1. Based on the picture and your readings, what conclusions can you draw?

1. Based on the picture and your readings, what conclusions can you draw?

2. What are the people doing?

3. Why do Muslims kneel, bow, and touch their foreheads to the ground when they pray?

Islam’s most sacred sanctuary

Located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

Muslims believe Abraham and his son Ishmael built it.

It contains the Black Stone, the cornerstone of the Kaaba

50’ high, 33’ wide, 40’ long

The outer black cloth contains verses from the Quran

Pilgrims walk around the track 7 times, reciting the Quran

Built by Muslims in 691 C.E.

Muslims believe Muhammad ascended into Paradise from here

He returned to earth and brought Allah’s message to all people

Jews honor the site as the place where Abraham was prepared to sacrifice his son, Isaac

4. What is the holiest object in Islam?

5. Where is it located?

6. List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam.

7. What is the Dome of the Rock?

8. What 3 religions consider this site sacred? Why?

Say O Muslims: We believe in God and that which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed unto

Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and

that which the Prophets received from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and unto

Him we have surrendered.

10. What does this Quran passage tell you about how Muslims view the teachings of the Hebrew prophets and Jesus?

11. How do Muslims view Jesus?

12. What is one belief that Muslims, Jews, and Christians share?

13. What activity brought prosperity to the Islamic world?

14. What 3 cities were important trade centers?

15. Where did the majority of the people live during the early stages of the Arab Empire?

Pages 204-205

Page 204

Page 205

The Arab Empire and Its Successors

500 C.E. 700 C.E. 900 C.E. 1100 C.E. 1300 C.E.

570 C.E.

Birth of Muhammad

680 C.E.

Hussein leads revolt against Umayyad rule

661-750 C.E.

Umayyad Dynasty

750-1258

Abbasid Dynasty

16. Which Muslim dynasty was in power in 732 C.E. when Arab forces were defeated in Gaul, halting Arab expansion in Europe?

17. About how many years did the Abbasid Dynasty last?

18. Muslims split into 2 main sects (Sunni & Shiite) after a revolt led by Hussein in what year?

• Bedouin – Nomadic clansBedouin – Nomadic clans

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ProblemsProblems

• No successor to MuhammadNo successor to Muhammad

• Caliph – Political and religious Caliph – Political and religious successor to Muhammadsuccessor to Muhammad

SunniSunni• Muhammad left no Muhammad left no

successorsuccessor• Felt caliph should Felt caliph should

be chosen by be chosen by Muslim leadersMuslim leaders

• One is appointed One is appointed from among peersfrom among peers

• Abu Bakr—Abu Bakr—Friend Friend of Muhammadof Muhammad

• Majority of Muslims Majority of Muslims belong to this sect belong to this sect

ShiiteShiite• Muhammad left a Muhammad left a

chosen successorchosen successor• Felt only true Felt only true

successors were successors were blood descendents blood descendents of Muhammadof Muhammad

• Ali—Son-in-law, Ali—Son-in-law, cousin of cousin of MuhammadMuhammad

19. What is a caliph?

20. What 2 sects did Islam split into?

21. What sect do most Muslims belong to?

Umayyad RuleUmayyad Rule

• Starts with Mu’awiyaStarts with Mu’awiya

• Capital moved to Capital moved to DamascusDamascus– Booty Booty – TaxesTaxes– GovernorsGovernors– Religious freedomReligious freedom– Construction projectsConstruction projects

Decline and FallDecline and Fall

• Some abandon simple lifestyleSome abandon simple lifestyle• Many Muslims dissatisfiedMany Muslims dissatisfied

Abbas – Leader of dissatisfied MuslimsAbbas – Leader of dissatisfied Muslims• Allies with ShiitesAllies with Shiites• Revolt against DamascusRevolt against Damascus• Reconciliation BanquetReconciliation Banquet

– Slaughtered UmayyadsSlaughtered Umayyads

• Independent kingdoms formingIndependent kingdoms forming• 1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority1055 Seljuk Sultans-authority

– captured and controlled Baghdadcaptured and controlled Baghdad• Crusades 1095Crusades 1095

– Christians capture portions of Holy LandChristians capture portions of Holy Land– SaladinSaladin

• Mongols 1258Mongols 1258

AbbasidAbbasid750-1258750-1258

Stearns, page 119; Glencoe, page 197

22. How far north did the Islam empires spread?

23. How did the Arabs benefit from expansion?

In the 7th Century. Muslims, conquered Palestinewhere Jesus Christ had lived and preachedMuslims were tolerantlet Christians/Jews and keep their faithsChristian pilgrims visited the Christian 'Holy Land‘ & shrines freely

In the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks conquered JerusalemPersecuted Christian pilgrims1071, defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert; Threatened Byzantine Empire; Emperor Alexius asked the Pope for help Pope Urban II called for a “Holy War” or “Crusade” against the Muslim “infidels” (unbelievers) and occupiers of the Holy Lands1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics

The Crusade

s

The Crusades continued

Between 1096-1212, there were 7 crusades1000s responded and pinned crosses on their tunics & marched to fight/die for God

1st Crusade: (1096-1099) French, German, and Italian armies captured Jerusalem Sacked the city, slaughtered many Muslims & Jews; stole/ransacked goods Many Crusaders went home--left surrounding territories vulnerable Muslim leader, Saladin captured Edessa

2nd Crusade: (1147-1149) 2nd Crusade failed to win Edessa backAdditionally, Saladin re-captured Jerusalem in 1187 for the Muslims

Crusades continued

3rd Crusade: (1189-1192) Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany drowned in a local river English King Richard & French King Philip II of France arrived by sea

captured the coastal cities unable to move inland & capture Jerusalem Saladin was impressed with King Richard’s fighting on the coast King Richard earned the nickname the “Lionhearted” here Saladin agreed to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem

Saladin (1138-1193)

Muslim leader

Established the Ayyubid Dynasty

Very devout

Legendary chivalry

Defeated Europeans in the 2nd and Crusades

Spared Jerusalem

Made Cairo a vibrant medieval city

Italian port cities prospered economically

Opened Europeans to a variety of goods and products: silks, spices, coffee, tea, science, and knowledge

Access to the compass/astrolabe provided Europeans with the means to travel away from the coastline and to seek new goods

Access to information about gun powder will enhance their more aggression and lead to imperialistic tendencies in Asia, Africa, and the Americas

4th Crusade sacked Constantinople;

weakened the Byzantine Empire

Led to Anti-Semitism in Europe

Broke down feudalism;

Paved the way for the development of European nation-states

Lasting impact: bred centuries of distrust & enmity between Muslims &Christians

24. What caused the Crusades?25. What were the effects of the Crusades?26. Who fought in the Crusades?

Hulegu (hoo-LAY-goo)

1258, Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia

Ended Abbasid Caliphate

Hulegu sacked Baghdad

Destroyed libraries, mosques, palaces

Turkish slave-soldiers (Mamluks) stopped the Mongols at the Red Sea

Mongolians inter-married with local peoples

Mongolians converted to Islam and spread the religion throughout Asia/southern Europe

Mongolian conquest ended Baghdad’s leadership

Cairo became the new center of Islamic civilization

• Ibn- Rushd – translated Aristotle’s works

• Spread the Indian # system with 0; easier to us than Roman numerals

• Europeans mislabeled the system “Arabic”

• Developed Algebra

• Knew the Earth was round

• Astrolabe = helped sailors calculate the angles of the sun and the stars.

• Armillary = Astronomers lined up the top rings of the sphere and calculated the time of day or year. This was useful for mapmaking and calendars.

Ibn Sina - wrote medical encyclopedia

- “The” University medical textbook

Al Qasim’s drawings of medical tools was the foremost text on surgery in Europe for nearly 500 years

Ibn Khaldun (14th C)

- Muslim historian

- Civilizations rise/decay in cycles

Omar Khayyam (12th C) - Rubiyat

- Arabian Nights

Mosque of Cordova, Spain

Center of learning & culture

Mosque in Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Calligraphy

Arabesques

Arab dhow with lateen sails

• Most celebrated Muslim traveler in the postclassical world

• Islamic scholar who recorded his travels throughout the dar al Islam (Muslim states)

• Traveled over 75,000 miles; to Spain, Timbuktu, China, India, the Maldive Islands, East Africa, and the Mali Empire

• Worked in government positions everywhere he went as an adviser or judge

• Promoted the proper observance of Islam

1304-1349?

27. Describe 3 Muslim achievements