Principles of Marketing Chapter 09 PRODUCT MIX STRATEGIES
Principles of Marketing
Chapter 09
PRODUCT MIX STRATEGIES
Product Mix and Product Line
Product Mix
The product mix is the set of all products offered for sale by a company.
A product mix has two dimensions: Breadth – different types of products on the bases of uses
and characteristics offered OR the number of product lines carried.
Depth - the variety of sizes, colors, and models offered within each product line.
Product Line
A product line is a group of products within the product mix (made by the same company) that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges.
Product Mix Depth and Breadth (Unilever Pakistan)
Breadth: Different Lines
De
pth
: Ass
ortm
ent w
ithin
a lin
e
Ice Cream Beverages Food Dental Shampoo Skin Care Home Care Deserts
Product Mix Strategies
vs
Product Mix Strategies
1. Positioning the ProductsMarketers can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.
a. Positioning in relation to competitors
Pakistan Cables
Product Mix Strategies
b. Positioning in relation to product attribute
micro cleaning system
Product Mix Strategies
c. Positioning in relation to price/quality
Better Quality Low Price
Product Mix Strategies2. Product Mix ExpansionThere are two types:
a. Line Extension – When a company adds a similar item into an existing line of products. For example LU adding three new flavors to its Prince biscuit brand.
b. Mix Extension – When a company adds a new product line to its existing assortment of products. For example Unilever adding a line of deodorants to its existing products. The new line may be related or unrelated to the current products. Also the company can use an existing brand name or a new brand name as in the case of Dove Soap and Dove shampoo.
Product Mix Strategies
3. Alteration of Existing ProductsImproving an existing product is more profitable and less risky than
developing a completely new product. Alteration may sustain its appeal or may initiate its rebirth.
Product Mix Strategies
4. Product Mix ContractionThis strategy is carried out by either by eliminating an entire line or by simplifying
the assortment within a line. The idea is to maintain higher profits through fewer products.
Product Mix Strategies5. Trading Up and Trading Down
Trading up means adding a higher price product to a line in order to attract a broader market. The new products prestige may positively impact existing product’s sales.
Trading Down means adding a low price product to a company’s product line. Company expects that people who can’t afford the expensive version will buy the low-price version. The lower price version carries some of the status and some of the other more substantive benefits of the higher-price version.
Traded-down
Traded-up
Further Traded-up
1
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Product Life Cycle (PLC)
PLC
Product Life Cycle shows the path a typical new product takes from its inception to its discontinuation. In other words, it describes the stages a product goes through from its introduction, through its growth until it is mature and then finally its decline.
PLC
Stages of PLC
Stage I: Introduction (pioneering stage) The introduction phase is when the public first sees or hears about a
product. The product appears in stores for the first time, and people start seeing print and television ads.
During this phase, a company may either choose to set prices high in order to cover initial expenses that went into producing the product or to cash in the hype and anticipation of the new technology or the company may introduce the product with basic features at reduced prices in hopes of gaining lots of new customers.
The pioneering firm has to take the burden of promoting the product category instead of just a brand.
This stage is most risky and expensive. Many products fail at this stage. Adopted by innovators
Stages of PLCSalesSales
CostsCosts
ProfitsProfits
Marketing ObjectivesMarketing Objectives
ProductProduct
PricePrice
LowLow
High cost per customerHigh cost per customer
NegativeNegative
Create product awareness and trialCreate product awareness and trial
Offer a basic productOffer a basic product
Use cost-plus formulaUse cost-plus formula
DistributionDistribution Build selective distributionBuild selective distribution
PromotionPromotion Heavy to entice product trialHeavy to entice product trial
Stages of PLC
Stage II: Growth (market acceptance stage)
Sales and profits rise at an increasing rate Competitors enter the market Too many competitors may reduce the prices & shrink the margins For increased sales, distribution is expanded. Adopted by early adopters
Stages of PLC
SalesSales
CostsCosts
ProfitsProfits
Marketing ObjectivesMarketing Objectives
ProductProduct
PricePrice
Rapidly risingRapidly rising
Relatively Reduced cost per customerRelatively Reduced cost per customer
RisingRising
Maximize market shareMaximize market share
Offer extension, service, warrantyOffer extension, service, warranty
Reduce PricesReduce Prices
DistributionDistribution Build intensive distributionBuild intensive distribution
PromotionPromotion Reduce to take advantage of demandReduce to take advantage of demand
Stages of PLC
Stage III: Maturity During first part of the maturity, sales increase at a decreasing rate. Later at maturity, the sales level off (stagnation). Profits starts o decline in the beginning of this stage and diminish
later due to excessive price competition and large number of competitors.
Eventually the market reaches point of saturation. Most of early majority customers and late majority customers adopt
the product in this stage. To prevent the product, firms offer extensions and try to differentiate
their products. They also design new promotions and new uses of the same product.
Stages of PLC
SalesSales
CostsCosts
ProfitsProfits
Marketing ObjectivesMarketing Objectives
ProductProduct
PricePrice
PeakPeak
Low cost per customerLow cost per customer
High but begin to declineHigh but begin to decline
Maximize profits while defending market shareMaximize profits while defending market share
Diversify brand and models (Differentiation) Diversify brand and models (Differentiation)
Match or best competitorsMatch or best competitors
DistributionDistribution Build more intensive distributionBuild more intensive distribution
PromotionPromotion Increase to encourage brand switchingIncrease to encourage brand switching
Stages of PLC
Stage IV: Decline For some products, decline is inevitable…
type writer vs word processor board games vs video games tube lights vs energy saver (vs LEDs)
Stages of PLCSalesSales
CostsCosts
ProfitsProfits
Marketing ObjectivesMarketing Objectives
ProductProduct
PricePrice
DecliningDeclining
Low cost per customerLow cost per customer
DecliningDeclining
Reduce expenditures and milk the brandReduce expenditures and milk the brand
Phase out weak itemsPhase out weak items
Cut priceCut price
DistributionDistribution Selective: phase out unprofitable outletsSelective: phase out unprofitable outlets
PromotionPromotion Reduce to minimum levelReduce to minimum level