06 Tm51106en03gla3 Services

UMTS Services and Applications

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Contents

1 Module Objectives 3 2 3G evolution 5 2.1 3G service evolution 5 2.2 3G bit rate evolution 6 3 Services and Applications 7 3.1 Introduction to Mobile Applications 8 3.2 Service Platforms 9 4 Services and QoS classes 11 4.1 Services and Conversational QoS Class 16 4.2 Services and Streaming QoS Class 18 4.3 Services and Interactive/Background Class 19 5 Examples of UMTS Applications 21 5.1 Applications using Circuit Switched Service 22 5.2 Applications using Packet Switched Service 23 6 Appendix 27 6.1 Quality of Service QoS 28 7 Exercises 35 8 Solution 37



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1 Module Objectives

The main objective of this module is to make the student able to explain the GSM

and UMTS mobile applications.

Topics to be covered in this module include the differentiation between UMTS

services and applications, a general discussion of the QoS, and an introduction to the

most Known services.

After completing this module, the participant should be able to:

• List the main differences between UMTS and 2G networks

• List the services and applications UMTS network provided.

• List the services and applications that IP Multimedia System provides.

• List the QoS classes of service.


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2 3G evolution

2.1 3G service evolution

GSM 3rd Generation UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) uses at the air interface a new transmission principle which is totally different from the GSM 2nd Generation. The transmission is based here on CDMA (code division multiple access). This principle uses the whole bandwidth of 5Mhz and is not divided into sub frequency channels like in GSM 2nd Generation. Each channel of a mobile subscriber or a mobile subscriber application respectively is scrambled utilizing a code, which is unique per cell.

UMTS will be able to offer an extremely large variety of applications. The conventional GSM services (bearer and teleservices) equivalent to the GSM Rel. '99 will be available. In addition, a large number of new services will become globally available in the form of flexible bearer services with adaptable, dynamic data rates of up to 2Mbps.

In addition to this, UMTS will allow versatile applications, particularly in the area of data transmission with medium and high data rates (simultaneous speech, image and data transmission). Examples of the use of UMTS user equipment include the following:

• Company data transmission (e.g. teleworking, mobile offices, virtual work groups, etc.)

• Information research (e.g. Internet surfing, online media, etc.)

• Education (e.g. virtual schools, online laboratories, libraries, viewing, etc.)

• Entertainment (e.g. games, music clips, video clip, etc. on demand)

• Public services (e.g. surveys, public voting)

• Telemetric services (e.g. navigation systems, fleet management, etc.)

• Financial services (e.g. mobile banking, online payment, USIM as credit card, etc.)

• Special services (e.g. security, telemedicine, hotlines, etc.)


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2.2 3G bit rate evolution

GSM Phase 2+ GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) provides on one side a circuit switched interface between the BSC and the MSC that corresponds to the normal GSM Phase 2 circuit switched interface and on the other side a packet switched interface between the BSC and the SGSN. GPRS uses 4 coding schemes, which are different from the normal GSM Phase 2+. These coding schemes provide data-rates between 9.05 kb/s up to 21.4 kb/s. In addition up to 8 channels can be combined at the air interface. This results in a maximum data-rate of 171.2kb/s (theoretical). GSM Phase 2+ EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) uses the GPRS (8X21.4kb/s theoretical) for packet switched traffic and / or the HSCSD technology (8X14.4kb/s theoretical) for circuit switched data transfer. In opposite to the other GSM technologies, EDGE uses a different modulation on the air interface. With this different modulation an approximately 3 times higher transmission rate can be reached up to the maximum of 553.6kb/s (in combination with GPRS).

In the standard UMTS version data will be sent to the user equipment at a rate of up to 2Mbps. In HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), rates of 14,4Mbps may be reached depending on the modulation (QPSK or 16-QAM) and coding scheme used. Selection of the optimum modulation and coding scheme is performed based on the downlink quality indicators provided by the UE.



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3 Services and Applications


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3.1 Introduction to Mobile Applications

In your everyday life, you are familiar with the concept of a mobile application.

For example, a mobile phone call is a mobile application. An SMS is another type of mobile application. With time, the need for different types of applications is increasing. Today the subscribers expect an increased number of applications and greater value. For an operator with a large subscriber base, more usage time is one way of ensuring continuing growth. However, the subscribers use mobile applications on for a limited time. Therefore, when defining the 3 rd Generation (3G) specifications, the emphasis is on the unlimited prospect of seamless services and applications that can be provided.

One common misconception that people have is that applications have been introduced in UMTS. However, this is not true as GSM already offers both integrated network and Intelligent Networks (IN) applications. In today's networks, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) adds the facility of supporting packet data with relatively quick set-up and transfer times, such as in the case of Internet.

UMTS Services

The term mobile application refers to services provided to the subscriber. Mobile applications have not been standardized in UMTS. The GSM/UMTS network offers service elements that are used by applications. The applications form the value added for the subscriber. A set of services have been made available by UMTS, which are:

• Circuit Switched (CS) Services - These are the teleservices, such as speech call, facsimile call, and CS data.

• Packet Switched (PS) Services - These are based on the PS connectivity provided by Packet Data Protocol (PDP) contexts.

• Message Services - These include Short Message Service (SMS) and Multimedia Message Service (MMS).

The services speech call, facsimile, and SMS are both services and applications. CS data is only a service because the subscriber allocated with a CS bearer for data transport. The bearer itself adds no value to the subscriber. The subscriber requires the CS data bearer to run a data application, where content is for instance exchanged between two entities, for example, between the handheld device and an application related content server. The same is true for PS services that are used to establish a PS bearer. Again, the PS bearer alone adds no value to the subscriber. However, when the subscriber can use the bearer in combination with an application, then value is added for the subscriber For example, a subscriber can use a PS bearer between the handheld device and the Internet to gain content through the application HTTP and TCP/IP.

Consequently, the GSM/UMTS services must be selected in such a way, that the application running on top of it can be served in the best possible way.



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3.2 Service Platforms

Service platforms are entities, which offer the implementation methods for applications. A service platform is a logical entity often containing several pieces of equipment. Following are the majority of existing applications adopted from GSM:

1. Voice Mail System (VMS) for Voice Call Completion.

2. Service delivery platform enabling servers that support different types of applications. A typical example is the Short Message Service Centre (SMSC) for short message delivery.

3. Service creation and execution platform is built upon the principles of IN and is almost obligatory to provide the envisioned services.

Following figure shows the elements of Core network service platform.

The new WCDMA radio interface will improve the quality and convenience of these applications. It will also enable higher packet data rates, which is highly important for the new e-mail and Internet services. The circuit connections can initially be made to the GSM switches to provide speech and other circuit switched services of up to 64 Kbps.

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IP/ATM Backbone

PSTN/ISDN

Other PLMN

Ext. IP Networks

GSM BSC MSS Gateway Control Server (GCS)

HLR

IN/SCE APSE

RNCWCDMA

MGW

SGSNGGSN

MGW

A

A

Iu-CS

BICC CS-2, SIP-T

H.248

Iu-PS

Fig. 1 :Core network Service platform elements


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4 Services and QoS classes


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QoS: Applications point of view

Depending on QoS, the applications are viewed in two different ways with respect to network.

In IP world (Proposed by IETF) applications are termed as real-time and non-

real-time.

Applications including time-sensitive information are real-time; where the data blocks must be displayed consecutively at predetermined time intervals, thus require specific delay, jitter and error parameters.

Applications including non time-sensitive information are non-real-time, which may be much more tolerable to delay and jitter but more sensitive to error parameters.

In UMTS network (Proposed by 3GPP), applications are classified into four

types based on the generated traffic: Conversational, Streaming, Interactive

and background.

Before stepping into more detailed discussion on UMTS QoS, it is necessary to first describe some well-known QoS metrics for presenting E2E service/application requirements; those are delay, jitter, loss rate and throughput.

• Delay: It is the elapsed time for a packet to traverse the network from the source to the destination. At the network layer, the end-to-end packet latency is the sum of processing delay, transmission delay, queuing delay and propagation delay.

• Delay variation (jitter): It is defined as the variation in delay encountered by similar packets following the same route through the network. The jitter requirement only affects real-time streaming applications because this QoS requirement arises from the continuous traffic characteristics of this class of applications. Jitter is generally included as a performance parameter since it is very important at the transport layer in packetized data systems, due to the inherent variability in arrival times of individual packets. Services intolerant of delay variation will usually try to reduce the delay variation by means of buffering.

• However, late data arrivals make data useless, resulting in receiver buffer underflow, and early arrival can lead to receiver buffer overflow.

• Loss Rate Loss rate refers to the percentage of data loss among all the delivered data in a given transmission time interval, which can be evaluated in frame level or packet level. Loss rate requirements apply to all classes of applications. In general, real-time applications might tolerate a limited amount of data lost, depending on the error resiliency of the decoder, and the type of application. On the other hand, non-real-time applications typically have much more strict requirement on data loss.

• Throughput: It is defined as the rate at which packets are transmitted in a network. It can be expressed as a maximum rate or an average rate.



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The maximum rate at which packets can be discarded during transfer through a network; packet loss typically results from congestion and not from transmission errors.

Packet Loss rate

The rate at which packets are transmitted in a network, can be expressed as an average, peak rate or even minimum rate.

Throughput

Also called jitter; refers to the variation in time duration between all packets in a stream taking the same route.

Delay Variation

Also known as latency; refers to the interval between transmitting and receiving packets between two reference points.

Delay

Fig. 2 Some Definitions


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QoS: UMTS Point of view

3GPP defines UMTS QoS classes as:

1. Conversational class;

2. Streaming class;

3. Interactive class;

4. Background class

The main distinguishing factor between these QoS classes is how delay sensitive the traffic is: Conversational class is meant for traffic which is very delay sensitive while Background class is the most delay insensitive traffic class.



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Service Classes

Traffic Parameters

QoS Parameters

Service classes divide connectionsinto "main" classes.

Traffic parameters define mainly the bandwidth requirements.

QoS parameters finally defines the QoS of the connection: delay, jitter buffer, etc.

Fig. 3 QoS definition steps


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4.1 Services and Conversational QoS Class

At least in the beginning of UMTS the most common service using conversational QoS class will still be the speech service. QoS related to Speech service implemented using the Core Network CS domain inherited from GSM, do not represent an issue as such CS domain elements have already QoS "built into" the equipment. From the UMTS point of view, the situation is a bit more complicated because the speech coding algorithms used in GSM and UMTS are different.

UMTS, however, emphasizes the interoperability aspect between itself and GSM. Because the interoperability is implemented with inter-system handovers it leads to the situation where the speech coding method changes during the call. In order to maintain the quality of the connection the system may momentarily buffer the bit stream representing speech.

The way to solve this problem is to use an AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) coding technique as defined in the 3GPP specifications.

The AMR codec is able to produce several source bit rates: 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75 kb/s. From these rates, the 12.2 kb/s stream corresponds to GSM-EFR (Enhanced Full Rate) equal to the GSM EFR codec.

Codec Relative Encode Relative Decode

Full Rate 1.0 1.0

Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) 22.0 5.4

Half Rate 20.3 8.1

AMR 12.2 21.9 6.9

AMR 10.2 20.3 7.0

AMR 7.95 21.2 6.7

AMR 7.4 19.8 6.7

AMR 6.7 20.8 6.8

AMR 5.9 17.5 9.0

AMR 5.15 15.6 8.6

AMR 4.75 18.8 6.8

Some of the other bit rates produced are also compatible with other 2G digital systems like US- TDMA and Japanese PDC. As far as speech service is concerned, the AMR speech codec can be considered like a "QoS converter" between different radio access technologies.



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The next step is to convert the traditional speech service to a packet switched service, VoIP. The 3GPP R99 specifications assume that the speech service is still used traditionally, i.e. over circuit switched connections. The 3GPP R4/R5 specifications introduce completely different, universal CN structures using packet switching. If the UMTS network is implemented according to 3GPP R4/R5, the speech service is carried like packet switched from the terminal through the network up to the Media Gateway (MGW).

The MGW contains all the required and relevant mechanisms for different conversions; for instance, AMR is located there. Because surrounding networks are traditional circuit switched like PSTN (Public Switched Telephony Network) and ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) the MGW also contains some conversion mechanisms for these, too. It should be noted that the conversion mechanisms are not only limited to the information flow, signaling between different networks must be converted, also. As far as VoIP is concerned, there are basically two alternatives for the call control signaling, H.323 specification and SIP (Session Initiation Protocol).


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4.2 Services and Streaming QoS Class

Services using conversational QoS class do not transfer any files from one end to another literally. The QoS class allowing this kind of transfer is the streaming class. Because complete file download takes time and thus causes delay, there must be mechanisms to open and handle files when they are not completely transferred from the source to the destination. This is what the streaming QoS class covers. Typical services or applications using streaming class are those handling big files but playing, or showing, a limited part of it.

Also the services offering a multicast type of service use streaming class if delay is not an issue. To minimize the possible delay effects the streaming class services are mostly unidirectional; delay exists but it does not cause any harm because the interactivity is missing.

.Example: An application located in the UE sends the user's request concerning a certain MP3 file to the network through which the request finally arrives at the desired service provider. As an acknowledgement, the service provider starts downloading the desired MP3 file. When using streaming QoS class the whole MP3 file is not required in the UE at the same time. The point here is that the packet format data arrives fluently enough to the UE and the packets are in the correct order.

The data stream is buffered in two places for two different purposes:

In UTRAN the data is buffered in order to control the radio interface access and its load.

In the UE the streaming class application constructs buffers from the data stream in order to present the data to the user "real-time-like" (continuously without any cuts and jitter).

When the application in the UE has buffered enough data to start the playback, the data is played to the user through the selected application. At the same time the streaming class application continues to download more data to its buffer from the service provider.

The data download is continued until the file is completed or the user interrupts the process. .



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4.3 Services and Interactive/Background Class

The interactive class can afford quite remarquable and variable delays. The services utilizing this QoS class are traditional request-response-type of services like web surfing (request: URL address of a desired web page, response: the contents of the web page), WAP services and other services requiring opening of server connections. A new set of services called location based services utilize this QoS class. The background QoS class provides the very basic connectivity level, where delay and Bit Error Rate (BER) are, in practice, meaningless if the network is in a position to provide error correction functionality. The services utilizing this QoS class are typically various procedures including file downloads. For instance, e-mail receiving is one of these.


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5 Examples of UMTS Applications


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5.1 Applications using Circuit Switched Service

Applications are the end subscriber services. They are no longer standardized. It is up to operators and value-added service providers to determine the need for an application and implement them. GSM/UMTS offer the bearer and call control to exchange content and content-related signaling information between the mobile device and the application driven content server.

The applications that have been planned for the implementation of GSM/UMTS are as follows:

• News and traffic flashes

• Public video phoning

• Ticketing services and interactive shopping

• Desktop video conferencing

• Voice recognition and response

• Interactive and virtual school

• Universal SIM with credit card function

• Virtual banking

• Currency downloading

• Video-on-demand

• Online library and books

In addition to the applications listed above, the supplementary services used in GSM are available from the very beginning of the 3G.



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5.2 Applications using Packet Switched Service

One of the main reasons for the implementation of UMTS networks is the anticipated demand for data services. There are different types of PS services and requirements for the services.

5.2.1 Voice Over IP

The well known use of voice telecommunication is telephony speech, for example, GSM, but with Internet and multimedia, a number of new applications, for example Voice Over IP(VoIP) and video conferencing tools, will require this scheme. Real-time conversation is always performed between peers or groups of live or human end-subscribers. This is the only scheme where the required characteristics are strictly given by human perception or senses.

5.2.2 Push to Talk Over Cellular (PoC)

PoC is a direct, real-time voice communications service. The principle of this service is to just push to talk. The calls can be started to both individuals and groups with just a push of a key because of a direct connection. The half-duplex or the one way at a time, call connection is almost instant.

This technology uses the capabilities of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) as specified by 3GPP. PoC is based on a half-duplex, always-on VoIP service over the second generation GSM/GPRS network. Push to talk uses the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) service architecture as SIP messaging, which makes new applications, such as voice chat and group chat messaging possible. Groups can also be created using SMS, which is familiar and easy to control for the subscriber.

5.2.3 Voice and Video Over IP

Videophone implies a full-duplex system, carrying both video and audio, and is intended for use in a conversational environment. For this technology, the same delay requirements as for conversational voice will apply. The added requirement is that the audio and video must be synchronized within certain limits to provide the lip-synch, which means the synchronization of the speaker’s lips with the words being heard by the end-subscriber. Due to the long delays in even the latest video codecs, it will be difficult to meet these requirements.

The human eye is tolerant to some loss of information therefore, certain degree of packet loss is acceptable depending on the specific video coder and amount of error protection used. It is expected that the latest video codecs will provide acceptable video quality with frame erasure rates up to 1%.


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5.2.4 IPTV and Video On Demand

An IPTV solution delivering video services over a telecom infrastructure has to compete with well-known and established terrestrial, satellite or cable services with respect to broadcast channel contents, deliverable services and performance

benchmark.

Technology evolvement has contributed significantly to the success of such solutions. The evolution of xDSL technology e.g. ADSL2+/VDSL/VDSL2 towards higher and higher bandwidth allows rich content and multimedia services to be delivered. Another contributing factor is improvement in compression technology. MPEG-2 with advance coding can now produce reasonably good quality pictures at low bitrates. The emergence of MPEG-4 AVC (Advanced Video Coding) and

WM9 will further strengthen this growth.

Video on Demand is provided with full VCR-like controls with capability to play, pause, fast-forward (multiple scan rates), fast-rewind (multiple scan rates) and direct jump to a particular part of a movie. It is possible to stop a movie and return to the same point at a later time. In order to facilitate movie browsing, videos are categorized into well-known genres that are available at the top level

of the VoD EPG.

5.2.5 Point-to-Multipoint, Multicast via Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

When the subscriber is looking at a video or listening to audio, the scheme streams apply. The real-time data flow is always aiming at a live or human destination. It is a one-way transport called unidirectional continuous stream.

This scheme is new the world of data communication, which gives rise to a number of new requirements for telecommunication and data communication systems.

Audio streaming is expected to provide better quality than conventional telephony, and requirements for information loss in terms of packet loss will be tighter.

Similar to voice messaging, there is no conversational element involved and delay requirements are flexible even more than for voice messaging. An example of audio streaming is the web radio station.

The main distinguishing feature of one-way video is that there is no conversational element involved, which means that the delay requirement is not be very stringent, and can follow that of streaming audio. An example of one-way video is monitoring your home using the Internet.



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5.2.6 Web Browsing

In this category, we will refer to retrieving and viewing the HTML component of a web page. Other components, for example, images, audio, or video clips, are dealt with under separate categories. From the subscriber’s perspective, the main performance factor is how fast a page appears after it is requested. A value of 2 to 4 seconds per page is proposed.

Mobile browsing delivers formatted Web pages to the subscriber’s terminal and displays them on the screen, enabling interaction with active elements on the page, such as links and forms. In the case of pull, the subscriber consumes the product by clicking links and form buttons to request the next page. Mobile browsing also supports push, which is an action initiated by the server to deliver content to the terminal. subscribers may receive a Service Initiation push message, asking for permission to display a page, or a Service Load push message, which depending on the subscriber settings, can automatically load a page and then display it, or simply have it ready in the cache for immediate display later.

5.2.7 Interactive Games

Requirements for interactive games depends on the specific game, but the demanding applications require short delays and a value of 250 ms, which is consistent with demanding interactive applications, is recommended.

5.2.8 E-mail or Server Access

E-mail is thought to be a store and forward service, which can tolerate very long delays. However, it is important to differentiate the communications between the subscriber and the local e-mail server and server-to-server transfer. When the subscriber communicates with the local mail server, the expectation is that the mail may not be transferred instantaneously but will definitely be transferred rapidly. The proposed time is 2 to 4 seconds for the transfer, which is consistent with the research findings on delay tolerance for web browsing.


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6 Appendix


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6.1 Quality of Service QoS

Quality of service architecture

Quality of Service is a set of requirements to be met so that a service or application can be delivered to the end-user in a quantitative and qualitative service level. The QoS level can be quantified by packet loss probability, guaranteed bandwidth, end-to-end (E2E) delay and jitter, reflect how the traffic flow through a network.



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TE MT UTRAN CN IuEDGE NODE

CN Gateway

TE

UMTS

End to End Service

TE/MT Local Bearer Service

UMTS Bearer ServiceExternal Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service

CN Bearer Service

Radio Bearer Service

Iu Bearer Service

Backbone Bearer Service

UTRA FDD/TDD Service

Physical Bearer Service

Fig. 4 QoS architecture


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In another way, QoS can be seen as the degree of satisfaction of an end-user for a delivered service.

The concept above leads to the basic idea of QoS, to distinct traffic into different types, corresponding to their different features and different demands to the networks, and to be delivered to the customers on different charges.



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Providing Different Levels of Services

Various Types of Applications Specific Business Requirements

Supporting QoS capabilities by well-defined set of building blocks

Various Types of Applications

Fig. 5 Different levels of Service


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Consequently, certain QoS mechanisms must be implemented to provide the E2E QoS features of applications matching their traffic type. We distinguish two main categories of mechanisms: QoS provision mechanisms and QoS control mechanisms:

• Qos provision mechanisms include parameters mapping, admission and resource reservations schemes.

• QoS control mechanisms consist of traffic shaping, scheduling, policing and control mechanisms.

QoS can be offered by network operators with Service Level Agreements (SLAs).

A SLA is a contract to specify the transit of services through network domains.



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Adherence to the specified load

profile

Guarantee of QoS Parameters

Admission Control

ServiceUser

Fig. 6 Admission control


Traffic Shaping

Traffic Policing

Actual Data Shaped Data

Yes

No

Fig. 7 Traffic shaping and policing


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35

7 Exercises


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Exercise 1

Identify the UMTS services provided in the UMTS network? (Choose three)

CS Data Services

Web browsing

SMS

Speech call

VoIP call

VMS

Identify the QoS classes that are Real Time classes

Conversational class

Streaming class

Interactive class

Background class

Which parameters can be defined as QoS metric?

Jitter

File size

Throughput

Delay

In Streaming the data stream is buffered

In the UTRAN only

In the UE only

In both UTRAN and UE

Which mechanisms can be considered as QoS control mechanisms?

Traffic shaping

Traffic scheduling

Admission control

Resources reservation



37

8 Solution


TM51106EN03GLA3


Identify the UMTS services provided in the UMTS network? (Choose three)

CS Data Services

Web browsing

SMS

Speech call

VoIP call

VMS

Identify the QoS classes that are Real Time classes

Conversational class

Streaming class

Interactive class

Background class

Which parameters can be defined as QoS metric?

Jitter

File size

Throughput

Delay

In Streaming the data stream is buffered

In the UTRAN only

In the UE only

In both UTRAN and UE

Which mechanisms can be considered as QoS control mechanisms?

Traffic shaping

Traffic scheduling

Admission control

Resources reservation

06 Tm51106en03gla3 Services

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