1. farde mcrabe

ABE/BAO 24 March 2011

A market survey of Urban Wind Turbines

Mark Runacres

Erasmus University College

Monday, 21 March 2011


Outline

IntroductionMarket survey

Policy and social

acceptance

Turbine concepts

New concepts

Conclusions



Introduction

How do wind turbines work?

What are urban turbines?

Properties of the wind in built-up areas


Working principles


How turbines workHow turbines workIntroductionHow turbines work

• Convert kinetic energy in the wind to electricity

• Energy

• Power

P =1

2ρAv

3Cp

E =1

2mv

2



P =1

2ρAv

3Cp

Cp < 0.593

How turbines work

P1ρAv

3C

How turbines workIntroductionHow turbines work

P =1

2ρAv

3Cp

• Cp ~ 0.45 in ideal circumstances



How turbines workHow turbines workIntroductionHow turbines work



• Urban turbine: turbine operating in a built-up area

• No a priori restriction in size

• Small turbines: P ≲ 100 kW

• Micro-turbines:

‣ P ≲ 5 kW

‣ Hub height ~ 15 m

‣ Diameter ≲ 5 m

How turbines workHow turbines workIntroduction

Urban turbine



• Low wind speeds at ground height

• Large roughness length

• Variable direction

• Turbulent

How turbines workHow turbines workIntroduction

Urban wind



Turbine concepts

Horizontal axis wind turbines

Vertical axis turbines

Shrouded turbines

Rooftop turbines

Traditional turbines in open spaces


How turbines workHow turbines workHAWTTurbine concepts

Horizontal axis


• Benefit from large turbine technology

• Best current small turbines are HAWT


How turbines workHow turbines workVAWTTurbine concepts

Vertical axis


• Smaller power coefficient

• Often not self-starting

• Technology still immature, BUT

‣ Can utilise wind from varying directions

‣ Quieter

‣ Esthetics?

• Less vibration (helical designs)

! Obvious advantages for urban environment


How turbines workHow turbines workShrouded turbinesTurbine concepts

Shrouded


• Shrouded, ducted, diffuser-augmented

• Use some kind of envelope to create aerodynamical advantage

• Immature technology

• Some models appear OK, but benefit of shrouding unclear


How turbines workHow turbines workRooftop-mountedTurbine concepts

Rooftop


• VAWT, HAWT or shrouded

• Faster and steadier wind(if mounted high enough above the building)

• BUT

‣ Vibrations

‣ Very few proven examples


How turbines workHow turbines workGround-mountedTurbine concepts

Open space



Ground-mounted


• WindShare, Toronto (Lagerwey turbine) Wind

• Rotor diameter: 52 m

• Hub height: 91m

• 1000 MWh/yr

‣ Urban wind energy that works!

‣ Best-working urban turbines are fairly large ground-mounted turbines

‣ This is also due to market context, not necessarily inherent technological limitations

How turbines workHow turbines workTurbine concepts

Open space



Market survey

The Schoondijke test field

The EhB market survey

Ongoing test projects

Do small wind turbines work?

Can they work in an urban environment?



Schoondijke test field

• 11 micro-turbines tested in Schoondijke, Netherlands

• Open field

• Test period 1 April 2008 - 31 oktober 2010

• Average wind speed 3.7 m/s

Market surveySchoondijke



Cost-benefit ratio


Immature market

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Schoondijke test field

Market surveySchoondijke

Model Actual net

yield at

3.5m/s kWh

guide price euro/kWh at

3.5m/s wind

Montana 1397 18508 0.22

SkyStream 774 10742 0.23

Passaat 261 9239 0.59

Ampair 76 8925 1.96

Airdolphin 124 17548 2.36

WRE 060 212 39162 3.08

Energy Ball 22 4324 3.28

Swift 28 13208 7.86

Turby 43 21350 8.28



Survey

• In framework of TETRA project 090192 (“Gebruik van microwindturbines voor het leveren van

hernieuwbare energie aan particulieren en kleine bedrijven”)

• All turbines < 100 kW

• 762 turbines

• Most extensive survey to date

‣ HAWT

‣ VAWT

‣ Other concepts

Market surveyEhB


• Typical entry

• Main characteristics of turbine+ comments: measured P-curve, cut-in or start, ...


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Market surveyEhB

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Use

• Basis for comparison between small turbines, with estimate of annual production

‣ Power curve from manufacturer

‣ Wind conditions Ingreenious study Schoondijke(3.7 m/s annual average)

• Select turbines for test fields

• Help clients select small turbines

Market surveyEhB



Comparison 1-2 kW

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Market surveyEhB



Comparison 2-5 kW

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Market surveyEhB



Consultancy

• Example: Sensico

‣ Wants to test small turbine

• If OK Sensico wants to become distributor

• 1-2 kW

• Believes in rooftop

• Turbine should be able to carry advertisements

Market surveyEhB



Consultancy

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Market surveyEhB



• Skystream Southwest windpower

• Rated power 1.8 kW

• ø = 3.7 m

• Cut-in = 3,5 m/s

• Price ~ € 12000 (incl. tower)

• Power curve

Market surveyEhB



‣ Rated power 1.5 kW

‣ ø = 1,7 m

‣ Cut-in = 0,5 m/s

‣ Price ~ € 4600 (Excl.installation and tower)

‣ Power curve

Honeywell WT6500 Earthtronics

Market surveyEhB



• 1 kW Ec industry

‣ Rated power 1 kW

‣ ø = 2,7 m

‣ Cut-in = 3 m/s

‣ € 1818 (excl. inverter)

‣ Power curve

Market surveyEhB



• 5 kW Ec industry

‣ Rated power 5 kW

‣ ø = 6,4 m

‣ Cut-in = 3 m/s

‣ Power curve

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Market surveyEhB



• NheoWind 3D 100 CP Nheolis

• Rated power 1.8 kW

• ø = 3 m l = 2 m

• Cut-in = 2,5 m/s

• Prijs ~ € 20000 (incl. tower)

• Power curve

Market surveyEhB



‣ Wind buster Seab energy

• Rated power 5 kW

• ø = 3,25 m l = 6m

• Cut-in = 3,5 m/s

• Price ~ € 17200 excl. tower

• Power curve

Market surveyEhB



• Resultaten

‣

• Resultaten

‣

Comparison 1-2 kWMarket survey

EhB



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Yearly yield 1-2 kWMarket survey

EhB



‣

Comparison 5 kW

‣‣‣‣

Market surveyEhB



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Yearly yield 5 kW

Opbrengst 5 kW

Market surveyEhB



• IEC 61400-2:

‣ Design requirements for small wind turbines

• BWEA Standard for the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS)

‣ MCS006: Small wind performance & safety standard

StandardsMarket survey

IEC norm



• AWEA

‣ Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard (AWEA Standard 9.1 – 2009)

‣ SWCC certification:

• Test of AWEA Standard requirements.

• Turbine design (Structural Analysis)

• Field testing (Power performanc, Acoustic, Safety & Functio, and Duration).

International standards

Market surveyIEC norm



Innovative conceptsBuilding-augmented turbines

Backyard innovation

Vertical-axis farms

Very unconventional designs


New conceptsBuilding-augmented


• Use buildings to enhance local wind speed

Building-augmented wind turbines

Important contribution:

Mertens 2006, PhD thesis, TU Delft


New conceptsBackyard


• Example Urban Power USA

Backyard innovation


New conceptsVAWT farms


• J. Dabiri, CalTech, 2010

• For global production of sustainable energy, power density(W/m2 ground surface) is a more relevant constraint than Betz limit

• Inspiration:Fish schooling

Vertical-axis urban windfarms




• Optimized arrays of smaller vertical-axis wind turbines





• Huge increase in power density



New conceptsUnconventional


Unconventional designs



• Shadow and reflection (flicker)

• Noise (aero and mechanical)

• Vibrations (structural damage, rooftop)

• Visual impact

• Wildlife

• Grid integration

Critical issues How turbines workHow turbines workPolicy

Acceptance



• European 20/20/20 directive

‣ 20 % less emission compared to 1990

‣ 20% better energy efficiency

‣ 20% energy from renewables

• Mounting evidence effects of global warming

• Essentially carbon free electricity production

• Public apprehension abt nuclear power

Energy How turbines workHow turbines workPolicyDirectives



• Wallonia: one-stop shop

• Flanders: omzendbrief 2009

• Regions have adopted energy goals

• Reduction in PV subsidies

Policy How turbines workHow turbines workPolicy

Regulations



• Urban wind turbines: few success stories

• Urban wind is definitely not ideal

• Market of small wind turbines immature(VAWT in particular)

‣ Many are no good

‣ Good small turbines competitive with solar

‣ Room for technological improvement

‣ Prices will drop

Conclusions How turbines workHow turbines workConclusions

Regulations



• Wind turbines can be expected to be become competitive at lower wind speeds

• Urban applications are likely to become feasible soon

• Regulatory framework moving in right direction

• Acceptance issues (in particular noise) need to be addressed

Conclusions How turbines workHow turbines workConclusions

Regulations


1. farde mcrabe

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