1. 2 1.Organic compounds necessary for: normal growth maintenance of health, Reproduction 2.Help the body convert carbohydrates and fat into energy an.

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1. Organic compounds necessary for:

• normal growth

• maintenance of health,

• Reproduction

2. Help the body convert carbohydrates and fat into energy an

3. Assist in the formation of bones and tissues

4. Essential for maintaining good health as the body cannot survive without them

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Cannot be dissolved in water so..

Stored in body fat until they are transported to

the cells by the blood.

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(RETINOL)

1.RESPONSIBLE FOR NIGHT AND COLOR VISION

2.GROWTH OF BONES AND TEETH

3.PRODUCTION OF HEALTHY SKIN

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•Dark green and dark yellow vegetables

•Fruits

•Egg yolks

•Whole milk

•Liver

•Butter

•Fish oils

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•Important for the normal growth and development of bones and teeth.

•Aids in the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus.

Vitamin D• When ultraviolet rays shine on your skin, a cholesterol-like substance is

converted into a precursor of vitamin D and absorbed in the blood.• Over the next few days, the precursor is converted to vitamin D3

(cholecalciferol).• Vitamin D3 is converted into its active form – a hormone – by enzymes in

the liver and then the kidney.Functions of Vitamin D• Maintains blood calcium levels by:

– Increasing calcium absorption in the intestine– Decreasing the amount of calcium excreted by the kidney– Pulling calcium out of the bones– Blood calcium levels must be kept high so there is enough calcium to build

bones and teeth, contract muscles, and transmit nerve impulses

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•Egg yolks

•Liver

•Fish liver oil

•Fortified milk

•Primary source: sun

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Rickets is a disease of growing bone that is unique to children and adolescents. It is caused by a failure of osteoid to calcify in a growing person. Failure of osteoid to calcify in adults is called osteomalacia.

Vitamin D deficiency rickets occurs when the metabolites of vitamin D are deficient. Less commonly, a dietary deficiency of calcium or phosphorus may also produce rickets.

Rickets

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•PROTECTS CELLS FROM OXIDATION

•A chemical change that occurs as a result of exposure to oxygen

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Vegetable oils

Wheat germ

Whole-grain bread and cereal products

Liver

Fish liver oils

Green leafy vegetables

Of vitamin E

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Necessary for blood clotting

Sources

Green leafy vegetables

Broccoli

Peas

Liver

Cheese

eggs

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•Helps break down carbohydrates in the body

•Helps the body release energy from food

•Necessary for cell respiration

•Promotion of normal appetite/digestion/maintenance of a healthy nervous system.

•Deficiency: BeriBeri

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•Enriched whole-grain products

•Liver

•Peas

• pork• Heat sensitive

• Easily leached into the cooking liquid

• Proper food storage/preparation practices are essential to maintain the thiamin level in foods

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•Necessary for the body to break down carbohydrates

•To keep the skin, tongue, and lips in normal condition

Easily destroyed by exposure to light—especially sunlight

Important to store these foods either in a pantry or in the refrigerator to prevent nutrient loss

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•Cheese

•Eggs

•Enriched breads

•Leafy green vegetables

•Lean meats

• legumes

• cracked and red lips, inflammation of the lining of mouth and tongue, mouth ulcers, cracks at the corners of the mouth, and a sore throat.

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•Vital to the nervous system

•Helps cells convert food to energy and is beneficial for the mouth, skin, and tongue

•Helps the digestive tract to function properly.

•Research into the effects of niacin in lowering blood cholesterol. Due to the toxic side effects of high doses of niacin, self-prescribed niacin supplements are not recommended.

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•Liver

•Lean meats

•Whole grains

•Nuts

•legumes

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•Also called folacin or folic acid

•Necessary for the body to produce normal red blood cells and for the biochemical reactions of cells in the production of energy

•Prenatal development- brain stem

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•Wheat germ

•Wheat bran

•Yeast

• leafy green vegetables

•Liver

•legumes

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•Essential in the breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in the body.

Sources:

•Liver ,kidneys, egg yolk

•Vegetables

•Fruits (especially bananas, grapefruit,

watermelon, and strawberries)

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Aids in the metabolism of fat and the formation of cholesterol and hormones. Sources:

•All plant and animal tissues

•Liverwurst, meats, poultry, egg yolk

•Wheat germ and rice germ, oatmeal,

•Tomato paste, sweet potatoes , milk

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Needed to help nervous tissues function normally

To maintain the health of the skin and red blood cells

Participate in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

Sources:

liver, lean meats, cereals, vegetables, and milk

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Necessary in the development of normal growth, normal functioning of all body cells, metabolism of foliate and protection against pernicious anemia Found only in animal protein.

liver, clams, oysters, muscle meats, eggs, chicken, and milk.

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•Aids in the formation of hemoglobin

•Helps fight infection

•Aids in healing of wounds

•Aids in the formation and maintenance of collagen

•Aids in the absorption of iron and calcium

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•Citrus fruits

•Cantaloupe

•Strawberries

•Dark leafy green vegetables

•Broccoli

•Cabbage

•Green peppers

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•Research continues into the role vitamins and minerals play in preventing chronic disease and in maintaining health and wellness.

•The RDA developed by the National Academy of Sciences, serve as a guideline for determining the amounts of nutrients a specific person needs each day.

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Minerals Functions:

• Helping enzymes complete chemical reactions• Becoming part of body components• Aiding normal nerve functioning and muscle

contraction• Promoting growth• Regulating acid-base balance in the body• Maintaining body fluid balance

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How Minerals are classifiedMacrominerals (Major Minerals)Found in large amounts in the body

• Calcium• Phosphorus• Magnesium• Sulfur• Sodium• Potassium• Chloride

Microminerals (Trace Minerals)Found in small amounts in the body

• Iron• Zinc• Iodine• Fluoride• Copper• Chromium• Manganese• Molybdenum• Selenium

Electrolytes

• Needed for bone strength• Muscle contraction and relaxing• Transmit nerve impulses• Blood-clotting processes• Food Sources– Leafy green vegetables– Soft-boned fish– Milk and milk products– Fortified orange juice

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•Just because an individual eats food containing calcium does not mean that the body absorbs the calcium•Factors that increase calcium absorption include:•an overall balanced diet

• intake of vitamins D and C

• intake of certain amino acids

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Factors that decrease calcium absorption include:

• a vitamin D deficiency

• fat malabsorption

• eating large amounts of fiber

• lack exercise

• stress

• lactose deficiency or lactose intolerance

Calcium: Deficiency and Toxicity

• About 25-30% of calcium you eat is absorbed.• Deficiency

Calcium deficiency is a major contributing factor in osteoporosis.

• Toxicity: UL is 2,500 milligrams Amounts above UL can contribute to calcium

deposits in kidneys and other organs

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture

• Being a female

• A diet low in dairy products or other sources of calcium and vitamin D

•inactive lifestyle

• Get enough calcium each day

• Get enough vitamin d each day

•Get moving

•Don’t smoke

• Helps build strong bones and teeth• Significant factor in all phases of calcium metabolism• Rarely lacking in our diet• High amounts can decrease calcium • Food sources– Protein-rich foods including milk, cheese, meats,

legumes, eggs– Peas, potatoes, raisins avacados

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• Helps the lungs, nerves and heart to function• Helps the body to release energy• Involved in enzymatic reactions in the body• Food Sources:– Leafy green vegetables, potatoes, legumes,

seafood, nuts, dairy and whole-grain products

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Work together to:

•Regulate the flow of fluids in the body

•Help regulate the nervous system

•Help regulate the muscle functions, including heart

•Help regulate nutrient absorption in the cells

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•Sodium and Chloride:

•Table salt

•Potassium:

•Meats,

•Milk,

•Bananas,

•Leafy green vegetables, and citrus fruits.

Sources of Sodium• Salt – sodium chloride• Processed foods:

– Canned, cured, and/or smoked meats and fish such as bacon, ham

– Many cheeses, esp. processed cheese

– Canned veggies, etc.– Frozen convenience foods– Dried soup mixes– Foods in brine

• Certain seasonings: salt, soy sauce, Worcestershire sauce, etc.

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Found primarily in the blood, where it combines with protein to form hemoglobin

• Sources:

•Liver/organ meats, egg yolks,

•dried legumes, shellfish,

•leafy green vegetable, enriched breads

•Heme Iron-animal food sources Easily Absorbed

•Nonheme Iron- plant and animal products

Functions of Iron

• Key component of hemoglobin – a part of red blood cells that carries oxygen to body’s cells

• Key component of myoglobin – a muscle protein that stores and carries oxygen that the muscles use to contract

• Works with many enzymes in energy metabolism• Used to make amino acids and certain hormones and

neurotransmitters• Part of enzymes found in leukocytes (immune

system)

Iron Absorption (cont’d.)• Increase

absorption of nonheme iron:– Vitamin C– Meat– Poultry– Fish

• Decrease absorption of nonheme iron– Calcium– Substances found

in tea and coffee– Oxalic acid (in

spinach)– Phytic acid (in

grain fiber)

Iron: Deficiency & Toxicity• Iron-deficiency anemia –a condition in which the size

and number of RBC are reduced, symptoms include:– Fatigue, pale skin, irritability– Loss of appetite – Decreased immune function– In kids – slow cognitive and social development– During pregnancy – increased risk of premature delivery,

LBW babies• Iron overload or hemochromatosis-extra iron builds up in

organs and damages them. Without treatment, the disease can cause these organs to fail.

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Aids in body growth, healing wounds, affects the body’s storage and use of insulin

Sources:

•Seafood

•Read meats

•Grains, legumes and nuts

Zinc: Cofactor for Almost 100 Enzymes• Wound healing• Bone formation• DNA synthesis• Protein,

carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

• Development of sexual organs

• General tissue growth and maintenance

• Taste perception• Vitamin A activity• Protection of cell

membranes from free-radical attacks

• Storage and release of insulin

Zinc: Deficiency & Toxicity

• Deficiency: more likely in pregnant women, the young and elderly, and vegetarians

• Symptoms in adults: poor appetite, diarrhea, skin rash, hair loss.

• Symptoms in children: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, poor appetite, decreased taste, delayed wound healing.

• Toxicity: long-term intake of zinc over UL results in copper deficiency.

Avoid zinc supplements unless prescribed.

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Necessary in the formation of hemoglobin and collagen

Sources:

•Organ Meats

•Seafood

•Seeds, nuts, and beans

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Needed for the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin- necessary for oxidation rates of cells.

Sources:

Iodized salt, lobster, shrimp, oysters, and other seafood, Milk

Iodine• Required for normal thyroid gland functioning.• Thyroid gland makes 2 hormones that

– maintain a normal level of metabolism– are essential to normal growth and development– are essential to normal body temperature– are essential to protein synthesisHypothyroidism is the disease state in humans and animals caused by insufficient

production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Historically, iodine deficiency was the most common cause of hypothyroidism world-wide. The disease may also be caused by a lack of thyroid gland or a deficiency of hormones from either the hypothalamus or the pituitary.(summary slide later)

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which an overactive thyroid gland is producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones that circulate in the blood. ("Hyper" means "over" in Greek). Thyrotoxicosis is a toxic condition that is caused by an excess of thyroid hormones from any cause. Thyrotoxicosis can be caused by an excessive intake of thyroid hormone or by overproduction of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

Iodine Deficiency• Hypothyroidism-inflammation of the thyroid gland

which leaves a large percentage of the cells of the thyroid damaged (or dead) and incapable of producing sufficient hormone.

• Simple goiter-is an increase in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in response to a defect in normal hormone synthesis within the thyroid gland.

• Cretinism – lack of thyroid secretion causes mental and physical retardation during fetal and later development

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Needed to prevent tooth decay.

Sources:

Fluoridated drinking water, fluoridated toothpaste

Seafood, tea,fruits/veggies grown in areas where natural fluoride level in water is high.

Other Minerals

• Selenium- works with vitamin E as an antioxidant

• Chromium- works with insulin in glucose metabolism

• Manganese- helps many enzymes work• Molybdenum-essential part of several

enzymes