1 Lecture #3 KYOTO PROTOCOL 1.167 Nations – Met in December, 1997 2.Reduce green gas emissions by 7% less than 1990 levels for US 3.Economic impact would.

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Lecture #3

KYOTO PROTOCOL

1. 167 Nations – Met in December, 19972. Reduce green gas emissions by 7% less than 1990 levels for US3. Economic impact would be extremely high4. China, India, Germany and other developing countries were exempt

because they were not the main contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions during the industrialization period that is believed to be causing today's climate change.

5. Critics of Kyoto argue that China, India, and other developing countries will soon be the top contributors to greenhouse gases. Also, without Kyoto restrictions on these countries, industries in developed countries will be driven towards these non-restricted countries, thus there is no net reduction in carbon.

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Questions

• What are green house gases?– Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water

vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NOx), and ozone (O3).

– Commercially created refrigerants.

• Which one has the most economic impact? Why?– Carbon dioxide. Current Concentration = 0.0385% of

atmosphere

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Carbon Dioxide Global Emissions

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Rank CountryCO2 emissions

in thousands of metric tons

Percentage of total emissions

[1]

Notes

- World total 24,126,416 100 %Does not include natural CO2

emissions

1 United States 5,872,278 24.3 %

- European Union 3,682,755 15.3 %

2  China 3,300,371 14.5 %

3  Russia 1,432,513 5.9 %

4  India 1,220,926 5.1 %

5  Japan 1,203,535 5.0 %

6  Germany 804,701 3.3 %

7  United Kingdom 544,813 2.3 %

8  Canada 517,157 2.1 %

9  South Korea 446,190 1.8 %

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Associated Press reported in summer 2007 that China has overtaken the US in Carbon Dioxide production by 8%

BEIJING (AP) - China has overtaken the United States as the world's top producer of carbon dioxide emissions—the biggest man-made contributor to global warming—based on the latest widely accepted energy consumption data, a Dutch research group says. According to a report released Tuesday by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, China overtook the U.S. in emissions of CO2 by 8 % in 2006. While China was 2% below the United States in 2005, voracious coal consumption and increased cement production caused the numbers to rise rapidly, the group said.

"It's an expression of their fast industrial production activities and their fast development," Jos G.J. Olivier, the agency's senior scientist who compiled the figures, said Wednesday. The agency is independent but paid by the Dutch government to advise it on environmental policy.

The study said China, which relies on coal for two-thirds of its energy needs and makes 44% of the world's cement, produced 6.2 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide in 2006. In comparison, the U.S., which gets half its electricity from coal, produced 5.8 billion metric tons of CO2, it said.

6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Atmospheric_Transmission.png

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Chapter 2 – 1st Law of Thermodynamics

(Conservation of Energy)

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Forms of EnergyPreviously we saw different forms of energy:• Kinetic Energy (KE)

– Energy of a moving object

• Potential Energy (PE)– Exists because object is off the ground a certain

height– Usually this can be easily converted to kinetic energy

• Internal or Thermal Energy (TE)– Based on temperature, form, and substance of object– Hot steam has more thermal energy than cold water

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Forms of Energy (cont’d)

• Chemical Energy– Energy bound in molecules– Usually released in the form of heat when it is burned

• Electrical Energy– Electrons flowing due to a difference in electrical

potential

• Nuclear Energy– Energy bound in atoms– Energy is released and atoms change during a

nuclear reaction

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Energy TransferEnergy can be transferred in only 2 different ways: Work & Heat Transfer

Work– One definition is a force (F) times

distance (d)– A broader definition is “the only

result of the energy would be to raise a weight”

– In the example the work “on” the bicycle pump could have raised a weight but this time it raised the thermal energy of the air

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Energy Transfer (cont’d)Heat Transfer

– Results from a difference in temperature

Energy in the form of heat can be transferred 3 different ways:– Conduction

More energetic particles in solid transfer energy to less energetic particles. Example: cooking on a stove.

– ConvectionA flowing fluid exchanges energy with a solid. Example: Boiling eggs are suspended in water while cooking

– RadiationElectromagnetic waves transfer energy from higher to lower temperature object. Example: Radiant Heaters from natural gas

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ConductionHeat transfer by conduction increases if:

– Material more thermally conductive– Greater surface area– Greater temperature difference– Thinner distance between the temperature difference

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Convection• Heat transfer

between a moving fluid and a solid

• The fluid can be moving due to a fan or pump or from differences in density from the temperature difference

Q = h.A.(Ts-Tair)

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Radiation

• Occurs with electromagnetic waves

• When these waves strike an object they are absorbed and the energy (temperature) of the object increases

• This is how we receive energy from the sun

Q = σ.A.ε.( T14-T2

4)

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Heat Transfer Related to Utility BillsHow do the principles of heat transfer relate to energy use and utility bills in homes?

– Conduction and convection depend on a temperature difference

– The approximate amount of heating (and cooling) needed in a house = constant * (Tinside – Toutside)

– Outside temperature 30°F– Initially thermostat at 72°F– Change thermostat to 68°F– Percent savings

[(72-30) – (68-30)] / (72-30) = 4/42 = 0.095 = 9.5%

– Savings vary according to outside ambient temperature

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Energy Transfer (cont’d)

James Joule

(1818-1889)

showed that heat is also a transfer of energy like work

Previously heat transfer was thought to occur from a fluid called “caloric” that went from one object to another

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1st Law of Thermodynamics – Conservation of Energy

Won + Qto = Δ(KE + PE + TE) = ΔE

where:

– Won = Work on (into) a system

– Qto = Heat into a system

– ΔE = Change in total energy of a system

– Work done by (away) the system = -Won

– Heat from (away) a system = -Qto

– Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed

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1st Law of Thermodynamics – Conservation of Energy (cont’d)

• Energy is always conserved in any system

• Why are we so worried about energy conservation in society?– Energy is always conserved but the form

and usefulness of the energy is changing– Energy is changing from chemical energy

(coal, oil, gas) to thermal energy

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1st Law of Thermodynamics - Conservation of Energy (cont’d)

– The energy at atmospheric temperature is not very useful because no temperature difference (ΔT) means no work or heat transfer can occur.

– It is more valuable to have energy stay in it’s original form of fuel until ready for utilization instead of becoming thermal energy at room temperature

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Specific Case of Conservation of Energy – Isolated System

An isolated (closed) system has no heat or work exchange from the outside:

Won + Qto = 0 = ΔE

The total energy of an isolated system cannot change

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Current Proposals Subject to Congressional Approval

• Interior Department wants to release 4 oil and gas leases for 2 million square miles, 1 off Virginia ( min. 25 miles )

• Others more than 100 miles south of Florida Panhandle and 200 miles from popular beaches of mainland Florida

• The Minerals Management Service has estimated that the 2 million acres encompassing the proposed Gulf drilling plan contains 930 million barrels of oil and 6 trillion cubic feet of natural gas — enough gas to heat 6 million homes for 15 years.