027. Obesity Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis Diabetes Genetically modified foods Artificial sweeteners Diets Nutrition.

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• Obesity• Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis• Diabetes• Genetically modified foods• Artificial sweeteners• Diets

NutritionNutrition

What are nutrients? Essential substances that your body

needs in order to grow and stay healthy

What is a Nutrient?

Nutrients

• Some provide energy. • All help build cells and

tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing.

• No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.

Nutrients in the Nutrients in the Human DietHuman Diet

Macronutrients• Water• Amino Acids and

Proteins• Lipids• Carbohydrates

Micronutrients• Vitamins• Minerals

Six categories of nutrients:

What is a calorie? The energy obtained from

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is measured in units called calories.

Calories

Healthy Diets Require:

• Water

• Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids

• Vitamins:

- water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid)

- fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K)

• Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Na, K)

The Food PyramidThe Food Pyramid

WaterWater Solvent in which the chemistry of life occursSolvent in which the chemistry of life occurs

• cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous mediumcell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium• water carries essential nutrients to cellswater carries essential nutrients to cells• water carries metabolic wastes away from cellswater carries metabolic wastes away from cells• hydrolysis & dehydration reactionhydrolysis & dehydration reaction• stabilizes body tempstabilizes body temp

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Energy Metabolism• catabolism of glucose during cellular

respiration yields ATP for energy-requiring activities

• glucose stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cell fibers

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Dietary Fiber• water-insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal

matter facilitating its passage through and elimination from the digestive system

• water-soluble fiber may absorb dietary cholesterol, reducing its absorption by the digestion tract

Wheat Seed

Wheat Seed

LipidsLipidsTriglycerides (Fats)

• energy storage molecules• protect and cushion delicate body

organs• source of the raw materials for the

construction of phospholipids• unsaturated versus saturated fats

LipidsLipidsSaturated Fats

• Solid at RT• Milk, cheese, meat• Not good for you

Unsaturated Fats• Liquid at RT• Distorted double bounds• Canola, olive, peanut oil• Better choice

LipidsLipidsSteroids (e.g., cholesterol)

• precursor molecules for steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salts

• fundamental component of plasma membranes (influence membrane fluidity)

• HDL-cholesterol versus LDL-cholesterol

AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis

normalnormal diseaseddiseased

• Cholesterol: <175 mg/dl• Triglycerides: blood fats, 30-175

mg/dl• HDL: Good cholesterol, > 35

mg/dl• LDL: Bad Cholesterol, <130

mg/dl• Chol/HDL ratio: < 4.5 indicates

heart disease

Your Cholesterol LevelYour Cholesterol Level

Lowering Your Cholesterol LevelLowering Your Cholesterol Level

• Eat healthy

• Exercise

• Lose wt.

• Quit smoking

• 1 glass of wine or beer

• Medications (Lipitor)

ProteinsProteins

• Enzymes • Structural proteins (shape and

form of cells and tissues)• Hormones• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)

Essential Essential Amino AcidsAmino Acids

• Tryptophan• Methionine• Valine• Threonine

• Phenylalanine• Leucine• Isoleucine• Lysine

• Histidine(infants)

Complete ProteinsComplete ProteinsVersusVersus

Incomplete ProteinsIncomplete Proteins

Vegetarian diet may result in protein Vegetarian diet may result in protein deficiencydeficiency

Need essential amino acidsNeed essential amino acids• beans beans lysine lysine • corn corn the methionine the methionine

VitaminsVitamins• Organic compounds needed by

the body in small, but essential amounts

• Cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts

• Function in a variety of ways in metabolic reactions

• Thirteen known vitamins

Water-Soluble Water-Soluble VitaminsVitamins

vsvsWater-Insoluble Water-Insoluble

VitaminsVitamins

Water-Soluble Water-Soluble VitaminsVitamins

Pantothenic acid

Biotin

B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Folic acid

C (ascorbic acid)

B1 (thiamin)

B2 (riboflavin)

Niacin

B6 (pyridoxine)

Water-Insoluble Water-Insoluble VitaminsVitamins

A (retinol)DEK

MineralsMinerals

• Essential inorganic elements• Involved in a variety of

metabolic processes• Major minerals versus trace

minerals

Major Major MineralsMinerals

CalciumPhosphorusMagnesiumSodiumPotassiumChlorine

Trace Trace MineralsMinerals

IronIodineFluorideZincCopper

Manganese

Cobalt

Selenium

Chromium

An animal whose diet is missing one or An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients.more essential nutrients.

Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient

Malnourishment

Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient

Impaired cognitive Impaired cognitive developmentdevelopment

Won’t attain full heightWon’t attain full heightMore susceptible to disease More susceptible to disease

and infectionand infection

Malnourishment

• Approximately 24 million people in the US have diabetes (10%)

• Another 16 million have a condition now known as prediabetes

Diabetes Epidemic

Race: Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, Japanese, and Pacific Islanders

Population: 100,000 with diabetes and 25,000 unreported

Trend: by 2050 years 33% will have Type II

Diabetes in Hawaii

Blood Sugar LevelsHomeostasis via Negative Feedback

Traditional Food in Hawaii

vs

Diabetes Diabetes MellitusMellitus

Type I Diabetes hyposecretion of insulininsulin dependantjuvenile onset

Type II Diabeteslate onset (adult)insensitivity of cells to insulinmanage by exercise & diet

• sugar in blood and urine

• urinate too often and produce too

much urine

• Too thirsty

• Too hungry

Symptoms (Type I):

• Arteriosclerosis

• Cardiovascular problems

- Heart disease

- Stroke

- High blood pressure

• Gangrene

• Blindness

• Kidney damage

Complications

• Insulin replacement

• Pancreas transplant

• Pancreatic cell transplant

• Fetal pancreatic islet cell transplant

Treatment:

2010: U.S. spends $170 Billion Annually

Per Person:

• Individuals with diabetes:

$13,243/year

• Individuals without diabetes:

$2,560/year

Cost $$$$

Glycemic control

– A1C <7.0%

– Fasting BS 80-110mg/dl

– Non-fasting <180mg/dl

Blood Pressure <130/80

Lipids

– LDL Cholesterol <100mg/dl

– Triglycerides <150mg/dl

– HDL Cholesterol >40mg/dl

Recommended goals

Obesity may be gene related Obesity may be gene related Leptin Leptin

leptin levels leptin levels appetite appetite - loss of body fat loss of body fat leptin levels and leptin levels and appetite appetite

and wt gainand wt gain potential medications for obesitypotential medications for obesity

ObesityObesity

Here are the top 5 obese countries:

• United States (34% of adults were overweight in 2008)

• Mexico (30% in 2006) • New Zealand (27% in 2007) • Australia (25% in 2007) • United Kingdom (25% in 2008)

Lowest: Japan & Korea 3.2%

ObesityObesity

Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified Foods

Experts say 60% to 70% of processed foods on U.S. grocery shelves have genetically modified ingredients.

Common GM crops:• Soybeans• Corn • Cotton

Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified FoodsConsCons

• Introducing allergens and toxins to food• Accidental cross pollination • Antibiotic resistance• Creation of "super" weeds and other

environmental risks

Genetically Modified FoodsGenetically Modified FoodsProsPros

• Increased pest and disease resistance• Grow food in harsh climate • Increased food supply (more food/acre)• More nutritional value• Make drugs

Ring spot virus

Artificial SweetenersArtificial Sweeteners

• Reduced calories• Reduce tooth decay• Diabetes• Lower cost

Artificial SweetenersArtificial Sweeteners

• Acesulfame potassium (Sunett, Sweet One)

• Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet)• Neotame• Saccharin (SugarTwin, Sweet'N

Low)• Sucralose (Splenda)

Natural SweetenersNatural Sweeteners

• Agave• Corn syrup• Honey• Maple syrup• Sugar cane• Stevia

Aim for Fitness

1. Aim for a healthy weight

2. Be physically active each day

Build a Healthy Base

3. Let the pyramid guide your choices

4. Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains

5. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily.

6. Keep food safe to eat.

Choose Sensibly7. Choose a diet that is low in

saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat 8. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars9. Choose and prepare food with less salt

10. If you drink alcoholic beverages do so in moderation

Moment of Zen

INQUIRY

1. What are nutrients that the body needs but can’t synthesize on its own called?

2. Which cells of the body, under normal circumstances, must have energy in the form of glucose in order to survive?

3. How does the body make use of dietary cholesterol?

4. What is an incomplete protein?5. What trace element is necessary for wound

healing?6. Neural tube defects are easily prevented by the

adequate intake of ____ by pregnant mothers.7. What carbohydrate can be found in a steak?8. Hemorrhaging could occur because of lack of

sufficient vitamin _____.