1 Organic Chemistry: the study of carbon containing compounds. Prior to 1828 , organic compounds can only be obtained from living organism until Fredrick Wohler prepared urea - chemical in urine (an organic compound) NH 4 Cl + AgNCO → NH 2 -CO-NH 2 + Ag Now - the bulk of organic compounds are manufactured in the lab. es perfumes shoes athletic products foods p furniture computers televisions cars ics CD dishes cups carpets linoleum etc
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1 Organic Chemistry: the study of carbon containing compounds. Prior to 1828, organic compounds can only be obtained from living organism until Fredrick.
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Organic Chemistry: the study of carbon containing compounds.
Prior to 1828, organic compounds can only be obtained from living organism until Fredrick Wohler prepared urea - chemical in urine (an organic compound)
NH4Cl + AgNCO → NH2-CO-NH2 + Ag
Now - the bulk of organic compounds are manufactured in the lab.
Clothes perfumes shoes athletic products foods
Makeup furniture computers televisions cars
Plastics CD dishes cups carpets linoleum etc
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EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS
Inorganic compounds: containing carbon atoms
Oxides / like CO and CO2 are inorganic examples
Cyanides / like NaCN Mg(CN)2 are inorganic compounds
Carbonates /like Na2CO3 MgCO3 are inorganic compounds
Carbides / like SiC Al4C3 are inorganic compounds
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BOND CAPACITY OF ATOMSBOND CAPACITY OF ATOMS
H C O N F Cl Br I
C O N F Cl Br H
HYDROCARBONSGROUPS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HYDROGEN AND CARBON
ALIPHATICS AROMATICS
Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes
Cyclic compounds
Have distinct cyclic carbon ring
Are not named for their Aroma
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HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATICS
C C
ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNES
SINGLEBONDS
DOUBLEBONDS
TRIPLEBONDS
CNH2N+2CNH2N
CNH2N-2
N – REPRESENTS C ATOMS
C C
AROMATICS
CONTAIN BENZENE RING
CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
C C
COLORLESS,FLAMMABLE LIQUID
SWEET AROMA
CARCINOGENIC EFFECT
AROMATICS MEAN THAT
- CONJUGATED RINGS OF CARBON
- UNSATURATED BONDS OF C
- RESONANT BONDS OF CARBON
I. Classes of Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons (C & H only) Heteroatomic compounds
Aliphatic Aromatic *
Alkanes *
Alkenes *
Alkynes *
Cyclic compounds *
Alcohols *
ethers
aldehydes
ketones
Carboxylic acids *
Esters *
amines
amides
C C
C C
R OH
R O R'
R C
O
H
R C
O
R'
R C
O
OH
R C
O
OR'
R C
O
NH2
R NH2
benzene ring
C C
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What is the general formula of alkanes? (CnH2n + 2)
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BRANCHES - OFF PARENT CHAINBRANCHES - OFF PARENT CHAIN
ALL WILL APPEAR TO HAVE C AND H
THE BRANCHES WILL HAVE ONE LESS HYDROGEN AND ARE CALLED ALKYLS
An alkane in which one or more H atoms is replaced with a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I)
CH3Br 1-bromomethane
Br
CH3CH2CHCH3 2-bromobutane
Cl
chlorocyclobutane
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List other attached atoms or group in alphabetical order.
Br = bromo, Cl = chloro
Cl Br
CH3CHCH2CHCH2CH2CH3
4-bromo-2-chloroheptane
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The name of this compound is:
Cl CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CHCH3
1) 2,4-dimethylhexane
2) 3-chloro-5-methylhexane
3) 4-chloro-2-methylhexane
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CH2Cl2
CHI3
CBr4
CCl2F2
dichloromethane
triodomethane
tetrabromomethane
dichlorodifluoromethane
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CH3Br
Cl
I
Br
bromomethane
2-chloropropane
iodocyclohexane
2-bromo-2,4-dimethylpentane
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• Saturated compounds (alkanes) have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atom.
• Unsaturated compounds have fewer hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain than alkanes.
• Unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds
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Alkene (CnH2n) 1. - ene suffix for alkenes 2. Main chain must include the double bond.3. position of double bond indicated by prefix numbering location.4. For multiple double bonds :
di = 2 double bondstri = 3 double bonds
Alkyne (CnH2n-2) 1. - yne suffix for alkynes2. Nomenclature rules are similar to that of alkenes
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When the carbon chain has 4 or more C atoms, number the chain to give the lowest number to the double or triple bond.
CH2=CHCH2CH3 1-butene
CH3CH=CHCH3 2-butene
CH3CCCH3 2-butyne
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Write the IUPAC name for each of the following unsaturated compounds:
A. CH3CH2CCCH3
CH3
B. CH3C=CHCH3
2-pentyne
2-methyl-2-butene
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• same general formula as alkenes
• structural isomers of alkenes
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Name the following:
Br
Cl
Cl
bromocyclopentane
1,3-dichlorocyclohexane
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Br
F
CH3
CH3
Cl
Cl
Cl
5-bromo-2-methylheptane
4-fluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane
1,2,6-trichloro-4-ethyl-2-methylheptane
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Same molecular formula
Same number and types of atoms
Different arrangement of atoms
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The formula C4H10 has two different structures
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CHCH3
butane 2-methylpropane
When a CH3 is used to form a branch, it makes a
new isomer of C4H10.
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CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 pentane
CH3
CH3CHCH2CH3 2-methylbutane
CH3
CH3CCH3 2,2-dimethylpropane
CH3
Write 3 isomers of C5H12 and name each.
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Draw all of the constitutional isomers for the following. C4H9Cl