07 - Learning. How have you been conditioned? Class presentation video: Learning What topics do you need help with?

07 - Learning

How have you been conditioned?

Class presentation video:Learning

What topics do you need help with?

What topics do you need help with?

• A. Pavlov & Classical conditioning• B. Skinner & Operant conditioning• C. Generalization• D. Shaping• E. I understand

What topics do you need help with?

• A. Positive & negative reinforcers• B. Reinforcement schedules

– Fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, variable-interval, etc.• C. The effect of cognitive processes on operant

conditioning.• D. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation• E. I understand

What topics do you need help with?

• A. Observational learning• B. Delayed reinforcement• C.I understand

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that

dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

A. the law of effect.

B. spontaneous recovery.

C. respondent behavior.

D. associative learning.

Through direct experience with animals, we come to anticipate that

dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

A. the law of effect.

B. spontaneous recovery.

C. respondent behavior.

D. associative learning.

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

A. primary reinforcer.

B. unconditional stimulus.

C. immediate reinforcer.

D. conditioned stimulus.

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

A. primary reinforcer.

B. unconditional stimulus.

C. immediate reinforcer.

D. conditioned stimulus.

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by

repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

A. negative reinforcer.

B. conditioned stimulus.

C. conditioned reinforcer.

D. unconditioned stimulus.

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by

repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

A. negative reinforcer.

B. conditioned stimulus.

C. conditioned reinforcer.

D. unconditioned stimulus.

After getting ill from eating her friend’s Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the

the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded good. This illustrates:

A. generalization.

B. discrimination.

C. extinction.

D. acquisition.

After getting ill from eating her friend’s Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn’t stand the

the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded good. This illustrates:

A. generalization.

B. discrimination.

C. extinction.

D. acquisition.

For some children who bite themselves or bang their heads, squirting water into their faces when they

hurt themselves has been observed to decrease the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best

illustrates the potential value of:

A. punishment.

B. conditioned reinforcers.

C. negative reinforcers.

D. latent learning.

For some children who bite themselves or bang their heads, squirting water into their faces when they

hurt themselves has been observed to decrease the frequency of these self-abusive behaviors. This best

illustrates the potential value of:

A. punishment.

B. conditioned reinforcers.

C. negative reinforcers.

D. latent learning.

Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement usually results in _________ rates of

responding.

A. unpredictable

B. steady

C. delayed

D. speedy

Occasional, unpredictable reinforcement usually results in _________ rates of

responding.

A. unpredictable

B. steady

C. delayed

D. speedy

Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after working out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing

nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the showerhead, causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on

in the shower, he hears another toilet flush and he immediately jumps out from under the showerhead. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned response (UR)?

A. jumping out of the shower

B. sound of the toilet flushing

C. pain avoidance

D. boiling hot water

Martin likes to shower in the men’s locker room after working out. During a shower he hears a toilet flushing

nearby. Suddenly boiling hot water comes out of the showerhead, causing Martin serious discomfort. Later on

in the shower, he hears another toilet flush and he immediately jumps out from under the showerhead. In this scenario, what is the unconditioned response (UR)?

A. jumping out of the shower

B. sound of the toilet flushing

C. pain avoidance

D. boiling hot water

Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated

and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

A. tuna

B. nausea

C. mayonnaise

D. sight of any sandwich

Brian ate a tuna salad sandwich that had become tainted from being in the sun too long. Not long after eating, Brian became extremely nauseated

and felt awful. After that, even the sight of a tuna sandwich caused Brian to feel nauseated. In this scenario, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

A. tuna

B. nausea

C. mayonnaise

D. sight of any sandwich

Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four pianos he tunes. He is on a

_________ schedule of reinforcement.

A. fixed interval

B. fixed ratio

C. variable interval

D. variable ratio

Luke gets paid a fixed sum after every four pianos he tunes. He is on a

_________ schedule of reinforcement.

A. fixed interval

B. fixed ratio

C. variable interval

D. variable ratio

Extinction occurs ___________ in classical conditioning and ___________ in operant

conditioning.A. when the CS is presented with the US; when

reinforcement increases

B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly; when reinforcement increases

C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly; when reinforcement stops

D. when the CS is presented with the US; when reinforcement stops

Extinction occurs ___________ in classical conditioning and ___________ in operant

conditioning.A. when the CS is presented with the US; when

reinforcement increases

B. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly; when reinforcement increases

C. when the CS is presented alone repeatedly; when reinforcement stops

D. when the CS is presented with the US; when reinforcement stops

A teenager misses her curfew and has the keys to the family car taken away from her for a week; she doesn’t miss curfew again. An child gets his favorite toy taken away for throwing a tantrum in the store. Tantrum throwing is decreased. Both of these examples illustrate the use of a

1. Negative punisher

2. Positive punisher

3. Positive reinforcer

4. Negative reinforcer.

A teenager misses her curfew and has the keys to the family car taken away from her for a week; she doesn’t miss curfew again. An child gets his favorite toy taken away for throwing a tantrum in the store. Tantrum throwing is decreased. Both of these examples illustrate the use of a

1. Negative punisher

2. Positive punisher

3. Positive reinforcer

4. Negative reinforcer.

Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness, which demonstrated:

1. Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape.

2. Dogs given inescapable shock did escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape.

3. Dogs given inescapable shock later became aggressive when given the opportunity for escape.

4. Dogs given inescapable shock later became more active when given the opportunity for escape.

5. There was no difference between dogs given inescapable vs. escapable shock when later given the opportunity for escape.

Seligman performed a study on learned helplessness, which demonstrated:

1. Dogs given inescapable shock did nothing to escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape.

2. Dogs given inescapable shock did escape the shock when later given the opportunity for escape.

3. Dogs given inescapable shock later became aggressive when given the opportunity for escape.

4. Dogs given inescapable shock later became more active when given the opportunity for escape.

5. There was no difference between dogs given inescapable vs. escapable shock when later given the opportunity for escape.

Discussion Question

• Imagine you are asked by a roommate to help him devise a weight loss program to increase his chances of making the football team. Create a one month behavior modification program based on the principles of operant conditioning which will get him started towards his goal. Be sure to describe how you will measure your roommate's progress and what schedules of reinforcement will be included in your program.

• Based on operant conditioning• Behaviors to be reinforced• Reinforcers should be rewarding

– (and not counter to weight loss – not food)• Reinforcement schedule • A plan to monitor progress• Use of negative reinforcement• Punishment should not be used

• What factors might counteract your plan?– Genetics?– Social pressure?– Opposing reinforcers?– Set point?– Punishments?– Self image?– Side effect of drugs taken for other reasons

Critical thinking questions:

• What questions could you ask about your plan?– How do you measure success?

• Weight• Behavior• Other

– How do you measure behavior?– How long will your plan take to work?