehru, Dr. B. R. Kishore, Anil Prakashan, 2001


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