10/5/2017 1 Classical Conditioning Learning & Memory Arlo Clark-Foos What is classical conditioning? • Learning to associate previously neutral stimuli with the subsequent events. • Howard Eichenbaum’s Thanksgiving Pavlov’s psychic secretion Are you conditioned? • Some examples of every day conditioning… – Holiday Traditions – Food Associations – Fears – Superstitions – Habits – Skills? Ivan Pavlov • How are digestive fluids controlled? – Historical view – Pavlov’s view – Pavlov’s Original Experiment
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Are you conditioned? Ivan Pavlov - University of Michigan
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10/5/2017
1
Classical Conditioning
Learning & Memory
Arlo Clark-Foos
What is classical conditioning?
• Learning to associate previously neutral
stimuli with the subsequent events.
• Howard Eichenbaum’s Thanksgiving
Pavlov’s
psychic secretion
Are you conditioned?
• Some examples of every day
conditioning…
– Holiday Traditions
– Food Associations
– Fears
– Superstitions
– Habits
– Skills?
Ivan Pavlov
• How are digestive fluids controlled?
– Historical view
– Pavlov’s view
– Pavlov’s Original Experiment
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Pavlov’s Experiments
• Psychic Secretion
– Specialized procedure for introducing food
• Claude Bernard’s psychic secretion in horses
– Pavlov’s psychic secretion was unreliable but…
Pavlov Museum, Ryazan, Russia
Stimuli and Responses
This is appetitive
conditioning. What is an
example of aversive
conditioning?
Conditioned Emotional Response
Estes & Skinner
(Dudai, Jan, Byers, Quinn, &
Benzer, 1976)(Domjan, Lyons, North, &
Bruell, 1986)
Appetitive
Slapping and Blinking in the Name of Research
Clark HullErnest Hilgard
Electromyography (EMG) Photo Sensors
Very well
studied
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Rabbit Eyeblink Conditioning
reactive
predictive
It gets more complicated…
• Similarity among species
• Tolerance, compensatory responses, and homeostasis
• Stimulus Timing and Presentation
– Contemporaneous Presentation
• Not spaced too far apart in time
– Is there an ideal spacing?
– Order and Consistency
• Reliable relationship/expectation
Conditioning Procedures
Forw
ard
Conditio
nin
g
Interstimulus
Interval
Intertrial
Interval
Learning Not to Respond
Conditioned Inhibition: Decrease in CR in
response to CS.
– Need Baseline
CS+1(Tone) US
CS-2(Light)
CS1 ?
CS2 ?
Baseline
CS1 + CS2
CRs diminish
over time as CS-
inhibits CS+
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Transfer of Learning
• Generalization
• Discrimination
CS(Tone,1200mHz) US
CS800mHz CR
CS1200mHz Max CR
CS1600mHz CR
CS(Tone,300mHz)
CS(Tone,500mHz) US
CS(Tone,800mHz)
CS300mHz
CS500mHz CR
CS800mHz
Context as CS
• Penick & Solomon (1991)
– Eyeblink conditioning in rats
– Hippocampal Lesions
Transfer Appropriate Processing
& Encoding Specificity
What is being conditioned?
• How is it learned and what is the nature of the
association?
S-S or S-R Association?
• Stimulus Substitution Theory (Pavlov)
– Definition (S-R Association)
– US, CS, and Response centers in the brain
– Problem: a CR is not a UR
• CR eyeblink is often more gradual and less complete
US
Response
CS S-R Association
S-S Association
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Rescorla (1973)
US Devaluation
Less CR after US devaluation.
S-S Association
Conditioned
Suppression
(Light/CS +
Loud Noise/US)
Lever RewardHabituate Noise
Lever + Light?
US
Response
CS S-R
Association
S-S
Association
After Conditioning
• After learning, what happens when you
present the CS alone?
Extinction
What happens in extinction?
• What do we (researchers) see?
– No CR = Forgetting?
– Excitatory and Inhibitory Associations (Pavlov)
• CC
• Extinction
Human eyeblink conditioning and the reduction in responses during extinction.
Extinction = Forgetting?
• Spontaneous Recovery
– Pavlov: Inhibitory connections are weak, fade
– Alt. Theory: Attention/Interest in CS (habituation?)
Human eyeblink conditioning and the reduction in responses during extinction.