1 National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006 version: 20011128 F O C U S F O C U S FOCUS FOCUS F O C U S F O C U S F O C U S F O C U S F O C U S F O C U S FOCUS FOCUS
1National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006version: 20011128
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New Snow Products from the National Operational Hydrologic
Remote Sensing Center
3National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
Data Products
Interactive Maps
Time Series Plots
Text Discussions
Snow Information Products
Snow Modeling and Data Assimilation
Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Forcings
Gridded Snow Characteristics
U.S.
1-km2
Hourly
4National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
• National Weather Service– First-order Stations– Cooperatives
• Federal and State Agencies– NRCS SNOTEL and Snow Courses– USACE New England District Snow Surveys– Federal Aviation Administration– California Dept. of Water Resources
• Regional Mesonets– Maine Cooperative Snow Survey– PA, OK, IA, ND, NC State Mesonets– MESOWEST (150 smaller mesonets)
• International Agencies– St. John River Basin– Environment Canada– BC Hydro
• National Weather Service– First-order Stations– Cooperatives
• Federal and State Agencies– NRCS SNOTEL and Snow Courses– USACE New England District Snow Surveys– Federal Aviation Administration– California Dept. of Water Resources
• Regional Mesonets– Maine Cooperative Snow Survey– PA, OK, IA, ND, NC State Mesonets– MESOWEST (150 smaller mesonets)
• International Agencies– St. John River Basin– Environment Canada– BC Hydro
50,000+ stations in database
25,000+ actively reporting stations
10,000+ unique stations reporting snow observations
50,000+ stations in database
25,000+ actively reporting stations
10,000+ unique stations reporting snow observations
5National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
• Snow Water Equivalent Measurement– Attenuation of natural terrestrial gamma
radiation by water in snow
• Snow Water Equivalent Measurement– Attenuation of natural terrestrial gamma
radiation by water in snow
NWS Airborne Snow Survey Program
6National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
2,187 Flight Lines
31 States, 8 Provinces
2,187 Flight Lines
31 States, 8 Provinces
Airborne Snow Survey Program Flight Line Network
7National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
Alaska Flight Line Network
191 Flight Lines
8National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
• Areal extent of snow cover is mapped using optical remote sensing data from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites.
• Cloud cover obscures surface – significant problem.• Sub-pixel percentage of snow cover (FSCA)
developed by ERDC/CRREL is in second year of testing in NWS/NOHRSC operations.
• Areal extent of snow cover is mapped using optical remote sensing data from geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites.
• Cloud cover obscures surface – significant problem.• Sub-pixel percentage of snow cover (FSCA)
developed by ERDC/CRREL is in second year of testing in NWS/NOHRSC operations.
Feb 9 2004 - NOHRSC
Satellite Areal Extent of Snow Cover
9National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
Feb 9 2004 - NOHRSC
80%
80%
0%20%
20%
50%
50%
50%
Percent Snow Cover
100%
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)
Fractional Snow Cover
1 km
1 km
1 km
1 km 1 km 1 km
10National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
AVHRR Fractional Snow Cover 2005 December 15
11National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
Data Products
Interactive Maps
Time Series Plots
Text Discussions
Snow Information Products
Snow Modeling and Data Assimilation
Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Forcings
Gridded Snow Characteristics
U.S.
1-km2
Hourly
12National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)• Land Surface Model for Snow and Soil
– Domain: Continental U.S.– Resolution: 1km2, Hourly – Physics: 5-Layer Energy and Mass Balance
• Spatial implementation of modified 1-D SNTHERM model developed by ERDC/CRREL (Anderson/Jordan)
• Spatial implementation of Prairie Blowing Snow Model (Pomeroy et al.)
– Forcing: Mesoscale Weather Analyses• RUC2, Eta physically downscaled to 1 km2
– Snow State Variables: • Water Equivalent (SWE)• Total Depth• Surface Temperature• Average Temperature• Liquid Water Content (Snow Wetness)• Snow Melt
• Snow Data Assimilation System– Multi-sensor data fusion to update snow
states in model (SWE, snow depth)
• Land Surface Model for Snow and Soil – Domain: Continental U.S.– Resolution: 1km2, Hourly – Physics: 5-Layer Energy and Mass Balance
• Spatial implementation of modified 1-D SNTHERM model developed by ERDC/CRREL (Anderson/Jordan)
• Spatial implementation of Prairie Blowing Snow Model (Pomeroy et al.)
– Forcing: Mesoscale Weather Analyses• RUC2, Eta physically downscaled to 1 km2
– Snow State Variables: • Water Equivalent (SWE)• Total Depth• Surface Temperature• Average Temperature• Liquid Water Content (Snow Wetness)• Snow Melt
• Snow Data Assimilation System– Multi-sensor data fusion to update snow
states in model (SWE, snow depth)
Snow Modeling and Data Assimilation
Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Forcings
Gridded Snow Characteristics
U.S.
1-km2
Hourly
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NOHRSC Model Physics
14National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
NSA ProductGeneration
Interactive MapsDigital DataDiscussions
NSA ProductGeneration
Interactive MapsDigital DataDiscussions
TemperatureRelative Humidity
Wind SpeedSolar Radiation
Atmos. RadiationPrecipitation
Precipitation Type
Hourly InputGridded Data (1 km)
Hourly InputGridded Data (1 km)
Soils PropertiesLand Use/Cover
Forest Properties
Static GriddedData (1 km)
Static GriddedData (1 km)
Snow Energy and Mass Balance Model
Snow Energy and Mass Balance Model
Blowing Snow ModelBlowing Snow Model
Radiative Transfer ModelRadiative Transfer Model
State Variables forMultiple Vertical
Snow & Soil LayersSnow Water Equivalent
Snow DepthSnow Temperature
Liquid Water ContentSnow Sublimation
Snow Melt
State Variables forMultiple Vertical
Snow & Soil LayersSnow Water Equivalent
Snow DepthSnow Temperature
Liquid Water ContentSnow Sublimation
Snow Melt
Snow Modeling Framework
1
1
Data Assimilation2
3
Snow Observations
Snow Water Equivalent
Snow Depth
Snow Cover
Snow Observations
Snow Water Equivalent
Snow Depth
Snow Cover
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Over 25,000 Reporting Stations
16National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Interactive Snow Information Systemwww.nohrsc.noaa.gov
17National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Interactive Snow Information System
ModeledObserved
SWE
Density
Depth
18National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
Ground
Airborne
Satellite
Multi-sensor Snow Observations
Data Products
Interactive Maps
Time Series Plots
Text Discussions
Snow Information Products
Snow Modeling and Data Assimilation
Numerical Weather Prediction Model
Forcings
Gridded Snow Characteristics
U.S.
1-km2
Hourly
19National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)
High-resolution Daily and Hourly Gridded Snow Data Sets of Fused Model and Observations
• Snow Water Equivalent
• Snow Density
• Snow Sfc. Temperature
• Snow Avg. Temperature
• Snow Melt
• Sublimation
• Snow Wetness
Local Information (1 km2)
Continental U.S. Information
• Snow Depth
• Archived at NCDC, NSIDC, and NDFD (soon)
Data Products
Interactive Maps
Time Series Plots
Text Discussions
Snow Information Products
20National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
National Snow Analyses (NSA)Integrated Modeled / Observed Snowpack State Variables
Daily Basin-by-Basin SHEF Products Shipped to AWIPS
1. Snow Water Equivalent *
2. Snow Depth *
3. Areal Extent of Snow Cover *
4. Blowing Snow Sublimation
5. Surface Sublimation
6. Snowmelt
7. Average Snowpack Temperature
8. Rain plus Melt
* Includes assimilated snow observations
21National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
www.nohrsc.noaa.gov
Over 12 million hits per month
22National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
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24National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Physical Element Map Options
25National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Examples of Observed Snow Products• NWS Cold Region Workshop: November 2004• No modeled snow information is contained in the
observed snow product maps.• Observed snow product maps include:
– Snow depth– Snow water equivalent– Total snowfall– Interpolated total snowfall
• Each product is generated for previous 24, 48, and 72 hour periods (i.e.,12 total).
• Each product is updated every 2 hours to include most recent snow observations.
• Associated alphanumeric data are posted to NOHRSC web site.
26National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Interactive Snow Information System1-2-3 Day Snow Depth
Observations
27National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Interactive Snow Information System1-2-3 Day Snow Water
Equivalent Observations
28National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
1-2-3 Day Snowfall Observations
29National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
30National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
31National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
32National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
• Interactive climatological information in SNOW-Info
– New capability added last year
• Two types of information
– Maps: Monthly Normal Snow Depth
• NCDC 1961-1990 Climate Atlas for U.S.
– October through April
– 4 km resolution
– Based on 5525 stations used in the NCDC U.S. Snow Climatology (TD-9641M)
– Stations: Daily Snow Depth Climatologies • NCDC TD3200 Cooperative Summary of the Day
– 4000 first-order and cooperative observer stations
– SNOW-Info database currently extends to 1970, eventually to 1948
New Climate Diagnostic Tools
33National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Monthly Normal Snow Depth 1961-1990
New Climate Diagnostic Tools
OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR
APR
• SNOW-Info includes
– Monthly-normal maps
– Daily NSA departure-from-normal maps
34National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
New Climate Diagnostic Toolswww.nohrsc.noaa.gov
Snow Depth
35National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
New Climate Diagnostic Toolswww.nohrsc.noaa.gov
Normal Snow Depth November (1961-
1990)
36National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
New Climate Diagnostic Toolswww.nohrsc.noaa.gov
Daily Deviation from Monthly Normal Snow Depth November
(1961-1990)
37National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
New Climate Diagnostic Toolswww.nohrsc.noaa.gov
Modeled and Observed SWE and Depth
38National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
New Climate Diagnostic Toolswww.nohrsc.noaa.gov
39National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
40National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Snow Water Equivalent Snow Depth
Snowpack Temperature Surface Sublimation
41National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Snowpack Temperature
Snowmelt
42National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
10,000 Snow Reporting Stations
NOHRSC NSA Time
Series
43National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Snow Reporting Station Metadata
44National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Snow Reporting Station Metadata
Land Use / Land Cover
Forest Density
45National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
In Summary
46National HIC/RH/HQ Meeting ● January 27, 2006
Thank You !Thank You !www.nohrsc.noaa.gov