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Copyright (C) Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.
MITSUBISHIR ESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC.
GHG Reduction Project
through Countermeasures against
Large-scale Peat Fires
Shingo TAKAHASHISenior Research Professional
Social Innovation Group
Science & Safety Policy Research Division
February 21, 2013
Consultative Meeting on Reports of Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)
Feasibility Studies 2012 in Indonesia
Sumitomo Corporation
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Contents
1. Overview 3
2. MRV methodologies 6
(1) Eligibility criteria
(2) Reference scenario
(3) Calculating Reference Emission Level (REL)
Peat fire/Peat decomposition/Forest fire & other land-use change
(4) Monitoring methodologies
(5) GHG emissions reduction
(6) Verification issues
3. Safeguard issues (Environmental integrity) 15
4. Scale of investment (Project cost estimation) 16
5. Future prospects & issues 17
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1. Overview
Background
Since “Mega Rice Project” started in 1995, land development and drainagehave been accelerated in Central Kalimantan. It is recognized as an area to
have a huge CO2 emissions reduction potential.
Under “Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)”, formerly called “BOCM”,
REDD+ is considered as one of the major sectors. Therefore, MRV
methodologies need to be developed so that the amount of emissions
reduction can be identified.Last year, Sumitomo Corporation started a feasibility study (FS) project
commissioned by Ministry of Economic Trade and Industry (METI). MRI
helps Sumitomo Corporation in terms of developing MRV methodologies.
Objectives
Our final goal is to develop “simple” but “practical (reasonably accurate)”MRV methodologies. The followings are key:
To arrange default data sets (in the best use of existing statistical data)
To optimize monitoring system components (in a cost-effective way)
To identify clear & concrete procedures for MRV methodologies
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1. Overview
Project Boundaries
To make the best use of existingresearch outcomes, we focus on the
northern part of Block B and C as
the project area (187,000 ha).
In the area, degraded swamp forest
has increased during 1997-2011.
Fig. Project boundary
Source: Sumitomo Corporation and Nippon Koei (2013)
Prepared by Synthesis Carbon Positive PT Mitra Green Karbon
Degraded
Swamp Forest
(1997-2011)
Swamp Forest
(2011)
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1. Overview
Project Activities
Fire Management & PreventionImplement “Fire management institution” and “Fire information
system” etc.
Hydrological Rehabilitation & Management
Contribute to preventing both “peat fire” and “decomposition”
Increase the groundwater level by constructing dams along
the canal
Forest management and rehabilitation
Enhance the ecological restoration of degraded peat swamp
forests by preventing deforestation and forest degradation
Involvement of local communities
Establish Joint Study Team (JST) in order to discuss project
concept and other issues with local stakeholders including;
Central Kalimantan Government, UNPAR, etc.
Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV)
Calculate the effect of the project activities in terms of GHG
emissions reduction achieved
Source: Sumitomo Corporation
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2. MRV methodologies
(1) Eligibility Criteria
The methodologies are applicable to the project which meets the following items:Item 1: In the project area, the following conditons shall be met;
1) Majority of the project area is peatland;
2) In the project area, peat fire is one of the main GHG emissions source;
3) the countermeasures to be implemented in the project are recognized as effective ones by
local governments and stakeholders.
Item 2: Upon request, project proponents shall present evidence that they havethe rights to manage GHG emissions reduction credits deriving from the project.
Item 3: If part of the project area has been registered in other crediting systems
such as CDM, project proponents shall report the area and removed from the
project area to avoid double-counting credits.
Item 4: As a result of the project implementation, at least one of the followingitems shall be transferred and implemented in the project area;
Knowledge about forest policy and measures;
Technology transfer on forest management skills;
Monitoring technologies for forest resources (ex. Satellite imagery analysis) etc.
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2. MRV methodologies
(2) Reference Scenario
Since no REDD+ project activities are implemented, the historical trend of peat fire and decomposition will continue and CO2 emissions from
peatland remain high in the project area.
Source: Sumitomo Corporation
“REDD+ Feasibility Study Project Final Report” March 2012
Swamp forest
Mangrove
Degraded vegetationTree crops
Shrubs
Grass, sedges
Dryland agriculturePaddy fields/mixed agriculture
Settlements
BarelandWater bodies
Palm plantation
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2. MRV methodologies
(3) Calculating Reference Emission Level (REL)
Assumption:In the case of no REDD+ project activities to be implemented, the historical
emissions trend will continue.
El Nino year will happen every 5 years. (conservatively estimated)
= EM _
EM _
REL + + EM _
Soil organic carbon Above-ground biomass
EM _
EM _
EM _
= Area _ Depth _x Density _x
= Area _ EF _x
= Area _ EF _x Default values
EF _x
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2. MRV methodologies
(3) Calculating REL: “Peat fire”
EM _
= Area_
Depth_
x Density _
x
Default values
“Burnt area”
of peat fire
Step1: Count No. of hotspots
in the project area [hotspots/y]
(MODIS hotspot data)
Step2: Estimate the average
fire burnt area / hotspot
[ha/hotspot]
× = Fire burnt
area
Step3: Calculate the fire
burnt area [ha/y]
“Depth” of burnt peat “Density”
of peat <Existing data>
- 1997-2001: 51cm (Page et al,2002)- 2002-2009: 33cm (Usup A,2005)
*Average value of 42 cm applied.
<Monitoring data>
- Applying the methodologies
“VCS VM004”
EF _x
Source: A. Anggraeni, and C. Lin, “Application of SAM and SVM Techniques to Burned Area Detection for Landsat TM Images in Forests of South Sumatra”
Source:
S. Shimada,
et. al. 2001
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2. MRV methodologies
(3) Calculating REL: “Peat decomposition”
EM _
= Area_
EF _
x
Default values
“Drained/undrained” peatland area “Emission factor” of decomposition
of “drained/undrained” peatland
Step1: Identify the area of drained/undrained peatland
through model analysis [ha]
Step2: Applying emission factor based on the regression
formula [CO2ha]
“Drained” peat
swamp forests
“Undrained” peat
swamp forests
Source: S.Sundari, T.Hirano et al., “Effect of groundwater level on soil respiration in
tropical peat swamp forests” J. Agric. Meteorol. 68 (2): 121-134, 2012)Source: http://jica-jst.lapanrs.com/~wataru/GWT/
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2. MRV methodologies
(3) Calculating REL: “Forest fire & other land-use change”
EM _
= Area_
EF _
x Default values
“Forest fire & other land-use change” area “Emission factor” of land-use, land-use
change and forestry
Step1: Develop area change matrix and identify area
changes by land-use category [ha]
Step2: Applying emission factor based
on the existing literature [tCO2/ha]
Source: Central Kalimantan REL team: ”Documen REL Provinsi Kalimantan
Tengah, Draft”
Area change matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Swamp forest
2 Mangrove
3 Degraded vegetation
4 Tree c rops
5 Shrubs
6 Grass, sedges
7 Dryland agriculture
8 Paddy fields/mixed agriculture
9 Settlements
10 Bareland
11 Water bodies
12 Palm plantation
Y e a r
1 9 9 7
Year 2011Landcover category
Deforestation
A f f o r
e s t a t i o n / R e f o r e s t a t i o n
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2. MRV methodologies
(4) Monitoring methodologies
To calculate project emissions, the following items must be monitored.
In addition, by applying FES-C system, the calculated emissions reduction
shall be verified by the project proponents.
Components Parameters Measurement methods etc.
Peat fire MODIS hotspots data
(or MODIS Burned Area Products)
Download from website
Average peat fire burnt area per hotspot Existing data or Sampling survey
Average depth of burnt peat Existing data or Sampling survey
Density of peat Existing data or Sampling survey
Peat decomposition Ground water table mapping Download from website
Emission factor (peat decomposition) Existing data or Sampling survey
Forest fire & other
land-use change
Land-use area change matrix Existing data or Sampling survey
Emission factor (land-use category) Existing data or Sampling survey
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2. MRV methodologies
cf. Data collection activities for monitoring
(In partner ship with Hokkaido Univ., JICA-JST program and CIMTROP)
Development of method of peat
fire emission estimation.
Emission intensity data correction
at drained peat land.
Source: Sumitomo Corporation (2012), “Feasibility Study on Peat Land Rehabilitation under Bilateral Offset Credits Mechanism between Indonesia and Japan”
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2. MRV methodologies
(5) GHG emissions reduction (ex-ante)
Total reduction of 70.0 [MtCO2] for 22 years (3.2 [MtCO2/yr]).El Nino year: 9.5 [MtCO2/yr]
Non-El Nino year: 1.3 [MtCO2/yr]
PreliminaryThe values may
change in the final
report.
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2. MRV methodologies
(6) Verification issues
Science-knowledge based methodologies All the default values employed in the methodologies are referred from
peer-reviewed research papers
All the accounting procedures are also developed on the basis of the latest
science-knowledge.
3. Environmental integrity (Safeguard issues)
The following items shall be well-considered;
Environmental aspects
Maintain forests remained and conserve peat land
Avoid double-counting of credits
Social aspects
Stakeholder meetings are regularly hold by the Joint Study Team (JST).
Livelihood support program is considered to implement.
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4. Scale of investment
The project cost by component (Preliminary)
Investment plans are now under review, taking revenues from sales of JCM credits into consideration.
PreliminaryThe values may
change in the final
report.
(US$1,000) (IDR mil.) %
Pre-project arrangement 712 6,853 0.26%
Institutional Development & Preparatory Works 3,330 32,051 1.2%
Fire Prevention and Management 6,695 64,439 2.5%Hydrological Rehabilitation and Water management 24,737 238,094 9.1%
Forest Management and Rehabilitation 61,670 593,574 22.8%
Community Empowerment and Socio-economic Development 16,247 156,377 6.0%
MRV 11,624 111,881 4.3%
Project Management 31,828 306,345 11.8%
Sub-total 156,845 1,509,633 57.9%
Physical contingency( 10%) 15,684 150,959 5.8%Price escalation 98,295 946,089 36.3%
Total 270,824 2,606,681 100%
ComponentsProject Cost
Exchange rate: USD = 9,625 IDRSource: Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. (2012), “Pre-feasibility Study on REDD+ Project in the Ex-Mega Rice
Project Area (Blocks B and C) in Central Kalimantan” prepared for Sumitomo Corporation
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5. Future prospects & issues
Project design document needs to be
developed for conducting actual projectactivities.
MRV methodologies needs to be
improved in the followings;
Apply “land-cover change matrix” prepared by
CK gov’t
Conduct sampling surveys to provide defaultvalues (ex. Emission Factors, Depth of burned
peat etc.)
Linkage of input data and MRV
methodologies between sub-national
& project levels is key for reducing costs
and improving project feasibilities.
Satellite imagery data (Land-cover data etc.)
Setting default values for emission factors Fig. Monitoring System Components
Source: Sumitomo Corporation
“REDD+ Feasibility Study Project Final Report” March 2012
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Thank you very much for your attention.
Any comments & questions are very welcome!
Shingo [email protected]
Senior Research ProfessionalSocial Innovation Group
Science & Safety Policy Research DivisionMitsubishi Research Institute, Inc.
Terima kasih !