Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. (a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon Boiling point in °C methane, CH 4 –162 butane, C 4 H 10 0 pentane, C 5 H 12 +36 decane, C 10 H 22 +175 Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons. (2) Statement Tick ( ) decane has the largest molecules pentane is a liquid at 40°C methane and butane are gases at 20°C methane has the highest boiling point butane does not boil (b) Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane. The diagram shows an apparatus to investigate the two substances produced when natural gas burns completely in air. (i) Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube. ........................................ (1) (ii) Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy .................................... (1) Page 1 of 31
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Q1. Useful fuels can be produced from crude oil. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons.
(a) The table shows the boiling points of four of these hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbon Boiling point in °C
methane, CH4
–162
butane, C4H
10
0
pentane, C5H
12
+36
decane, C10
H22
+175
Tick ( ) two statements that are correct about these hydrocarbons.
(2)
Statement Tick ( )
decane has the largest molecules
pentane is a liquid at 40°C
methane and butane are gases at 20°C
methane has the highest boiling point
butane does not boil
(b) Natural gas supplied to homes and schools is mainly methane. The diagram shows an apparatus to investigate the two substances produced when natural gas burns completely in air.
(i) Name the liquid that collects in the U-tube. ........................................ (1)
(ii) Name the gas that turns the limewater cloudy .................................... (1)
Page 1 of 31
(c) Some crude oil contains sulfur. Petrol and diesel fuels are produced from crude oil.
The sulfur must be removed from these fuels before they are burned.
Q3. Most electricity in the UK is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels. The diagram lists some of the substances released into the air when fossil fuels are burned.
(a) (i) Which one of the substances released into the air causes acid rain?
(c) Fuels from crude oil burn to provide heat energy.
When a fuel burns, it combines with oxygen in the air and produces carbon dioxide and water. When there is not enough oxygen, the fuel burns and also produces carbon monoxide and carbon particles.
Draw a straight line from each substance that links it to a possible environmental problem.
One has been done for you.
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5. (a) Complete this sentence about crude oil.
Crude oil is mainly a mixture of compounds called ...................................... which contain carbon and hydrogen only.
(1)
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(b) The diagram shows a laboratory experiment used to separate crude oil.
Complete each sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
The main process taking place at A is .......................................................................
The main process taking place at B is .......................................................................
This method of separating crude oil is called ............................................................ (3)
condensation distillation evaporation
melting sublimation
(c) Complete this sentence by crossing out the word in each box that is wrong. The first one has been done for you.
This method of separating crude oil works because the the molecules are,
the their boiling point and the volatile they are. (1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q6. Petrol is a hydrocarbon fuel.
(a) Complete this sentence.
Hydrocarbons are compounds which are made from the elements ...........................
and ........................................ only. (2)
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(b) This apparatus was used to study the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.
(i) Name the substance which changed the anhydrous copper sulphate from white to blue.
(ii) Carbon dioxide is also produced when the hydrocarbon fuel is burned. Name the solution, labelled X on the diagram, which tests for carbon dioxide.
Q11. A teacher carried out an experiment to study car engine oil. The experiment was carried out in a fume cupboard and the teacher wore plastic gloves. The oil was poured through a funnel. The time taken for all the oil to go through the funnel was measured. The experiment was repeated with the oil at different temperatures.
(a) What two safety precautions were taken in the experiment?
(c) An engine oil must be viscous enough to stop the metal parts of the engine from rubbing against each other. It must not be too viscous or the parts cannot move freely.
(i) Complete the sentences below.
The more viscous a liquid is, the less easily it .......................................... .
As the liquid gets hotter it gets ...................................................... viscous. (2)
(ii) Why should the oil in a car engine not be allowed to get too hot?
(b) Give one further difference, other than boiling point, between diesel and paraffin that also depends on the number of carbon atoms in their molecules.
Q16. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences,
ammonia carbon dioxide hydrogen nitrogen
electrical heat solar sound
(a) In air, the two most common gases are oxygen and ............................................. .
(b) When natural gas burns, energy is released mainly as .......................................... .
(c) When natural gas burns, a gas is produced which turns limewater milky.
The gas is ......................................................... . (Total 3 marks)
Page 20 of 31
M1. (a) decane has the largest molecules 1
methane and butane are gases at 20 °C 1
(b) (i) water 1
(ii) carbon dioxide 1
(c) sulfur dioxide is produced when sulfur burns 1
therefore sulfur must be removed from these fuels because sulfur dioxide causes acid rain
1 [6]
M2. (a) electron
words must be in correct position 1
nucleus 1
(b) (i) oxygen / O2
ignore air 1
(ii) any one from:
• (water) does not pollute accept no harmful gas(es)
• (only) water is produced
• no carbon dioxide (is produced) accept no greenhouse gas(es) / effect
• no sulfur dioxide (is produced) accept no acid rain
• no nitrogen oxides (are produced)
• no carbon / no particles (are produced) 1
[4]
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M3. (a) (i) sulfur dioxide / SO2
1
(ii) global dimming 1
(iii) carbon dioxide / CO2
ignore ozone 1
increases the levels (of carbon dioxide) accept it is a greenhouse gas or causes global warming / greenhouse effect
1
(b) gas / oil bar correct length 1
coal bar correct length 1
[6]
M4. (a) hydrogen
ignore formulae 1
(b) any two from:
• different sized molecules / more or less (carbon) atoms (in molecules) ignore different densities
• fuels have different boiling points
• fuels condense at different temperatures 2
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(c)
all three correct = 3 marks two correct = 2 marks one correct = 1 mark
3 [6]
M5. (a) hydrocarbons 1
(b) evaporation 1
condensation 1
distillation allow fractional distillation
1
(c) lower and more 1
[5]
M6. (a) hydrogen
accept correct symbols but not H2
1
carbon 1
Page 23 of 31
(b) (i) water accept H
2O
1
(ii) limewater / calcium hydroxide accept Ca(OH)
2
1
(iii) milky / cloudy / chalky / white 1
(c) (i) remains almost the same / increases then decreases slightly from 1000 to 1800
1
increases / rises after 1800 1
rapidly (owtte) 1
(ii) increased burning of hydrocarbon / (fossil) fuels, etc. or increased use of fuels
accept deforestation accept (more) cars / lorries / planes etc. accept power stations do not accept just ‘factories’
1 [9]
M7. (a) hydrocarbon is a compound
not mixture not substance 1
containing carbon and hydrogen accept of the elements carbon and hydrogen accept of carbon and hydrogen contains hydrogen and carbon only (2)
1
(b) (i) any order
carbon dioxide accept CO
2
exact formulae 2
water 1 accept H
2O
not carbon in one box and dioxide in second box (0) ignore any attempt to ‘balance’ the equation
Page 24 of 31
(ii) it is poisonous accept toxic can kill you accept any reasonable description of its effect on red blood cells or on haemoglobin in terms of reducing oxygen transport not can explode, harmful, dangerous, flammable
1 [5]
M8. (a) all three lines correct two marks one or two lines correct one mark
two ticks only
accept diesel oil joined to cars
1
(b) (i) because it has a different boiling point accept because of its boiling point or it has a boiling point of 40 °C
1
(ii) CO2 or carbon dioxide
1
H2O or water
accept steam 1
[5]
M9. (a) C3H
8
1
(b) (i) increases / gets larger 1
Page 25 of 31
(ii) all 5 points plotted correctly deduct 1 mark for each incorrectly plotted point but ignore –90, 30 allow error of one square in any direction
2
smooth line graph
1
(iii) boiling point estimate from their graph
allow 2 °C 1
(iv) shown clearly on graph allow just one construction line drawn
1
(c) C9H
18
1 [8]
Page 26 of 31
M10. (a) N2
1
20–21% accept an answer in this range
1
Ar 1
(b) (i) compound of carbon and hydrogen only do not accept ‘mixture’
1
(ii) Oxygen or O2
1
(iii) exothermic accept combustion or oxidation
1
(iv) increases greenhouse effect 1
global warming or example 1
[8]
##
(a) fume cupboard plastic gloves (only one tick)
for 1 mark 1
(b) (i) plotting points (allow ± 0.5 units either vertically or horizontally) (all correct = 2) (3 correct =1) curve (not joined with straight lines. Must be very close to all points. One line only) (1 mark)
gains 3 marks 3
(ii) as read from graph (±0.5 units) – points must be joined
for 1 mark 1
(iii) decreases, gets less, quicker for 1 mark
1
Page 27 of 31
(c) (i) flows, moves, passes through (not rubbing/moving of engine parts)
for 1 mark
less etc for 1 mark
2
(ii) parts rub against each other increases wear of engine parts damages the oil engine seizes overheating of engine (not burns or blows up) (not just ‘damage’)
any 1 for 1 mark 1
[9]
M12. (a) low 1
hydrogen 1
(b) any three from
• flame accept it is a blue / yellow colour
• reacts with oxygen accept burns in oxygen / bonds broken
• carbon dioxide carbon monoxide forms accept CO
2 arco / bonds forming in CO
2/CO and H
2O
bonds forming 1 mark max accept an oxide of hydrogen or H
2O
• water (vapour) forms accept heat or light released / temperature increase / exothermic
• energy released 3
[5]
M13. (a) the higher the boiling point, the greater the number of carbon atoms 1
(b) volatility / viscosity / runnyness / flammability / smokiness / amount of oxygen needed for burning / melting point
do not credit how heavy it is / how it burns 1
Page 28 of 31
(c) hydrogen and carbon (both) allow H and C (upper case)
1 [3]
M14. (a) all plots correct
3 or 2 plots correct gains 1 mark 2
all sectors correctly labelled 1
(b) (i) (fractional) distillation 1
(ii) gases 1
(iii) bitumen 1
[6]
M15. (a) (i) fractional distillation
both words required accept fractionation
1
(ii) any one from
ethane
propane
butane 1
(b) (i) carbon dioxide 1
water (vapour) accept steam do not credit symbols
1
(ii) carbon monoxide accept CO do not credit soot or carbon oxide