1 Chapter Learning Objectives a. The chemical properties of acids and bases. b. Acids and bases react with each other in a reaction known as neutralization. c. Acids are proton (H + ) donors; bases are proton acceptors that produce OH - in solution. d. Learn some common acids and bases and their properties, such as their strengths. e. The pH measures the acidity of a solution: pH < 7.0 is acidic; pH > 7.0 is basic; pH = 7.0 is neutral. f. Buffers are important for maintaining our health.
72
Embed
1 Chapter Learning Objectives a.The chemical properties of acids and bases. b.Acids and bases react with each other in a reaction known as neutralization.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Chapter Learning Objectives
a. The chemical properties of acids and bases.
b. Acids and bases react with each other in a reaction known as neutralization.
c. Acids are proton (H+) donors; bases are proton acceptors that produce OH- in solution.
d. Learn some common acids and bases and their properties, such as their strengths.
e. The pH measures the acidity of a solution: pH < 7.0 is acidic; pH > 7.0 is basic; pH = 7.0 is neutral.
f. Buffers are important for maintaining our health.
2
a. Acids
Arrhenius acids • produce H+ ions in water. H2O
HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
• are electrolytes.• have a sour taste. • turn litmus red.• neutralize bases.
Hydronium ion – a hydrated proton, H3O+ = H+
3
Names of Acids
• Acids with H and a nonmetal are named with the prefix hydro and end with ic acid.
HCl hydrochloric acid
• Acids with H and a polyatomic ion are named by changing the end of the name of the polyatomic ion from ate to ic acid or ite to ous acid.
ClO3− chlorate HClO3 chloric acid
ClO2− chlorite HClO2 chlorous acid
4
Names of Some Common Acids
5
Select the correct name for each of the following acids.A. HBr 1. bromic acid
2. bromous acid 3. hydrobromic acid
B. H2CO3 1. carbonic acid2. hydrocarbonic acid3. carbonous acid
C. HBrO2 1. bromic acid2. hydrobromous acid3. bromous acid
Learning Check
6
A. HBr 3. hydrobromic acid
The name of an acid with H and one nonmetal uses the prefix hydro and ends with ic acid.
B. H2CO3 1. carbonic acid
An acid with H and a polyatomic ion is named by changing the end of an ate ion to ic acid.
C. HBrO2 3. bromous acid
This acid of bromite (BrO2-) is bromous acid.
Solution
7
a. Bases
Arrhenius bases • produce OH− ions in
water.• taste bitter or chalky.• are electrolytes.• feel soapy and slippery.• neutralize acids.
8
Some Common Bases
Bases with OH- ions are named as the hydroxide of the metal in the formula.
NaOH sodium hydroxide
KOH potassium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide
Fe(OH)3 iron(III) hydroxide
9
Match the formulas with the names.
A. ___HNO2 1) iodic acid
B. ___Ca(OH)2 2) sulfuric acid
C. ___H2SO4 3) sodium hydroxide
D. ___HIO3 4) nitrous acid
E. ___NaOH 5) calcium hydroxide
Learning Check
10
Match the formulas with the names.
A. 4 HNO2 nitrous acid
B. 5 Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
C. 2 H2SO4 sulfuric acid
D. 1 HIO3 iodic acid
E. 3 NaOH sodium hydroxide
Solution
11
Comparing Acids and Bases
12
Identify each as a characteristic of an
A) acid or B) base.
____1. has a sour taste
____2. produces OH- in aqueous solutions
____3. has a chalky taste
____4. is an electrolyte
____5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Learning Check
13
Identify each as a characteristic of an
A) acid or B) base.
A 1. has a sour taste
B 2. produces OH- in aqueous solutions
B 3. has a chalky taste
A, B 4. is an electrolyte
A 5. produces H+ in aqueous solutions
Solution
14
Definitions
Acidic Solutions – A solution that contains a higher concentration of H3O+ ions than OH- ions.
Basic Solutions (Alkaline solution) – A solution that contains a higher concentration of OH- ions than H3O+ ions
Salt – Ionic compounds composed of the cation from a base and the anion from an acid.
Neutralization Reaction – Reaction of equivalent quantities of an acid and a base
15
In a neutralization reaction • an acid such as HCl reacts with a base such as NaOH.
HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl−
NaOH Na+ + OH−
• the H3O+ from the acid and the OH− from the base form water.
H3O+ + OH− 2 H2O
b. Neutralization Reactions
16
In the equation for neutralization, an acid and a base produce a salt and water.
acid base salt water
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2H2O
Neutralization Equations
17
HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) H2O(aq) + KCl(aq)
Neutralization of H2O
H3O+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O(l) + H2O(l)
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq)
base
base
acid
acid water
water
salt
salt
18
In water,• H+ is transferred from one H2O molecule to another. • one water molecule acts as an acid, while another