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A COMOPARATIVE STUDY OFVOCATIONAL ATTITUDE MATURITY,

SELF ANALYSIS AND MENTAL HYGIENE OFCOMPUTER HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS AND

NONCOMPUTER HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS.

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZd°mh[p rh¤p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p°[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk.

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY FOR

THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSHOPHYIN PSYCHOLOGY UNDER THE FACULTY OF ARTS

BY Prof. NEELAM N. NAKUM

M.A.PSYCHOLOGY

Lecturer in PsychologyMuni. Arts & Commerce College,

Upleta. 360490

GUIDED BYDR. ANANT M. VASANI

M.A.Ph.D. (PHILOSOPHY) M.A.Ph.D. (PSYCHOLOGY)

Lecturer in Psychology Shree M.V.M. Arts College,Rajkot.

May -2004

(Registration No. 2618 , 23 Augast -2001)

DECLDECLDECLDECLDECLARARARARARAAAAATIONTIONTIONTIONTION

I hI hI hI hI heeeeerrrrre by de by de by de by de by deeeeeccccclllllararararare te te te te thhhhhaaaaat tt tt tt tt thhhhhe Re Re Re Re ReseeseeseeseesearararararccccchhhhhWWWWWooooorrrrrk Pk Pk Pk Pk Prrrrreseeseeseeseesennnnnttttteeeeed id id id id in tn tn tn tn thhhhhis tis tis tis tis thhhhhesis is presis is presis is presis is presis is prepepepepepararararareeeeed by md by md by md by md by meeeeeaaaaafffffttttteeeeer sr sr sr sr stttttuuuuudddddiiiiinnnnng vg vg vg vg veeeeerrrrrioioioioiouuuuus rs rs rs rs reeeeefffffeeeeerrrrreeeeennnnnccccceseseseses. T. T. T. T. Thhhhhe de de de de desesesesescrcrcrcrcripipipipiptttttioioioioionnnnnananananand nd nd nd nd narrarrarrarrarraaaaa ttttt i oioioioions fns fns fns fns fooooo uuuuunnnnn d td td td td thhhhheeeee rrrrre ie ie ie ie in arn arn arn arn are ee ee ee ee ennnnnttttt i ri ri ri ri relyelyelyelyelyooooorrrrriiiiigggggiiiiinnnnnaaaaal Tl Tl Tl Tl Thhhhheeeeerrrrreeeeefffffooooorrrrre I De I De I De I De I Deeeeeccccclllllararararare te te te te thhhhheeeeem aum aum aum aum auttttthhhhheeeeennnnnttttticicicicicaaaaallyllyllyllyllyaaaaas os os os os orrrrriiiiigggggiiiiinnnnnaaaaalllll . M. M. M. M. Mooooorrrrreoveoveoveoveoveeeeer I am rr I am rr I am rr I am rr I am respoespoespoespoesponsinsinsinsinsibbbbbaaaaale fle fle fle fle fooooor tr tr tr tr thhhhheeeeeooooopppppiiiiinnnnnioioioioions anns anns anns anns and td td td td thhhhhe oe oe oe oe ottttthhhhheeeeer dr dr dr dr deeeeetttttaaaaails fils fils fils fils fooooouuuuunnnnnd id id id id in tn tn tn tn thhhhhis tis tis tis tis thhhhhesisesisesisesisesis.....

I dI dI dI dI deeeeeccccclllllararararare te te te te thhhhhesis to besis to besis to besis to besis to be me me me me my oy oy oy oy orrrrriiiiigggggiiiiinnnnnaaaaalllllwowowowoworrrrrkkkkk . I h. I h. I h. I h. I haaaaavvvvve ne ne ne ne nooooot prt prt prt prt preseeseeseeseesennnnnttttteeeeed td td td td thhhhhe se se se se samamamamame fe fe fe fe fooooor anyr anyr anyr anyr anydddddegegegegegrrrrreeeeee oe oe oe oe or pur pur pur pur pubbbbblllllicicicicicaaaaatttttioioioioion un un un un unnnnndddddeeeeer any ur any ur any ur any ur any unnnnniiiiivvvvveeeeerrrrrsitsitsitsitsity wy wy wy wy whhhhhaaaaatttttso eso eso eso eso evvvvveeeee rrrrr. T. T. T. T. Thhhhhis is tis is tis is tis is tis is thhhhhe fe fe fe fe fiririririrsssss t prt prt prt prt preseeseeseeseesennnnntttttaaaaatttttioioioioion bn bn bn bn beeeee fffffooooorrrrreeeeeSSSSSauauauauaurrrrraaaaassssshhhhhtrtrtrtrtra Ua Ua Ua Ua Unnnnniiiiivvvvveeeeerrrrrsitsitsitsitsity ,Ry ,Ry ,Ry ,Ry ,Rajajajajajkkkkkooooottttt.....

N N N N Naaaaakkkkkuuuuum Nm Nm Nm Nm Neeeeeeeeeelllllaaaaam Nm Nm Nm Nm Naaaaatvtvtvtvtvaaaaarrrrrlllllaaaaalllll (M.A. (M.A. (M.A. (M.A. (M.A. P P P P Psssssyyyyyccccchhhhhooooollllloooooggggg y)y)y)y)y)

DDDDDaaaaattttte :-e :-e :-e :-e :-ppppplllllaaaaaccccce:-e:-e:-e:-e:- UUUUUpppppllllleeeeettttta.a.a.a.a.

CERTIFICATECERTIFICATECERTIFICATECERTIFICATECERTIFICATE

55555555555555 55555555555555 55555555555555 55555555555555 55555555555555

This is to certify that work embodied

in this thesis entitled on ""A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF

VOCATIONAL ATTITUDE MATURITY ,SELF ANALYSIS AND

MENTAL HYGINE OF COMPUTER HIGHER EDUCATION

STUDENTS AND NONCOMPUTER HIGHER EDUCATION

STUDENTS.""A psychological study has been Carried out

by Nakum Neelam N. under my direct guidance and

Supervision .I also declare that the work done and pre-

sented in this thesis is original and independent .and

has not been presented before for any degree under any

other university .

Date :-

Place :-Rajkot.

DR. ANANT M. VASANI M.A.Ph.D. (PHILOSOPHY)

M.A.Ph.D. (PSYCHOLOGY)

Lecturer in Psychology

Shree M.V.M. Arts College, Rajkot.

F>Z ıhuL$pfkïp°^_ L$peÆ kïp°^L$ L$f[p° lp°e R>°.`f¨[y kïp°^_ L$peÆdp¨ Afie A_°L$

ÏerL$[Ap°_p° ‚–en [°dS> `fp°n klL$pf L$peÆ_° kam b_ph° R>°. k•p ‚\d Apcpf [p° Ly$f]$f[

_p° S> NZphu iL$pe L°$ S>°Z° dp_h b_phu ,Arcep°¡e[p A_° ArcÍ$qQ Apù Ap L$peÆ_u

‚°fZp A`w [°d_p ApiuhpÆ]$ hNf Ap L$peÆ L$p°B k¨≈°Np°dp¨ `|û¨ \B iL$ey¨ _ lp°[

kïp°^_ A° klL$pfu ‚epk R>°. Ap _d∞ ‚epkdp¨ d_°° ^Zp¨ kà_p°

A_° kfi_pfu Ap°_p° klL$pf A_° l|ä d˝ep R>°. Ap kïp°^_ L$peÆ D`pX$hp_u ‚°fZp Apù A_°

kdN∞ kïp°^_ dp¨ ‚pf¨c \u A¨[ kyû dpNÆ]$iÆ_ Ap`hp b]$g lÿ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ X$p°.A_¨[

A°d.hkpZu kpl°b _u A–e¨[ F>Zu Ry>¨ S>epf° S>epf° S>Í$f `X$u –epf° [°ApA° k[[ kgpl

Apù dpfp kïp°^_ L$peÆ _° k[[ p°ju,ky^pfu DrQ[ pV$ Ap`hpdp¨ k[[ d]$]$ L$fu_° , L$peÆ_°

h^pf° DS>S>hm b_phhp_u L$p°qii L$fu R>°. Aphp dpNÆ]$iÆL$ dmhp A° A°L$ A_°fp° glphp° R>°.

A°dZ° kïp°^__p ‚–e°L$ [bL$L°$ ,Al°hpg g°M__p¨ ‚–e°L$ ‚L$fZ _p¨ ]$f°L$ dy◊pdp¨ A¨N[ fk

gB d_° S>° dpNÆ ]$iÆ_ Ap‡ey¨ R>°.[° A_fie R>°. [°dS> [°d_p Ly$Vy¨$b _p kÊep° Óud[u Adub°_,

dufpb°_ ,d°^pb°_ A_° qbdgcpB A° k[[ `∞p°–kpql[ L$fu d]$]$ L$fu R>°.

kp\° kp\° dpfp ip°^ r_b¨^dp¨ kgpl k|Q_ A_° d]$]Í$` b__pf A°hp

d_p°rhop__p cuÛdr`[pdl _y¨ rbfy]$ Apù iL$pe [°hp dyfÂbu hX$ug Óu hpe.L°$.]°$kpB

kpl°b_p° `Z lz¨ Apcpf dp_y¨ Ry>¨. k•pfpÙ$≤ eyq_hÆqkV$u d_p°rhop_ ch__p A¬en A_° `∞°pa°kf

Óu X$u.S>°.cÀ kpl°b ,X$p°.Np¨^hÆ ≈°ju , [\p X$p°.A°d.L°$.`V°$g _p° ly¨ Apcpf dp_ÿ Ry>¨ .

S>°d_p° Apcpf X$Ng°_° `Ng° dp_hp° `X°$ A°hp dpfp ıh.r`[pÓu L°$ S>°Ap°

_u `l°g°\u S> C√R>p l[u L$° dpfu `y”u X$p°. b_° [°d_u `Z lz¨ F>Zu flui L°$ S>°dZ° k[[ d_°

Aop[ ‚°fZp Apù dpfp L$peÆdp¨ d]$]$ L$fu R>°. dpfp `|.kpky-kkfp,5|.dÁdu L°$ S>°dZ° k[[

‚°fZp Apù L$peÆ `|fy¨$ L$fhpdp¨ d]$]$ L$fu R>°.

k•p\u h^y Ap L$peÆ dpV°$ d_° D–kpql[ L$f_pf ,dpfp ıh‡__° `|ZÆ L$f_pf

A°hp dpfp `r[ Óu Aip°L$ A°_. kp°_N∞p L°$ S>°dZ° d_° k[[ kp\ klLpf Apù dpfp L$peÆ dp¨

Mc° Mcp qdgphu d_° d]$]$ L$fu R>°. A°d_p klL$pf rh_p`Z Ap L$peÆ L$epf°e Z |fy¨ L$fu iL$[

_lu¨¨. kp\°S> dpfp° `y” rdg_ A°. kp°_N∞p MybS> _p_p° lp°hp R>[p¨ dÁdu_° `∞p°–kpql[ L$f[p°

flep° .^Zu hM[ dpfp L$peÆ\u [°_° A°L$gp fl°hy¨ X$ey¨ R>[p¨ lk[p dp°Y°$ dÁdu S>Î]$u kïp°^_ L$fu

ApNm h^° [°hu iycL$pd_pAp° Ap`[p° flep° A_° [°_p lpıe \u S> lz¨ dpfy¨$ Ap kïp°^_ `|ZÆ

L$fu iL$u Ry¨. Ap kp\° dpfp `|. ∆≈∆ -]$u]$u ,Apf[u,kp°_g,S>e]$u` _u `Z lz¨ M|b Apcpfu

R>y¨. S>°dZ° ]$f°L$ kde° d_° d]$]$ L$fu R>° A_° ‚p°–kprl[ L$fu R>°. [°dS> lfuicpB-

ûfS>cpcu,fpSy>cpB -cpcu, fpS>°icpB -L$Î`_p,qlf°_Ly$dpf-S>ep°r[,qæ$Û_p ,qL$i_,eiıhu

_u `Z MybS> Apcpfu Ry>¨ .

[°hu S> fu[° `∞p°.hu.S>°.`fdpf L°$ S>°dZ° A¨N°∆ _y¨ cpjp¨[f L$fu_° dpfp L$peÆ_°

M|bS> kfm b_pÏey¨ l[y¨¨. `p°[p_p° ^Zp° qL≠$d[u kde dpfp dpV°$ apmÏep° R>°. [°\u [°d_u `Z lz¨

Apcpfu Ry>¨.

D`fp¨[ dpfp dlpip° r_b¨ dp¨ NyS>fp[u cpjp_u cpjpLue nq[Ap° ky pfu

Ap`hp b]$g dlp_ L$rh `∞p°a°kf Ald]$ dL$fpZu kpl°b_u lz¨ M|b M|b Apcpfu Ry>¨ . S>°dZ°

[°_p° d|Îehp_ kde apmhu d_° d]$]$ L$fu R>°.

dpfu L$p°g°S> _p r‚fiku`pg Óu bu.bu.L$ y fp kpl°b ,Óu A`pf_p\u kpl°b,

dyL°$icpB L$p¨∆ep kpl°b,Óu A°Q.ù.dp°fu kpl°b [°dS> V$uQvN ıV$pa _p° M|b Apcpf dp_y

Ry>¨.[°dS> Sy>]$u Sy>]$u L$p°g°S> _p q‚fiku`pg kpl°bp°_p° `Z Acpf dp_y¨ Ry>¨ .]$f°L$ rh^p\wAp° A°

‚Òphgu cfhpdp¨ klL$pf Ap‡ep° [°\u [°d_u `Z Apcpfu Ry>¨ .

[°hu S> fu[° Ap [•epf L$f°gp dlpip° r_b¨ _° L$p°Á‡eyV$f f TX$`\u NZ[fu

[°dS> L$p°Á‡eyV$fpBT L$fhp b]$g dpfp `r[ Óu Aip°L$ A°_.kp°_N∞p _u `Z M|b S> Apcpfu Ry>¨.

L°$ S>°dZ° ≈[° `∞p°N∞pd b_phu D–kpl `|hÆL$ dpfp L$peÆ_° kfm b_phu `|ZÆ L$f°g R>°.

kp\° kp\° Sy>]$p Sy>]$p kpdreL$p° ,kïp° _ ° f ,dlpip° r_b¨ _p¨ kïp° L$p°

[°dS> g°ML$p° _u `Z M|bS> Apcpfu Ry>¨. [°d_p kprl–e hNf `Z dpÍ$ L$peÆ Ïehrı\[ fu[° `|ZÆ

\B iL$ey¨ _ lp°[.

(_Ly$d _ugd A°_.)

‚L$fZ -1

∞ı[ph_p æ$d rhN[ °BS>._.¨

1.0 ‚pı[prhL$ 01

1.1 ∞ı[y[ AÊepk_u A•r[lprkL$ c|rdL$p 03

1.2 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u kdıep 05

1.3 ‚ı[y[AÊepk_p¨ D◊°$ip° 06

1.3.1 D◊°$ip° _p° kpf 08

1.4 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u D–L$Î`_pAp° 09

1.5 "t ' L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° D–L$Î`_pAp° 10

1.5.1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_u "t ' L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° 10

D–L$Î`_pAp°

1.5.1.1 i|fie D–L$Î`_p (AÊepk _p hjÆ dyS>b) 10

1.5.1.2 i|fie D–L$Î`_p (rh^pipMp dyS>b) 11

1.5.1.3 i|fie D–L$Î`_p (R>°Îgu`funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b) 12

1.5.1.4 i|fie D–L$Î`_p (≈r[e[p dyS>b) 12

1.5.1.5 i|fie D–L$Î`_p (Ly$Vy$b _p ∞L$pf dyS>b) 13

1.5.1.6 i|fie D–L$Î`_p (il°fu A_° A Æil°fu dyS>b) 13

1.5.2 Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u "t ' L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° D–L$Î`_pAp° 13







1.5.3 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u "t ' L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° D–L$Î`_pAp° 16



-:A_yæ$drZL$p :-





1.6 "r ' klk¨b¨^_p Ap^pf° D–L$Î`_pAp° :- 19

1.7 "F ' L$kp°V$u_p¨ Ap^pf° :- 21

1.7.1 A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ_p Ap^pf° D–L$Î`_pAp° 21

1.7.2 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚ÁppZ° 22

"F ' L$kp°V$u_u D–L$Î`_pAp°. Ap^pf° D–L$Î`_pAp°

1.7.3 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚ÁppZ° 25

"F ' L$kp°V$u_u D–L$Î`_pAp°.Ap^pf° D–L$Î`_pAp°

1.8 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A°V$g° iy ? 27

1.9 Ap–d rhÔg°jZ A°V$g° iy ? 34

1.10 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A°V$g° iy ? 38

1.11 AN–e_p¨ `]$p° _u ÏepøepAp° 44

1.12 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p¨ `qfh–ep£ 47

1.12.1 ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ 48

1.12.2 Ap^pqf[ `qfh–eÆ 49

1.12.3 Ap¨[fh[uÆ `qfh–eÆ 50

1.12.4 i•nrZL$ `qfh–eÆ 51

1.12.5 S•rhL$ `qfh–eÆ 51

1.13 r_]$iÆ `k¨]$Nu 51

1.14 kïp° _ Ny\Zu 52

1.15 Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N 52

1.16 kp^_p° 53

1.17 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u AN–e[p 53

æ$d rhN[ °BS>._.¨

1.18 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p L$peÆn°”_u depÆ]$pAp° 54

1.19 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p¨ ‚L$fZp°_y Apep°S>_ 55

‚L$fZ -2

kip° _ kprl–e_u kdunp

2.0 ‚pı[prhL$ 58

2.1 kïp° _ kprl–e_u [`pk_y dl–h A_° d|Îe 59

2.2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_y k•¬^p¨r[L$ dl–h 62

2.3 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A¨N° |h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° 64

2.3.1 b∞uS>d°_ _p° AÊepk (1930) 64

2.3.2 B.S>°.N°gphf _p° AÊepk (1931) 65

2.3.3 S>lp°_.Ap°.æ$pBV$uk _p° AÊepk (1965) 65

2.3.4 X$bÎey.Apf.Ny\fu _p° AÊepk (1982) 66

2.3.5 Ap\Æf.X$bÎey.L$pVÆf _p° AÊepk (1982) 67

2.3.6 V$ufikgu A_° lpf°_ _p° AÊepk (1983) 67

2.3.7 ky.A°k.d°L$L°$a∞u _p° AÊepk (1984) 67

2.3.8 f°fiid qıd[ _p° AÊepk (1984) 67

2.3.9 QpÎkÆ.ku.lugu _p° AÊepk (1985) 68

2.3.10 fp°bVÆ$.A°d.L|L$ A_° lugu _p° AÊepk (1986) 68

2.3.11 X$p°fp°\u.X$u._°hug A_° X$p°_pÎX$ ky f _p° AÊepk (1988) 69

2.3.12 L$f°_.A°.b°Bgu A_° ∆_.A°d.gp° _p° AÊepk (1990) 70

2.3.13 by∞L$ A°d .T°d°g ,dpBL$g C.l°flp _p° AÊepk (1991) 70

2.3.14 ap°_Æf_p° AÊepk (1994) 71

2.3.15 N∞pBd.S>°_uk._uk _p° AÊepk (1995) 71

2.3.16 X$°$f°g A°fi\°_u _p° AÊepk (1995) 72

2.3.17 A°fi\°_u gyTp° _p° AÊepk (1995) 73

2.3.18 fp°qbfipk_ _p° AÊepk (1995) 73


2.3.19 rhgued luQv¡k _p° AÊepk (1998) 74

2.3.20 fuQpXÆ$$k_ _p° AÊepk (2000) 74

2.3.21 \p°dk A°g.ùN _p° AÊepk (2001) 75

2.4 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_p¨ |hwe AÊepkp° kp\° 76

‚ı[y[ kïp° __u [yg_p.

2.5 Ap–drhÔg°jZ _y k•¬^p¨r[L$ dl–h 77

2.6 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A¨N° |h£ \e°gp AÊepkp°_u kdunp 79

2.6.01 A°.a°dvN _p° AÊepk (1932) 79

2.6.02 A°a.d°LL$u_ _p° AÊepk (1937) 79

2.6.03 A°.A°Q.hyX$ A_° ∆. °BT _p° AÊepk (1937) 80

2.6.04 A°.A°a. a°gk_ A_° A°.Apf. lVÆ$T _p° AÊepk (1938) 80

2.6.05 A°d.∆.fvN _p° AÊepk (1939) 81

2.6.06 ù.∆.guhuNlzX$ _p° AÊepk (1940) 81

2.6.07 A°a.∆.guhu_lzX$ _p° AÊepk (1940) 82

2.6.08 A°d.B.b°_°V$ _p° AÊepk (1941) 82

2.6.09 ∆°.A°k.bufu _p° AÊepk (1946) 83

2.6.10 S>lp°_ B. A°fiX$fk_ _p° AÊepk (1949) 84

2.6.11 fp°_pÎX$ S>°. l°df _p° AÊepk (1995) 85

2.6.12 fud.ley_ gu _p° AÊepk (1997) 86

2.7 Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ |hwe AÊepkp° kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp° __u [yg_p. 87

2.8 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _y k•¬^p¨r[L$ dl–h 88

2.9 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A¨N° |h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° 92

2.9.01 A°d.X$u.`pdf,B.Ap°.lp Æf _p° AÊepk (1937) 92

2.9.02 V$u.fpa°g _p° AÊepk (1937) 93

2.9.03 Vu.fpa°g ,A°d.A°. NpXÆ$_ _p° AÊepk (1938) 94

2.9.04 bu.fpBk _p° AÊepk (1938) 94

2.9.05 S>°.A°.fp°T _p° AÊepk (1939) 95

2.9.06 A°Q.X$bÎey b_pÆXÆ$ _p° AÊepk (1940) 95

2.9.07 ku.ku.ape A_° B.∆. fp°ıV$p° _p° AÊepk (1941) 96

2.9.08 ku.ku.ape A_° B.∆. fp°ıV$p° _p° AÊepk (1942) 96

2.9.09 A°k.bu. ıdu\_p°$ AÊepk (1945) 97


æ$d rhN[ °BS>._.

2.9.10 N∞p°k.hu.d°ef _p° AÊepk (1948) 97

2.9.11 S>ep°S>Æ A°k. ıV$uh_k_ _p° AÊepk (1954) 98

2.9.12 A°g°L$T¨X$f A°.ı_°BX$f _p° AÊepk (1955) 98

2.9.13 Aiyd Ny‡[p ,bp°_g A_° yÛ`p _p° AÊepk (1993) 99

2.9.14 qaX$d°_ A°. fuX$fd°_ _p° AÊepk (1994) 99

2.9.15 _Ly$d _ugd A°_. _p° AÊepk (1995) 100

2.9.16 ie_ X°$rhX$ °qV$≤L$ _p° AÊepk (1996) 101

2.9.17 °fu d°rgkp S>°. _p° AÊepk (1996) 101

2.9.18 A_¨[ A°d. hkpZu _p° AÊepk (1998) 102

2.9.19 ip¨[p kp°g¨L$u _p° AÊepk (2002) 102

2.9.20 A°.A°d.Qp°Qp _p° AÊepk (2003) 103

2.9.21 S>°.bu.dp°fu _p° AÊepk (2004) 103

2.10 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ |hwe AÊepkp° kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp° __u [yg_p. 104

‚L$fZ -3

kïp° _ ep°S>_p AÊepk `¬^r[ A_° dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ

3.0 ‚pı[prhL$ 106

3.1 Apep°S>__u AphÌeL$[p 109

3.2 kïp° __u ep°S>_p 110

3.3 ‚ı[y[ kïp° _ ep°S>_p_p¨ ‚L$pfp° 111

3.4 ‚ı[y[ kïp° __u ep°S>_p 113

3.4.1 2x2x2ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1 114

3.4.2 2x2x2ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -2 116

3.4.3 2x2x2ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -3 118

3.4.4 2x2x3ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1 119

3.4.5 2x2x3ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -2 121

3.4.6 2x2x3ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -3 123

3.5 kdrÙ$ A°V$g° iy¨ ? 124

3.5.1 kdrÙ$_p¨ OV$L$p° 126

3.5.2 ‚ı[y[ A¬ee__u kdrÙ$ 127

3.6 r_]$iÆ A°V$g° iy ? 127

3.6.1 kpfp r_]$iÆ_u gpnrZL$[p 127

3.6.2 kïp°^_ _p° r_]$iÆ 128

3.6.3 r_]$iÆ [`pk_p¨ ape]$pAp°† 130

3.6.4 r_]$iÆ `k¨]$Nu† 130

3.7 ∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p¨ _d|_p_u `k¨]$Nu_u ‚qL$ep_y ©\LL fZ 131

3.7.1 rh^p\w_y hNwL$fZ ]$ipÆh[y L$p°Ù$L$ 132

3.8 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p¨ kp^_p° 133

3.8.1 ÏeqL$[N[ dprl[u `”L$ 133

3.8.2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p kïp° r_L$p 133

3.8.3 Ap–d rhÔg°jZ kïp° r_L$p 134

3.8.4 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e kïp° r_L$p 136

3.09 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_y Apep°S>_ 140

3.10 ıh[¨” `rfh–ep£_y rb_‚pep°rNL$ rhÔg°jZ 140

3.10.1 AÊepk_y hjÆ 140

3.10.2 rh^pipMp 140

3.10.3 `pR>gu `rfnp_y `rfZpd 141

3.10.4 S>pr[ 141

3.10.5 LyVy$b_p° ‚L$pf 141

3.10.6 fl°W$pZ 141

3.10.7 ip°M 141

æ$d rhN[ °BS>._

3.10.8 azfk]$_p kde _u ‚h©r[ 141

3.10.9 ıhøepg 141

3.11 Ap¨L$X$p ip˜ue ‚eyqL$[Ap° 142

3.11.1 d¬eL$ 142

3.11.2 ‚dpZ rhQg_ 143

3.11.3 d›eL$ _u ‚ÁppZ QyL$ 144

3.11.4 d¬eL$_p [aph[ _u ‚dpZ QyL$ 144

3.11.5 V$u L$kp°V$u 144

3.11.6 kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np_u `k¨]$Nu 0.05 L$npA° 146

3.11.7 klk¨b¨^ 146

3.11.8 A°L$dpqNÆe rhQfZ `©’\L$fZ 148

3.12 `∞ı[y[ AÊepk_u dprl[u _y¨ A°L$”uL$fZ 149

3.13 dprl[u _y k¨øep–dL$ Í$`p¨ fZ 150

5∞L$fZ -4

kip° _ ©\L$L$fZ ,A\Æ V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ

4.0 ‚pı[prhL$ . 151

4.1 ©\L$L$fZ A°V$g° iy ? 151

4.2 rh^p\wAp° rhi°_u kpdpfie dprl[u. 152

4.2.1 `pR>gu hprjÆÆL$$ `funp_p `rfZpd ‚ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu 154

4.2.2 Ly$Vy$b_p ‚L$pf ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu 156

4.2.3 fl°W$pZ ∞dpZ° V$L$phpfu 158

4.2.4 ip°M ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu. 160

4.2.5 `k¨]$Nu_p Ïephkpe ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu 162



4.2.6L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ h^pfp° 164

L$f° R° L°$L°$d ? [° ∞dpZ° V$L$phpfu

4.3 `qfh–epÆ°_p d¬eL$ ‚ÁppZ° ©\L$L$fZ 166

4.3.1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p¨L$p° _° Ap^pf° d¬eL$ 166

4.3.2 †Ap–drhÔg°jZp¨L$p° _° Ap^pf° d¬eL$ 170

4.3.3 dp_rkL$ ıhp’ep¨L$ _° Ap^pf° d¬eL$ 174

4.4 rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p 178

‚p·p¨L$p°_u "V$u'L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° ©\L$L$fZ A_°

`qfZpd_u QQpÆ.

4.4.1AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b . 178

4.4.2rh^pipMp dyS>b . 193

4.4.3`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b 198

4.4.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b. 201

4.4.5 LyVy$b_p ‚L$pf dyS>b 205

4.4.6il°fu A_° A Æil°fu dyS>b . 206

4.5 rh^p\wAp°_p A–drÔg°jZ_p ‚p·p¨L$p°_u "V$u ' L$kp°V$u 209

‚ÁppZ° ©\L$L$fZ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ.

4.5.1 AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b . 209

4.5.2 rh^pipMp dyS>b . 225

4.5.3 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b 229

4.5.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b. 232


4.5.6 il°fu A_° A Æil°fu dyS>b . 238

4.6 rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ‚p·p¨L$p°_u "V$u'L$kp°V$u 240

‚ÁppZ° ©\L$L$fZ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ.

4.6.1AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b . 240

4.6.2rh^pipMp dyS>b . 256

4.6.3`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b 260

4.6.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b. 263


4.6.6 il°fu A_° A Æil°fu dyS>b . 269

4.7 rh^p\wAp°_p ÏerL$[N[ ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p, 271

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨^_y¨ L$pgÆ rèkÆ_ "r 'L$kp°V$u hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ A_°

A\Æ^V$_.

4.8 A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ :- 284

4.9 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f 292

D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[,

AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_u " F' L$kp°V$u hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ,

A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[,

AÊepk_p hjÆ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u" F' L$kp°V$u

hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ, A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ


D√Q rinZA_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[,AÊepk_p

hjÆ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpk’e _u " F' L$kp°V$u hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ,

A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[,`pR>gu

hprjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu

A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _u " F'

L$kp°V$uhX°$ `©\L$L$fZ, A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

4.13 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q 315

rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[,`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u

" F' L$kp°V$u hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ, A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ

4.14 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q 320

rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[,`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu A_° dp_rıL$ ıhpı’e _u " F'

L$kp°V$u hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ, A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ

4.15 _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p `pR>m_p L$pfZp° 325

4.16 _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ `pR>m_p L$pfZp° 326

4.17 _bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `pR>m_p L$pfZp° 327

‚L$fZ -5

kïp°^_ kpfpï ,depÆ]$pAp° A_° cprh kïp°^_ dpV°$_p k|Q_p°

5.0 ‚pı–ppqhL$ 329

5.1 kïp°^_ `¬^r[_p° kpf 330

5.2 ki°p^__p Ap^pf° dm°gp [pfZp° 331

5.2.1 dyøe `qfh–ep°Æ_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ 332

`qf`L$h[p_u "t' L$kp°V$u_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ

5.2.2 dyøe `qfh–ep°Æ_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u "t' L$kp°V$u_y¨ 335

`©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ

5.2.3dyøe `qfh–ep°Æ_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u "t' L$kp°V$u_yÿ 338

`©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ

5.2.4 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ 341

h√Q°_p klk¨b¨^_ÿ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ .

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

5.2.5 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ 342

ıhpı’e h√Q°_p klk¨b¨^_ÿ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ .

5.2.6 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p 344

klk¨b¨^_ÿ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ .

5.2.7 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 345

D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ

‚ÁppZ° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ "F '

L$kp°V$u_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ .

5.2.8 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q 347

rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p ,AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ

A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ .




A_° Ap–d rhÔg°jZ_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ .




_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ .

5.2.11 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x3 ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f 351

D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p ,`pR>gu hprjÆL$

funp_p `qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ .




`funp_p `qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_y¨

`©\L$L$fZ .




`funp_p `qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı\e_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ .

5.3 kdN∞ D–L$Î`_p_p° kpfpï 357

5.4 _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p `pR>m_p L$pfZp° 359

5.5 _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ `pR>m_p L$pfZp° 359

5.6 _bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `pR>m_p L$pfZp° 360

5.7 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ky^pfhp dpV°$_p k|Q_p° 361

5.8 Ap–drhÔg°jZ ky^pfhp dpV°$_p k|Q_p° 362

5.9 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ky^pfhp dpV°$_p k|Q_p° 363

5.10 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp° 365

5.11 cprh kïp°^_ dpV°$_p k|Q_p° 366

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

-:L$p°ÛV$L$ [°dS> Apg°M k|rQ :-

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

‚L$fZ - 33.1 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1 `qfh–ep£ A_° [°_u L$npAp° 115

]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p )

3.2 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1 ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ kdprhÙ$ \[p¨ 116

rh^p\w_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p )

3.3 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -2 `qfh–ep£ A_° [°_u L$npAp° 117

]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (Ap–drhÔg°jZ )

3.4 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -2 `qfh–ep£ A_° [°_u k¨øep 117

]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e )




]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p )

3.8 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1 ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ kdprhÙ$ \[p¨ 121

rh^p\w_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p )


]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (Ap–drhÔg°jZ )




]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ (dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e )



æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

3.13 rh^p\w_y¨ hNwL$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 132

3.14 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ‚Òphgu _u rhk_ue[p ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 137

3.15 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ^V$L$p° fS|> L$f[y¨ L$kp°V$u A_° `y_: L$kp°V$u_y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 138

3.16 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ‚Òp°[fu_p ^V$L$_p¨ klk¨b¨^_u NZ[fu_y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 138

3.17 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e e\p\Æ[p ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 139

‚L$fZ - 44.1 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpd ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu 154

]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M

4.2 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpd ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 155

rh^p\w_u V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M

4.3 Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M 156

4.4 Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\w_u 157

V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M

4.5 fl°W$pZ `∞ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M 158

4.6 fl°W$pZ `∞ÁppZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\w_u V$L$phpfu 159


4.7 ip°M `∞ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M 160

4.8 ip°M `∞ÁppZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\w_u V$L$phpfu 161


4.9 `k¨]$Nu_p Ïephkpe `∞ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M 162

4.10 `k¨]$Nu_p Ïephkpe `∞ÁppZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\w_u 163

V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M

4.11 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ h^pfp° L$f° R>° L°$ L°$d ? 164

[° ‚ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$ [\p Apg°M

4.12 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ h^pfp° L$f° R>° L°$ L°$d ? 165

[° ‚ÁppZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\w_u V$L$phpfu


4.13 rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p `∞p‡[p¨L$$ 166

‚ÁppZ° d¬eL ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ [\p Apg°M.

4.14 rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p `∞p‡[p¨L$ ‚ÁppZ° d¬eL$ 170

]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ [\p Apg°M.

4.15 rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p `∞p‡[p¨L$ ‚ÁppZ° d¬eL$ 174

]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ [\p Apg°M.

4.16 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° 178

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨b¨^_u " t ' L$kp°V$u


4.17 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° 179



4.18 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° 180



4.19 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 181



4.20 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 182



4.21 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 183


]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L

4.22 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° 184

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨b¨^_u

" t ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

4.23 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° 185



4.24 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° 186



4.25 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 187



4.26 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 188



4.27 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 189



4.28 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° pVÆ$2 _p¨ 190

R>p°L$fpAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p

k¨b¨ _u " t ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$$

4.29 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° pVÆ$2 _u 191

R>p°L$fuAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p


4.30 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° pVÆ$2 _p¨ 192



4.31 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° pVÆ$2 _u 193



4.32 L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p 194



æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

4.33 L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p 195



4.34 L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_u 196



4.35 L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u 197



4.36 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpL$Æk 198

d°mh°g rh^p\w A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p


4.37 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ 5∞\d hNÆ 199



4.38 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈° hNÆ 200



4.39 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 201


" t ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$$

4.40 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 202



4.41 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_° 203



4.42 _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fAp° ,° 204

R>p°L$fuAp° A_ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨b¨^_u


æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

4.43 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b _p 205

rh^p\w A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨b¨^_u

" t ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L

4.44 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b _p 206

rh^p\w A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨b¨^_u


4.45 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ il°fu rh^p\w A_° 207



4.46 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A^Æil°fu rh^p\w A_° 208




Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u " t ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

















æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.








R>p°L$fpAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u



R>p°L$fuAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u


4.61 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° 223

`pVÆ$2 _p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° A_Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u


4.62 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° 224

`pVÆ$2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u



R>p°L$fpAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u



R>p°L$fpAp° A_°Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u



R>p°L$fuAp° A_°Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u





æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.


d°mh°g rh^p\w A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u



d°mh°g rh^p\w A_°Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u



d°mh°g rh^p\w A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p k¨b¨^_u








4.73 _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fAp° , 235



4.74 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh^p\w A_° 236


4.75 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh^p\w A_° 237







dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨b¨^_u " t ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$



æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.






















R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨b¨^_u



R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨b¨^_u


4.92 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° pVÆ$2 _p¨ 254



æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

4.93 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p–pL$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ 1A_° pVÆ$2 _u 255
















d°mh°g rh^p\w A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨b¨^_u














æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

4.104 _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fAp° , 266

R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨b¨ _u


4.105 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh^p\w A_° 267


4.106 L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh^p\w A_° 268






4.109 $ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p ı_p[L$ L$np_p rh^p\wAp°_p 272

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZh√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

4.110 _p°_$L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p ı_p[L$ L$np_p rh^p\wAp°_p 273

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

4.111 $ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p rh^p\wAp°_p 274

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZh√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

4.112 _p°_$L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p rh^p\wAp°_p 275

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’eh√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’eh√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.


ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’eh√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’eh√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

4.121 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p ‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ ,”uSy>¨ hjÆ 285

`pV"- 1A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p

`∞p·p¨L$p°_y¨ A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


`pV"- 1A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p



`pV"- 1A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p


4.124 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p ‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ ,”uSy>¨ hjÆ 288

`pV"- 1A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p



`pV"- 1A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p


æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.


`pV"- 1A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p


4.127 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p 294


4.128 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 299

4.129 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 304

4.130 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p 310


4.131 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 315

4.132 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 320

‚L$fZ - 55.1 dyøe `qfh–ep£_p ÏÈphkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_u 332

" t' L$kp°V$u_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ippÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

5.2 dyøe `qfh–ep£_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u 335


5.3 dyøe `qfh–ep£_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u 338


5.4 ÏÈphkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[pA_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p 341

klk¨b¨^_yy¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ippÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

5.5 ÏÈphkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[pA_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 342


5.6 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 344


5.7 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 345

rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚ÁppZ° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ "F' L$kp°Vu$ _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

5.8 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ 347

A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_urh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p , AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p , _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_urh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p , AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_urh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p , AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_urh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p , AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p , _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_urh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p , AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$


A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_urh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p , AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$

5.14 " t' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 357

5.15 klk¨b¨^ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 357

5.16 " F ' L$kp°V$u ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 358

5.17 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ 358

-: `qfriÙ$ :- 1 [khuf ]$iÆ_

2 k¨]$cÆ k|rQ

3 ‚Ó_phgu

æ$d rhN[ °BS>_¨.

CH-1 1

‚L$fZ -1

‚ı[ph_p1.0 `∞pı[prhL$ :-

Ap`Z° _hu k]$u_p¨ D¨bf° Dcp R>uA° 21 du k]$u_p¨ b° hjpÆ° `kpf \ep

R>° –epf° h[Ædp_ q]$hkp° ep¨r”L$ eyN_p S>Zpe R>°. _hp ¨ hgZp° A_° V°$L$_p°gp°∆ S|>_p

øepgp° dpV°$ L$p°B S>¡ep R>p°X$[u _\u.L$]$pQ S|>_p øepgp° rhrh^[p dp¨ `qfh[w[ L$fpe

R>°. ep¨q”L$ eyNdp¨ ipk_L$[pÆ BfiV$f_°V$ R>°. _°hy¨_p ]$peL$pdp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_° rhqQ” _S>f°

r_lpmhpdp¨ Aph[y¨ l[y¨ S>epf° ApS>° [p° BfiV$f_°V$ _y¨ op_ Ar_hpeÆ NZpe R>°. S>°_p

dpV°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_y¨ rhipm op_ lp°hy¨ ^œ¨S> S>Í$fu R>°.

1950 R>u S>° _hp° kmhmpV$ \ep° [° V°$L$_p°gp°∆ _u æ$p¨q[ dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

_p° kdph°i \ep° A_° R>°Îgp¨ ”uk°L$ hjÆdp¨ d_p°rhop_dp¨ S>° rhLpkp° \ep [°dp¨ d_yÛe

_u bp° p–dL$ rhQpfp° _° A°L$ bpSy> L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p k¨]$cÆdp¨ bu∆ bpSy> h•opr_L$ k¨]$cÆdp¨

dm°gu _hu ¬^r[Ap°_p¨ rhL$pk _° gu ° iL$e bfiep° R>°. Apd Ap yr_L$ eyNdp¨ ∆h[p

dp_huAp°_u dp¨N `Z blzdyMu \hp gpNu R>°. dp_h h[Æ_ D`f h[Ædp_ fp°L°$V$eyN

_u blzS> dp°V$u Akf ≈°hp dm°R>°.

ÏeqL$[_p ∆h__p L°$V$gpL$ dl–h_p `∞Ô_p°dp¨_p° A°L$ `∞Ô_ ep°¡e

Ïehkpe_u `k¨]$Nu L$fhp_p° R>°. l°`_f L$l°R>°.[°d Ïehkpe _u `k¨]$Nu L$fhp_y¨

L$peÆ ∆h_kp\u _u k¨]$Nu S>°V$gy L$`fy R>°. f¨[y ≈° L$p°B ÏeqL$[ Ïehkpe_u p°[p_u

ep°¡e[p _° A_yÍ$` k¨]$Nu L$fug° [p° fie b_u ≈e R>°. f¨[y ≈° L$p°B kdyrQ[ k¨]$Nu

L$fhpdp¨ c|g L$f° [p° [°_u dp_rkL$ rh^p[L$ Akf ÏeqL$[ _p kdN∞ ÏeqL$[–h _° L$p°fu

Mpe [°hy¨ b_i° dpV°$ S> L$ley¨ R>° L° ep°¡e Ïehkpedp¨ ep°¡e dpZk lp°hp° S>Í$fu R>°.

Right man for the right job. S>°\u Ïehkpe A_° ÏeqL$[ b¨_°_° [°_p°

gpc dm°.

]$f°L$ dp_hu bpmL$ [fuL°$ S>fid°R>° –epf° [° rb_kpdprS>L$$ R>°.bpmL$ S>°d

CH-1 2

S>°d dp°Vy¨$ \[y¨ ≈e [°d [°d [° dp[pr`[p Ly$Vy¨$b_p Afie kÊep° cpBcp¨Xÿ$ ,rd”p° hN°f°

_p k¨`ÆL$ dp¨ Aph° R>°.Afie dpZkp° [\p S|>\p° kp\°_p Ïehlpf ]$fÁep_ [°_p ""ıh''

self rhj°_p° øepg rhL$pk `pd° R>°. [°_y¨ h[Æ_ L•$pVy¨$qbL$ [\p kpdprS>L$ Í$qY$-‚Zpgu

Ap°_p Ap^pf° r_e¨q”[ b_[y¨ S>pe R>°. kpdprS>L$ rhr^r_j°^p° , kp¨ıL©$r[L$ Ap]ip£

A_° d|Îep° _° bpmL$ kcp_ L°$ Acp_ fu[° Ap–dkp[ L$f° R>°. A_° [°°_p ÏeqL$[–h_p°

rhL$pk \pe R>°.

dp_rkL$ fu[° ıhı\ fl°hy¨ A°V$g° ‚kfl fl°hy¨ A°V$g° ‚kfl[p_° A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e_° ^Zp°S> kb¨^ R>°.‚kfl[p A° rh^peL$ Aph°N R>°. ÏeLq[ `∞kfl

lp°e [°_p° A\Æ S> A° b_° R>°. L°$, ÏeqL[ dp_rkL$ ıhı\ R>°.Bf° dp_hu_° ifuf A_°

d_ Ap‡ep R>°. ifuf_° kpfy¨ fpMhp dpV°$ dp_h kpfp° Mp°fpL$ g° R>°, A_° kpfy¨ `pZu

ùA° R>° A_° L$kf[ L$f° R>°. [°S> fu[° dp_huA° d__° kpfÿ fpMhp dpV°$ dp_qkL$ L$kf[

L$fhu ≈°BA° .ifuf dp¨ L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf_u Mpdu Aph° L°$ [f[ S> dp_hu X$p°L$V$f `pk°

≈e R>°. `f¨[y d_dp¨ L$p°B Mpdu ]°$Mpe [p° ÏeqL$[ [°_u k¨`|ZÆ _p¢^ g°[p° _\u [°\u

dp_rkL$ Aıhı\[p A_ych° R>°.kp°f°fik A_° dpd° ""kpeL$p°gp°∆ ap°f rgthN

'' _pd_p `yı[L$ dp¨ gøey¨ R>° L°$ , Ad°qfL$pdp¨ ]$f10 dpZk° 1 dpZk dp_rkL$

qbdpfu _p° cp°N b_°R>°. L$p°gd°_° S>ZpÏey¨ R°> L°$, Ad°qfL$pdp¨ 80 gpM dpZkp°

lmhu d_p°rhL©$r[\u ùX$pe R> °.L$p °_g° rh^pùW$ _p kdpS>ip˜uAp° A_°

dp_kip˜uAp°A° 1961 dp¨ A°L _d|_p Í$ù kh£nZ L$f°gy¨ [°dp¨ S>Zpey¨ L°$ , aL$[

18.5 V$L$p Ad°qfL$_p° S> dp_rkL$ fu[° ""kp≈ ''L$lu iL$pe [°hp l[p.

Ap ]$f°L$ bpb[p°_° ¬ep_ dp¨ fpMu ApS>° h^[u S>[u d|¨ThZp° A_°

kdıepAp°_° ¬ep_ dp¨ fpMu d_p°h•opr_L$ AÊepkp° L$fhp S>Í$fu R>°. A° dpV°$

d_p°h•opr_L$p° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p° Ïehrı\[ `¬^r[kf_p° AÊepk L$f°

R>°.""qX$‡gp°dp¨ B_ kpeL$p°gp°∆ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _°'' gN[p° AÊepkæ$d ep°Shpdp¨

ApÏep° R>°. Ap bpb[_p° Ïehsı\[ AÊepk A_° kïp°^_ dpV°$ B.k.1909 dp¨

Ad°fuL$pdp¨ ""dp_rkL$ ıhp’e dpV°$_u fpÙ≤$ue krdq[ '' _u iÍ$Ap[ \B B.k.

CH-1 3

1937 dp¨ dy¨bB dp¨ ""[p[pBsfiıV V$eyV$ Ap°a ı`°rÌeg kpeL$p°gp°∆''

_pd_u k¨ı\p _u iÍ$Ap[ \B B.k. 1964 dp¨ b¢¡gp°fdp¨""Ap°g BrfiX$ep

BrfiıVVeyV$ Ap°a d°fiV$g l°Î\ '' _pd_u k¨ı\p iÍ$ \B R>°.

Ap fu[° ≈° ]$f°L$ ÏerL$[ Ap–drhÔg°jZ L$fu iL°$ A_° ep°¡e dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e `∞p‡[ L$f° [p° ÏeqL$[ ep°¡e Ïehkpe `k¨]$Nu _y¨ hgZ `Z L°$mhu iL°$ .

Ap\u ]$f°L$ rh^p\wA° `p°[p_p AÊepk ]$fÁep_ S> `p°[p_° L$B bpb[dp¨ h^pf° ù$qQ

R>°.[° ≈°hy ≈°BA° S>°\u ud° ud° [° AÊepk dp¨ ApNm hî° [° fu[° p°[p_p Ïehkpe

_u `k¨]$Nu L$fu iL$i° Ap kp\° S> [°Z° `p°[p_u Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u ‚qæ$ep `f cpf

d|L$hp° S>p°BA° ≈° [°_° `p°[p_p rhi°_y¨ op_ li°, `p°[p_u ≈[_° bfpbf Ap°mM[p°

\i° [p° S> [° Afie qfsı\r[dp¨ kdpep°S>_ kpû iL$i° Afie\p _rl D`fp¨[ p°[p_p

d__° ıhı\ fpMu iL$i° [p° A° Ïehkpe _u k¨]$Nu Z ep°¡e fu[° L$fu iL$i° A°V$g°

L°$ [°Z° `p°[p_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `Z ≈mhhy¨ ≈°BA°.

Ap\u kïp°^L°$ L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p rh^p\uÆAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ _u qf`L$h[p

rhj° [°Ap°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° [°Ap°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e S>°hp d_p°h•opr_L$

`qfbmp°_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk L$fhp_p° r_ZÆe L$f°g R>°.

1.1 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk _u A•r[lprkL$ c|rdL$p :-

i•nrZL$ Br[lpk dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f eyN _u ^V$_p A°L$ æ$p¨r[L$pfu b_ph R>°.

S>epf° kïp°^L$ `Z d_p°rhop__p¨ A¬epq`L$p [fuL$° k°hpAp° Ap`° R>°. Ap\u [°_p

d_dp¨ ‚ı[y[ rhje _u A•r[lprkL$ c|rdL$p _p d|m `X°$g l[p. rh^p\uÆ S>N[ kp\°

k¨L$mpe°g lp°e D√Q[f rinZ dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p rhcpN rhj°

d_p°h•opr_L$ kïp° _ L$fhp_u dl°√R>p \u ‚ı[y[ AÊepk lp\ fhp rhj° rhQpfZp

L$fu l[u. –epf bp]$ `p°[p_p dpNÆ]$iÆL$ kp\° QQpÆ rhQpfZp L$fu_° rhQpfZp _°

ApL$pf Ap`hp _p° ‚e–_ L$ep£ R>°.

CH-1 4

Ap\u Ap AÊepk L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p rh^p\wAp° A_°

_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p rh^p\wAp° h√Q° [°_p AÊepk _p hjÆ ‚dpZ°

,[°_u rh^pipMp ‚dpZ° A_° ≈q[ (R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°) h√Q° ÏephkpreL$

hgZ qf`L$h[p,Ap–d rhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° [aph[ ≈°hp dm°

R>° L°$ L°$d? [°_p° AÊepk L$fhp_y¨ _L$L$u L$eyØ l[y¨.

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ A¨N°_p d_p°h•opr_L$ AÊepk L$fhp_p° Ap _d∞ ‚epk

R>°. S>°\u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ_prh^p\uÆcpBAp° A_° bl°_p° h√Q°_p

d_p°h•opr_L$ qfbmp° h√Q° ip °[aph[ R>°. [°_p° AÊepk L$fhp_p° R>°. Ap dpV°$ k•pfpÙ$≤

_u AgN AgN bu.ku.A°. L$p°g°S>,A°d.ku.A°. L$p°g°S _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ d°mh[p

rh^p\wAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep. ip°r^L$p A° [°_u `pk° S> Ap AÊepk dp¨ ApVÆ$k

L$p°dkÆ A_° kpefik_p rh^p\uÆ cpBAp° A_° bl°_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep S>°dp¨ S>°

rh^p\uÆ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g° R>° A_° S>° rh^p\w L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ _\u g°[p¨ [° b¨fl° _p°

[yg_p–dL$ d_p°h•opq_L$ AÊepk L$fhp_p° l°[y fl°gp°R>°.

ApS>_p ı`^pÆ–dL$ hp[phfZ dp¨ ]$f°L$ sh^p\w A°L$ kfMy rinZ d°mhu

iL$[p _\u ,N∞pÁe rhı[pf _p lp°e [p° [°_° `|f[u kyrh^p _ `Z dm[u lp°e [°hp

rh^p\w aL$[ _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_y¨ S> rinZ d°mhu iL$° R>°. S>epf° il°fu rhı[pfdp¨

fl°[p rh^p\wAp° Ap b¨_° ‚L$pf _p rinZ d°mhu iL°$ R>°. Ap\u il°fu hp[phfZdp¨

]$f°L$ ‚L$pf_u kyrh^p dm[u lp°hp R>[p¨ `Z rh^p\w `p°[p_p d_p°hgZ ,`p°[p_u

Arcù$qQ A_° `p°[p_u Arcep°¡e[p A_ykpf `p°[p_p rinZ _u `k¨]$Nu L$f°

R>°.L°$V$gpL$ rh^p\uÆ L$p°Á‡eyV$$f _y¨ rinZ d°mh° R>°.[p° L°$V$gpL$ rh^p\w _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

_y¨ rinZ d°mh° R>° ApS>_u Ap `qfsı\r[ lp°hp R>[p¨ A°L$ buSy>¨ `pky¨ `Z R>° L°$

rh^p\wAp° N∞pÁerhı[pf dp¨\u Aphu A_° rinZ d°mh° R>°.A_° S>° rh^p\w il°fu

rhı[pfdp¨\u Aphu rinZ d°mh° R>°. Ap b¨_° rh^p\wAp°dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

d°mh[p rh^p\wAp°dp¨ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ b¨_°

rinZ h√Q° iy¨ [aph[ ≈°hp dm° R>°.? A° A¨N°_p AÊepk_p° l°[y R>°. Ap bpb[ _p°

CH-1 5

d_p° h•opr_L$ ]π$rÙ A° AÊepk L$fhp° S>Í$fu R>°. Ap A¨N° L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ _p°AÊepk

A°L$ _h[f ‚ep°N Í$`° Ap AÊepk lp\ ^fhpdp¨ ApÏep°R>°.

kïp°^__u ‚ı[ph_p A_° A•r[lprkL$ c|qdL$p _p k¨]cÆ kïp°^L$ A_°

dpNÆ]$iÆL$ rhQpf rhdÆi L$fu_° Ap AÊepk_u `k¨]$Nu L$fu R>°. `f¨[y AÊepk A_°

kdıep Ap b¨_° Sy>]$u bpb[ lp°$hp\u d_p°rhop_$ _p `qfh–ep£ _° Ap^pf° kdıep_p

d|m_p° JX$p° rhQpf L$ep£ R>°. L$pfZ L°$ kïp°^L$ _p° rhje `k¨]$ L$fhp° A_° kdıep

`k¨]$ L$fhu Ap b¨_° bpb[p° dymS> [aph[ ^fph[u bpb[ R>°.

1.2 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk _u kdıep.

kïp°^_ ‚qL$ep _y¨ ≈° L$p°B dl–h_y¨ kp°`p_ lp°e [p° [° kïp°^_ kdıep

_L$Lu$ L$fhu [° R>°. AdyL$ kpdprS>L$ kdıep _p h•opq_L$ ı`Ù$uL$fZ dpV°$ A\hp

kdıep_pDL°$g L$fhp_p l°[y\u kïp°^_p° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.kïp°^__p rhje_u

`k¨]$Nu kïp°^L$ [°_u Arcù$rQ A_° Dèp°rN[p _u ]π$rÙ$ A° L$fu iL$°R>°.

d_p°rhop__p rhrh^ n°”dp¨ rhje_p° [p°V$p° S> _\u. kdıep_u fQ_p L$fhp\u S>

kïp°^_ _y¨ n°” r_qÚ[ \pe R>°. A_° kïp°^__° ApNm q]$ip dm° R>°.A_° [°\u

kïp°^_ L$peÆ dpV°$ Qp°L$L$k kïp°^_ kdıep_u fQ_p L$fhu S>Í$fu b_° R>°.k°rÎV$T

_pd_p d_p°h•opr_L°$ kïp° __p rhje_u k¨]$Nu _p dyøe ”Z Ap^pfp° S>ZpÏepR>°.

1 rhriÙ$ ‚L$pf_u kdprS>L$ kdıepAp°dp¨ fk ≈N©[ \hp\u,

2 h[Æ__p AdyL$ rhjedp¨ fk ≈N©[ \hp\u,

3 d_p°rhop_ _p rk¬^p¨[ _u QL$pkZu L$fhp dpV°$.

Apd rhrh^ ArcNd\u kïp°^__p rhje_u `k¨]$Nu L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. kïp° L_p ]π$rÙ$L$p°Z dp¨ S>° kïp° _ kdıep dl–h_u gpN° [° kdıep_° [° p°[p_p

kïp°^_ _p rhje [fuL°$ `k¨]$ L$f ° R>°.‚ı[y[ AÊepk dp¨ kïp°^L$° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨

CH-1 6

rh^p\wAp° A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p° AÊepk L$fhp _uQ°_u kdıep bp¨û R>°.

""A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VOCATIONAL ATTITUDE

MATURITY,SELF ANALYSIS AND MENTAL HYGIENE OF

COMPUTER HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS AND

NON COMPUTER HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS ""

""L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f

D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p° [yg_p–dL$

AÊepk''

1.3 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk _p D◊°ip°.

‚–e°L$ A¬ee_ Qp°L$L$k l°[y_° A_ygnu_° S> L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. l°[y ı`Ù$

L$fhp\u kïp°^L$ `p°[° Ap A¬ee_dp¨ iy¨ L$fhp dp¨N° R>°. [° ı`Ù$ \B iL°$ R>°. ‚ı[©[

A¬ee_p dyøe l°[yAp°_u _uQ° QQÆp L$fhp\u bûS> bpb[p° _y¨ ‚–en A_ychp–dL$

op_ ‚p· \B iL°$ R>°.

Ap yr_L$ kde 21 du k]$u dp¨ kpf \B flep° R>°. ApS>° ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[ _°

L¨BL$ _° L¨$BL$ Ïephkpe lp°hp° S> ≈°BA° S>°\u [°_u k¨]$Nu rh^p\wL$pm \u S> L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>°. ApS>_p° eyN A° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p° eyN R>°. Ap\u L°$V$gp¨L$ rh^p\w Ap ‚L$pf_y¨

rinZ gB A_° `p°[p_p¨ Ïephkpep°_u `k¨]$Nu L$fu A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u

≈mhZu L$f° R>°. L°$Vgp¨L$ rh^p\w Afie rinZ d°mhu `p°[p_p Ïehkpe _u `k¨]$Nu

L$f° R>°. Ap dpV°$ ]$f°L$ ‚L$pf _p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap dpV°$ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _y¨

^p°fZ Ap–d rhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$$ıhpı’e L°$hp ‚L$pf _yÿ R>°. [°_p° AÊepk Alu

CH-1 7

L$fhp_p° D]π°$i R>°. ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ _uQ° 5∞dpZ°_p¨ rhriÙ$ D]π°$ip° fpM°gp R>°.

v D◊°ip° :-

(1) L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨

ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ $`qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ Ap¨[fk¨b¨ _u [`pk

L$fhu.


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ Ap¨[f k¨b¨^ _u [`pk L$fhu.


ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ $`qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ Ap¨[f k¨b¨^ _u

[`pk L$fhu.


AÊepk _p¨ hjÆ dyS>b ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p, Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p° _p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

(5) L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u

rh^pipMp dyS>b ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p° _p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

(6) L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u

≈q[e[p dyS>b ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ $`qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp° .

(7) L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ A Æil°fu A_°

il°fu rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ $`qf`L$h[p , Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p° _p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

(8) L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ D√QLy$Vy¨$b

A_° d¬ed Ly $V y ¨ $b_p¨ qh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p° _p° AÊepk L$fhp°.

CH-1 8

(9) L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u

`pR>gu hpqjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu dyS>b ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ

$`qf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p° _p°

AÊepk L$fhp° .

(10) rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p dpV°_p¨ k|Q_p° .

(11) rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–d rhÔg°jZ dpV°_p¨ k|Q_p° .

(12) rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$_p¨ k|Q_p° .

1.3.1 D]°$ip°_p° kpf :-

b^pS> D]°$ip°_° kpf Vy¨$L$dp¨ _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° NZphu iL$pe .

(1) D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ Ap¨L$ h√Q°_p° pfı`qfL$ klk¨b¨

A_° [°_p AkfL$pfL$ `qfZpdp°_u ip° L$fhu .

( 2) L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\wAp°_p¨ D√QrinZ ‚dpZ° pR>gu hprjÆL$

`funp_p¨ d`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu , il°fu -A Æil°fu OLy$Vy$b_p° ‚L$pf hN°f° bp[p°

kp\° rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p, Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° klk¨b¨ L°$hp ıhÍ$`_p° R>°. [°_u [`pk L$fhu .

Apd D`f ‚ÁppZ° S>° D√Q rinZ ‚ÁppZ° l°[yAp° _L$L$u L$epÆ R>°.

[° ‚dpZ° `qfh–ep£_u Akf [`pkhp_p l°[yAp° R>°. A_° Afie `qfh–ep£ `Z

_L$L$u L$fu Ap_p\u `Z h^pf° l°[yAp° _L$L$u L$fu [°_y A¬ee_ h^pf° KX$pZ\u

`Z L$fu iL$pe R>°.

1.4 `∞ı[y[ AÊepk _u D–L$Î`_pAp°.

CH-1 9

kïp°^L$ kïp°^_ _° A¨[° L$ep `qfZpdp° ‚p‡[ \i° [°_u ApNplu L$f[p

rh^p_p° fQ°R>°. [°_° D–L$Î`_p L$l° R>°. fQpe°g 5∞–e°L$ l°[y_° A_yÍ$` AÊepk_p¨ A¨[°

L$ep-L$ep `qfZpdp° D]π$chi° [°_u [pqLÆ$L$ ^pfZpAp° D–L$Î`_p ‹pfp kïp°^L$ fSy>

L$f° R>°. D–L$Î`_p_° A¨N°∆ dp¨ (Hypothesis) L$l° R°. D–L$Î`_p_° kïp°^__p°

`pep° NZhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

v D–L$Î`_p_p° A\Æ :-

""D–L$Î`_p A° A°hy¨ L$pdQgpD kpdpfieuL$fZ R>° S>°_u _u e\p\Æ[p

QL$pkhu lSy> bpL$u R>°.''

- hyfiX$bNÆ

""D–L$Î`_p A° A°hy¨ A°L$ rh^p_ R>°.S>° Qp°L$L$k `Z° kpQy¨ L°$ Mp°Vy¨$ [°

Ap`Z° ≈Z[p _\u `f¨[y [°_u k–e[p r_^pÆqf[ L$fhp dpV°$ [°_u QL$pkZu L$fhp_u

lp°e R>°. ''

- Âg°L$

D–L$Î`_p_p¨ L$pep£ A\hp Dèp°qN[p :-

(1) A¬ee__° dpNÆ ]$iÆ_ `yfy¨ `pX°$ R>°.

(2) kïp°^L$_° A_ychS>fie QL$pfZu [fa ]p°f° R>°.

(3) A¬ee__y¨ n°” r_^Æpqf[ L$f° R>°.

(4) A¬ee__u ‚eyqL$[ r_^pÆqf[ L$f° R>°.

(5) rk¬^p¨[_u fQ_pdp¨ d]$]$Í$` \pe R>°.

(6) ‚ı\pr`[ rk¬^p¨[_u QL$pkZu L$f° R>°.

(7) rk¬^p¨[ A_° A¬ee_ h√Q°_u L$X$u b_° R>°.

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_dp¨ ıh[$ ¨” `rfh–ep£ S> °hp L ° $AÊepk_y ¨

hjÆ,rh^pipMp,`pR>gu `funp_y¨ `qfZpd,≈r[, Ly$Vy¨$b _p° ‚L$pf ,fl°WpZ hN°f°_°

A_yæ$ddp¨ hl¢Qu D–L$Î`_pAp° ^X$hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

1.5. " t 'L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° i|fie D–L$Î`_p :-

CH-1 10

1.5.1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_u V$u L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ°

i|fie D–L$Î`_p :-

1.5.1.1 AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b

HO-01 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-02 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-03. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-04. L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _pÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-05. L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _pÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-06. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $qcfl[p$_\u.

HO-07. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-08. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p

ÏephkpreL$hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-09. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-10. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-11. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

CH-1 11

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-12. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)_p

ÏephkpreL hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $qcfl[p$_\u.

HO-13. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)

_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[

_\u.

HO-14. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)

_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-15. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°

(Boys) _p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

$afL$ _\u.

HO-16. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$fA_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _u R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls) _p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

$c°]$ _\u.

1.5.1.2 rh^pipMp dyS>b :-

HO-17. ı_p[L$ L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

HO-18. A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-19. ı_p[L$ L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fuAp°(Girls)_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-20. A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fuAp°(Girls)_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ rcfl[p _\u.

CH-1 12

1.5.1.3 R>°Îgu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b :-

HO-21. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p R>°Îgu hprjÆL$ funp_p qfZpddp¨ D√Q

‚\d(X$uıV$vL$i_)hNÆ d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _p¨ d›eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

HO-22. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p R>°Îgu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpddp¨

‚\dhNÆ d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨

d›eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

HO-23. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p R>°Îgu hprjÆL$ funp_p qfZpddp bu≈°

hNÆ d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d›eL$p°

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

1.5.1.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b :-

HO-24. L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ( Boys ) A_° R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)

_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

HO-25. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)°A_° R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)

_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-26. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) ° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

c°]$ _\u.

HO-27. _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ`qf`L$h[p _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

rcfl[p_\u.

CH-1 13

1.5.1.5 Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf dyS>b :-

HO-28. L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p °_L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√QLy $V y ¨ $b_p rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eLp° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u$.

HO-29. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f d¬edLy$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ`qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eLp° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u$.

1.5.1.6 il°fuA_° A^Æil°fu dyS>b :-

HO-30. L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f il° °fu rhı[pf _p rh^p\wAp°_p


HO-31. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A^Æil°°fu rhı[pf _p rh^p\wAp°_p


1.5.2 Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u V$u L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° i|fie D–L$Î`_p :-

1.5.2.1 AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b :-

HO-32. L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p °L$fpAp° (Boys) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-33. L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p °L$fpAp° (Boys) _p


HO-34. L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-35. L$p °Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p °L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-36. L$p °Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p °L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

CH-1 14

HO-37. L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ qcfl[p$_\u.

HO-38. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-39. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p


HO-40. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-41. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p


HO-42. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-43. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ qcfl[p$ _\u.

HO-44. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np pVÆ$-1 A_° pVÆ$-2 _p¨ Rp°L$fpAp° (Boys)

_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-45. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np pVÆ$-1 A_° pVÆ$-2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)_p


HO-46. _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°

(Boys) _p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-47. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _u R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls) _p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.


HO-48. ı_p[L$ L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

CH-1 15

HO-49. A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp° ( Boys)

_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-50. ı_p[L$L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fuAp°(Girls)_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-51. A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fuAp° ( Girls)

_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ rcfl[p _\u.


HO-52. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p R>°Îgu funp_p qfZpddp¨ D√Q‚\d

(X$uıV$vL$i_) hNÆ d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–d qhÔg°jZ_p¨ d›eL$p°

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-53. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p R>°Îgu `funp_p `qfZpddp¨ ‚\dhNÆ

d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–d qhÔg°jZ_p¨ d›eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$

_\u.

HO-54. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p R>°Îgu `funp_p `qfZpddp¨ bu≈° hNÆ

d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–d qhÔg°jZ_p¨ d›eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$

_\u.

1.5.2.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b :-

HO-55. L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)° A_° R>p°L$fuAp° ( Girls)

_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

HO-56. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ( Boys )A_° R>p°L$fuAp° (

Girls )_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-57. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) ° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

CH-1 16

HO-58. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ rcfl[p _\u.

1.5.2.5 Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf dyS>b :-

HO-59. L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p °_L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√QLy $V y ¨ $b_p rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eLp°h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u$.

HO-60.L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p °_L$p °Á‡eyV$f d¬ed Ly $V y ¨ $b_p rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ d¬eLp° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u$.

1.5.2.6 il°fu A_° A^Æil°fu dyS>b :-

HO-61. L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f il° °fu rhı[pf_p rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-62. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A^Æil°°fu rhı[pf_p rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

1.5.3 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u V$u L$kp°V$u ‚ÁppZ° i|fie D–L$Î`_p

1.5.3.1 AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b

HO-63. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-64. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p dp_rkL$


HO-65. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-66. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° $kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

CH-1 17

HO-67. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° $kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-68. L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ qcfl[p$_\u.

HO-69. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p dp_rkL$


HO-70. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys)_p dp_rkL$


HO-71. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°(Boys) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-72. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-73. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-74. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ qcfl[p$_\u.

HO-75. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np pVÆ$-1 A_° pVÆ$-2 _p¨ Rp°L$fpAp° (Boys)

_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $[aph[ _\u.

HO-76. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np pVÆ$-1 A_° pVÆ$-2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)

_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

HO-77. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°

(Boys) _p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eLp°$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $afL$ _\u.

HO-78. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _u R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls) _p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ $c°]$ _\u.

CH-1 18


HO-79. ı_p[L$ L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) _p

$dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

HO-80. A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$ _\u.

HO-81. ı_p[L$ L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-82. A_yı_p[L$L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)

_p dp_rkL $ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ rcfl[p _\u.


HO-83. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p R>°Îgu funp_p qfZpddp† D√Q ‚\d

(X$uıV$vL$i_)hNÆ d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d›eL$p°

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-84. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p R>°Îgu funp_p qfZpddp¨ ‚\d hNÆ

d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d›eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u.

HO-85. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p R>°Îgu funp_p qfZpddp¨ bu≈°hNÆ

d°mh°g rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d›eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u.

1.5.3.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b :-

HO-86. L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)° A_° R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[$ _\u.

HO-87. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) ° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ afL$$ _\u.

CH-1 19

HO-88. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) ° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p°h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-89. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls)_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ qcfl[p$ _\u.

1.5.3.5 Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf dyS>b :-

HO-90. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QLy$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL

ıhpı’e $_p¨ d¬eLp° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u$.

HO-91. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f d¬edLy$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL

ıhpı’e$_p¨ d¬eLp° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u$.

1.5.3.6 il°fuA_° A^Æil°fu dyS>b :-

HO-92. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f il°°fu rhı[pf _p rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _p¨d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

HO-93. L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A^Æil°°fu rhı[pf _p rh^p\wAp°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.

1.6 klk¨b¨^ _p Ap^pf° D–L$Î`_pAp° ("r '_p Ap^pf° )

HO-94. L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–d rhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨^

_\u.

HO-95. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–d rhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_

klk¨b¨ _\u.

CH-1 20

HO-96.L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p


klk¨b¨ _\u.

HO-97._p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p


klk¨b¨ _\u.

HO-98. L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ $ klk¨b¨^

_\u.

HO-99. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_

klk¨b¨ _\u.



klk¨b¨ _\u.



klk¨b¨ _\u.

HO-102.L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p ¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨^

_\u.

HO-103._p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p


_\u.

CH-1 21



_\u.



_\u.

1.7 "F'L$kp°V$u ‚dpZ° :-

1.7.1 A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ _p Ap^pf° D–L$Î`_pAp°

HO-106.L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp° ]$f°L$ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e

[°_° A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B

k¨gî[p¨ ≈°hp dm[u _\u .

HO-107._p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp° ]$f°L$ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨

lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B


HO-108.L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp ]$f°L$ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e

[°_° A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B k¨gî[p¨ ≈°hp

dm[u _\u .

HO-109._p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp° ]$f°L$ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk

L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B k¨gî[p¨

≈°hp dm[u _\u .

HO-110.L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp° ]$f°L$ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e

[°_° A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B k¨gî[p¨ ≈°hp

dm[u _\u .

CH-1 22

HO-111. _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p rh^p\uÆAp° ]$f°L$ hjÆdp AÊepk

L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B


1.7.2 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p

‚dpZ° "F'L$kp°V$u_u D–L$Î`_pAp° :-

HO-112 .L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .

HO-113.L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_y hjÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q°

L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p _u këyL$[ Akf A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf A_°



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf A_°


CH-1 23


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[

Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u.


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u .


rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u .



Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .









Akf A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .

CH-1 24


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

c°]$ _\u


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u.


rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u .



dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .









Akf A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .

CH-1 25

1.7.3 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p

‚dpZ° "F'L$kp°V$u_u D–L$Î`_pAp° :-

HO-133. L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu A_°



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[ _u këyL$[ Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° pR>gu hprjÆL$ funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu

_u këyL$[ Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu

_u këyL$[ Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨

d°mh°g V$L$phpfu _u këyL$[ Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p

CH-1 26

h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu A_°







_u këyL$[ Akf A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu

_u këyL$[ Akf A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .



d°mh°g V$L$phpfu _u këyL$[ Akf A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

CH-1 27

_\u


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$

_\u.


rh^p\wAp°_u `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p _u këyL$[ Akf A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .



_u këyL$[ Akf A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .


rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° pR>gu hprjÆL$ funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu

_u këyL$[ Akf A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .



d°mh°g V$L$phpfu _u këyL$[ Akf A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ c°]$ _\u .

1.8 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A°V$g° iy¨ ?

kdpS>_p dp°V$pcpN_p `yø[ he_p gp°L$p° L$peÆS>N[-Ïehkpe S>N[

kp\° ≈°X$pe°g lp°e R>°. M°[u ,ıh[¨”^¨^p°, A•p^p°rNL$ k¨ı\pAp°dp¨ _p°L$fu ,kfL$pfu

A_° A^ÆkfL$pfu _p°L$fu ,Mp_Nuk¨ı\pdp¨ _p°L$fu ıhfp°S>Npfu A_° _p_pdp°V$p

N©lD^p°Np°dp¨ Ak¨øe ÏeqL$[ L$peÆ L$f° R>°.

CH-1 28

Apd dp°V$pcpN_p u- yfy$jp° Ïephkpedp¨ fp°Lpe°gp lp°eR>°. ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[

_° `p°[p_y¨ " L°$qfef ' `k¨]$ L$fhp_y¨ lp°e R>°. L$pfqL$]$w `k¨]$Nu_u [L$p° L$°hu R>°.A_° [°

rhi° L°$hp ‚L$pf _u kdıepAp° D`qı\[ \peR>° [° ≈Zhy A–e¨[ AphÌeL$ R>°. L$pfqL]$w

`k¨]$Nu A°L$ [L$ `Z R>°.A_° kdıep `Z R>°.

Ap\u S> ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _° kdS>[p `l°gp

hgZ,Ïephkpe rhi°_u kdSy>[u _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° Apù iL$pe "hgZ ' _° d_p°hgZ

[fuL°$ gB_° bu Ly$‡ yıhpdu A° Ap`°gu Ïepøep ¬ep_dp¨ gB iL$pe.

v bu Ly$‡`yıhpdu :- ""d_p°hgZ A° AdyL$ hı[y ,ÏeqL$[ A\hp qfrı\q[

‚–e° rhriÙ$ fu[° ‚r[qæ$ep L$fhp_u kyk¨N[, k¨`pq]$[ A_° Aph°NeyL$[ [•epfu L°$

`|hÆh©r— R>°.''

Apd ÏeqL$[_y¨ Ïehkpe ‚–e°_y¨ hgZ ÏerL$[ _u ifuf A_° d__u

AdyL$ ‚r[qæ$ep L°$ h[Æ_ L$fhp_u [–`f[p _u Ahı\p R>°. Ïehkpe ‚–e°_y d_p°hgZ

ÏeqL$[_p h[Æ__u rh^peL$ L°$ r_j°^L$ q]$ip _L$Lu L$f° R>°.

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ ÏeqL$[_p rinZ A_° A_yL$fZ ‹pfp ^X$pe R>°. S>°

gpNZu A_° Aph°N _p f¨Np°\u f¨Npe°gy¨ lp°e R>°.ÏephkpreL$ hgZ _y¨ ^X$[f

Ap`p°Ap` \[y¨ _\u [°_p ^X$[f dp¨ dl–h_p `qfbmp° cpN cS>h° R>°. –epfbp]$

ÏephkpereL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p rhj° rhQpfu iL pe .

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ ^X$[f dp¨ cpN cS>h[p¨ `qfbmp° :-1 A¨N[ A_ychp°

2 Ap^p[S>_L$ A_ychp°

3 A_yL$fZ

4 kdpS> 5∞Qrg[ hgZp°

5 Afie kp\°_u Ap¨[fqL∞$ep

6 Ly$Vy¨$b ∆h_

7 † rinZ A_° kprl–e

CH-1 29

rinZ _u L$pfqL$]$w ]$fÁep_ ÏeqL$[ A° `p°[p_p Ïehkpe _u `k¨]$Nu

rhj° iy rhQpeyÆ R° ? [° bpb[ `Z Akf L$f° R>°. Ïehkpe `k¨]$Nu _u ‚qL$∞ep ”Z

[bL$L$p dp¨ hl°Qpe°gu R>°.

v Ïehkpe `k]$Nu _p ”Z [bL$L$p :-

1 [f¨Nu [bL$L$p° :- 11 hjÆ_u D¨df ky u

2 L$pdQgpD [bL$L$p° :- 11 \u 17 hjÆ _u he

3 hpı[rhL$ [bL$L$p° :- 17 hjÆ `R>u_p° [bL$L$p°

Ap ”Z [bL$L$pdp¨ Ïehkpe k¨]$Nu _p° ”uS>p° [bL$L$p° ÏeqL$[ _y hgZ

hpı[hhp]$u lp°e R>°.ÏerL$[ `p°[p_p `k¨]$ L$f°gp ÏÈhkpe rhj°_u `p°[p_u L$Î`_pAp°

A_° hpı[rhL$ iL$e[pAp° h√Q° kyd°m ip° ° R>°.

v l° _f _p° d[ :- "ÏephkpreL$ kpdpep°S>_ dpV°$ A° S>ù$fu R>° L°$ ÏeqL$[_°

`p°[p_p Ïehkpe dp¨\u h ydp¨ h y Ap–dk¨[p°j ‚p‡[ \pe .''

ÏeqL$[ rinZ S>N[dp¨\u Ïehkpe S>N[ dp¨ ≈°X$pe –epf° A°L$ _hp°

S> A_ych A_ych° R>°. Ïehkpedp¨ ‚h°i L$f_pf_° A°L$ kpdpfie ce r_Ûam[p_p°

lp°e R>°.ÏeqL$[ `p°[_p Ïehkpe dp¨ _hy L$peÆ k¨[p°jL$pfL$ fu[° L$fu iL$i° L°$ _lu¨ ¨?

Ap\u S> "`qf`L$h[p ' iÂ]$_° l°gp d_p°h•opr_L$ c|rdL$p dp¨ kdS>hp° S>ù$fu R>°.–epf

bp]$ ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p rhj° rhQpfu iL$pe.

v æ$p° A_° æ$p° _p° `qf`L$h[p _p° øÈpg :- ""`qf`L$h[p A°V$g° hpfkp_p

`qfZpd° ÏerL$[ dp¨ NrcÆ[ fu[° fl°gp gnZp° _y ‚pNV$e''

dp_hu_p rhrh^ ıhù$` _p h[Æ_p°_p° `qf`L$h[p _p° d_p°h•opr_L$

A\Æ ı`Ù$ L$fhp° S>Í$fu R>°. ÏeqL$[_u Arcep°¡e[p Arcù$rQ _° A_yù$` ≈° ÏeqL$[

Ïehkpe k¨]$Nu L$f° [p° qf`L$h[p [yf[ S> Ap¨L$u iL$pe R>°. qf`L$h[p A_° rinZ

‹pfp S> ÏeqL$[_p° rhL$pk khpØNu b_°R>°. qf`L$h[p A°V$g° hpfkp_p qfZpd° ÏeqL$[

_p¨ NrcÆ[ fu[° fl°gp gnZp° _y ‚pNV$e.

rinZ A°V$g° ku.V$u. dp°NÆ__p iÂ]$p°dp¨ "" h[Æ_dp¨ \[p° dpù iL$pe

CH-1 30

[°hp° L$pedu kp °n a°fL$pf.''

Apd qf`L$h[p A_° rinZ b_° fı`f kbr^[ R>°. Ap b_° qfbmp°

_p kdfihe \uS> Ïehkpe `k¨]$Nu rhL$pkiug b_° R>°.

v ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p _u Ïepøep Ap° :-

1 X$p°_pÎX$ ky`f :- ""Mf°Mfu ∆h_ Ahı\pdp¨ h[Æ_ _u `qf`L$h[p_°

ÏephkpreL$ qf`L$h[p L$l°hpe R>°. S>°dp¨ rhL$pkp–dL$ L$pep°Æ L$f[p¨ S>° h[Æ_ ≈°hp dm°R>°.

[°_° A°hp rhL$pkp–dL$ L$pep£ L$f[u Afie ÏerL$[Ap°_p h[Æ_ kp\° kfMph[p¨ ÏeqL$[_u

ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p_y ]$iÆ_ \pe R>°.''

2 L$∞pBV$k :- ""ÏephpkpreL$ rf`L$h[p A°V$g° ÏephkpreL$ k]$Nu _u A°L$hpL$e[p

X$lp`Z, L•$piÎep° A_° hgZp°dp¨ A¨qL[ L$fhp_u nd[p¨. ''

3 rN∞bfik A_° gp°l_k° :- Ïehkpe_u k¨]$Nu L$fhp_p Apep°S>_ [–`f[p_°

ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ h y dl–h Ap‡ey R>°. ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p ÏeqL$[_p¨

Ap¨[qfL$ A_° bp¸ b¨_° `qfbmp° _° A_ykf° R>°.

4 qNfiTbN :- rNfiTbNÆ A_° [°_p¨ kp\u]$pfp° A° [°d_p¨ AÊepkp°dp¨ ≈°ey l[y L°$,

Ïehkpe_u `k¨]$Nu L$p°B`Z ÏeqL$[ dpV°$ nrZL$ qæ$ep _\u `f¨[y gp¨bp Npmp ky u

[°_p° rhL$pk \pe R>°.S>°_° [°dZ° ÏephkpreL$ rhL$pk _pd Ap‡ey.

v X$p°_pÎX$ ky f° _uQ°_p [bL$L$pAp° NZpÏep R>°.

1 rhL$pk :- bpm`Z \u 14 hjÆ

(A°) [f¨N Ahı\p :-4 \u 10 hjÆ

(bu) fkp°_u Ahı\p :- 11 \u 14 hjÆ

2 Mp°S> :- 15 \u 24 hjÆ

(A°) LpdQgpD `k¨]$Nu :- 15 \u 17 hjÆ

(bu) k¨æ$psfi[ _u Ahı\p :- 18 \u 21 hjÆ

(ku) AS>dpei _u Ahı\p :-22 \u 24 hjÆ

3 ı\p`_ :-25 \u 44 hjÆ

CH-1 31

(A°) sı\f[p_u Ahı\p :-25 \u 34 hjÆ

(bu) ◊Y$uL$fZ _u Ahı\p :-35 \u 44 hjÆ

4 ≈mhZu_u Ahı\p :- 45 \u 64 hjÆ

5 qnZ[p _u Ahı\p :- 65 \u dfZ èÆ[

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ _u ‚qL$ep EgV$phu iL$pe _rl [°hu lp°e R>°. A°V$g° L$°

A°L$hpf A°L$ Ahı\p ky u rhL$pk \ep R>u ÏeqL$[ pR>gu Ahı\pdp S>B iL$[p°_\u.

Ap ‚qL$ep_° A¨[° ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u S>Í$qfep[p° A_° Apk`pk_u

hpı[rhL$[pAp° h√Q° kdp^p_ L$f° R>°. A_° A_yL|$m [\p kygÊe ¨ p° ıhuL$pfu g°

R>°.S>° gNcN 20 \u 24 hjÆ_p Npmpdp¨ b_° R>°.

d_p°rhop__u A°L$ dl“h_u ipMp S>°dp¨ ÏeqL$[ L$ep° ¨ p° k¨]$ L$fhp° [°

dpV°$ [°_° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ L°$ kgpl ‹pfp A°hu fu[° [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ [° `p°[° r_ZÆe

gB iL°$. Ap dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A\hp kgpl ]$fÁep_ S>Í$f `X$e° d_p°h•opr_L$

L$kp°V$u,Arcù$rQ kïp° r_L$p_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. `f¨[y h y cpf ÏeqL$[

kp\°_u dygpL$p[ L°$ S>°dp¨ ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u kdS L°$mhu > iL°$ [° D`f ]°$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

Afie kp^_p° S>°hp¨ L°$ ipmp_y k¨N∞ql[ ‚Nr[ l°hpg , Ap–dr_h°]$_ ,kpdprS>L$[p

Apg°M ‚kN_p¢ [\p æ$ÁppL$ dp`]$X$ ‹pfp dm°gu dprl[u_p° Z dpNÆ]$iÆ_dp Dèp°N

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

v ÏeqL$[ A_° ÏephkpreL$ `qf[L$h[p hgZ _p° kb^ :-

ÏeqL$[–hdp¨ dpZk _u khÆ iqL$[Ap° [\p hgZ _p° kdph°i \pe R>°.

[°\u Arcù$rQAp° `Z ÏeqL$[–h _p° cpN S> NZpe R>°. d_yÛe _p° Ïehkpe ‚–e°_p°

ArcNd [°_p ÏeqL$[–h ‚dpZ° A°L$ bpSy> _L$L$u \pe R>°. [p° bu∆ bpSy> [°_p Ïehkpe

kp\°_p A_yL|$g_ ‚dpZ° [°_y ÏeqL$[–h X$pe R>°. dpZk_p ÏephkpreL$ fkp°_p° rQ[pf

Ap`[u ıV$≤p¢N A_° Ly$X$f _u kïp° r_L$p Ap°_p° ""rd_°kp°V$p dÎV$ua°rTL$ kÆ_pguV$u

Bfih°fiV$fu ''kp\°_p° klkb¨ hN°f° _p° Dèp°N Ap [bL$L°$ L$fu iL$pe .

ÏephkpreL$ fkp° _Ωu L$f_pf Mf°Mf [p° d_yÛe _u cphph°ip° _u S>Í$qfep[p° R>°. hmu

CH-1 32

ÏephkpreL$ A_yL|$g_ A° d_yÛe_p kpdpfie ∆h_ ‚–e°_p Ay_yL|$g_ _p° A°L$cpN

R>°. lp°g°fiX$ _p kïp°^_ ‚ÁpZ° d_yÛe A°hp hp[phfZ _° T¨M° R>°. L°$ S>° [°_p

ÏeqL$[–h_p ‚L$pf kp\° b¨ b°k[y Aph° A_° S>°_° gu ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ k¨[p°j,

¨ p_u rı\f[p A_° rks¬Âp° D—fp°[f rhL$pk `pd° R>°. V$pBgf A_° ky f_p

kïp° _p°A° kprb[ L$eyØ R>° L°$ ,ÏeqL$[ _p° ÏephkpreL$ rhL$pk [°_p ∆h__p rhrh^

[bL$L°$ S>°d L°$ , bpm`Z dp¨ qL$ip°fhı\p dp¨ A_° eyhphı\p_u iÍ$Ap[ dp¨ \pe R>°.

A° ]$f°L$ [bL$L°$ [° rd”p°_u k¨]$Nu A_° R>°hV°$ ¨ p_u k¨]$Nu L$f[p° \pe R>°. A_° [°d

[°d [°_p ÏeqL$[–h_y Z X$[f \pe R>°. [°_u ≈[ dpV°$_p° øepg Ap khÆ [bL$L$pAp°A°

rhL$pk `pd° R>°. A_° [°_p ÏeqL$[–h_° ^X°$ R>°. Ap\u ÏephkpreL$ fkp° ÏeqL$[_p

ÏeqL$[–h_p ^X$[f _° V°$L$p° Ap ° R>°.

L$p°B`Z D]$πu`L$p°_p hNÆ S>°hp L°$ fpÙ$≤ue L°$ dp_hhïue S|>\ ,qfhpS>,

rhQpf‚Zpgu L°$ k¨ı\p ‚–e° k¨dr[ L°$ Ak¨dr[ ]$ipÆh[p d__p ‚–epQpf _° hgZp°

L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. dp_rkL$ ‚–epQpfp° lp°hp\u [°d_° Bqfi÷ep° hX°$ Ahgp°L$u iL$p[p

_\u f¨[y ÏeqL$[ _p¨ h[Æ_ [\p hpZu f\u [°d_° L$mu iL$pe R>°. hgZp° AdyL$ kde

ky u rı\f fl° R>°. m° m° b]$gpB S>[p¨ _\u kpdprS>L$ D]π$u`L$p° ‚–e°_p cphph°ieyL$[

‚–epQpfp° dp`hp_y L$pd hgZdp`_ dp¨ dyøe–h° ≈°hp dm°R>°.

rh^p\w Ahı\pdp ]$f°L$ rh^p\wA° Ïehkpe [fa_p kæ$dZ kde° Dcu

\[u dyÌL°$guAp°\u bQhy lp°e[p° kp°f°fik A_° dpd _pd_p¨ d_p°h•opr_L$ L$l° R>°.

[°d ”Z bpb[p° ¬ep_ dp¨ fpMhu ≈°BA°.

1 rh^pÊepk ]$fÁep_ kM[ `qfÓd L$fhp_u V°$h `pX$hu ≈°BA° .

2 A° kde ]$frdep_ Afie gp°L$p° kp\° d•”u_y hp[phfZ kS>Æhy ≈°BA° A_°

`p°[p_p¨ rinL$p°_p° ‚d k¨ p]$_ L$fhp° ≈°BA°.

3 rh^pÊepk ]$frdep_ `p°[p_u ipmp L°$ L$p°g°S> dp¨ S>° B[f ‚h©r[Ap° \[u lp°e

[°dp DdNc°f cpN g°hp° ≈°BA° A_° S>hpb]$pfu cepÆ ı\p_° flu_° S>hpb]$pfuAp°

hl_ L$f[p¨ iuMhy ≈°BA°.

CH-1 33

v g°l_f A_° L$eyb L$l°R>°. L°$ ,ÏeqL$[ L$p°B`Z ‚L$pf_p° Ïehkpe A`_ph° A°

`l°gp¨ `p°[p_u ≈[_° Ap b° ‚Ó_p° |R>u g°hp ≈°BA°.

1 L°$hp ‚L$pf _y L$pd L$fhy d_° Nd° ?

2 L°$hp ‚L$pf _y L$pd lz kpfu fu[° L$fhp kd\Æ Ry>¨ ?

v A°a.A°g.ù$Q L$l° R>° L°$ ,Ïehkpe_u ep°¡e `k¨]$Nu L$f[u hM[° ApV$gp

‚Ô_p° rhQpfu S>hp ≈°BA°.

1 `p°[° S>° ‚L$pf_p° Ïehkpe `k¨]$ L$f° [°dp¨ L°$hp ‚L$pf _p¨ rinZ ,bys¬^ ,rhi°j

iqL$[Ap° L°$ AphX$[p° ,ipfuqfL$ iqL$[Ap° A_° kl_iug[p ,ıhcph A_°

ÏeqL$[–h_u S>Í$f `X$i°?

2 `p°[° `k¨]$ L$f°gp Ïehkpe _° ÏeqL$[N[ k¨[p°j Apù iL$i° ?

3 ÏeqL$[_u Arcù$rQ kp\° A° k¨[p°j_° klk¨b¨ R>°?

4 `k¨]$ L$f°gp Ïehkpe dp¨ cprh rhL$pk _u L$°Vgu [L$p° R>°?

L$p°B`Z Ïehkpedp¨ ‚h°i L$fhp dpV°$ ÏeqL$[_u AdyL$ ‚L$pf_u

ep°¡e[p lp°hu S>Í$fu R>°. hmu A° Z kpQy R>° L° , yø[ D¨df° L$f°gu ÏephkpreL$ k¨]$Nu

h^pf° ep°¡e A_° hpı[rhL$ b_°R>°. D`fp[ A° Z ¬ep_dp fpMhy ≈°BA° L°$, |hÆrhQpf

L$epÆ rkhpe ep°¡e Ïehkpe k¨]$Nu _ L$fhu ≈°BA° L$pfZ L°$ , A°\u k¨]$Nu ]$p°jeyL$[

b_° R>°. dp_rkL$ fu[° Arı\f ÏeqL$[A° Ïehkpe_u ep°¡e k]$Nu L$fhpdp hpı[rhL$

◊rÙ$ A`_phhu ≈°BA°.

Ap fu[° dpZk S>° L$pfZ° L$pd L$f° R>° L°$ Ïehkpe L$f° R>° [° [°_y¨

ÏephkpqeL$ ‚°fZ L$l°hpe. dpZkp° Ap∆rhL$p d°mhhp ,dp_rkL$ A_° Apr\ÆL$

kgpd[u L$pS>°, L$ur[Æ L°$ dp°cp° d°mhhp rks¬^ ‚p‡[ L$fhp `p°[p_u Apk`pk

hp[phfZ _p ]$bpZ\u k—p d°mhhp, Apr\ÆL$ ,kpdprS>L$ L°$ dp_qkL$ ıhp[¨”e

dpV°$ kdp≈° ep°Nu k°hp L$fhp, kS>Æ_iqL$[ Mughhp b•pr¬^L$ D—°S>_p dpV°$ ∆h_dp¨

‚h©r— L$fhp A_° h•rh¬e Mp[f Ïehkpe L$f° R>°.

Apd Ïehkpe_u k]$Nu A_°L$ qfbmp°_y S>qV$g kNW$_ R>°. S>° ÏeqL$[

CH-1 34

d_p°h•opr_L$ fu[° Lf° [° Ar_hpeÆ R>°. S>epf° ÏeqL$[ p°[p_u Arcep°¡e[p ,Arcù$rQ

_° A_yù$` Ïehkpe k¨]$Nu _y>¨ hgZ qf`L$h[p A° gp¨bpNpmp_u ‚ræ$ep S>°_y dp`_

L$fhp_p° kïp° L$ _p° l°[y R>°.

Alv ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p kïp° r_L$p D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p rh^p\wAp°_p dp`_ dpV°$ g°hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

Vocational Attitude Maturity Scale (V.A.M.S) S>°_y Í$`p¨[f

X$p°. dSy> dl°[p A° L$eyØ R°. S>°_p° Dèp°N L$fu_° rh^p\w pk°\u ‚Òphqg_p S>hpbp°

d°mh°gp R>°. –epfbp]$ Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue `¬^r[Ap°_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

1.9 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A°V$g°iy¨ ?

""ıh'' ÏeqL$[_p ÏeqL$[–h A_° Ası[–h _y buSy> L°$fi]$≤ R>°. ÏeqL$[_p°

`p°[p_p rhj°_p° øepg ,[°_u ‚h©r[Ap° A_° afS> [°dS> Afie rhj° [°_p° øepg [°_p

Aldπ Ap–dp kp\° k¨L$mpe°gp lp°e R>°. ÏeqL$[_u Ap–d ‚r[dp [°_p d_dp¨ S>°V$gu

ı`Ù$ lp°e R>°. [°V$gp ‚dpZ dp¨ [° [°_p Ïehlpfp° afS> rhj° h^pf° ı`Ù$ A_° Qp°L$L$k

lp°e R>°. [°\u ÏÈqL$[_p kdprS>L$ Ïehlpfp°_u kdS>Z A_° `|hÆL$\_ dpV°$ [°_p""

Ap–dp''rhj°_y op_ Ar_hpeÆ R>°. i°fua L$l° R>°. L°$ ,k¨NW$_ _° kd≈hhy AÌpL$e

R>°. Ap–dp_p° øepg ApV$gp° dl–h_p° lp°hp R>[p¨ dp_kip˜dp¨ [° rhj° ¬ep_ k•p ‚\d

A°qfıV$p°V$g° ]$p°eyØ l[y d_p°rhop_ _u Ïepøep Ap`[p [°Z° L$lez l[y L°$ "" d_p° rhop_

A°V$g° Ap–dp_y rhop_ ''1930 \u Ap rhj° dp_kip˜uAp°dp¨ h yfk °]p

\ep° R>°. ""Ap–dp ''_p øepg rhj° QQpÆ Apf¨c L$fhpdp¨ rhrgedS>°Ák ,

S>°ÁkbpÎX$rh_, QpÎkÆ Ly$gu , ∆.A°Q.duX$ hN°f° dyøe R>°. Ap kde° L$VÆ$

L$p°aLp , L$VÆ ÎeyB_ , ∆.X$bÎey Ap°g`p°VÆ$, A°d.i°fua ,L°$fiV$≤ug hN°f°A°

qL≠$d[u apmp° Ap‡ep° R>°.$

v Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u Ïepøep :-

ÏeL$r[ S>°_° `p°[p_u ≈[ [fuL°$ Ap°mM° R>°.S>°_° `p°[p_p h[Æ__p¨ L$[Æp

CH-1 35

[fuL°$ ıhuL$pf° R>°. [°Z° S> Ap h[Æ_ L$eyÆ R>°. [°_°" ıh 'L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

v eyN :-"" L°$V$gp¨L$ ıh_° A°L$ Ap¤‚q[L$ [fuL°$ ,[°_° ÏeqL$[–h_p k¨NW$_ A_°

rı\f[p dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf [–h [fuL°$ NZph° R>°. [° dp_hu_p° dp_rkL$ fu[° k¨ |ZÆ[p

∞p‡[ L$fhp_p° R>°.rhipm A\Ædp¨ ÏeqL$[ S>°_° `p°[° A_° `p°[p_y L$l° R>°. A_° [°_u kp\°

A°L$Í$`[p A_ych° R>°. [° b^p _p° kfhpmp° "ıh' L$l°hpe. rhqged S>°Ák "ıh

'_° ≈Z_pf [°dS> ≈Zhp_u hı[y A°d bfl° ıhÍ$ ° ıhuL$pf° R>°. ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u

Ly$]$f[u iqL$[ Ap°_° rhL$kphu |ZÆ b_phhp_u dl°√R>p fph° R>°. fp°S>kÆ A_° d°ıgp°

_u ]$πrÙ$A° S>Í$qfep[p° _u Ó°Zudp¨ "ıh' ÏeqL$[ _u Ó°ÛW$[d S>Í$qfep[ R>°.S>°_° [°_u

Afie khÆ S>Í$fuep[p° k¨[p°jpe `R>u [° `lp¢Qu iL°$ R>°. A_° "ıh' _p° ep°¡e rhL$pk

L$f° R>°. d°ıgp°_u rhQpf kfZudp¨ S>Í$qfep[p° _p° æ$d `p¨Q rhcpN dp¨ Ap °gp° R>°.

1 ipfuqfL$ S>Í$qfep[p°

2 kgpd[u _u S>Í$qfep[p°

3 ‚°d_u S>Í$qfep[p°

4 ∞r[õ$p _u S>Í$qfep[p°

5 Ap–dkp\ÆL$[p (Ap–dkpnp–L$pf)_u S>Í$qfep[p°

`l°gu Qpf S>ù$qfep[p° k¨[p°jpe `R>u ^Zuhpf dpZk_° A°L$ ‚L$pf _p°

Ak¨[p°j fl° R>°. Qpf°e S>ù$qfep[p°_p k¨[p°j R>u Z dpZk b°Q°_ fl° R>°. [°_° p°[p_p

∆h_ dp¨ L$p¨BL$ MyV$[y gpN° R>°. [° S>ù$qfep[ [° Ap–d kpnp–L$pf _u R>°.

"Ap–dkpnp–L$pf' iÂ]$ k•p ‚\d L$VÆ$Np°ÎX$ıV$pB _° ep°S>ep° l[p°.d°ıgp° A° [°_p°

Dèp°N Ap fu[° L$ep£ l[p° .

CH-1 36

v D]$plfZp° :-

1 L$rhA° Mf°Mf kyMu \hy lp°e [p° L$rh[p fQhu ≈°BA° .

2 rQ”L$pf° kpQy kyM d°mhhy lp°e [p° rQ”p° ]$p°fhp ≈°BA° d°ıgp° L$l° R>° L°$

dpZk S>° b_u iL°$ [° [°Z° b_hy S> ≈°BA° Ap–dkpnp–L$pf _p¨ Arc‡kp lp°e

R>°. ıhe¨ |r[Æ_u Aphu S>Í$rfep[ ÏeqL$[ ÏeqL$[ A° Sy>]$u Sy>]$u lp°e R>°. _°ÏeqL$[

_p Ïehkpe dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

v D]$plfZp° :-

† 1 L$p°B ˜u Ap]$iÆ N©qlZu_p Í$`dp¨ .

2 L$p°B ˜u L$pb°g ipk_L$[pÆ _p Í$`dp¨.

3 b°L$ dp¨ _p°L$fu L$epÆ `R>u `Z ipmpdp¨ rinL$ \hpdp¨.

4 L$p°B_° M°gpX$u b_hpdp¨.

5 L$p°B_° h•opr_L$ b_hppdp¨ Ap–dkpnp–L$pf \pe R>°.

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _° kdS>hpdp¨ Ap–d kpnp–L$pf _p° øepg

kdS>hp° S>ù$fu R>°. Ap\uS> "Ap–dp '_p° øepg `Z ıhuL$pfhp° S>Í$fu R>°.

d_p°rhop_ _p A°L$ `qfbm [fuL°$ "ıh'_p°øepg iù$Ap[dp¨ bpmL$ _p¨

ÏeqL$[–h_p rhL$pkdp¨ AN–e_p° cpN cS>h° R>°. L$p°B`Z bpmL$ p°[p_p rhj°_p° øepg

`p°[p_p hp[phfZ kp\°_u Ap¨[fqæ$ep dp¨\u d°mh° R>°.

v agu_p° d[ :-(]$ ÆZ rk¬^p[ Looking glass Theory)

"" Ly$Vy$b [\p kdpS>_u Afie ÏeqL$[Ap° bpmL$_° S>° fu[° Sy>A° R>° [° D`f\u

bpmL$_p° `p°[p_p rhj°_p° øepg b¨ pe R>° a|gu _p Ap rhQpf _° ]$ ÆZ _p rk¬^p¨[

(Looking glass Theory ) L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ''

Apd ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u ≈[_° dpV°$ L°$hp° øepg bp¨ ° R>°. [\p Afie gp°L$p°

dpV°$ L°$hp° øepg L$f° R>°. [°_p D`f Ap^pqf[ L°$V$guL$ `¬^r[Ap° ‹pfp ÏeqL$[–h_p

d|Îep¨L$__p ‚e–_p° ^Zp \ep R>°. `p°[p_y [\p Afie_y h[Æ_ ÏeqL$[_° `p°[p_° L°$hy

gpN°R>° [° d_p°qhop_ _p° rhje R>°. [°dp¨ ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_° $dpV°$_p° øepg L°$ Arc‚pe

CH-1 37

[°_p h[Æ__° kdS>hpdp¨ ^Zp° S> Dèp°Nu b_° R>°. [° ‹pfp ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_p° ıhuL$pf

L°$V$gp¨ ‚dpZ dp¨ L$f° R>°. [° `Z S>pZu iL$pe R>°.

Ap–d rhÔg°jZ ‚L$pf_u kïp° r_L$pAp° dp¨ `Z "ıh' dpV°$_p° øepg

R>[p° \pe R>°. g°rhfiS>f° `p°[p_p [\p Afie gp°L$p°_p¨ kïp° _ `f\u dprl[u c°Nu

L$fu_° ÏeqL$[–h_p Ap Aï_° ÏeqL$[ _u `p°[p_° dpV°$. øepg bp¨ hp_u nd[p [fuL°$

S>ZpÏep° R>°. g°rhfiS>f _p d[ ∞dpZ° D¨df,bys¬^, rinZ A_° kpdp∆L$ -Apr\ÆL$

L$np_p rhL$pk kp\° ıh_p° øepg qhL$pk pd° R>°. S>fid kde° bpmL$_p° p°[p_° dpV°$_p°

øepg qbgLyg rhL$k°gp° lp°[p° _\u `R>u [° ûd° ud° rhL$pk `pd° R>°. A_° [ù$Zhe

\u [° rı\f[p `pdhp dp¨X°$ R>°. [° kde° [° `p°[p_° dpV°$_p° øepg bubpŸ$pm A\hp

A°L$^pfp° ,Í$qY$N[ A_° kpdp∆L$ ıhuL©$r[ `pd° A°hp° b_° R>°. `R>u Ddf h^[p¨ [°

h•rh¬ehpmp° A_° hpı[rhL[p$ hpmp° b_[p° ≈e R>°. [°_° `p°[p_u rhrQ”[pAp°$_u

Tp¨Mu \pe R>°.`Z [° kh£_° [° ıhuL$pf° R>°.A° fu[° Ap–dkpnp–L$pf L$f° R°. A_° Aldπ_p°

rhL$pk A\hp I st Leval ∞p‡[ L$f° R>°. g°rhfiS>f _p d[ ‚ÁppZ° Zu ÏeqL$[Ap°

Ap R>°hV$_u rı\r[ ‚p‡[ L$fhpdp¨ r_Ûam S>pe R>°.[ù$Z he° A\hp `R>u\u `Z

S>°d_p ıh_p øepg bubpŸ$pm A\hp kdpS> dpfie S> fl° R>°. A_° h•rh¬e[p_° lp¢Q[p

_\u A_yLy$g_ _u kïp° r_L$pAp° `f h y ∞p‡[p¨L$ d°mh° R>°. A_° S>° gp°L$p° `p°[p_°

dpV°$_p øepg b]$gu _° hpı[rhL$[p_° lp°Qu h•rh¬ede b_phu Ap–dkpnp–L$pf L$fu

iL°$ R>°.g°rhfiS>f _u ]$gug A°hu Z R>° L°$. Ap–dkpnp–L$pfA° kuû guV$uA° rhL$pk

`pd[p° _\u `f¨[y¨ hgepL$pf° rhL$pk `pd° R>°.Apd kïp°^L$ _p° ‚e–_ rh^p\uÆ_p

Ap–dkpnp–L$pf _y dp`_ L$fu_° Afie qfh–ep£ kp\° [°_p° kb¨ [`pkhp_p° lp°hp\u

Ap 5∞Òphgu `k¨]$ L$f°g R>°.

CH-1 38

1.10 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A°V$g° iy ?

$Ap`Zu Qpf°e bpSy>A° Aıhı\[p, rhjp]$,D[phm ,AS>¨ p°,Aip¨r[ A_°

Ak¨[p°j _p dp°SpÄp° O|Ohu flep¨ R>°. S>N[_p rhrh^ ]°$ip°dp¨ dp_rkL$ rhL©$r[Ap°_p¨

‚ÁppZ dp¨ h^pfp° \hp gp¡ep° R>°. Ad°qfL$p S>°hp ky f°gp ]°$ip°dp¨ ]$f 10 ÏeqL$[A° 1

ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_p ∆h_dp¨ A°L$ ep bu≈ kde° L$p°B _° L$p°B d_p°rhL©$r[_p° cp°N b_[u

lp°e R>°. S>N[_p rhrh^ n°”p°dp¨ \[u rhrh^ E\g `p\g S>°hu L°$,fpS>L$ue,

Apr\ÆL$,kpdprS>L$ ,c•pNp°rgL$ h•opr_L$ Ası\f[p ≈°[p¨ Ap`Z°_° \pe R>° L°$ dp_h

≈[_° ApS>° k•p\u h^pf° S>Í$f dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u S> R>°.

dp_rıpL$ ıhpı’e_° L$pfZ° ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u kp\°, kdpS> kp\° kyd°m

kpû iL°$ R>°. dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A°V$$g° [¨]y$fı[ ÏeqL$[–h rhL$pk A_° dp_rkL$ fp°N_p

lzdgp\u bQhp dpV°$_p° Ïehrı\[ h•opr_L$ ‚e–_ R>°. dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e,

l[pip,k¨ jÆ,rhL©$[ tQ[p A_° d_p°cpf\u dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e Mp°fhpe R>°. S>°dp¨ A°L$

\u h y ]$bpZ gph_pfu `qfsı\r[Ap° Aıhı\[p [fa gB ≈e R>°. v

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u ÏepøepAp°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u ÏepøepAp° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°.

1 L$g°B_ :-""dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A°V$g° ÏeqL$[ A_° kdpS>_p këp°S>_`f

Akf L$f[p¨ b^p S> qfbmp°_p° Ïehrı\[ AÊepk _p qfbmp°_p° ape]$pL$pfL$

Dèp°N''

2 kp°f°fik A_° dp_ :-"" dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A°V$g° dp_rkL$ ip¨r[ ''

3 hp°ÎV$f S>° L$p°rhg° :-"" dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ dp_rkL$ rbdpfu

AV$L$phhp_p A_° hl°gpkf kpfhpf _p `Ngp _p° kdph°i \pe R>°. A_° [°

‹pfp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ h©s¬^ \pe R>°. dp_rkL$ Apfpd A° A°L$ k¨Ly$g øepg

R>°. S>°dp¨ A_°L$ `pkpAp°_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. kp•‚\d L$guap°XÆ$ X$bÎey rbekÆ

(1876 -1943 )_p¨ Npmpdp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u Qmhm Qgphu _° ""A

Mind that found it self '' `yı[L$ gøey¨ Ap D`fp¨[ ^Zp¨ b^p¨

CH-1 39

kïp° _p° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e D`f ]°$i-rh]°$idp¨ \ep R>°. S>°d_p L°$V$gp _uQ°

dyS>b R>°. gˇdu_pfpeZ A_° ‚cpL$f _° (1993) _p A¬ee_ dp¨

S>Zph° R>° L°$, 20-30 hjÆ_p S|>\_p L$dÆQpfuAp° _bmu L$np_y dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

^fph[p l[p ,S>epf° 30 hjÆ `R>u [°Ap°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e dp¨ ky pfp° \ep°

l[p° `f¨[y 50 hjÆ `R>u afu dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _bmy `X$[y ≈e R>°.

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p dp`]$X$ :-

d°fu S>lp°X$p _pd_p¨ d_p°h•opr_L$ _p¨ d[° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _y dp`]¨$X$ _uQ°

‚ÁppZ° Apù iL$pe.

1 dp_rkL$ rbdpfu _ lp°hu .

2 h[Æœ|L$ _u kpdpfie[p /_d|_°]$pf h[ÆZ|L$.

3 hp[phfZ kp\° kp_|Ly$m[p.

4 ÏeqL$[–h_u Ap¨[qfL$ |ZÆ[p.

5 hpı[rhL$[p_u ı`Ù$ kdS>.

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p gnZp° :-

Sy>]$pSy>]$p d_p°h•opr_L$p°A° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ gnZp° _uQ° dyS>b

NZph°gp R>°.

1 kpfu ipfurfL$ [¨]y$fı[u

2 k¨[p°jL$pfL$ kpdprS>L$ kb¨

3 ÏerL$[N[ dl“h A\hp ıhdp_

4 Ap¨[f k|T

5 S>hpb]$pfu_u cph_pAp°

6 kd[p°g Aph°N -rhL$pk

7 hpı[hdp¨ fl°hp_u h©r—

8 `p°[p_u ∆h__u agp°kp°qa

9 kS>Æ_ iug L$pep£_u h©r—

CH-1 40

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _° Akf L$f[p `qfbmp° :-

1 bpmL$ _u ep°¡e ipfuqfL$ [¨]y$fı[u kpQhhp_u ep°¡e `¬^r[

2 bpmL$p° dpV°$ dp_rkL$ ◊rÙ$ A° ep°¡e [¨]y$fı[ hp[phfZ

3 dp[pr`[p [fa\u bpmL$ _° L•$pVy$rbL$ ∆h_ dpV°$ S>hpb]$pfu dpV°$_u

[pgud_p° Acph

4 ipmp∆h_dp¨ Ap¨[fqL∞ep

5 b•p°s¬^L$ A_° ÏeqL$[ rhL$pk_u ◊rÙ$ A° bpmL$p° _p° ep°¡e AÊepk

6 bpmL$p°_u dp_rkL$ dyÌL°$gu dp¨ A`p[y dpNÆ]iÆ_

7 bpmL$p°_p° ep°¡e ipmpL$ue kpdprS>L$ rhL$pk $

8 Afie kpdprS>L$ k¨ı\pAp° kp\°_u Ap¨[f qæ$epAp°

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _° ≈°Mdph_pfu bpb[p° :-

dp_rkL$ fu[° ıhı\ fl°hy A°V$g° ‚kfl fl°hy ∞kfl[p_° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_° ^Zp°S> NpY$ kb¨ R>°. ‚kfl[p A° rh^peL$ Aph°N R>°. ‚kfl[p

D–`fl\pe [°hu ‚h©r— Ap° ÏÈqL$[ L$f[p fl° –ep¨ ky u [°_u dp_rkL$ ıhı\[p

≈°Mdpi° _rl.`f¨[y S>epf ° k¨ jÆ D–`_ \pe R>°. –epf° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

≈°Mdpi° dp_rkL$ khpı’e ≈°Mdph_pfp `qfbmp° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.1 tQ[p

2 ]$d_

3 kpdprS>L$ kdpep°S>_ _p° Acph †

4 ipfuqfL$ ıhpı’e _p°Acph

5 Aph°Niug[p

6 ≈q[e d|mc|[ h©r—

7 S>Í$qfep[p° _u A[©r‡[

8 l[pip A_° k¨ jÆ

9 bpm`Z dp¨ kyep°¡e rhL$pk _p° Acph

10 d¨]$ cpjp rhL$pk ,byr¬^, Apr\ÆL$ sı\r[ hN°f°..

CH-1 41

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p `pkpAp° :-

‚ı[y[ kïp° _ dp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ dyøe–h° `p¨Q `pkpÄp°_° L°$fi]≤dp¨

fpMu_° A¬ee_ L$f°g R>°. Ap `p¨Q `pkpÄp° _uQ° dyS>b R>°.

1 hpı[rhL$[p _y ‚–enuL$fZ

2 kyN∞q\[ ÏeqL$[–h

3 rh^peL$ ıh -d|Îep¨L$_

4 S|>\ ArcdyM hgZp°

5 èpÆhfZ `f ‚cy–h

Ap `pkpÄp°_u rhı[©[ kdS|>[u _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.

1 hpı[rhL$[p _y ‚–enuL$fZ :-

hpı[rhL$[p_y ‚–enuL$fZ A°V$g° ÏeqL$[ b_ph L°$ lΩu[_y e\p\Æ

A_°hı[ygnu ‚–enuLfZ S>° ÏeqL$[ hpı[rhL$[p\u ]|$f cpN[u _\u `f¨[y

A°_p° ıhuL$pf L$epÆ bp]$ A°dp¨ a°fapf \B iL$[p° lp°e [p° A° L$fhp_p° ‚e–_ L$f°

R>°. `p°[p_u iqL$[Ap°_y A_° nr[Ap°_y cp_ lp°e R>°.Aphu ÏeqL$[ hpı[rhL$

_bmpBAp°_° Y¨p$L$hp_° b]$g° hı[ygnu ArcNd ‹pfp `p°[p_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _° ky pfhdp¨ h y fk ÏeL$[ L$f° R>°. hpı[rhL$[p_p¨ ‚–enuL$fZ _p¨

`pkp¨ f KQp p‡[p¨L$ d°mh_pf k¨[p°j‚]$ A_° kpfy$ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e k|Qh°

R>°. –epf° _uQp ∞p‡[p¨L$ d°mh_pf Ak¨[p°jL$pfL$ A_° _bmy dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

k|Qh° R>°.

2 kyN∞r\[ ÏeqL$[–h :-

kyN∞r\[ ÏeqL$[–h A°V$g° ÏÈqL$[_u A¨]$f fl°g d_p°ipfuqfL$

[¨”p° S>° hp[phfZ kp\° k¨[p°j‚]$ kdpep°S>_ _Ωu L$f° R>°. [°hy Nr[iug

k¨NW_ R>°. dl]π$ Aï° Aphu ÏeqL$[ Aph°N_u ◊rÛVA° sı\f A_° kd[p°g lp°e

CH-1 42

R>°. S>° hpı[rhL$[p A_° S>hpb]$pfu_u cph_p ‚–e° kcp_ A_° qS¨]$Nu ‚–e°

rh^peL$ hgZ_u >h©r— hpmu lp°e R>°. kyN∞q\[ ÏeqL$[–h_p¨ `pk¨p `f KQp

∞p·p¨L$ d°mh_pf k¨[p°jL$pfL$ A_° kpù$¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e k|Qh° R>°.

3 rh^peL$ ıh-d|ÎepL$_ :-

rh^peL$ ıh-d|ÎepL$_ A°V$g° ÏerL$[ _p° p°[p_p ÏeqL$[–h_p kpfp

, _bmp¨ ,rhL$rk[-AqhL$rk[ `pkpÄp°_p° iL$e [°V$gp° kpQp° A_° hpı[rhL$

`qfQe L°$mhhp dpV°$_p° rh^peL$ ArcNd `qfqı\q[_y kpQy d|Îep¨L$_ L$fhp

dpV°$ ]$f°L$ `qfsı\r[ _p° `|fp° AÊepk L$eÆp bp]$ S> d|Îep¨L$_ L$f° R>°. Aphu

ÏeqL$[_p rhQpf hpZu h[Æ_ D`f V$uL$p \pe [p° A° A°_° h^pf° kpfu fu[° Qphu

iL°$ R>°, d|ghu iL°$ R>°.V$uL$p kpQu lp°e [p° A° ıhuL$pfu g° R>°. p°[p_u MpduAp° ]|$f

L$fhp b_[p b^p¨ S> ‚epkp° L$fu R|V$° R>°. Apd R>[p¨ A°dp¨ r_Ûam ≈e [p°

`Z `p°[p_u ‚r[õ$pdp¨ `p°[p_p ıhøepg _° _uQ° gB S>B _° g y[pN∞q\

A_ych[p° _\u. rh^peL$ ıh d|Îep¨L$_ _p `pkp¨ `f KQp ‚p·p¨L$ d°mh_pf

k¨[p°j‚]$ A_° kpfy$ dp_r>kL ıhpı’e $k|Qh° R>°.S>epf° _uQp ‚p·p¨L$ d°mh_pf

Ak¨[p°jL$pfL$ A_° _bmy dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e k|Qh° R>°.

4 S|>\ gnu/S|>\ ArcdyM hgZp° :-

S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ A°V$g° S|>\_p kÊep° kp\° [p]$p–Áe kp^hp_u

h©r— L°$ A °np .S|>\_p kÊep° ‚–e° r_õ$p A_° Ap–due[p_p kb¨ p° bp¨ hp,

S|>\_p ¬e°ep° _L$L$u L$fhp ,S|>\dp¨ ApN°hp_u g°hp_u h©r— , A_° S>|\_p kÊep°

S>°hu kdp_ gpNZu A_° rhQpf kfZu fphhp_u A °np h©r— S|>\ ArcdyM

hgZ pkp¨ f KQp ∞p·p¨L$ d°mh_pf k¨[p°j‚]$ A_° kpfy dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

k|Qh° R>°. S>epf° _uQp ‚p‡[p¨L$ d°mh_pf Ak¨[p°jL$pfL$ A_° _bmy dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e k|Qh° R>°.

CH-1 43

5 ‚epÆhfZ ‚cy–h :-

‚epÆhfZ ‚cy–h A°V$g° ÏerL$[_° `p°[p_u _hu _hu

`qfsı\q[Ap°_° kpfu fu[° `lp¢Qu hmhp dpV°$ `p°[p_u iqL$[Ap°_y e\p\Æ ]$iÆ_

R>°.ÏeqL$[ p°[° p°[p_p ∆h¨[ hp[phfZ _° pfM_pf Ó°ÛW$ ÷Ù$p R>°. ÏeqL$[_p

op_p–dL$ ,cphp–dL$ A_° qæ$ep–dL$ `pkp¨ `f ApSy>bpSy> _p èÆphfZ _u S>°

Akf \pe R>°. [°_y d|Îep¨L$_ L$fu_° hı[ygnu r_ZÆe g°hp_u AphX$[ Ap bpb[

dp¨ KQp ‚p‡[p¨L$p° k¨[p°j‚]$ A_° kpfy epÆhfZ ‚cy–h k|Qh° R>°. S>Èpf° _uQp

∞p‡[p¨L$ d°mh_pf Ak¨[p°jL$pfL$ A_° _bmy dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e k|Qh° R>°.Apd

, dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A° A°L$ A¨N[ kdS>_u ^V$_p R>°. [° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

hpmu ÏeqL$[_p¨ kdS> _p Ap^pf° A_ychpe R>°. dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p°

AÊepk A° A°L$ S>Í$fu A_° M|b S> AN–e_p° b_u fl° R>°.ÏephkpreL$

`qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ kp\°_u [°_u kuû Ap¨[fqL∞ep R>°.

v dp_rkL$ Apfp°¡e dpV°$_p k|Q_p° :-

L$p°B`Z ÏeqL$[_y dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e bNX$ey lp°e [° kdpS> kp\°

kyd°m kpû iL [p° _\u.[°_y¨ ∆h_ q_fk,l°[yrhlu_ b_u ≈e R>°.[°\u

h•eqL[L$ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ≈mhhp dpV°$ _p L°$V$gp¨L$ k|Q_p°$ _uQ° ‚dpZ°R>°.

1 ÏeqL$[N[ tQ[p_° R>p°X$p° .

2 ipfuqfL$ ıhpı’e ≈mhp°.

3 gpNZuAp°_u Ïehsı\[ fS|Ap[ L$fp°.

4 dp_rkL$ Apfp°¡È dpV°$ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u k¨ı\p_u ı\p`_p L$fp°.

5 dp_rkL$ qæ$epAp°_u ep°¡È fS|>Ap[ L$fp° .

6 cph rhf°Q_ L$fhy ,]$d_ _ L$fhy.

7 Apk`pk _p hp[phfZ _° b]$gp°.

8 B√R>piqL$[ _° ◊Y$ b_php° .

9 `p°[p_u gpeL$p[,rhQpfp° A_° Aph°Np° _° kd≈°.

CH-1 44

1.11 AN–e_p `]$p° _u Ïepøep :-

AÊepkdp¨ Dèp°Ndp¨ gu °g kpdpfie iÂ]$p° A_° `pqfcprjL$ iÂ]$p°

_u Ïepøep L$fhp\u hpQL$ [° Qp°L$L$k A\Æ kd∆ iL°$.‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ AN–e_p

`]$p°_u Ïepøep _uQ° ‚dpZ° L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

1 rh¤p\uÆ :-rh¤p\w A°V$g° bpmd¨q]$f \u dp¨X$u _° dlprh¤pge _u A¨r[d

X$uN∞u ky u r_e[ AÊepk æ$d,k¨ı\p kp\° ≈°X$pB _° AÊepk L$f[u ÏerL$[

rh¤p\w A°V$g° rh¤p +A\w= rh¤p d°mhhp dpV°$ B√R>p fpMu_° rinZ k¨ı\p

kp\° ≈°X$pe°g ÏeqL$[.

2 AÊepk_y hjÆ :-Alu AÊepk_y hjÆ iÂ]$ _p° A\Æ D√Q rinZ _u kı\p

_p k¨]cÆ dp¨ g°hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S°dL°$, ‚\dhjÆ ı_p[L$,q‹[uehjÆ ı_p[L$

[©[uehjÆ ı_p[L$ , ‚\d hjÆ A_yı_p[L$ ,q‹[uehjÆ A_yı_p[L$ .

3 L$p °Á‡eyV$frinZ :-eyr_hqkÆV$u dpfie L$p °Á‡eyV$f ‚hpldp¨

A°a.hpe.bu.ku.A° , A°k.hpe.bu.ku.A°.,V$u.hpe.

bu.ku.A°.,A°d.ku.A°., X$u.ku.A°k., ù.∆.X$u.ku.A°k. ,L$p°Á‡eyV$f rhje

kp\° A°a.hpe. bu.L$p°d.,A°k.hpe.bu.L$p°d.,V$u.hpe.bu.L$p°d.

4 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ :-eyr_hqkÆV$u dpfie rh_e_ ipMp ,hprZS>e

ipMpdp¨ iuMhhpdp¨ Aph[y L$p°Á‡eyV$f rhje rkhpe _y rinZ .

5 rh¤pipMp :- AÊepk dp¨ cZhp dpV°$ ]$pMg \pe –epf° Sy>]$uSy>]$u ipMp

A°V$g° L°$ a°L$ÎV$u lp°e R>°. S>°d L°$ ApVÆ$k , L$p°dkÆ , kpefik ,L$p°Á‡eyV$$f qinZ

hN°f° Alu kïp° _ dp¨ dp” ApVÆ$k,L$p°dkÆ, A_° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u ipMp g°hpdp¨

Aphu R>°.

6 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_y `qfZpd :- S>°ÏeqL$[ `pk° Ap `Òphgu

cfphhp _u R>°. [°_p pR>gp hjÆdp¨ L°$V$gp V$L$p gB qfZpd d°mÏey R>° [°. S>°d L°$

, 50 %,60%,70%, hN°f° L$p°B`Z V$L$phpfu 1 \u 100 _u A¨]$f lp°B iL°$.

CH-1 45

7 ≈r[ :- rh¤p\w_u ≈r[ A°V$g° [°d_u ı”u L°$ yùj lp°hp_u `qfrı\r[.

8 Ly$Vy$¨b _p° ‚L$pf :- rh¤p\uÆ_y¨ kpdprS>L$ ı[f A_° Apr\ÆL$ ı[f ‚dpZ°

kdpS>dp¨ [°_y D√Q ı\p_ ,d¬ed ı\p_ L°$ r_Á_ ı\p_ _u dp”pAp°

9 L$p°g°S> :-^p°fZ 12 `R>u D√Q AÊepk L$fhpdp S>° S>¡ÈpA° rh^p\w ]$pMg

\pe R>°.[°k¨ı\p_° dlprh^pge L°$ L$p°g°S> L$l° R>°. S>ep¨ [°_° ı_p[L$ -A_yı_p[L$

X$uN∞u dm°R>°.

10 fl°W$pZ :- rh¤p\w L$ep ı\m°\u AÊepk L$fhp Aph° R>°. A° ◊rÙ$ A° A Æil°fu

A_° il°fu rh¤p\w A°hp b° rhcpN `pX$hpdp¨ AÏep R>°.

11 A Æil°fu :- S>° rhı[pf _u hı[u Ap°R>u lp°e R>° Ap D`fp¨[ Alu¨ ¨rhL$pk_u

kyrh^p `Z Ap°R>u lp°e R>°. [°_° A Æ il°fu L$l°R>°.

12 il°fu :-S>° rhı[pf_u hı[u M|b S> h^pf° lp°e [°dS> rhL$pk _u kyrh^p lp°eR>°.

`R>p[ lp°[p _\u [°_° il°fu L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

13 ip°M :-ip°M A°V$g° L$B bpb[ dp¨ fk R>°. ArcfyqQ R>°. ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[ L$p°B _°

L$p°B ‚h©r— dp¨ fk fph° R>°. [° ‚h©r—° hNf ]$bpZ° L°$ tQ¬e°° A°_p q]$g\u L$f° R>°.

A_° kam[p d°mh° R>°. ]$p.[.hpQ_ ,g°M_,d_p°f¨S>_,fd[Nd[ ,‚hpk hN°f°

bpb[dp¨ ÏeqL$[A° ÏeqL$[A° AgN AgN ip°M lp°e R>°.

14 azfk]$_p kde _u ‚h©q— :- rh¤p\w `p°[p_p rh^pÊepk dp¨\u L°$V$gp°L$

kde L$pY$u A_° ıhı\ \php dpV°$ Afie ‚h©r— L$f° R>° ]p$.[. hpQ_ L$f° ,Nu[

kp¨cm° ,qæ$L°$V$ fd° ‚h©r— L$f° [°_° azfk]$ _p kde_u ‚h©r— [fuL°$ Ap°mMhpdp¨

Aph° R>°.

15 L$p°Á‡eyV$f :- Ap A°L$ e¨”$R>°. ^Zu Ap°R>u dl°_[° T>X$ù L$pdNufu L$fu

rhÔg°jZ A_° A\Æ^V$_ L$fu Ap`_pfu A°L$ gpnqZL$ ep¨q”L$ `°]$pi R>°.

L$p°Á‡eyV$f dpql[u _° k¨N∞l° R>° A_° [°_u f ∞qæep L$f° R>° L$p°Á‡eyV$f_° Ap`Zp

dNS>_y A_yb¨ _ L$lu iL$pe [°_u d]$]$\u Ap`Z° Ap`Zp° L°$V$gp°L$ L$peÆcpf

Ap°R>p° L$fu iL$uA° R>uA°.

CH-1 46

16 ıh øepg :- ÏeqL$[_° `p°[p_u ipfuqfL$-dp_rkL$ iqL$[Ap°_y op_ A°V$$g°

ıh -øepg. `p°[p_u rhriÛV$ iqL$[ ,rhriÛV$ fk, `p°[p_u ipfuqfL$ dp_rkL$

_bmpB _u ı`ÛV$ kdS> A°V$g° ıh øepg .

17 hpı[rhL$[p_y ‚–enuL$fZ :- S>° ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_p¨ l°[y k¨[pX$u _ iL°$ L°$ ,

[°_p\u `gpe_ _ \B iL°$ [°dS> [°_° hpı[rhL$[p ıhuL$pfhu S> `X°$ A_° [°_p°

kpd_p° L$fhp° `X°$ [°dS> [° bpb[_° ıhuL$pfu_° [°dp¨ ep°¡e a°fpapfp° L$fhp

‚e–_ L$fhp° S>°_° hpı[rhL$[p_y ‚–enuL$fZ L$lu iL$pe. Aphu ÏeqL$[ p°[p_u

byr¬^ A¨N° kcp_ lp°e R>°. A_° [° [°_p _bmp `pkp¨ Ap° A¨N° `Z kcp_

lp° eR>°. [°dS> [°_p° Bfp]$p° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ky pfhp _p° lp°e R>°.[° bu∆ ÏÈqL$[

_u MpduAp° ip° [u _\u .

18 kyN∞q\[ ÏeqL$[–h :- ÏeqL$[–h A°V$g° ÏeqL$[_p¨ d_p° ipfuqfL$ [¨”_yA°hy

kNW$_ L°$ S>° ÏeqL$[_p p°[p_p epÆhfZ kp\° _y rhqiÛV$ A_° ApNhy kdpep°S>_

q_Zw[ L$f° R>°. Aphu ÏeqL$[Ap° h[Æ_ `pkp¨ ,iqL$[ A_° d_p°Ïep`pf _°

këp°∆_° [°d_p° Dèp°N L$fu ÏeqL$[–h _° A°L$ A°L$d b_ph° R>°. [°_y hgZ

lL$pfp–dL$ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

19 rh^peL$ ıh d|ÎepL$_ :- rh^peL$ ıh d|Îep¨L$_ A°V$g° L$p°B Qp°L$L$k

ÏeqL$[_y rh^peL$ hgZ A°V$g° L°$ ,kpfu _bmu [°dS> rhL$k[u A_° rhL$qk[

bpb[p°. S>° ÏeqL$[–h_p `pkp¨ R>° [°_p ‚–e° ÏeqL$[_y rh^peL$ hgZ . Aphu

ÏeqL$[ Nd° [°hu `qfsı\q[dp¨ lp°e [p° `Z r_ZÆe gB g° R>°.A_° [°_p rhi°

d|Îep¨L$_ `Z L$f° R>°.

20 S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ :-S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ A°V$g° L$p°B S|>\ _u A¨]$f A°L$

Í`[p_u gpNZuAp° ı\p`hu $ S|>\_p kÊep° h√Q° NpY$ k¨b¨ p° A_°

gpNZuAp° rhL$kphhu S|>\ dpV°$ AdyL$ Qp°L$L$k ¬e°ep° [p° lp°hpS> ≈°BA° A_°

[° ¬e°e_° kdN∞ S|>\_p kÊep°A° A_ykfhp S>p°BA°.S>°_° S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ

L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>°dp¨ ÏeqL$[ S|\>_p ep°¡e A_° Aep°¡e r_edp° , qfhp≈° ,

CH-1 47

Ïehlpfp° dp¨ kyep°¡e Ap¨[fqæep L$f° R>°.

21 èpÆhfZ `f ‚cy–h :-èpÆhfZ `f ‚cy–h A°V$g° Nd° [°hu `qfrı\r[

Dcu \pe [°_u kp\° ep°¡e fu[° h[Æhy .dpZk S>p[ `p°[p_u Apk`pk_p¨

èpÆhfZ kp\° kdpep°S>_ kpû g° R>°. S>° [°_y D—d kdpep°S>_ R>°.ÏeqL$[_u

dp_rkL$ gpNZuAp° A_° ipfuqfL$ iqL$[Ap° f p°[p_p AÊepk_p¨ hp[phfZ

_u Akf \pe R>°. hp[phfZ kp\° ep°¡e fu[° kdpep°S>_ kp^hp ÏeqL$[ `pk°

S>° iqL$[Ap° R>°. [°_p Dèp°N ‹pfp èpÆhfZ kp\° kd[yrg[ Ap`-g°_u

qæ$ep L$fu_° èpÆhfZ_° ıhuL$pf° R>°. A_° S>Í$f `X°$ [p° èpÆhfZ _p ^V$L$p°dp¨

e\p ep°¡e a°fapf L$fhp ‚e–_p° L$f° R>°.

1.12 `ı[y[ AÊepk_p `qfh–ep£ :-

"" ‚ep°N L$[pÆ ‚ep°N_u `qfsı\r[dp¨ a°fapf L$fu iL°$ R>° ‚ep°Ndp¨ S>°

`qfsı\r[ b]$ghpdp¨ Aph° R>° [°_° `qfh–eÆ L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

kïp° _ kdıepdp¨ kdpe°gp rhrh^ qfh–ep£ _° Ap°mMhp A_° [°d_°

ÏehlpqfL$ Ïepøepre[ L$fhp A° AÊepk _y AN–e _y kp° p_ R>°. ‚ı[y[ AÊepk

_p l°[yAp° _° k¨]cÆ dp¨ fpMu ıh[¨” qfh–eÆ ,`f[¨” qfh–eÆ A_° r_e¨r”[ qfh–eÆ

[\p [°_u rhrh^ L$npAp° _L$Lu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u .

X$u.A°d°V$p° ‚dpZ° `qfh–ep°Æ_y hNwL$fZ :-

`qfh–eÆ

ıh[¨”†Ap^pqf[ ‚ı[y[ NyZp–dL$ ‚dpZp–dL$

Type E Type S k[[ M¨qX$$[

CH-1 48

1.12.1 ıh[” `qfh–eÆ :-

"" In general ,an Independent Voariable is any Variable

Manipulated By "E " either directly or through selection in or-

der to determine its effects on a behavieral mesaure (depend-

ent variable )

""ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ A° dp`_ L$f[p h[Æ_ `pkp D`f Akf L$[pÆ A°hy

`qfh–eÆ R>° S>°_y ‚ep°NL$[pÆ ku y A\hp `k¨]$Nu ‹pfp lı[p° ep°S>_ L$f° R>°.''

""ıh[¨” qfh–eÆ A°V$g° ‚ep°Ndp¨ S>° qfh–eÆ_k Akf [`pkhp_u R>°.

A°hy `qfh–eÆ .''

1 AÊepk_y hjÆ :- rh^p\w dlprh^pge _p L$ep hjÆ dp¨ AÊepkL$f°

R>°. A°V$g° L°$ ‚\dhjÆ ,q‹[uehjÆ ,[©[uehjÆ L°$ A_y ı_p[L$dp¨ [°_°

AÊepk _y hjÆ NZ°g R>°.

2 rh^pipMp :- dlprh^pge dp¨ rh_e_ ,hprZS>e , rhop_ A_°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f‚hpl _° rh^pipMp [fuL°$ g°hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. L$p°Á‡eyV$f rhje

_° Ap^pf° L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p rh^p\wAp° [°d ¬ep_ dp gu °g

R>°.

3 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_y `qfZpd :-dlprh^pge dp¨ S>° [° hjÆ

_p Ly$g NyZ dp¨\u d°mh°g NyZ _u kfpkfu V$L$pdp¨ L$pY$u _° [°_p Ap^pf°

eyq_hrkÆV$u _p r_ed ‚dpZ X$uıV$vL$i_,‚\d hNÆ, q‹[uehNÆ, A_°

[©[uehNÆ A°d NZhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

X$uıV$vL$i_ A°V$g° 70 % L°$ [°\u h y

‚\dhNÆ A°V$g° 60 % \u 70 % _u h√Q°

q‹[uehNÆ A°V$g° 48% V$L$p \u h y A_° 60 % \u _uQ°

[©[uehNÆ A°V$g° 48 % \u _uQ°

CH-1 49

4 ≈r[e[p :-‚ı[y[ AÊepk dp¨ R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp° bfl° _°

`k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. L$pfZ L°$ ,≈q[ _u Akf [`pkhu R>°.

5 Ly$Vy$b _p° ∞L$pf :- Ap `qfh–eÆ _° ”Z rhcpN dp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ ApÏey

R>°.S>°dp¨ D√Q Ly$Vy$b, d¬edLy$Vy$b, A_° r_Á_Ly$Vy$b A°d hl°QZu L$fhpdp¨

AphuR>°.

6 fl°W$pZ :- A Æil°fu A°V$g° S>°_u hı[u Ap°R>u R>° rhL$pk [°dS> Ap yr_L$

kyrh^pAp° Ap°R>u R>° [°hp rhı[pf, il°fu A°V$g° hı[u h y R>° rhL$pk _u

[L$p° h y R>°.Ap yr_L$ kyrh^pAp° rhi°j R>° [°hp il°f.

7 ip°M :- rh^p\w_° L$B bpb[ dp¨ ip°M R>° [° ≈Zhy [°_° AÊepk

rkhpe bu∆ h^y L$B bpb[ dp¨ fk R>°, ArcÍ$rQ R>° [° ≈Zhy¨

fd[Nd[,d°]$p_ _u ı`^pÆAp°dp¨ fk lp°e [°_° ipqffuL$ ip°M L$l°hpe

S>epf° hL$[©–h ı`^pÆ ,r_b¨ ı`^pÆ,dp_rkL$ ‚h©r—Ap°dp¨ fk lp°e [°°

dp_rkL$ ip°M NZpe.

8 ayfk]$ _p kde _u ‚h©q— :- AÊepk _p kde qkhpe_p kde

]$fÁep_ rh^p\w ‹pfp L$fhpdp Aph[u ‚h©q— _° ayfk]$_p kde_u ‚h©r[

L$l°hpe .

1.12.2 Ap^pqf[ `qfh–eÆ :-

"" A dependent Variable is any behaviaral Variable meas-

ured by "E " to assess the effect of a manipulated (independ-

ent ) variable. ""

""Ap^pqf[ `qfh–eÆ A°Vg° ıh[¨” `rfh–eÆdp¨ \[p¨ a°fL$pfp° `f S>°

Ap^pqf[ R>°. [° '' $

Ap^pqf[ `qfh–eÆ A\hp `f ¨” `qfh–eÆ A° A°hp° ^V$L$ R>°. S>°

ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ _u Akf [`pkhp dpV°$ r_funZ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_°

dp`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.Ap A°hy `qfh–eÆ R>° S>° ıh[¨” `rfh–eÆ dp¨ a°fapf \hp_p

CH-1 50

L$pfZ° a°fapf pd° R>°. [° ıh[¨” qfh–eÆ _p d|Îe f Ap^pqf[ R>°. Ap AÊepk

dp¨ ”Z `qfh–ep£ _° Ap^pqf[ `qfh–ep£ [fuL°$ gu^p R>°.

1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p ‚p‡[p¨L$ .

2 Ap–drhÔg°jZ ∞p‡[p¨L$.

3 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ∞p‡[p¨L$.

1.12.3 Ap¨[fh[w `qfh–ep£ :-

L°$V$gpL$ `qfh–eÆ_u Akf ^pfhu `X°$ R>°. A°V$g° L°$ Aphp `qfh–eÆ_u [°

Akf ‚–en ≈°B iL$pe R>°. `f¨[y Ap¨[fh[w `rfh–eÆ kQp°V$ dpù iL$p[y¨

_\u.Aphp `rfh–eÆ _u `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ `f \[u Akf_u dp” ^pfZp S> \B

iL°$ R>°.Aphp `qfh–eÆ _° Ap¨[fh[w L°$ S>°_° `f[¨” `qfh–eÆ `f gpNy `pX$hpdp¨

Aph[p _\u L°$ [°_u Akf Z A¨L$yri[ L$fu iL$p[u _\u f¨[y ıh[¨” qfh–eÆ

_u `f[¨” `qfh–eÆ `f \[u Akf dp¨\u Aphp `qfh–ep£_u Akf _y¨ dp”

A_ydp_ L$fu iL$pe R>°.

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° Ap¨[fh[u Æ `qfh–ep£ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

1 Ap–d rhÔg°jZ dpV°$ D–kpl

2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$_p¨ Ap¨[qfL$ ^V$L$p°

3 rh¤p\wAp°_p° AÊepk A_° Ly$Vy$b _y ı[f

4 h[Ædp_ kpdprS>L$ hp[phfZ

5 rh¤p\wAp°_p° rhrh^ ‚h©r[Ap°dp¨ ip°M

6 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ \u rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Aph[p ıhøepg _u ^V$_pAp°

Apdp¨\u AdyL$ `qfh–eÆ _y ı`ÛV$ dp`_ \B iL$[y _\u

CH-1 51

1.12.4 i•nrZL$ `qfh–eÆ :-

v rh¤p\w _p° ‚L$pf :- qh¤p\w_p° ‚L$pf A°V$g° L°$ k•pfpÙ≤$ dp¨ Zp b^p rh¤p\wAp°

AÊepk L$f° R>°. S>°dp¨ S>° rh¤p\w _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ d°mh° R>°. [° A_° S>°

rh¤p\w L$p°Á‡eyV$f _y rinZ d°mh° R>° [° A°d kfm[p dpV°$ b° rhcpN `pX$hpdp¨

ApÏep R>°.

v rh¤p\w_p AÊepk _y hjÆ :- rh^p\uÆ S>° hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f° R>° . [° hjÆ _°

AÊepk_p hjÆ [fuL°$ g°hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. AÊepk_p hjÆ_° `p¨Q rhcpNdp¨

hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. A°a.hpe., A°k.hpe. , V$u.hpe. `p°ıV$N∞°S>eyA°i_

`pVÆ -$1,`pVÆ -2

D`fp°L$[ bfl° qfh–ep£ ‚ı[y[ kip° _dp ıh[” qfh–ep£ [fuL°$ g°hpdp

Aph°g R>°.

1.12.5 S>•rhL$ `qfbm :-

v S>pr[e[p :-S>pr[e[p_u Akf [`pkhp_u lp°hp\u R>p°L$fp° (Boy) L°$ R>p°L$fu

(Girl) _° ipfuqfL$ ◊rÙ$A° ¬ep_dp¨ gu °g ≈[ue rfbm R>°.≈r[e[p_° Alv

S>•rhL$ `qfbm [fuL°$ g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

1.13 r_]$iÆ `k]$Nu :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee__p° l°[y L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ rf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk L$fhp_p° R>°.

D`fp°L$[ l°[y_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu _° L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp° fpS>L$p°V$ rS>âp A_° ≈d_Nf rS>âp_u bu.ku.A°. L$p°g°S>_p 240 rh^p\wAp°

g°hpdp¨ ApÏep _p°_L$p°Á‡eyfV$ rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp° `Z fpS>L$p°V$ rS>âp A_°

S>pd_Nf rS>âp _u L$p°g°S>_p 240 rh^p\wAp° g°hpdp¨ ApÏep l[p¨ .

CH-1 52

Ap ‚Òphgu cfph[u hM[° ]$fL°$ L$p°g°S>_p¨ r‚fiku`pg kpl°b _u d¨Sy>fu

g°hpdp¨ Aphu l[u A_° ]$f°L$ rh^p\wAp° pk° S>° [° L$p°g°S>_p¨ ı\m° S>B Í$bÍ$ ‚Òphgu

cfphhpdp¨ Aphu l[u A_° A°dp¨ S>° A yfu rhN[p° hpmu ‚Òphgu l[u [° ]|$f L$fhpdp¨

Aphu l[u.

1.14 kip° _ Ny\Zu :-

∞ı[y[ kïp° __p¨ l°[y _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu [°_° ”Z cpNdp¨ hNwL©$[ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu .S>°dp¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_p¨ dp`_ dpV°$ X$p°. d¨Sy> dl°[p frQ[ Ïephkpe

hgZ `rf`L$h[p [ygp [\p Ap–drhÔg°jZ dpV°$ X$p°. lfL$pfi[ b]$pdu fqQ[

Ap–drhÔg°jZ kïp° r_L$p [\p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p dp`_ dpV°$ X$p°. X$u.S>°.cÀ

fqQ[ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp`_ kïp° r_L$p_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° .

Ap A¬ee_dp¨ Ahg¨bu `rfh–ep£_y¨ dp`_ ıh[¨” A_° r_e¨r”[

`qfh–ep£_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°. [V$ı\ fu[° dp`_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey R>°.

1.15 ApL$X$pip˜ue `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N :-

‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p¨ l°[y_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp° A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp° `pk°\u d°mh°gu

dprl[u_° Ap^pf° [°_y NyZpL$_ L$epÆ bp]$ ApL$X$pL$ue rhÔg°jZ ©\L$L$fZ Z L$fhpdp

ApÏey S>°dp¨ V$L$phpfu ,"V$u 'L$kp°V$u_p Ap^pf° d°mh°gp [pfZp° ,"Apf 'klk¨b¨ A_°

"A°a' rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ ip° hpdp¨ ApÏey , a°L$V$p°qfeg qXTpB_ ‹pfp QL$pkZu L$fu

R>°.

CH-1 53

1.16 kp^_p° :-

∞ı[y[ kïp° _ dpV°$ S>Í$fu dprl[u A°L$r”[ L$fhp dpV°$ dyøe–h° _uQ°

‚dpZ°_p¨ kp^_p°_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° .

(1) ÏeqL$[N[ dprl[u `”L$

(2) ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p [ygp

(3) Ap–drhÔg°jZ kïp° r_L$p

(4) dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e kïp° r_L$p

Ap kp^_p°_u rhı[©[ rhN[ ‚LfZ ”Zdp¨ QQÆhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

1.17 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u AN–e[p :-

ApS>_p° eyN A° L$p°Á‡eyV$f eyN [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°. A°L$hukdu k]$udp¨

]$f°L$ rh¤p\w AgN AgN rinZ d°mh[p° lp°eR>°. Ap\u S> kïp° L°$ AÊepk L$f[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p [°_y Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° [°_p¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e hN°f° rhi° dprl[u d°mhhp_y ¨ _L$Lu L$ey Ø R> °.ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p,Ap–d$rhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e rhÌ°p ^Zp b^p AÊepkp° \ep

R>°$. kïp° L°$ Alv ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e ”Z°e _° A°L$ kp\° ≈°X$u_° A°L$ buS>p_u ‚–en A_° fp°n Akf Z L$f° R>°.

S>° [`pku iL$pe R>°.

lpgdp¨ h^pf° [p° S>° rh^p\w _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ d°mh° R>° [°_u A¨]$f

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L°$V$gy

`qfh[Æ_ R>° [°d_p rhi° kpQu A_° Ïehrı\[ h•opr_L$ dprl[u [°dS> [°d_p ApL$X$pAp°

`Z Ap kïp°^_dp¨ b[phu iL$i°. ‚ı[y[ AÊepk L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u A¨]$f A°L$ Ap–drhpk hpmy ÏeqL$[–h b[phu iL$i°. ]$f°L$ rh^p\w

`p°[p_p ∆h_dp¨ ep°¡e fu[° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p gphu iL$i° , Ap–drhpk

L$fu iL$i° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e L°$d ky pfhy [° S>Zphu iL$i°. A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

CH-1 54

D√Q qinZ A_° L$p°Á‡yV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p bfl° bpSy>_p rh^p\wAp°_° p°[p_p

ep°¡e rhL$pk dpV°$ Dèp°Nu b_u iL$i° S>° `Z ‚ı[y[ AÊepk _u dl—p NZphu

iL$pe .

lpg_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f eyNdp AÊepk_p ”Z°e r_eq”[ rfh–ep£ rhj° S>° kprl–e

D`gÂ^ R>° [°_p° Dèp°N L$fu_° L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p

rh^p\w Ap°_u rcfl[p _° ]$iphÆhp _p° kïp° L$ _p° _d∞ ‚e–_ dl–h fph° R>°.

‚ı[y[ AÊepk_y dl–h kïp° L$ _u ◊rÙ$A° k•p\u h y A° bpb[ R>°.

L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ A°L$ rhqiÙ$ rinZ R>° [p° iy L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ ,dp_rkL ıhpı’e

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ d°mh[p rh^p\wAp° L$f[p¨ Sy>]$u `X°$ R>° L°$ L°$d ?

1.18 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p L$peÆn°” _u depÆ]$p :-

AÊepk_u dpepÆ]pAp° kdN∞ AÊepk _° A¨[° R>°âp ‚L$fZdp¨ g°hpdp¨

Aphi° `f¨[y Aphu depÆ]p$Ap° `p¨Q dy]$pdp¨ ]$ipÆhu iL$pe

1 n°”depÆ]$p :- D√QrinZ d°mh[p rh^p\wAp°_p A_°L$ ‚hplp° lp°e [°dp¨\u

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ AdyL$ S> ‚hpl kdph°g R>°.

2 D—f]$p[p_u depÆ]$p :- D—f]$p[pA° [p° kïp° L$_p° ‚Òphgu dp¨ fl°gp

`Ò_pS> D[f Ap`hp_p lp°hp\u [°_p\u rhi°j `p°[p_p d_p°cphp° fS|> L$fu

iL°$S> _lu .

3 ı\m depÆ]$p :- D√Q rinZ _p° Ïep` ^Zp° S> R>°. dp” k•pfpÙ$≤

eyr_hrkÆV$u rhı[pf dp¨ A_°L$ dlprh^pgep° Aph°g R>°. S>°dp¨\u kïp° L$ AdyL$

dlprh^pgep°_p rh^p\wAp°_p° AÊepk L$fu iL°$g R>°.

4 AÊepk_p kp^_ _u deÆp]$p :-D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

CH-1 55

AÊepkdp¨ A_°L kp^_p° Dèp°Ndp¨ gB iL$pe `f¨[y Alu ¨ÏeqL$[N[ dprl[u

`”L$,ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ ,dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e S>

Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

5 rh^pipMpgnu depÆ]$pAp° :- rh_e_ ,hprZS>e ,rhop_ ,lp°dkpefik,

A°fi∆_efvN A°hu A_°L$ rh^pipMpdp¨\u AdyL$ S> rh^pipMp_p° AÊepk

L$f°g R>°.

1.19 ‚ı[y[ AÊeppk_p ‚L$fZp° _y Apep°S>_ :-

‚L$fZ -1 ‚ı[ph_p :-kïp° L$ A°L$ A¬ep`L$ lp°hp\u `p°[p_p rhje

d_p°rhop_dp¨ L¨$BL$ kïp° _ L$peÆ L$fhp B√R>[p¨ l[p¨ Ap\u A_°L$

kÁıepAp° `k¨]$ L$fu `p°[p_p dpNÆ]$iÆL$ kp\° QQpÆ rhQpfZp L$fu ‚ı[y[

AÊepk lp\ ^f°g R>°.‚ı[y[ ‚L$fZdp¨ ‚\d kïp° _ L$peÆ dpV°$_p° rhje

`k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° . –epf bp]$ [°_u A•r[lprkL$ ©õ$$$c|rd d°mhhp

dp Aphu A_° rhje _° A_yù` l°[yAp° _L$L$u L$fhpdp ApÏep –epf bp]$ kip° _

dpV°$_u i|fie D–L$Î`_p _L$L$u L$fhpdp¨ Aphu `R>u ”Z dyøe bpb[p° S>°dp¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p°

øepg d°mhhpdp¨ ApÏep° [°dS> AN–e_p ]$p° _u Ïepøep _L$L$u L$fhpdp¨ Aphu

‚ı[y[ kip° _ _y dl–h A_° [°_p L$peÆn°”_u depÆ]$p _u Z dpql[u Ap`hpdp

Aphu .

‚L$fZ -2 kip° _ kprl–e_u kdunp :- Ap ‚L$fZ dp¨ kïp° L°$

c|[L$pm dp¨ \e°gp kïp° _p° A_° [°_p h•opr_L$ kp^_p°_p° rQ[pf Ap‡ep° R>°.

ÏehkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$

Sy>]$pSy>]$p AÊepkp°_y KX$pZ |hÆL$ A¬ee_ L$f°g R>°. [°dS> k¨b¨ kïp° _

kprl–e_u [`pk A_° kdunp L$fhp_p° ‚epk L$ep°Æ R>°. Ap kdunp ApNm_p

CH-1 56

kïp° __p¨ AhL$pi_p° `Z Dâ°M L$f° R>°.Ap dpV° Information and

Library Network Centre ,Ahmedabad. kı\p dp\u AÊepkp°

d°mhu Ap A¨N°∆ AÊepkp° _y NyS>fp[u L$fu S>Í$fu AÊepkp° buSp ‚L$fZ dp¨

]$ipÆh°g R>°.

‚L$fZ -3 kïp° _ ep°S>_p ,AÊepk `¬^r[ A_° dprl[u

A°L$”uL$fZ:- ”u≈ ‚L$fZdp¨ kïp°^_ N|¨\Zu_u ı`ÛV$[p L$fu R>°.

kïp° __u fu[ ,kp^_ A\hp [yg_p_y dl–h , A¨N[ dprl[u ”L$_u fQ_p,

dprl[u A°L$q”[ L$fhp dpV°_y Apep°S>_ A_° [°_p° Adg [\p dm°g dprl[u _y

L°$hu fu[° ©’\L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ Aphi° [°_y A\Æ V$_,dprl[u_y k¨øep–dL$ Í$`p¨[f

L°$hu fu[° d°mhhy [°dS> Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u_p° AÊepk `Z L$ep°Æ R>°.

‚L$fZ -4 kip° __y ©\L$L$fZ ,A\Æ V$_ A_° `qfZpd _u

QQÆp :- Ap ‚L$fZdp¨ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p L$p°ÛV$L$p° ‹pfp ıh[¨” A_° Ap^pqf[

`rfh–ep£_p _d|_p ‚dpZ° DÎg°M L$fhpdp ApÏep° R>°.i|fie D–L$Î`_p_u L$kp°V$u

‹pfp QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. "V$u ',"Apf'[\p "A°a 'L$kp°V$u dpfa[

`funZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey. S>°dp¨ "A°a' L$kp°V$udp¨ A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ,

2# 2# 2 , 2# 2# 3 ^V$L$ rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ ‹pfp `rfZpd_y ©\L$L$fZ L$eyØ R>°.

AgN AgN rfZpd_u QQpÆ Ap¨L$X$pL$ue NZ[fu ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.A_°

A¨[ °_bmy ÏephkpreL$ hgZ rf`L$h[p,_bmy Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° _bmy

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ky pfhp dpV°_p L$pfZp° Ap‡ep R>°.

‚L$fZ -5 kip° _ kpfpi,depÆ]$pAp° A_° cprh kip° _ dpV°$_p

CH-1 57

k|Q_p° :- `p¨Qdp¨ `∞L$fZdp¨ A¨[° AV$L$mp°_p A_ykïp°^_p° [°dS>

kïp° __pD]°$Ìe_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ kïp° __p° kpf q_Qp°hhp_p° ‚epk L$ep£ R>°.

kïp° __p° kpf A_° [°_p¨ [pfZp° kQp°V$ Í$ ° fS| L$epÆ R>°.Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue ¬¬r[

‹pfp `rfZpdp° [pfh°gp R> °. kp\°S> ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p

,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e rhN°f°_p dm°gp _bmp `qfZpdp° _p¨

L$pfZp°_° A_yÍ$` k|Q_p° L$f°gp R>°. [°dS> Ap AÊepk_u depÆ]$p A_° cprh

kip° _ dpV°$_p k|Q_p° fS| L$epÆ R>°.b^p ‚L$fZ_p A[° dprl[ukcf k]$cÆk|qQ

Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.[°dS> S>Í$fu `qfriÙ$p° fS| L$epÆ R>°. k¨b¨ ip° q_L$pAp°

`Z ≈°X$u R>°.

CH-1 58

CH-2 58

‚L$fZ -2 kïp°^_ kprl–e_u kdunp :-

2.0 `∞pı[prhL$ :-

kïp°^_ kprl–e_u kdunp L$fhp dpV°$ kïp°^_ dp¨ |hÆNpdu kprl–e_y¨

`y_fphgp°L$_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.`|hÆNpdu kïp°^_ kprl–e kïp°^L$_° ‚°fZp Ap`° R>°.

AN∞hpg S>Zph° R>° L°$. ""k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_p° AÊepk kdıep_° Ïepøepre[ L$fhp

dpV°$ A_° [°_u depÆ]$p bp¨^hp dpV°$ M|b S> S>Í$fu R>°.''

kïp°^L$_° k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u Ar_hpeÆ[p A° l°[y\u Ecu \pe R>° L°$ ,

Ap kprl–e ‹pfp [°_° `p°[p_p AÊepk_p° ı`ÛV$ rQ[pf dmu fl° R>° . A_° [°\u S>

L$peÆ iÍ$ L$f[p¨ `l°gp¨ `p°[p_p rhje_° gN[p¨ L$pep£\u `qfrQ[ \hpdp¨ ApiuhpÆ]$ Í$`

\B `X°$ R>°. L$p°B `Z kïp°^__u iÍ$Ap[ [°_ k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_p¨ `qf`∞°ˇe dp¨

[`pkhp\u Ap`Z_° S>° [° rhjedp¨ \e°gp kïp°^_ A¨N° dprl[u dm° R>°. S>°_°

kïp° __u `qfcpjp ""Review of Research '' L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ]°$kpB

A_° ]°$kpB S>Zph° R>° L°$, ""L$p°B`Z kïp°^_ i|fiephL$pidp¨ \[y¨ _\u bu≈_u

k¨LÎ`_pAp° A_° rk¬¬pp¨[p° Ap`Zp dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ b_° R>°.''

k°rÎV$T, fpBV$≤kd°_ A_° L|$L°$ `|hÆNpdu kïp°^__u kdunp

kïp°^_p L$peÆdp¨ L$B fu[° Dèp°Nu b_° R>° [° rhj° L°$V$gpL$ dyÿ$pAp° S>ZpÏe R>°

S>°dpdyøe–h° , |hÆ_p kip° __p° X$L$pf ,L$peÆ Lf[u ‚rL∞ep_u h y ı`Ù$[p, y_fph[Æ_

L$fu_° [°_y¨ kd\Æ_ d°mhhy¨, A°L$ n°”dp¨ S>° qfh–eÆ -kb¨^p° ≈°hp d˝ep lp°e [° Afie

n°”dp¨ gpNy X°$ R>° L°$ _lu¨ [°_u QL$pkZu Alu A`°qn[ qfZpdp°_p¨ L$pfZp° kdS>hp

dpV°$_y¨ kïp°^_A_° A°L$ kdıep_p AÊepkdp¨ ‚ep°S>pe°gu ‚eyqL$[_p° bu∆

kdıepdp¨ L°$hp° Dèp°N \B iL°$ R>°. [°_u [`pk L$fhu. Apd , kïp°^_ kpsl–e_u

kdunp ^Zu S> Dèp°Nu kpqb[ \B R>°.

kïp°^L$ p°[° kïp°^_ L$peÆ L$fhp dpV°$ ANpD kïp°^_ \B Nep¨ lp°e [p°

[°_p kïp°^L$_p¨ [pfZp° [`pku_° ‚ep°S>L$ `p°[p_p rhje_° h^pf° Ap^pfc|[ fu[°

CH-2 59

DÎÎp°Mu iL°$ R>°. Ap\u k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u AN–e[p ]$ipÆhu iL$pe k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u

d]$]$ ‹pfp rb_ S>Í$fu L$peÆ, kde ,iqL$[ A_° _pZp_p° Ïee \[p° AV$L$phu iL$pe R>°.

kdıep `f–h° h•opr_L$ ◊rÙ$qb¨]y$ `Z L°$mhpe R>°.ANpD \e°g kïp°^__p L$pfZ°

ÏehlpqfL$ kdıepAp°_p° DL°$g Aphu iL°$ R>°. A_° [°d_p A_ychp°_p° Ap^pf kip° L$_°

L$peÆ L$pfhpdp¨ kfm[p Ap`° R>°. V|¨$L$dp¨ kïp°^L$° `p°[p_p kïp°^__u q]$ip _L$L$u L$fhp

`|hÆ \e°gp kïp°^_p° A¨N°_p¨ kprl–e_y¨ A¬ee_ L$fhy¨ Ar_hpeÆ b_u fl° R>°.

2.1 kïp°^_ kprl–e [`pk_y¨ dl–h A_° d|Îe :-

kdıep_° gN[y¨ k•¬^p¨r[L$ [°dS> kïp°^_p–dL$ dpmMy¨ V|¨$L$dp¨ ]$ipÆhhy¨

≈°BA° L°$ S>°\u ‚ı[y[ kdıep L°$hu fu[° ApL$pf `pdu [° kdS>phu iL$pe. Ap dpV°$

k•¬^p¨r[L$ [°dS> kïp°^_ A°d b¨_° ‚L$pf_p¨ kprl–e_u kdunp kïp°^L°$ fS|> L$fhu

≈°BA°. Ap rhcpNdp¨ ‚ı[y[ kdıep_° gN[p¨ R>°âpdp¨ R>°ÎÎpp kïp°^_ -‚hplp° Z

fS|> L$fhp S>p°BA° . kïp°^L°$ ı`Ù$`Z° ]$ipÆhhy¨ ≈°BA° L°$ [°_u kdıep_p d|m lpg_p

kprl–e dp¨ `X°$gp R>°. `Z lSy> h^y kïp°^_ A_° [g ıìw AÊepk S>Í$fu R>°.

kïp°^L$° kïp°^_ L$f[p¨ `l°gp¨ ANpD \B Ne°gp AÊepk_y¨ hp¨Q_

L$fhy¨ ≈°BA° . ^Zuhpf A°hy¨ b_° R>° L°$ , Ap kprl–e ,k¨]cpÆ°,AÊepk Dèp°N A°hu

dprl[u p· \pe R>° L°$ , S>° kïp°^L$ dpV°$ _hp° dpNÆ ‚ı[y[ L$f° R>°. A° kïp°^L$ ‹pfp A°

`Z øepg Aph° R>° , A–epf_p¨ AÊee_dp¨ iy¨ ı`Ù$ \B iL°$ ? lh° Ap`Z° L°$hy¨ A_°

L$ep ‚L$pf _y¨ L$peÆ L$fhp_y¨ R>° ? hN°f°_p° øepg Aph° R>°.

`|hÆ \e°gp kïp°^_p°_u kdunp ‹pfp kïp°^L$ ]$ipÆhu iL°$ R>° L$° `p°[°

‚ı[y[ kdıep\u `|f°`|fp `rfrQ[ R>°. A–epf kyû iy¨ L$pd \ey¨ R>° , L°$V$gp KX$pZdp¨

\ey¨ R>° , L°$V$gy¨ L$pd bpL$u R>° [° A¨N°_u ≈ZL$pfu kïp°^L$_° `p· \B R>°. c|[L$pm_p¨

kïp° _p°_u kdunp\u L$p°B L$pd b°hX$p[y [p° _\u _° [°_p° øepg Aphi°. [°dS> p°[p_u

kÁıep_p¨ ıhÍ$` rhi° h^y kdS> `∞p· \i° .

Ap fu[° L$p°B`Z ‚Òp°_p¨ D[fp° [°_p k¨]$cÆ AÊepkp° [\p kprl–e ‹pfp

CH-2 60

S> dmu iL°$. dpV°$ L$p°B`Z kïp°^_ L$f[p¨ `l°gp¨ kprl–e_u kdunp L$fhu A° S>Í$fu

b_° R>°. rhop__p° r_ed R>° L°$ , S>° rhje A¨N° ANpD M°X$pZ \ey¨ lp°e [°dp¨\u S> _hÿ

_hy op_ ‚p· L$fu iL$pe. L$p°B`Z kïp° _ ANpD \e°gp kïp° _p°dp¨\u ‚p· \e°gp

rk¬^p¨[p°\u L$p°BL$ h^y _hu_ dprl[u d°mhhp dpV°$ A\hp [p° [° S> rk¬^p¨[p°_u a°f

QL$pkZu dpV°$ \ey¨ lp°e R>°. kïp°^_L$[pÆ S>epf° [°_¨ kïp°^_ rhj°_p kprl–e_y¨

A¬ee_ L$f° R>° –epf° [°_° [° rhjedp¨ \e°gp kïp°^_ rhi° dprl[u dm° R>°. `|hÆ

\e°gp kïp°^__p A¬ee__y¨ rb_S>Í$fu `y_fph[Æ_ \[y¨ AV$L$phu iL$pe . ANpD_p

D`°rn[ fl°gp `qfh–ep£_u ≈ZL$pfu d°mhu iL$pe R>°. D`fp¨[ rhrh^ kïp°^Lp°A°

A`_ph°gu ep°S>_pAp° A¨N° dprl[u d°mhu_° kïp°^L$ `p°[p_u kïp°^_ ep°S>_pAp°

A¨N° kpfÿ A°hy¨ dpNÆ]iÆ_ d°mhu iL°$ R>°. Apd kïp°^L$ dpV°$ kïp°^__u r]$ip _L$L$u

L$fhp `|h£ \e°gp kïp°^_p° A¨N°_y¨ A¬ee_ L$fhy¨ Ar_hpeÆ b_u fl° R>°.

‚p°a°kf qL$gap°XÆ$ d|X$u L$l° R>° L ° ,""ApMf° kïp°^_ ıh[¨” k–e_u

ip°^ dpV°$_u A°L$ `¬^r[ R>°. S>° hpı[hdp¨ kdunp–dL$ rhQpfZp_u `¬^r[ R>°. ''

Ap\u ]$f°L$ kïp° L_° L$p°B _° L$p°B d]$]$_u S>Í$f X°$ R>°. kïp° _p°dp¨ T|L$ph_pfp iuMpD

kïp°^L$p° ^Zuhpf A°hp c∞ddp¨ lp°e R>° L° , `p°[° []π$_ d•prgL$ A_° A–e¨[ A`|hÆ

L$l°hpe [°hy¨ kïp°^_ L$peÆ lp\ ^fu flep R>°. `Z kb¨^ kprl–e_u [`pk [°d_u

c∞dZp cp¨N° R>°. hpmu kprl–e_u [`pk _hp kïp°^L$_° kïp°^__u rhrÂp° ,

‚qL$epAp° A_° pkpAp° AN° ‚–en rinZ Ap ° R>°. kip° _ip˜_u L°$hm b•pr¬^L$

dprl[u kïp°^_ D`pX$hp dpV°$ `|f[u dpNÆ]$iÆL$ b_[u _\u . kïp°^L°$ L$ep `Ngp

cfphp_p lp°e R>° , L°$hu fu[° L°$V$gp [bL$L$p g°hp `X°$ R>°, L$B k¨cpÏe nq[Ap° A_°

c|g$p°\u kph^ fl°hy¨ `X°$ R>°. [° b^p_u D]$plfZ krl[ kdS> A_° ‚[uq[ [°_° `|hÆ

\e°gp kïp°^_p°_u kdunp dp¨\u kp¨`X°$ R>°.

kïp°^L°$ ANpD \e°gp kïp°^__u [`pk ,k¨b¬^ `rfbmp° ,Ak¨øe

`qfh–ep£ A_° kïp°^__p rhqiÙ$ [bL$L$p A¨N° yÛL$m dprl[u |fu pX°$ R>°. kïp°^L°$

AÊepk A_ykpf rcfifi[p ≈°hp dm° R>°. h•opr_L$ [`pk A°hu fu[° Np°W$hhu ≈°BA°

CH-2 61

L°$ S>°\u dprl[u A°L$q”[ L$epÆ R>u iy¨ rhq^ L$fhp_u R>° A_° iy¨ qfZpd ‚p· \i° [°_y¨

k¨crh[ A\Æ^V$_ iy¨ li° ? Ap b° bpb[p°_p° rhQpf kïp°^L°$ L$fhp° S>Í$fu R>°. ≈°

kïp°^L$ Apd _ L$f° [p° kïp°^_ kp\° k¨b¨r^[ dprl[u D`gÂ^ S> _ lp°e –epf°

rhÔg°jZ dpV°$ S>Í$fu bpb[p° [° d°mhu iL$[p° _\u . Apd rhÔg°jZ dpV°$ S>Í$fu

bpb[p°_p° øepg fl° A°V$gp dpV°$ `Z kïp°^L°$ ANpD\uS> k¨b¨q^[ A\Æ^V$_ rhi°

rhQpfhp_y¨ fl° R>°.

^Zuhpf [p° kïp°^__u Ïepøep A°hu L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ , "" kïp°^_

A°V$g° |hÆop_dp¨ M|V$[u L$X$u |fhu [° .'' A°V$g° A° ]$rÙ$A° Z kïp° L°$ L$ep qfh–ep£

rhi° L$pd L$fhy¨ S>Í$fu R>° [°_u ≈Z `|hÆ [`pk [°_° Apù iL°$ . ^Zuhpf Ap kb¨^

kprl–e_u kdunp kïp°^L$_° L$ep `qfh–eÆ A¨N° L°$V$gy¨ Nl_ A_° k^_ AÊepk

dpV°$_u ‚°fZp `yfu `pX°$ R>°.

L$p°B Z kïp° _ L$peÆ L$fhp dpV°$ [°dp¨ dyøe–h° _pZp ,irL$[ A_° kde

MQÆhp `X°$ R>°. A°V$g° A° MQÆ Ïe\Æ _ ≈e [°_u kïp°^L°$ L$pm∆ fpMhu `X°$ R>°. `|hÆ

kprl–e_u [`pk L$epÆ hNf kïp°^_dp¨ T|L$ph_pf Sp>Z°-A≈Z° `Z `|h° Æ\B

Ne°gp kïp°^__y¨ L°$hm `y_fph[Æ_ L$fu b°k°[p° A° `pR>m MQ°Ægp kde , irL$[ A_°

_pZp_u [°Z° q_f\ÆL$ bfbp]$u [°hy¨ `yfhpf \pe A° dpV°$ A°hy¨ r_f\ÆL$ `y_fph[Æ_

V$pmhp dpV°$ `Z kïp°^L°$ `|hÆ kïp°^__u [`pk L$fhu AphÌeL$ R>°.

kïp°^_L$[pÆ S>epf° [°_p kïp°^_ rhÛpe_p¨ k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_y¨ A¬ee_

L$f° R>°. –epf° [°_° [° rhjedp¨ \e°gp kïp°^_ rhi° dprl[u dm° R>°. Ap fu[° k¨]$cÆ

kprl–e_y¨ hp¨Q_ L$fhp\u kïp°^L$_° `p°[° S>° rhje `f kïp°^_ L$f° R>°. [°dp¨ L°$V$gy¨

L$peÆ \ey¨ R>° A_° L°$V$gy¨ bpL$u R>° [\p `p°[p_° kïp°^_ L$B q]$ipdp¨ L$fhy¨ [°_p° øepg

Aph° R>°. S>° rhje A¨N° ANpD L¨$BL$ M°X$pZ \ey¨ [°dp¨\u S> _hy¨ _hy¨ op_ ‚p· L$fu

iL$pe R>°. L$p°B Z kip° _ i|fie dp\u iÍ$ \[y _\u f[y c|[L$pmdp \e°gp kip° _p°

dp¨\u S> D]π$ch° R>°.`|hÆ_p¨ \e°gp kïp°^__y¨ hp¨Q_ A°V$gp dpV°$ S>Í$fu R>°. ‚ı[y[

kïp°^__u rhcph_pAp° A¨N° Afie rhŸhp_p°A° `Z Ap rhi°_p° øepg iy¬^ \B_°

CH-2 62

]≤Y$ b_° [°\u [° h^pf° Qp°L$kpB\u kïp°^_ L$fu iL°$.kïp°^L$ S>° rhı[pf dp¨ Ap L$peÆ

L$f° R>° [° rhı[pfdp¨ Aphy L$p°B kïp°^_ \[p l]$ [p° rb_S>Í$fu y_fph[Æ_ _ \pe [°_u

dprl[u `∞p· b_° R>°. `y_fph[Æ__u S>Í$f R>° L°$ L°$d ? [°_p° øepg Ap`° R>°. hmu Aphp

kïp°^__° gN[p L$peÆdp¨ L$p°B nr[ fl°g lp°e [p° [° ip°û r_hpfhp ‚epk iL$e b_°

R>°. `∞ep°S>L$_° `p°[p_p AÊepk_u ]$f°L$ ‚qæ$ep dpV°$ dpN]$iÆ_ dmu fl° R>°.

2.2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_y¨ k•^p¨r[L$ dl–h :-

rNfikbNÆ_p¨ d[° , ""Ïephkpe_u `k¨]Nu L$p°B`Z ÏeqL$[ dpV°$

nqZL$ qæ$ep _\u f¨[y gp¨bp Npmp ky u [°_p° rhL$pk \pe R>°. S>°_° [°dZ° ÏephkpqeL

hgZ rhL$pk _pd Ap‡ey¨ .''

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[pdp¨ ÏeqL$[A° L$pd A\hp ‚h©q—_° bp°≈°

NZhp_u c|g L$fhu ≈°BA° _lu ¨. Mrgg ∆b∞p_ L$l° R>° L$°, ""D–kyL$[p hNf_u

qS>¨]Nu A¨^L$pf R>°. S>° D–kyL$[p op_ dpV°$ _\u A° D–kyL$[p _`y¨kL R>°.$ S>° op__p°

L$iue ‚h©q—dp¨ Dèp°N _\u A° op_ am]$pe _\u R>°â° A° ‚h©q— L°$ S>°dp¨ dpZk_°

`∞h©q— [fa_p° ‚°d _\u A° ‚h©q— `Z Mp°Mgu R>°.''Ap fu[° ÏeqL$[A° Ïephkpe_°

_L$L$u L$fhp dpV°$ k•p ‚\d `∞h©r— _L$L$u L$fhu `X°$ R>°, –epf`R>u ‚h©q—_u hap]$pfu

A_° R>°ÎÎp° `∞h©q—_° h°N Ap`hp° `X°$ R>°. S>°\u [° `p°[p_p Ïehkpe [fa `lp¢Qu iL°$ .

ApS>_u TX$ù ]y$q_epdp¨ ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[A° `p°[p_p Ïehkpe_u A¨]$f

këp°S>_ kp^hy¨ X°$ R>°. f¨[y ZuhM[ A°hy¨ b_° R>° L°$ , ÏeqL$[ p°[p_p Ïehkpe_u

A¨]$f aL$[ kdp^p_S> L$f° R>°. Ap\u ≈° ]$f°L$ rh^p\w rh^pAÊepk ]$fÁep_ S>

`p°[p_p Ïehkpe_u `k¨]Nu L$f° [p° [° ep°¡e Ïehkpe `k¨]$ L$fu iL°$ R>°. Ap\u ,

rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpqeL$ `qf`L$h[p_y¨ hgZ L°hy¨ R>° ? [° `Z A°L$ dl–h_u

bpb[R>°.

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p° l°[y rh^p\w_° Afie `qfbmp°dp¨

kdpep°S>_ kp^hp dpV°$ $^Zp° S> AN–e_p° cpN cS>h° R>°. S>°dp¨ rh^p\w_u r_ZÆe

iqL$[, kdS> A_° [LÆ$ D`f cpf dyL$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. rh^p\w `p°[p_p AÊepk L$pm

CH-2 63

]$fÁep_ [° ep°¡e kde° r_ZÆe L$fu iL°$ [°hy¨ hgZ ^fph[p° lp°hp° ≈°BA° .S>°_p\u

[°_u kdS> `Z L°$mhu iL°$ A_° ep°¡e fu[° [LÆ$ iqL$[_p° rhL$pk `Z L$fu iL°$ . [p° S>

`p°[p_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_y¨ dl“h Ap¨L$u iL°$.

Ïehkpeu dpNÆ]$iÆ__p¨ l°[y\u L$peÆ_y¨ hZÆ_ ,\[p¨ L$peÆ `f fMp[p

r_funZ_y¨ ‚ÁppZ A_° ‚L$pf , L$pddp¨ kdprhÙ$ S>hpb]pfu ,op_ ,≈N©r[ , kplk,

Q`m[p A_° Qp°L$kpB ,L$pd ]$fÁep_ hp`fhp_p¨ kp^_p° , D–`p]$__u NyZh—p,

L$pd_u kqyh^pAp°, c•pr[L$ S>Í$fuep[p° hN°f°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Aphp

‚L$pf_p¨ AÊepk\u S>° [° Ïehkpedp¨ S>Í$fu L•$pÌpÎep° A_° NyZ gnZp°_p° øepg

Aph° R>°. A_° ÏehkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p ≈Zu iL$pe R>°.

Ïephkpe A° A°L$ dl–h_u S>hpb]$pfu R>°. Ïehkpe ‹pfp [°_° kdpS>

A_° rh_u k°hp b≈hhp_u lp°e R>°. ÏehkpreL$ kdpep°S>_ dl]π$Ai° Ïehkpedp\u

dm[p k¨[p°Ûp `f Ap^pf fpM° R>°. Ïehkpe A°hp° Np°W$hhp° ≈°BA° L°$ [°dp¨\u L$peÆ

k¨[p°j A_° ∆>h_ k¨[p°j dmu iL°$ .

D`fp¨[ ÏehkpreL$ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ Ap`hp_y ¨lp°e R>° –epf° ÏeqL$[ AdyL$

Qp°L$L$k ¨ pdp¨ kam \i° L°$ _lu [°hy _L$L$u L$fu iL$p[y _\u .hmu dpNÆ]$iÆ_ B√R>_pf

ipmp,L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\w lp°e R>° L°$ S>° L$p°B Ïehkpe dpV°$ dprl[u ^fph[p lp°[p _\u.

rh^p\wA° p°[p_u qf`L$h[p kd∆ Ïehkpe dp¨ S>pe [p° kam[p ‚p· L$fu iL°$ R>°.

æ$pBVk _p d[° ,ÏephkpreL$ rhL$pk kïp°^r_L$p S>°hp kp^_p°\u ÏeqL$[_u

ÏehkpreL$ rf`L$h[p_° dpù iL$pe R>°. ÏephkpqeL$ qf`L$h[p_° Qpf qfdpZp°dp¨

hl¢Qu iL$pe S>°hp L° ,

1 ÏephkpreL$ `k¨]Nu_u $ A°LhpL$e[p $

2 ÏephkpreL$ X$lp`Z

3 ÏephkpreL$ L•p$iÎep°

4 ÏephkpreL$ hgZp°

CH-2 64

S>° ÏeqL$[_° L$pd_p¨ d|Îep° kpfu `°W°$ Akf L$f[p¨ li° [° ÏeqL$[

Ïehkpedp¨ kam[p d°mhi° .Apd ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A° dp_rkL$

‚rL∞$ep R>°. S>°_p° AÊepk kïp°^L L$fhp_p° _d∞ ‚epk L$f° R>°.

2.3 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p¨ A¨N° `|h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° :-

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p¨ A¨N° `|h£ \e°gp AÊepkp°_u kdunp

_uQ° dyS>b L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°dp¨ cpf[dp¨ A_° rh]°$idp¨ \e°gp AÊepkp°_p° kdph°i

L$fhdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

2.3.1 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S> A_° Ïehkpedp¨ rhL$pk :-

kïp°^L : X$u.A°k. b∞uS>d°_ (1930)

[pfuS> : b°g V °rgap°_`¬^r[_p¨ kb¨^° ı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_p ¨

L° $V$gp¨L$`pkpÄp° D`f ‚L$∞pi `pX$[p Ap kïp°^_ `”dp¨

[°d_ukam[p_p `rfZpdp° fSy> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. S>° rh^p\w_°

L$peÆdp¨ kam[p d°mhhp dpV°$ rh‹[p,L$p°g°S>_u dl–h_u

rkr¬Âp° ,`l°gp ı_p[L$_u `]$hu ‚p· L$fhu hN°f° kp_yL|$m

`pkpÄp° R>°.L$p°g°S>_p AÊepk_p MQÆ_° `lp¢Qu hmhp L$dpZu

L$fhu[° Mpk dl–h_y¨ `pky¨ b[phhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.kpdpfie fu[°

Ap pkpÄp° A°L$bu≈\u ıh[¨” R>°. f¨[y rh‹[p A_° l°gu

ı_p[L$_u `]$hu d°mhhu MybS> AN–e_u R>°. A°hu fu[° dp°Xy¨$

ı_p[L$ \hy¨ `Z dp°V$u L$dpZu L$fhu [° `Z kp\° AN–e_y¨ `pky¨

R>°. S>°\u ÏephkpreL$ rhL$pk dpV°$ rh‹[p,lp°riepfu A_° kam[p

A° dyøe `pkp¨ R>°.

CH-2 65

2.3.2 iujÆL$ : ÏephkpreL$ dpN]$iÆ_ A_° kam[p :-

kïp°^L$ : B.S>°.N°gphf (1931)

[pfuS> : Ïehkpe_u `k¨]Nu dpV°$ kpfÿ ıhpı’e,dp¬eqdL$ ipmpdp¨

kpfu L°$mhZu _•r[L$ V°$hp° A_° Qprf” A_° gpNZu D`f_y¨

r_e”Z Ap pkpAp° f–h° ‚L$pi pX°$ R>°. Ap rhi° ıh ©’’L$fZ

L$fhy ≈°BA° [°dp¨ ipmpdp¨ d°mh°g rkq¬Âp° A•p^p°rNL$ A_ych

rhriÙ$ nd[pAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ k¨]Nudp¨ ıh`©\Ω$$fZ_p°

kdph°i L$fhp° S>p°BA°. ]$f°L°$ [°_u h•eqL$[L$ MpduAp°_u _p¢^ Z

L$fhu ≈°BA° L°$ S>°\u [°_° Ahfp°û iL$pe A_° [°_u D`f rhS>e

`∞p· L$fu iL$pe B√R>_ue Ïehkpedp¨ ıhpı’e ,ep°¡e[p,

nd[p,‚r[õp A°V$g° L°$ kfidpr_e[p , L$pedu`œ¨ , hm[f A_°

‚N[u _u [L$p°_p° `Z kdph°i L$fhp° ≈°BA° .

2.3.3 iujÆL$ : eyhp_udp¨ Ïehkpegnu qf`L$h[p_y¨ rfdpZ

ÏehkpreL$ rhL$pk_u ip°^gnu hgZ L$kp°V$u :-

kïp°^L$ : S>lp°_.Ap°. æ$pBV$uk (1965)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepk_u kdıep b° ‚L$pf_u R>°. [Í$Zp°_u Ïehkpegnu

`qf`L$h[p _p `rfdpZ_u L$np bp¨^hu A_° rhL$pkgnu

gnZp°_u L$np_p d|ÎepL$_ dpV°$ L°$V$guL$ _hu ¬^q[Ap°_° ip° hu.

ÏehkpreL$ rhL$pk_u ip° gnu hgZ L$kp°V$u dpV°$ 100 k¨øep_u

‚Òp°[fu 11 hjÆ A_° 5 dpk_p [fyZp°_° Ap`hu [°dS> L$np

5 \u 12 kyû_p [fyZp° _° ‚Òphgu Ap`°g S>°_p [pfZp° _uQ°

‚ÁppZ° R>°.

(1 )ÏephlpqfL$ Ïehkpegnu h[ÆZ|L$$ b¨_° hjÆ S|>\ A_° L$np

S|>\ _p¨ [fyZp°dp¨ A°L$Í$`p–dL$ flu R>°. [°dpë° `l°gp¨ S|>\ L$f[p¨

bu≈ S|>\ dp¨ A°L$Í$`[p Ahpf_hpf ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-2 66

(2) ‚–ey[f Ap`hp_p hgZdp¨ b¨_° S|\_y hgZ kpQp\u Mp°V$p

[fa f¸y¨ R>°.

(3)i•nrZL$ `¬^r[dp¨ ‚p\qdL$ \u Sy>q_ef lpBıLy$g A_°

Sy>_uef lpBıL|g\u D√Q[f lpCıL|g_p rhL$pk_p [bL$L$pAp°

kp\° [fyZp°_u Ïehkpegnu rhL$pk `qf`L$h[p ≈°X$pe°gR>°.

2.3.4 iujÆL$ :ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p A_° lp °g°fiX$_p

ÏephkpreL$ `k¨]$Nu_p rk¬^p¨[ kp\° [°_p°

kb¨^:-

kïp°^L$ : X$bÎey.Apf. Ny\fu (1982)

[pfuS> : S>°.A°g. lp°g°fiX$_p fQ_p–dL$ AÊepk_° gndp¨ gB Apg°M

[•epf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>° . [°dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ hgZp° f\u [°d_u

Ïehkpe `k¨]Nu A\hp Ïehkpegnu k¨N[[p ÏehkpreL$

`rf`L$h[p kp\° NpY$ k¨b¨ fph° R>° . ÏeqL$[–h A_° fQ_pi•gu

rhi° [aph[ S>p°hp d˛ep° l[p°.

2.3.5 iujÆL$ :L$pfqL]u Æ hgZ `rf`L$h[p A_° ‚ZpqgL$pN[

[°dS> bu_‚ZpguL$pN[ he_p° [aph[ ^fph[p

L$p°g°S> rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL]u $Æ k¨]$c° Æ r_ZÆe

L$fhp_u nd[p :-

kïp°^L$ : Ap\Æf X$bÎey L$pVÆf (1982)

[pfuS> : L$pfqL$]w$ hgZ_u `qf`L$h[p A_° L$p°g°S> _u `k¨]$Nu A_°

dl–h_p Ïehkpep° D`f kip° _ L$fhpdp ApÏey S>°_p AÊepkp°

‹pfp ≈Zhp d˛ey¨ L°$, i•nrZL r_`yZ[p,he [aph[p°

Ïehkpegnu hgZp° ,Ïehkpegnu k¨]Nu A_° Ïehkpegnu

`rf`L$h[p [°_u ÏehkpreL$ `k¨]Nu dpV° dl–h_p° cpN cS>h°

R>°. $

CH-2 67

2.3.6 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°∆>e_ eyh[uAp°_u (Girls) ÏephkpreL$

`k¨]$Nu L$fhp_u nd[p_p° rhı[©[ AÊepk.:-

kïp°^L$ : lp°hXÆ$ . B. V$ufikgu ,hufik°V$. A°. lpf°_ (1983)

[pfuS> : h•eqL$[L$ øepgp° A_° L$p°g°S>_p R>p°L$fp- R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

Ïehkpedp¨ ≈°X$php_u r_ZÆe iqL$[ Ap b¨_° h√Q°_p kb¨^p°

fS|> L$epÆ R>°.1976 A_° 1977 _p¨ R>°âp drl_pAp°dp¨ 174

AfiXfN∞°S>eyA°V$ R>p°L$fu (Girls) pk°\u dprl[u A°L$W$u L$fhpdp

Aphu l[u .

2.3.7 iujÆL$ :ı_p[L$ A_° `|hÆ ı_p[L$ qh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$

`rf`L$h[p _p° AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : ky.A°k.d°L$L°$‰u (1984)

[pfuS> : L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p ip°^, hgZp° D`f\u [pfZ A_°

[yg_p–dL$ L$kp°V$uÄp° ‹pfp kïp° _ ”dp¨ dyøe [pfZp° ]$ipÆÏep

R>°.S>°dp¨ rh^p\wAp° S>pr[e rfcpjp\u dyL$[ R>°. Ap–dk¨[p°j\u

dyL$[ R>°. A_° [°dp¨ Ahfp°^ r_dpÆZ \pe [p° `funp\wAp°_u

gpNZu D`f [° Akf L$f° R>°. _hdp¨ N∞°X$ _p 72 R>p°L$pfp (Boys)

A_° 55 R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) _° L$pfqL$]w$Æ `qf`L$h[p ≈°B A_°

AÊepkæ$ddp¨ ‚h°i Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° D`fp¨[ cp¨Nu X°$gp

≈r[eh©r[_p p°fZp° L$f[p¨ ı\pr_L$ ≈r[e p°fZp° hN°f° ep°¡e

f¸p l[p [°hy¨ k¨N∞rl[ L$f°g dprl[u\u ≈Zhp dm°g R>°.

2.3.8 iujÆL$ :`k¨]$NueyL$[ i•nrZL$ , ÏephkpreL$ ,h•eqL$[L$

rhrh^[pAp° A_° L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p h√Q°

kb¨ :-

CH-2 68

kïp°^L $: f°fiÌpd ıdu\ (1984)

[pfuS> : ‚ı[y[ dlpr_b¨^_p [pfZ dp¨ ≈°hp d˛ey¨ R>°.L°$ rh^p\wAp°dp¨

dyøe–h° [°d_u ºnpAp° ,AÊepk æ$d D`f cpf ,[°d_y¨ ipmp

‚–e°_y¨ hgZ , f¨Nc°]$ ,≈r[e-h©r— Apq\ÆL$ kpdprS>L$ ]$fS>≈°,

AÊepk_p° A_ych A_° L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p hN°f° dl–h_p°

cpN R>°.

2.3.9 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>_p AÊepk ]$fqdep_ he A_° L$pfqL$]w$

`∞Nr[ _p° L$pfqL$]w$ _p hgZp° kp\°_p° kb¨^ :-

kïp°^L$ : QpÎkÆ ku.lugu (1985)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepk dp¨ 18 \u 30 hjÆ_u he h√Q°_u 103 R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls ) A_° 55 R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys ) L°$ S>°Ap° L$npdp¨ A°V$g° L$°

rh_e_ ipMpdp¨ ‚huZ[p ^fph[p l[p . g°M_p L$pfqL$]w$

`qf`L$h[p ip°^__p agL$ D`f `funZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨ .

[°_y¨ `©\Ω$$fZ A\hp [pfZ A°hy¨ R>° L°$, L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p

‚–e°n `Z° L$p°g°S>_p ‚pf¨rcL$ dql_pAp°dp¨$ S> ^X$p[u ≈e R>°.

h•erL$[L$ fu[° rhL$kph°g L$pfqL$]w$ _p°L$fu `∞pq‡[ dpV°$ kygc R>°

[°hy¨ kïp°^_ dm°g R>°. †

2.3.10 iujÆL$:h•eqL$[L$ ‚r[õ$p,L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p A_°

L$p °g°S>_u rkr¬Âp° kp\° _p°L$fu_u L$peÆnd

‚pq‡[_p° l°[y $:-

kïp°^L$ : fp°bVÆ$. A°d. L|L$,QpÎkÆ ku. lgu (1986)

[pfuS> : V$°_°ku_p h•eqL$[L$ ArcNd_p n°”_p A_° L$pfqL$]w$Æ qf`L$h[p

hgZ n°”_p AÊepkdp¨ 174 AfiX$f N∞°S>eyA°V$ rh^p\wAp°_p°

AÊepk L$f°pgp° l[p°. Ly$dmu he _u L$peÆnd[p rkq¬^_y funZ

\e°g l[y¨ S>°_p [pfZp° _uQ° dyS>b R>°.

CH-2 69

(1) ıh ‚r[õ$pÍ$ù ArcNd (L$pfqL$]w$ hgZp°)A_°

‚–enfu[° L$peÆrks¬Âp°_° Akf L$f° R>°. [°dS> L$p°g°S> rks¬Âp°_°

`Z Akf L$f° R>°.

(2) D√Q `∞r[õ$p d|Îep¨L$_ ^fph[p rh^p\w Apr\ÆL$ fu[°

D√QL$np ‚p‡[ L$fhp_u nd[p ^fph° R>°.

(3) Aphp rh^p\wAp° h^pf° kpfu fu[° dp°V$p cpN_u `¬^r[

N∞lZ L$fu iL°$ R>°. D`fp¨[ L$pfqL$]w$kgpl L°$fi]$≤p°dp¨ [°_° S>° Ahfp°

L°$ N|¨Q DW°$ R>°. [°_u R|V$\u QQÆp rhQpfZp L$f° R>°. >

2.3.11 iujÆL$ : L$pfqL$]w$`qf`L$h[p A_° L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°_u

h√Q° L$pd L$fhp_u ıhuL©$r[ $:-

kïp°^L$ : X$p°fp°\u. X$u. _°hug,X$p°_pÎX$ B. ky`f (1988)

[pfuS> : L$pfqL$]w$ `rf`L$h[p kp\° L$peÆ `f–h° gNph ,S>p[ueh©r[ A_°

kdprS>L$ - Apr\ÆL$ ]$fS>≈_p kb¨^ rhi°_y `funZ L$fhpdp¨

ApÏey l[y¨ L$p°g°S> L$npA° 184 R>p°L$fu (Girls ) A_° 188

R>p°L$fpAp ° (Boys ) `|hÆı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys )-

R>p°L$fu (Girls ) Ap°A L$pfqL$]w$rhL$pk Afih°jZ AÊepkæ$d

gu^°g L°$ S>°\u rhriÙ$ `qfdpZ dp¨ L$pfL$uq]Æ$ rhL$pk_y¨ [pfZ

‚p‡[ \B iL°$ , [°_y¨ ∆h__u c|rdL$pdp¨ k¨bp°^p–dL$ dl–h R>°.

L$peÆ kp\°_p° gNph hgZp–dL$ A_° ı`Ù$ ≈°B iL$pe [°hp°

L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p_p `pkpAp° _u kp\° k¨b¨^ ^fph[p° l[p°

ku_uef A_° S|>_uef rh^p\wAp°_u lpBıL|g L°$ L$p°g°S> L°$

eyr_hrkÆV$u dp¨ buS>p hNÆdp¨ cZ[p lp°e [°hp rh^p\wAp° A_°

_hp¨N[yL$ rh^p\w Ap° L$f[p¨ L$pfqL$]w$ ^X$[f ep°S>_p_u ∞h©r—

Ap°dp¨ h^pf° k¨g¡_ l[p Afie L$peÆ L$f[p¨ [°d_p¨ L$peÆn°” ‚–e°

rhi°j gNph l[p° `Z R>p°L$fpAp° ( Boys ) L$peÆ c|rdL$p_p

CH-2 70

d|Îep°\u S>°V$gp kgpd[ l[p [°_p ‚ÁppZdp¨ R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls)

Ap°R>u kgpd[ l[u .

2.3.12 iujÆL$ : dp°V$u A_° `yø[ D¨df_u `|hÆ ı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°

(Girls )_p° Ïehkpegnu Ap°mM ^X$[f_p°

[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : L$f°_.A°. b°Bgu ,∆_.A°d.gp°. (1990)

[pfuS> : 17 \u 52 hjÆ h√Q°_u eyhp_ A_° dp°V$u D¨df_u |hÆ ı_p[L$

˜uÄp° Ïehkpegnu l°Qp_ X$[f dp°V$u D¨df° Z L$fu iL°$R>°

L°$ _lu ? L°$ u Ap° kde° kde° Ïehkpegnu L$pfqL$]w$_u tQ[p

L$f° R>° L°$ _lu [° ≈Zhp 198 ˜uAp°_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° . h•eqL$[L$ L$pfqL$]w$ tQ[p A¨N° AL°$ Òphgu

[•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u h•eqL$[ `l°Qp_ A_° ]$fS>S>p_u

ÏephkpreL$ n°” D`f_u Akf `L$X$hpdp¨ Aph°g l[u hNÆ

Ap°mM ip°^ ‹pfp dm°gy¨ [pfZ A°hy¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$,dp°V$u A_°

_p_u D¨df_u ˜uAp°_u Ïehkpegnu `l°Qp_ rhL$pk A°L$

buS>p_° dm[u Aph[u l[u .Ïehkpegnu Ap°mM ^X$[f A°

Ap∆h_ ‚qL$ep R>° [°hy¨ S>Zpe°g R>°.

2.3.13 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S> rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[pdp¨

k¨L$mpe°gp ”Z [–hp°_u Akfp°_p° [yg_p–dL$

AÊepk $:-

kïp°^L$ : by∞L$ A°d. T°d°g , dpBL$g .B.l°fi_p (1991)

[pfuS> : L$pfqL$]w$ `rf`L$h[p_p n°”_p`rfdpqZ[ \e°gu `¬^r[ D`f

”Z bpb[p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° L$p°g°S>_p 64 `|hÆ

ı_p[L$p° _° 1 \u 4 S|>\_u e◊√R> kp°`Zu L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g [°dp¨

19 _° L$p°Á‡eyV$f Ap^pqf[ pfı`qfL dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A_° dprl[u_u

CH-2 71

L$peÆ riqbf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g$14 rh^p\wAp°_° Ap rhjedp¨ A_°

16 _° L°$hm [° dpV°$ S> A_° 15 _° rhg¨rb[ L°$mhZu S|>\dp¨ ""

`pfı`rfL dpNÆ ]$iÆ_ A_° dprl[u `¬^r[Ap° ''L$peÆ riqbf

dp¨ dyøe fl°gu S>°dp¨ ”Z [pfZp° dyøe ≈°hp dm°gp l[p.

(1) L$p°Á‡eyV$f Ap^pqf[ `pfı`qfL$ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A_° dprl[u_u

Akf rh^p\wAp° D`f ≈°hp dmu l[u .

(2) L$pfqL$]w$ qf`L$h[p D`f këyL$[ S|>\p°_u Akf h√Q° Mpk

[aph[ ≈°hp d˛ep° _lp°[p° .

(3) L$pfqL$]w$ rhL$pk_p¨ L$peÆ qiqbf `Z rh^p\wAp°dp¨ Akf

L$pfL$ [aph[ ≈°hp d˛ep° _lp°[p° .

2.3.14 iujÆL$ : Ïehkpegnu dprl[u A_° L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u d]$]$ ‹pfp

L$pfqL$]w$_u ip°^ [°_u L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\uÆAp° D`f iu

Akf `X°$ R>°. $:-

kïp°^L$ : hpe .ap°_Æf (1994)

[pfuS> : L$p°Á‡eyV$f ‹pfp ÏephkpreL$ dpNÆ]$iÆ__p° AÊepk |fp° L$f_pfp

A_° |fp° L$fhp_u AZu`f lp°e [°hp rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$

`rf`L$h[pdp¨ _L$L$f c°]$ R>°. `yfp° L$fhp_u AZu `f lp°e [°hp

rh^p\w L$f[p¨ AÊepk `yfp° L$f_pfp h^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$

`qf`L$h[p_u L$np h^pf° K¨Qu lp°e R>°.

2.3.15 iujÆL$ : ‚ZpqgL$pN[ L$pmpdpV°$ `Z dyøe–h° Np°fpAp°_u

k¨ı\pAp°dp¨ Ad°qfL$p_u L$p°g°S>dp¨$ cZ[p¨ L$pmp

rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p:-

kïp°^L$ : NpBd S>°_uk _uk . (1995)

[pfuS> : ag°du¨N 1984 _p `|hÆ kïp°^_° A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pYey¨ l[y¨ L°$

‚ZpguL$pN[ $L$pmp rh^p\wAp°_u L$p°g°S> dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨

CH-2 72

b•pr¬^L$p° dpV°$ ,d_p°h•opr_L$p° dV°$ A_° Apq‰L$_ Ad°qfL$_

rh^p\wAp° dpV°$ L$p°g°S>_p° AÊepk ape]$pL$pfL$ R>°. ≈° L°$ Ap pkp¨

A¨N° khÆ k¨dr[ `∞h[Æ[u _ lp°hp R>[p¨ dp°V$p cpN_p Apn°”_p¨

kïp°^L$p° cpf `|hÆL$ A°hy¨ L$l° R>° L°$ , S>° kpdpfie[: Np°fp gp°L$p°_u

L$p°g°≈°dp¨ cp¡e°S> S>p°hp dm° R>°.

2.3.16 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ rf`L$h[pdp R>p°L$fp

(Boys)-R>p °L$fu(Girls) _p [aph[ A_°

L$pfqL$]w$ rhL$pk ]$fÁep_ \e°g Ahfp°^ :-

kïp°^L$ : X°$f°g ,A°fi\°_u ,gyTp° (1995)

[pfuS> : 401 |hÆı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ qf`L$h[pdp¨ R>p°L$fp

(Boys) - R>p°L$fu_p (Girls) c°] _° Ap kïp°^_ `”dp¨

ip°^hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>° blp°mp ‚ÁppZ_p `qfdpZp°dp¨ _uQ°

]$ipÆh°g k¨ı\pAp°_p° `Z AÊepk L$fphpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p.

(1) L$pfqL$]w$Æ$ `rÓ`L$h[p ip°^ - hgZ_y¨ n°” .

(2) L$pfqL$]w$ rhL$pk_p r_ZÆe ,nLd[p_y¨ n°” , L$p°gS> L$npA°

A_° L$p°g°S> ıhÍ$`°.

(3)Ïehkpegnu k]$Nu ip° L°$fi]$≤ S>°_y [pfZ _uQ° ‚ÁppZ°R>°.

(4) L$pfqL$]w$ qf`L$h[p_p ]$f°L$ n°” D`f uAp° yfyjp° L$f[p¨

dl–h_u fu[° KQp NyZp¨L$p° `∞p· L$f°g l[p .

(5)NyZp–dL$ `pep D`f g°hpe°gp BfiV$fÏeydp ¨ ^Zp

rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ rhL$pkdp¨ Ahfp° L$p° qfbmp° [°d_p dpV°$

‚fL$ bm f¸p l[p .

(6)lpgdp¨ L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°dp¨ L$pfqL$]w$Æ ^X$[f_y¨ S>°° hgZ

R>° [° ‚r[ [°hp gNph_p° R>p°L$fp (Boys)-R>p°L$fu_p (Girls)

CH-2 73

hgZdp¨ Acph ≈°hp dm° R>°.

2.3.17iujÆL$ : L$pfqL$]w$, dl–hpL$p ¨np,h[Ædp_ Ïehkpe_u

kyk¨N[[p A_° `|hÆ ı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° kb¨^ :-

kïp°^L$ : A°fi\°_u ,gyTp° (1995)

[pfuS> : rhipm agL$_u L$p°Áey_uqV$ L$p°g°S>dp¨ 18 \u 22 hjÆ h√Q°_p

134 |hÆ ı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$Æ$,dl–hpL$p¨np h[Ædp_

Ïehkpe_u kyk¨N[[p A_° L$pfqL$]w$ `rf`L$h[p h√Q°_p

k¨b¨^_p° Ap kïp°^_ `”dp¨ AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. S>°_y¨

[pfZ ≈°hp dm° R>°. L°$ L$pfqL$]w$ hp¨Ry>Ap°_u dl–hpL$p¨np S>°V$gu

[°d_p ÏÈphkpekp\° kyk¨N[[p ^fph° R> °. [°V$gu S>

rh^p\wAp°_p° L$pfqL$]w$ f–h° r_ZÆe g°hpdp¨ kyNd[p fl° R>° A_°

fl°i° .

2.3.18 iujÆL$ : |hÆı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ qf`L$h[p D`f

L$pfqL$]w$ AÊepk æ$dp°_u Akfp° :-

kïp°^L$ : Q°ıV$f, f°fiX$p°g, fp°qbfik (1995)

[pfuS> : `|hÆ ı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p dpV°$ L$pfqL$]w$

AÊepkæ$Ápp° dp¨ klcpNu \[p¨ [° AÊepkæ$d _u [°d_u D`f

L°$hu Akfp° L$f° R>°. [°_u `funp L$fhp_p° Ap kïp°^_ `”_p° l°[y

R°. S>°_p [pfZp° _uQ° ‚pdpZ° R>°.

(1)R>p°L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_u L$pfqL$]w$Æ`qf`L$h[p_u L$np

h^pf° K¨Qu l[u .Ap [pfZ L°$fuef X°$hgp°`d°fiV$ Bfih°fiV$fu_p

[pfZp°_° V°$L$p° Ap`° R>°.

(2)S>° rh^p\wAp°_° Ap AÊepk æ$Ápdp¨ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep

l[p [°dZ° [°d_p Sy ]p$ Ïehkpe_u `k¨]Nu `Z L$fu l[u .

CH-2 74

(3) S>° rh^p\wAp° hN Æ hNf Z L$pfqL$]w$ k¨b¨r^[ ‚h©r—Ap°dp¨

≈°X$pe°gp l[p [°d_u D`f Ap [pgud_u A°hu L$p°B rhqiÙ$ Akf

\B lp°e [°d S>Zpey¨ _ l[y¨ .

2.3.19 iujÆL$ : And[pAp° kp\° L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°_u

L$pfqL$]w$rhL$pk AphÌeL$[pAp°_u Ap°mM :-

kïp°^L$ : rhgued B. luQv¡k (1998)

[pfuS> : L$pfqL$]w$ rhL$pk AphÌeL$[pAp°_u rh^p\w hgZ n°”_p

`qfdpZ D`f `\Ω$$fZ `pd°gu b° Mp_Nu f¨Nc°]$ rh_p_u

rh_e_ L$p°g°S>_p 75 rh^p\wAp°_p° nd[p A_° And[p

kp\°_p° L$np D`f AÊepk æ$d ep°S>hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.

And[pAp° kp\° 44 rh^p\wAp° A° L$pfqL$]w$ `qf`L$h[p_u

L$np_y r_]$iÆ_ Ap °g A_° 31 rh^p\wAp°A° And[p rh_p [°_y

r_]$iÆ_ Ap °gy l[y . ÓpÏe ,◊Ìe A_° ipfuqfL$ And[p kp\°_p

rh^p\wAp°A° rinZ `f–h° And[pAp° R>°. [°hp rh^p\wAp°

L$f[p¨ L$pfqL$]w$Æ$ rhL$pk_p n°”dp¨ h^pf° D√Q[p `∞p· L$fu l[u .

2.3.20 iujÆL$ : hZÆgnu Ap°mM_p hgZp° , L$pfqL$]w$ dpV°$_u

h•eqL$[L$ nd[p A_° [° dpV°$_p fkp° h√Q° kb¨^:-

kïp°^L$ : A°g°rkep , rhgued , fuQpXÆ$k_ (2000)

[pfuS> : Apq‰L$_ Ad°rfL$_ eyq_hrkÆV$u_p rh^p\wAp°_u hZÆc°]$

Ap°mM A_° hgZp° , L$pfqL$]w$dp¨ h•eqL$[ nd[p A_° fkp°_u

h√Q° kb¨^ ip°^hp° [° Ap kïp°^_ ”_p° l°[y R>°. [° A°hy¨ [pfZ

fSy> L$f° R>° L°$ Apq‰_ Ad°qfL$_ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ ]$f°L$ hZÆc°]$ Ap°mM

[°d_p h[ÆZ|¨L$_p _uQ°_p [bL$L$pAp° kp\° kb¨^ ^fph° R>°.

(1) hZÆc°]$_p° kpd_p° L$f[p¨ `l°gp .

(2) hZÆc°]$_p° kpd_p° L$f[p¨ kde° .

CH-2 75

(3) hZÆc°]$\u blpf Aph[p .

(4) h•rL$fZ_u cph_p A_ych[p¨ .Apd Apq‰L$_ Ad°qfL$_

rh^p\wAp° AÊepkæ$dp¨ ‚hi[p¨ `Z [°‚ZprgN[ lp°e L°,bu_

‚ZprgN[ lp°e Ap–drhpk fph[p lp°e [°hy [pfZ ≈°hp dm°

R>°.

2.3.21 iujÆL$ : L$p°Áey_uV$u L$p°g°S>dp¨\u rh]$pe_u Akf A_°

ÏephkpqeL$ rh^p\wAp°_u L°$mhZu rhjeL$

rkq¬Âp° :-

kïp°^L$ : \p°dk A°g.ùN (2001)

[pfuS> : rh^p\w_u NyZh—p ‚pq‡[_p° ‚epk pf°gp L°$mhZu rhjeL$

gˇep¨L$p° D`f Akf L$f° R>° L°$ L°$d [° _L$L$u L$fhp_p° l°[y Ap

kïp°^_`”_p° l[p°. Ap AÊepkæ$Áp N∞pÁe `rÚd V°$_°ku

L$p°Áey_uV$u L$p°g°S>dp¨ Qgphhpdp¨ AÏep° l[p° . [°dp¨ klcpNu

rh^p\wAp°_° ‚Òp°[f>u Apù [°d_p¨ L$p°Áey_uV$u L$p°g°S>_p¨ A_ych

Ap^pqf[ ‚Òp° `|R>u ‚–ey[fp° ≈Z°gp .S>°_y¨ [pfZ _uQ° ‚dpZ°

R>°.

(1) rh^p\wAp°A° ^pf°g ‚pr‡[ Ap°_u [°d_p ‚epkp° D`f S>°

Akf\B l[u A_° [°hu [°d_u S>° L$np R>° [°\u `Z [°Ap ° _uQ°

D[fu Nep l[p¨ .

(2)rh^p\wAp°_u NyZh—p dpV°$_p [°dZ° ≈[° fSy> L$f°gp ‚epk

L$p°g°S> L$kp°V$udp¨ blz d|Îep¨L$_ apmp° Ap‡ep° _ l[p° .

(3)Ap D`fp¨[ rh^p\w_p ‚epkp° A_° `∞pq‡[Ap° [°d_p

ÏephkpreL$ rhL$pk L$fu flep R>°. [°d_p° ApNm rhL$pk L$fhp

dpV°$ `Z [°Ap° ApNm S> flep l[p L°$ S>°\u [° rh^p\wAp°_°

i•nrZL$ ‚pr· ‚r[ ]$p°fu ≈e R>°.

CH-2 76

2.4 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ `|huÆe AÊepkp° kp\° ‚ı[y[

kïp°^__u [yg_p :-

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°p_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p _p° AÊepk L$f[p¨ [°_p¨

[pfZp° `|h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° kp\° dm[p Aph° R>°.

v AÊepk _¨. 2.3.9 ,iujÆL$ : ""L$p°g°S>_p AÊepk ]$fqÁpep_ he A_°

L$pfqL$]$w ‚Nr[_p° L$pfqL$]$w_p¨ hgZp° kp\°_p° k¨b¨^'', QpgkÆ ku.lugu (1885)

kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__u [yg_p \B iL°$ R>°.S>°dp¨ L$pfqL]$w `qf`L$h[p ‚–e°n `Z°

L$p°g°S>_p¨ ‚pf¨rcL$ drl_pAp°dp¨S> ^X$p[u ≈e R>°. h•eqL$[L$ fu[° $rhL$pkph°g L$pfqL$]$w

_p°L$fu ‚pq‡[ dpV°$ kygc R>°. [° [pfZ ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__° kd\Æ_ Ap`° R>°.

v AÊepk _¨. 2.3.10 ,iujÆL$ : ""h•eqL$[L$ ‚r[õ$p ,L$pfqL$]$w qf`L$h[p

A_° L$p°g°S> _u rk¬Âp° kp\° _p°L$fu_u L$peÆnd ‚pr·_p° l°[y ''fp°bVÆ$$A°d.L|L$,

QpÎkÆ ku. lugu (1986) _p° AÊepk `Z ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ kp\° dm[p° Aph° R>°.

S>°dp¨ dyøe–h° ı_p[L$ L$np_p rh^p\wAp° D√Q‚r[õ$p dyÎep¨L$_ ^fph[p¨ rh^p\w

Apr\ÆL$ fu[° D√QL$np ‚p· L$fhp_u nd[p ^fph° R>°. [°huS> fu[° `∞ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨

`Z D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh^p\wAp° h^y kpÍ$ hgZ ^fph° R>°. ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ LyVy¨$b _p°

`∞L$pf ¬ep_dp¨ gu^p° R>°.

v AÊepk _¨. 2.3.18 ,iujÆL$ : "" |hÆı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u L$pfqL$]$w qf`L$h[p

D`f A¬epk æ$dp°_u Akfp° ''kïp° L$ : Q°ıV$f f°fiX$p°g ,fp°qbfik(1995) _p° AÊepk

`Z ‚ı[y[ kïp° _ kp\° dm[p° Aph° R>°. S>°dp¨ R>p°L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_u L$pfqL$]$w

`qf`L$h[p_u L$np h^pf° JQu l[u S>° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__° dm[y¨ Aph° R>°.A_° ‚ı[y[

kïp°^_dp¨ `Z R>p°L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h^pf°

≈°hp dm° R>°.

kïp°^L°$ D`f_p D]$plfZp° ‹pfp ı`Ù$ L$eyÆ R>° L°$ ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_°

A_yÍ$` ApNm AÊepkp° \ep R>°.`|hwe AÊepkp°dp¨ kdp_[p A_° rhfp°^p cpku

CH-2 77

`qfZpdp° ≈°hp dm° R>°.`f¨[y d_p°rhop_dp¨ kïp° __p¨ qfZpdp°_u rcfl[p_p¨ A_°L$

L$pfZp° lp°B iL°$ R>°.

2.5 Ap–d rhÔg°jZ _y¨ k•¬^p¨r[L$ dl–h :-

ey¨N_p¨ d[° "" L°$V$gpL$ ıh_° A°L$ Ap¤‚r[L$ [fuL°$ [°_° ÏeqL$[–h_p¨

k¨NW$_ A_° rı\f[p dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf [–h [fuL°$ NZpÏep° R>°. [° dp_hu_p° dp_rkL$

fu[° k¨`|ZÆ[p `∞p· L$fhp_p° R>°. ''

rhipm A\Ædp¨ ÏeqL$[ S>°_° `p°[° A_° `p°[p_y¨ L$l° R>° A_° [°_u kp\°

A°L$fpN[p A_ych° R>° [° b^p_y¨ k¨NW$_" ıh ' L$l°hpe . ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[_° p°[p_u ≈[

dpV°$_p° øepg rhL$k° R>° S>°dp¨ [° [°_p `p°[p_p rhi°_p d|Îe r_ZÆep°_p° kdph°i L$f° R>°.

[°dp¨ [° Afie gp°L$p° `p°[p_u L°$hu qL≠$d[ Ap¨L°$ R>°, gp°L$p°_° `p°[p_u L$B L$B bpb[p°

Ndi° hN°f° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu _° `p°[p_u ≈[_° d|gh° R>°. X$p°_pÎX$ ky`f ÏephkpreL$

rhL$pkdp¨ ıh_p¨ øepg_p rhL$pk_° L°$fi]$≤dp¨ NZ° R>°.

ıL$pDV$_p d[° ÏeqL$[_p¨ ]$f°L$ cpNdp¨ Ap–dQ°[_p kdprhÛV$$ R>° . Ap\u

S>epf° ÏeqL$[ bp¸ rhje _p° rhQpf L$f[u lp°e –epf° `Z [°_p cu[fdp¨ `p°[p_y¨

Ap–drhÔg°jZ L$f[p¨ lp°e R>°. D`fp¨[ ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u kam[p A_° r_Ûam[p_p¨

L$pfZp° \u `qfrQ[ lp°e R>°. `qfZpd° S>Í$qfep[ ‚ÁppZ° [° `p°[p_u ≈[dp¨ ky^pfp

h^pfp L$fu iL°$ R>°. Ap\u Aphu ÏeqL$[ dyøe–h° bu≈ f _lu¨ Z p°[p_p f Ap^pf

fpM[u lp°e R>°. [° ıhphg¨bu L$l°hpe R>°. Aphu ÏeqL$[ `fphg¨bu lp°[u _\u .bu≈

_lu `Z S>° [° bpb[dp¨ `p°[° iy¨ L$fu iL°$ [°d R>° A° S> rhQpf° R>° `rfZpd° kdıep_p¨

DL°$gdp¨ `p°[p_u d•prgL$ ◊rÛV L$pd° gNpX°$ R>°. $bu≈ _u fpl _ ≈°[p¨ [° `l°g L$f° R>°.

A_° ¬e°°e_° rk¬^ L$fhp ‚epk L$f° R>°.

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ kïp°^_\u S>pZhp d˝ey¨ R>° L°$ , Ap–drhÔg°jZ

L$fhp\u ÏerL$[ p°[p_p° Ap–drhÔhpk L°$V$gp° R>° [° S>pZu iL$° R>°. A_° L$p°B`Z S>¡epA°

kam kdpep°S>_ L$fu iL°$ R>°. Ap–drhpky ÏeqL$[ L$p°B\u X$f[u _\u ,d|¨Tp[u _\u

CH-2 78

A_° ip¨[rQ—° `p°[p_ ¬e°e [fa g^y[pN∞¨q\_p cp°N bfiep rkhpe Nr[ L$f° R>°.

Ap–drhpk A° Aldπ _\u Ap–drhpk _L$L$f A_° Nl_ d_p°h•opr_L$ qfbmR>°.

a∞p°BX°$ _pd_p d_p°h•opr_L$° dp_hu_° qldiugp kp\° kfMphu_°

dp_hu_u Aop_[p MyÎgu L$fu R>°. ÏeqL$[ L$p°B_u dp°V$f L°$ L$`X$p¨, a°i_ rhi° ^œ¨

op_ ^fph° R>°. `f¨[y L$ep `qfbmp° ÏeqL$[_p k¨h°N [¨” _° Akf `lp°¨QpX°$ R>°. [°

≈Zhy¨ [° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u bpb[ R>°. ÏeqL$[ tQ[p A_° ce_p cp°N ip dpV°$ b_°

R>° ? Afie kp\°_p ÏeqL$[_p kpdprS>L$ kb¨ p° kyMÍ$` ip dpV$° _\u ? hpf¨hpf p°[p_u

≈[_p° Mp°V$p° bQph ip dpV°$ L$f° R>° ? hN°f° `p°[p_u ≈[_° ıìÆ[p A_°L$ ‚Òp° rhi°

ÏerL$[ blz^p Aop_u S>p°hp dm° R>°. `f¨[y ≈° ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u ≈[_y

Ap–drhÔg°jZ L$f° [p° Qp°L$L$k ]$f°L$ ‚L$pf_p¨ Ïehkpedp¨ kam[p ‚p· L$fu iL°$ R>°.

A_° `p°[p_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `Z ≈mhu iL°$ R>°.

ÏeqL$[ p°[p_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ ‹pfp p°[p_u Arcep°¡e[p , ArcfyrQ,

`p°[p_u depÆ]$pAp° Afie kp\°_u Ap¨[f qL∞ep L$fhp_u bpb[ rhi° rhQpfu iL°$ R>°.

A–drhÔg°jZ ‹pfp S> ÏeqL$[ AfiÈ hgZ_p¨ rhL$pk_u S>°d `p°[p_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ_u `rf`L$h[p ^X$u iL°$ R>°.

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ rk¬^p¨[ A_ykpf Z ≈Zhp d˛ey¨ R>° L°$ , S>°d S>°d

ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_u ≈[_° Ap°mM[u S>i° [°d [°d [° buSp rhi°_y¨ op_ `Z h^pf[u

S>i° .Afie_p¨ h[Æ_ rhi°_u S>pZL$pfu d°mhhp\u bu∆ ÏeqL$[ L$epf° A_° L°$hu fu[_u

‚r[qæ$ep Apì° [°_u `|hÆ^pfZp \B iL°$ R>°. A° bpb[_u ANpD\u ≈ZL$pfu

dmhp\u kpdu ÏeqL$[ kp\° kam h[Æ_ L$fu iL°$ R>°. Ap fu[° ≈ZL$pfu ‹pfp S>Í$qfep[

‚dpZ° Ap`Zp h[Æ__° Z ky^pfu iL°$ R>°. S>°d S>Í$fu rfh[Æ_ L$fhp_p° AhL$pi fl°

R>°. A_° ıh_p h[Æ__u ky^pfZp ‹pfp Ap–dk¨[p°j_u gpNZu Dcu L$fu iL°$ R>°.

CH-2 79

2.6 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A¨N° `|h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° :-

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A¨N° `|hÆ° \e°gp AÊepkp°_u kdunp _uQ° dyS>b L$fhpdp¨ Aphu

R>°. S>°dp¨ cpf[dp¨ A_° rh]°$idp¨ \e°gp AÊepkp°_p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

2.6.1 iujÆL$: h•eqL$[L$ gpnqZL$[pAp° ^fph[p¨ S|>\p°_p

[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk_y¨ ıh-`©’\L$fZ :-

kïp°^L$ : A°.‰°dvN (1932)

[pfuS> : ipmp_p kde_p° \p°X$p°cpN blpf_p Lpddp¨ L$f[p¨ eyyhp_

rh^p\wAp° f–h° _p° Ap AÊepk R>°. kpfp L$pd]$pf \hp_y¨ A_°

kpfp d__p° rhL$pk L$fhp° A° b° ◊rÙ$ tb]y$Ap° _° _S>f kdn

fpMu _° [°d_° [°Ap° L°$hu fu[° [°d_p L$peÆdp¨ ky^pfp° L$fu iL°$ [°

A¨N°_u Qpf AN–e_p rfbmp° Ap°mMhp_y¨ L$l°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨.

h•eqL$[L$ [°dS> S|>\N[ [`pk_y¨ `qfZpd kfMy¨ S> Aph°gy¨

kïp°^L$ A° [pfZ D`f ApÏep L°$ rh^p\wAp° kpfu fu[° dm° R>°.

[°d_pdp¨ L$B gpnrZL$[p_u DZ` R>°.A_° [° L°$d ]|$f L$fhu [°

`Z [°Ap° _L$L$u L$fu iL$hp_u nd[p ^fph °R>°. ÏeqL$[–h_p

d|mc|[ [–h_p rhL$pk dpV°$ Ap ‚L$pf_p° AÊepk d]$]Í$` \peR>°.

2.6.2 iujÆL$ :L$p°g°S>dp¨ A_yL|$g_[p A_° ‚r[L|$m[p_u ıhuL©$r[

:-

kïp°^L$ : A°a. d°Ω$u_ (1937)

[pfuS> : h^y kpfu fu[° k¨[yg_ Sp>mh_pf ÏeqL$[ L$f[p¨ ]e_ue fu[°

k¨[yg_ ≈mh_pf ÏeqL$[Ap° h^pf° X$[p° d_p°rhrnZ[p fph°

R>°. \fıV$p°_ _pd_u k¨ı\pdp¨ ÏeqL$[ f–h° L$f°g qfnZ_y¨ Ap

[pfZ R>°. A°hp `Z `|fphp R>° L°$ ,[°Ap° h^pf° `X$[p Ap–dL°$fi÷u

R>°.h y k¨[yg_ ≈mhu iL$_pf ÏeqL$[Ap° L$f[p¨ ]$epS_L$ k¨[yg_

CH-2 80

≈mh_pf ÏeqL$[ hNÆ [°d_p Ïehlpfdp¨ ep°¡e bpb[ _p° Dèp°N

L$fhpdp¨ `Z c°]$ ^fph° R>°. [°d_p Ïehlpfdp¨ Ahfp°^p° Aph°

R>°. A_° [°d_p S>hpbp° Z rcfl A_° _p¢^`p” lp°e R>°. [°d_p

‚–ey[fp° ""N¨∞\u ''\u uX$p[p lp°e R>°. Alu ‚ı[y[ L$f°g dprl[u

_h kS>Æ__p rhL$pk dpV°$ , fd[ ‚–e° Apæ$dL$[p S>fidph° [° dpV°$

, gp°L$p° A_° d¨X$mp° kp\° k¨`ÆL$ ^fphhp [fa gB ≈e [° dpV$°,

ipmp L$p°g°S>_p i•nrZL$ L$peÆ rkhpe _u B[f ‚h©r[Ap°dp¨ fk

g° [° dpV°$ A_° i•nrZL$ A_° kdprS>L$ ‚pr· dpV°$ T¨M_p ‚°f° [°hy¨

‚fLbm `yfy¨ `pX°$ R>°.

2.6.3 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>dp¨ ÏeqL[–h rhL$pk_p Ahfp°^L$ ıhÍ$`p°:-

kïp°^L$ : A°.A°Q. hyX$ A_° ∆.`°BT (1937)

[pfuS> : 145 L$p°g°∆e_ eyh[u_u dygpL$p[ gB kïp°^L°$ rh^p\w_p

ÏeqL$[–h rhL$pk_p Ahfp°^L$ ıhÍ$`p°_y¨ `©’\L$fZ L$eyØ R>°.

ÏeqL$[–h rhL$pkdp¨ Aph°gu dyÌL°$guAp° Ap S|>\_u L°$V$guL$

rh^p\wAp°_p A°L$ `°V$p S|>\° A°hy¨ [pfZ Ap‡ey¨ L°$ , ÏeqL$[–h

rhL$pkdp¨ dyøe–h° ipfuqfL$ dp_rkL$ DZ`p° ,fp°Np° A_° NfubpB

L$pfZ c|[ R>° .L$p°g°∆>e_ eyh[uAp°_u [`pk R>° R>[p¨ [pfZ ≈Z°

L°$ kphÆr”L$ b[pÏey¨ R>°. S° eyhL$p°_° `Z gpNy `X$° R>°.

2.6.4 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>_p¨ rh^p\wAp° A_° g^y[pN∞¨\u :-

kïp°^L$ : A°.A°a.a°g_k_ A_° A°.Apf .lVπ$TÆ (1938)

[pfuS> : du_°kp°V$p eyr_hrkÆV$u_p 2342 rh^p\wAp°_p ÏeqL$[–h

A_yL|g_[p_° Ap°mMhp _L$L$u L$f° [° dpV°$_p° AÊepk Ap

kïp°^_`”_p° R>°. kpdpfie fu[° dp_hpdp¨ Aph° R>° [°_p L$f[p¨

`Z rhi°j ‚ÁppZdp¨ rh^p\wAp° g^y[p_u gpNZu A_ych° R>°.

[°hy¨ [pfZ dm° R>° L°$ , r_Á_ kpdprS>L$ A_° Apr\ÆL$ qı\q[ ,

CH-2 81

Ly$Vy¨$b_u Ap°R>u AphL$ , Np∞Áe ‚]°$i L$f[p¨ il°fu rhı[pf _y¨ ∆h_

A_° kp\° \p°X$p ‚dpZdp¨ Afie ÏeqL$[Ap° kp\° `qfrQ[[p

g^y[p_u gpNZudp¨ dl–h_p° cpN cS>h° R>°.

2.6.5 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>dp¨ kpfp`Zp_y¨ ^X$[f :-

kïp°^L$ : A°d. ∆.fuN (1939)

[pfuS> : ÏeqL$[–h rhL$pk D`f rhriÙ$ cpf dyL$[p Ap g°Mdp¨

L$p°g°S>dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_° d]$]$Í$` \hp_p° l°[y R>°.

S>°dp¨ ]•$r_L$ L$peÆæ$d_p° kdek|rQ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. S>°dp¨

kde_p° bQph , hp¨Q_ ,Ïepepd _p¢^ , ‚Ò`” [•epf L$fhp ,

qinZ ‚pr· ,rhh°Q_p `funp g°hu , [¨]yfı[ ◊$rÙ$tb]y$

fpMhp_p° ‚epk L$fhp° . rk¬^p¨[p°_y¨ S>° [pfZ _uL$˛ey¨ [° D`f

rh^p\wAp° ≈[° ‚Òp°—fu b[ph° L°$ S>°\u [°Ap° [°d_u `p°[p_u

bys¬^d[p_y `funZ L$fu iL°$ .

2.6.6 iujÆL$ : Lp°g°S> b¨^y–h A_° k¨[yg_ :-

kïp°^L$ : ù. ∆.guhu¨Nl|X$$ (1940)

[pfuS> : b¨^y–hcph_p A°L$kpf u k¨ı\pA° [°_p kÊe_u rhqiÙ$

S>Í$qfep[p° `|fu `pX$hp A_yL|$m hp[phfZ kS>Æhy¨ ≈°BA° L°$

S>°\u Akp^pfZ dp_rkL$ [_ph_° ]|$f L$fu iL$pe .A\hp [p°

[°_u ipfuqfL$ S>Í$qfep[p° ,h^pfp_p AÊepkæ$Áp dpV°$ `lp¢Q

kfm[p\u \B iL°$ [° dpV°$ b¨^y–hcph_p kSÆpe [°hu ‚h©r—Ap°

>`|fu `pX$hu ≈°BA° L°$ S>°\u ÏeqL$[_y¨ _•r[L$ b¨^pfZ h^y

bmh—f b_°. b¨^y–hcphceØy ∆h_ kpfu ıhe¨ qiı[_u

L°$mhZu |fu pX°$ R>°. kpdprS>L fZ_u Akf r_dpÆZ L$f° R>°. A_°

h•eqL$[L$ S>hpb]$pfu_p cph_° D—°qS>[ L$f° R>°. [°_p° rhL$pk L$f°

R>°.A_° Ak¨[yqg[ ÏeqL$[_° Ap fu[° dpNÆ]$iÆ_ `Z Ap`°R>°.

CH-2 82

b¨^y–h cph_p r_dpÆZ L$f° [°hp AÊepkæ$d_u `k¨]$Nu kpfu

fu[° , k¨cpm `|hÆL$, rhQpf `|hÆL$ L$fhu ≈°BA° A_° [°dp¨

≈°X$php dpV°$ S>° i`\ g°hp_p lp°e [° kÊe`]$ r_edp°_° Apû_

lp°hp S>Í$fu R>°.

2.6.7 iujÆL$ : Lp°g°S> cpBQpfp° A_° A_yL|g_[p :-

kïp°^L$ : A°a.∆.guhu_NyX$ (1940)

[pfuS> : ÏeqL$[_u r hriÙ$ S>Í$qfep[ `|fu `pX$hp , Akp^pfZ

dp_rkL$ ]$bpZ L°$ [_ph_° AV$L$phhp ,kyep°¡e cpBQpfp°

L°$mhpe [°hy¨ hp[phfZ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA° L°$ S>°\u [° ÏeqL$[_u

ipfurfL$ dp¨N L°$ S>Í$qfep[ `Z kl°gpB\u `qf[p°jpe.Ap dpV°$

rinZ , h^pfp_p° AÊepk æ$d A_° b¨ y–h‚°fL$ ‚h©r—Ap° lp°hu

^V°$L°$ S>° ÏeqL$[_y¨ _•r[L$- d_p°b¨^pfZ A_° d_p°iqL$[_°

h^pf° [°hu lp°hu ≈°BA° [°_pdp¨ r_erd[[p lp°hu ≈°BA° . Ap

r_erd[[p ,h[Æ_dp¨ kÊe[pdp¨ A_° b¨ y–hcph_p_u kdıepdp¨

`Z ep°¡e fu[° rhr_ep°N lp°hp° ^V°$ A°V$g° L° , fSy>Ap[ lp°hu

$≈°BA°.

2.6.8 iujÆL$ : Lp°g°S> A_° Ap∆h_ ,ıh-≈N©r[ kdıep A_° ıh-

dpNÆ]$iÆ_ :-

kïp°^L$ : A°d. B. b°_°V$ (1941)

[pfuS> : 1933 _p hjÆ\u L°$V$gp¨L$ kïp°^_ [pfZp°_p° Ap Aph©r—dp¨

Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. A_° L°$V$gp¨L$ _hp¨ ‚L$fZp°\u [°_p°

l°[y h^pfhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$p°g°S>_p _hp ApN¨[yL$p°_p° AÊepk

[p≈° L$fhp° [° Ap `yı[L$_p° l°[y R>°. dp” L$p°g°S>dp¨ S> _lu ¨

∆h_ ∆h[p iuMhhp_p° l°[y R>°. bû S> kdıep_p° hı[ygnu

AÊepk fSy> L$f°g R>°. N°fÏehlpf L°$ N°fh[ÆZ|L$ \u AV$L$phu ıh

CH-2 83

≈N©r[ ‚r[ ]$p°fu S>hp_u Ap `yı[L$_u ‚ep°S>_p R>°. S>°dp¨

cpN -1 L$p°g°S>dp¨ fl°Zp¨L$ , L$p°g°S> AÊepk_y¨ d|Îe,MQÆ A_°

L°$Á`k ∆h_ rhi° QQpÆ L$f° R>°. cpN-2 L$p°g°S>dp¨ qinZ

iuMhp_u ‚qæ$ep_y ©\ºL$fZ L$f° R°. h^pf° AkfL$pfL AÊepk

dpV°$ [° Ïehlpfy k|Q_p° `Z fS|> L$f° R>°. cpN-3 ∆h_ ^X$[f

ÏerL$[–h rhL$pk ,dp_rkL$ Apfp°¡e A_° ÏerL$[_y¨ S>° fu[°

kpdprS>L$ ≈°X$pZ R>° [° rhi° QQpÆ L$f° R>°.

2.6.9 iujÆL$ : ıh - `©’\L$fZ dp¨ ‚ep°N :-

kïp°^L$ : ∆.A°k.bufu (1946)

[pfuS> : ÏlpBV$ hp°V$f fpS>e_p huk ‰pfiku_ il°f_p rinL$p°_u L$p°g°S>dp¨

L°$V$gp¨L$ rh^p\wAp°_p° hpQ_ A_° [°_u dp_rkL$ nd[p_u

L$kp°V$u g°hpdp¨ Aphu l[u rh^p\wAp° hNÆdp¨ S>° cZu Ne°gp

l[p [° [p¨Sy> L$fhp dpV°$ b°_u kp\° b°g_u k¨[yg_ rk¬^p¨[_p

NyZp¨L$ A_° L$np_° `Z hZu g°hpdp¨ Aph°g l[p¨ Ap dpV° ıh-

`©’\L$fZ_u ‚Òp°—fu `Z Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g l[u Aphu

‚Òp°—fudp¨ L°$V$gp¨L$ $‚L$pf_p¨ ‚–ey—fp°_u QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨

Aphu l[u . A_° [°_p D`f rhh°Q_ `Z L$fhp_y¨ l[y . Ap\u

rh^p\wAp°dp¨ Ap_¨]$ D—°S>_p ≈°hp dmu l[u . ≈° L°$ L°$V$gpL$

rh^p\wAp° [°dZ° dm°g NyZp° A_° L$np A¨N° Ak¨[yÛV$ $ l[p

`Z dp°V$pcpN_p rh^p\wAp°_y¨ A°hy¨ [pfZ l[y¨ L°$ Ap ‚L$pf_u

L$kp°V$udp¨\u `l°gp `kpf \ep _ l[p . A°L$ _p_L$X$p rhcpN_°

bp]$ L$f[p b^p S> rh^p\wAp° [°d_y¨ k¨b¨q^[ A_° k¨]rcÆ[

kp\°_u [L$ [°d_° `Z l[u [°Z° fkpıhp]$ L$ep£ l[p°. kïp°^L$

A°d L$l° R>° L°$ , kgpl k|Q_ dpV°$ Ap ‚qL$ep `pe Í$` R>°.

CH-2 84

2.6.10 iujÆL$ : rhL$pk A_° h•eqL$[L$ A_yL| $g_[p dpV° $_y ¨

d_p°qhop_ :-

kïp°^L$ : S>lp°_ B. A°fiX$fk_ (1949)

[pfuS> : _hp°q]$[p° A_° dp¬erdL$ ipmp , L$p°g°S> L°$ eyr_hrkÆV$u _p

bu≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp° dpV°$ k”p¨[ AÊepkæ$Áp

dpV°$ Ap `yı[L$_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>° . rhrh^ L$peÆL$pfZ

r_edp°, h•opr_L$ ¬^r[ A_° Afie kp\° A_yL|$g_[p kp^hp_u

AN–e[p D`f Ap `yı[L$_y¨ `qfQep–dL$ ‚\d ‚L$fZ R>°.

bpL$u_p 24 ‚L$fZp° kp[ rhcpN dp¨ a°gpe°gp¨ R>°.

(1) ‚\d rhcpN ∆hhp_u kS>S>[p dpV°$ R>°. [°dp¨ gpNZu [¨”

A_° k¨h°]$_ [¨”_p ‚L$fZ_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. A°L$ ‚L$fZ

ipfuqfL$ rhL$pk dpV°$ R>°. A_° A°L$ bpm rhL$pk dpV°$ R>°.

(2) rhcpN b° L°$mhZu , byqŸd[p , kdıep -r_fpL$fZ ,bys¬^

A_° cpjp k¨b¨^° R>°.

(3) rhcpN ”Z ‚°fL$bmp° , gpNZu_p° rhL$pk A_° r_e¨”Z

ıhcph -hgZ_u fQ_p A_° b¨^pfZ rhi° R>°.

(4) rhcpN Qpf h[ÆZ|L$_u kpdprS>L$ `Úp]c| A_° rhL$pk

[°dS> fk f|rQ_p rhL$pk_u Ap°mM b[ph° R>°.

(5) rhcpN `p¨Q _p ‚L$fZp° ÏeqL$[–h A_° A_yL|$g_[p

rhi°R>°.

(6) rhcpe R> L$p°g°S> ∆h_ kp\° A_yL|$g_[p ,`rf`L$h[p A_°

ÏephkpreL$ A_yL|$g_[p rhi° R>°.

(7) kp[dp rhcpNdp¨ LyVy¨$b ∆h_ kp\° kd[ygp , dpZk A_°

`∞pZuAp°_p rhrh^ ‚L$pf_p Ly$Vy¨$b ∆h_ , ‚°d A_ ° g¡_

∆h_dp¨ A_yL|$m[p rhi° R>°. R>°Îgy¨ ‚L$fZ L°$hm kpdprS>L$

CH-2 85

kdıep S> _rl Z h•eqL$[L$ kdıep_p r_fpL$fZ_u S>Í qfep[

D`f cpf d|L°$ R>°.

2.6.11 iujÆL$ : ifdpm`œ¨ A_° L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°_p° L$pfqL]uÆ$

rhL$pk :-

kïp°^L$ : fp°_pÎX$ S>°. l°df (1995)

[pfuS> : h[Ædp_ AÊepk r_b¨ , rhL$pk \uefu, bfp_u ifdpm`œ

_u `¬^r[ A_° L°$V$gp¨L$ kp¨‚[ D√QL$np_p AÊepkp° A°hu

^pfZpAp°_u L$kp°V$u L$f[p¨ L$l°R>° L°$, L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\w_p L$pfqL]uÆ$

rhL$pkdp¨ ifdpZ`Zp _y¨ Z ı\p_R>°. rhriÙ$ fu[° pfZpAp°

D`f\u A°hp° rk¬^p¨[ [pfhhpdp¨ Aph°gR>° L°$ ifdpm`œ¨

h•eqL$[L$ ArcNd MpduAp° kp\° ≈°X$pe°g R>°. [°dp¨

h[ÆZ|L$gnu , kpdprS>L$ byrŸd[p_u `Z Mpdu fl°gp R>°.

L$p°g°S>_p Ïehkpegnu rhL$pkdp¨ [° EgV$p° k¨b¨^ ^fph° R>°.

Ïehkpegnu h•eqL$[L$ ArcNd_u `pf]$iÆL$[p,

Ïehkpegnu `qf`L$h[p hgZp–dL$ `pkpÄp° ,L$pfL$uq]Æ$ -

k¨b¨r^[ h•eqL$[L$ A_° hp[phfZ k¨b¨û ip°^byr¬^ A_° S>°

Ïehkpe rhQpfZp L$f° R>°. [°_u kp\° kp[–e Ap `pkpÄp°_p°

Ap AÊepkdp¨ kdph°i L$fphpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. `rfZpdp° A°hy¨

]$iph£ R>° L°$, Ïehkpegnu h•eqL$[L$ ArcNddp¨ ifdpm`œ¨

DgV$u fu[° k¨b¨r^[ R>°. A°L$r”[ L$f°g dprl[u A°hy¨ k|Qh° R>°

L°$ ifdpm`œ¨ _L$pfp–dL$ fu[° hZpe°gy¨ R>°. D`fp¨[ [pfZ A°hy¨

`Z ≈°hp dm°g R>° L°$, d_p°- kpdprS>L$ A_° L$pfqL]u Æ$ rhL$pk

D`f ifdpm`Zp_u Akf `X°$ R>°.

CH-2 86

2.6.12 iujÆL$ : L$pfqL]uÆ rf`L$h[p A_° L$p°g°S> rh^p\wAp°_p Ap¨[f

bple L$pd_p d|Îep° D`f AÊepk $:-

kïp°^L$ : fud.ley_. gu (1997)

[pfuS> : L$pfqL]u Æ `qf`L$h[p_° L$peÆ_p d|Îep° kp\° ip° k¨b¨^ R>° [°_y¨

`rfnZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y¨ L°$ S>°\u L$pfqL]u Æ `qf`L$h[p kp\°

≈°X$pe°g d|Îep°_p dpmMp_° h^pf° kpfu fu[° kd∆ iL$pe [° dpV°$

316 L$p°g°S> R>p°L$fp ( Boys ) A_° 561 R>p°L$fu Ap° (Girls )

ıh d|Îep¨L$_ AÊepkæ$Ápdp¨ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¨ ApÏÈp l[p L$p°frepdp¨

[p°A°_° L$pfqL]u Æ `qf`L$h[p ip°^ A_° L$peÆ_p d|Îe_u ip°^_° b°

L$npdp¨ hl°Qhpdp ¨ ApÏep° l[p° . Ap¨[f bple L$peÆ_p d|Îep°

dpV°$ [°dp¨ B S|>\dp¨ 15 n°”dp¨ kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° .

Ap¨L$X$pL$ue `©\ºL$fZ° A°hy¨ b[pÏey¨ R>° L$° , L$pfL$uq]Æ$ `qf`L$h[p

A_° L$peÆ_y¨ d|Îepp¨L$_ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys) R>p°L$fuAp°dp¨ (

Girls ) blz Sy>]y$ X$[y _lp°[y . R>p°L$fuAp° R>p°L$fp L$f[p¨ hp[phfZ

_° N∞ple L$fhpdp¨ QqX$ep[u l[u [p° R>p°L$fpAp° R>p°L$fuAp° L$f[p¨

r_:ıhp\Æ Zp A_° kS>Æ_p–dL$ dp¨ h^pf° QqXep[p l[p. Ap¨[qfL$

L$peÆ_p d|Îep°_y A°L$`Z L$peÆ lL$pfp–dL$ fu[° R>p°L$fuAp°_u L$pfqL]u

Æ rf`L$h[p kp\° ≈°X$pe°g _l[y S>epf° Ap¨[qfL$ L$peÆ_p b° ‚L$pf_p

d|Îep° kp\° R>p°L$fpAp°_u L$pfqL]u Æ `qf`L$h[p lL$pfp–dL$ fu[°

≈°X$pe°g l[u A°hy¨ [pfZ _uL$m° R>° L$°, ˜uAp° D`f qinZ

L°q$fi÷[ L$f[p¨ d|Îe_u ı`Ù$[p A_° rhrh^[p D`f h^pf° cpf

d|L$hp° L°$ S>°\u L$pfqL]u Æ rf`L$h[p rhL$pk_° ApNm `phu iL$pe.

CH-2 87

2.7 Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ `|hwe AÊepkp° kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ _u

[yg_p :-

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°p_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p° AÊepk L$f[p¨ [°_p¨ [pfZp° |h£ \e°gp

AÊepkp° kp\° dm[p Aph° R>°.

v AÊepk _¨. 2.6.4 iujÆL$ : ""L$p°g°S_p¨ rh^p\wAp°> A_° g^y[pN¨∞\u''

kïp°^L$ : A°.A°a a°g_k_ A_° A°.Apf.lVÆ$T (1938) kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__u

[yg_p \B iL°$ R>°. S>°dp¨ dyøe–h° r_Á_ kpdprS>L$ A_° Apr\ÆL$ qı\r[ ,Ly$Vy¨$b_u Ap°R>u

AphL$ ,N∞pÁe ‚]°$i L$f[p¨ il°fu rhı[pf_y¨ ∆h_ hN°f° `pkpÄp° rh^p\wAp°_u A¨]$f

g^y[p_u gpNZu S>fidph° R>°. [°hu S> fu[° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ `Z D`f_p¨ `pkpÄp°

Akf L$f° R>°. A_° A°hp rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm°g l[y¨ .

v AÊepk _¨. 2.6.12 iujÆL$ : ""L$pfqL$]$w `qf`L$h[p A_° L$p°g°S>

rh^p\wAp°_p Ap¨[f bple L$pd_p d|Îep° D`f AÊepk'' kïp°^L$ : fud.ley_ gu.

(1997) _p¨ AÊepk dp¨ L$pfqL$]$w `qf`L$h[p A_° L$peÆ_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ R>p°L$fpAp°

(Boys) ,R>p°L$fuAp°( Girls ) dp¨ blz Sy>]y X$[y _lp°[y .[°huS> fu[° ‚ı[y[ kïp° _dp¨

`Z R>p°L$fp R>p°L$fuAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ dp¨ blz [aph[ `X$[p° _\u .

kïp°^L°$ D`f_p D]$plfZp° ‹pfp ı`Ù$ L$eyÆ R>° L°$ ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_°

A_yÍ$` ApNm AÊepkp° \ep R>°.`|hwe AÊepkp°dp¨ kdp_[p A_° rhfp°^p cpku

`qfZpdp° ≈°hp dm° R>°.`f¨[y d_p°rhop_dp¨ kïp° __p¨ qfZpdp°_u rcfl[p_p¨ A_°L$

L$pfZp° lp°B iL°$ R>°.

CH-2 88

2.8 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _y¨ k•¬^p¨r[L$ dl–h :-

∆h__p A_°L$rh^ `∞Òp° ÏeqL$[_° d|¨Th° R>°. Apr\ÆL$ kdıep ,kpdprS>L$

kdıep L°$ ^¨^pL$ue kdıep ÏerL$[_p d__° Aıhı\ b_ph° R>°. Ap L$pfZ° ÏeqL$[

dp_rkL$ ıhı’[p Nydph° R>°. Ap\u R>°âp¨ L°$V$gp¨L$ hjp£\u dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° øepg

Ap¨[ffpÛVu≤e L$npA° ıhuL©$[ `pÁep° R>°. Ap_p Ap^pf° ]y$r_ep_p¨ gNcN b^p¨ S>

]°$ip°A° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _y¨ dl–h gu^y¨ R>°."" WHO _p¨ 1946 ''dp¨ [•epf \e°gp

b¨^pfZ dp¨ ıhpı’e_u Ïepøep Ap ‚ÁppZ° Ap`hpdp¨ Aphu .

"" ıhpı’e A° dp” fp°N,_bmpB L°$ irL$[_p° Acph L°$ N°flpS>fu_u

Ahı\p S> _\u , A° D`fp¨[ [° kdN∞ A_° k¨`|ZÆ A°hu ipfuqfL$ , dp_rkL$ A_°

kpdprS>L$ epÆ·p dp\u k≈Æ[u sı\[u R>°.''[]y$fı[ dp_rkL$ hgZp° fph[u ÏeqL$[dp

Ap`p° Ap` [°_y¨ _•r[L$ Qpqf‘e KQy¨ Aph° R>°. dp_rkL$ fu[° [¨]y$fı[ ÏeqL$[ kdpS>_p

‚Qqg[ _•r[L$ d|Îep° Ap–dkp[ L$f° R>°. A_° d|Îep°_u ≈mhZu L$f° R>°. A° fu[° p°[p_u

kdpep°S _ ‚qæ$ep_y¨ r_ed_ L$f° R>°. V|¨L$dp¨ b^pS> ‚L$pf_p ıhpı’e_u ≈mhZu dpV°$

AgN ‚e–_p° L$fhp_° b]$g° d|mc|[ fu[° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u SpmhZu_y¨ Apep°S>_

L$fhpdp¨ Aph°[p° [° h^y hpı[rhL$ ,e\p\Æ A_° AkfL$pfL$ b_u fl° . dp_rkL$

Apfp°¡eA° `Z d_p°rhopp__u A°L$ ipMp R>°.L$pgÆ fp°S>kÆ_p¨ d[ `∞ÁppZ° "" d|mc|[

fu[° ]$f°L$ dpZk kpfp° R>°. A_° [° kpfp° b_hp B√R>° R>°. '' Ap bpb[_° ›ep_dp¨

fpMuA° [p°S> Nyfil°Npfp° ‚–e° ep°¡e Ïehlpf \B iL°$ rh dp_rkL$ k¨^° _p¢¬ey¨ R>° L°$ ,

D√Qdp¨ D√Q L$np_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’eA° L$p°B r_f`°n øepg L°$ `qfqı\q[ _\u

[°dS> A° L$p°B Ar[ Ap]$iÆ Ahı\p `Z _\u . lL$uL$[ dp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u

`qfqı\q[A° rhrh^ `qfrı\r[Ap°_p iL$e qhL$Î`p°dp¨\u ‚p· \B iL°$ [°hu iL$e

[°V$gu J√Q Ahı\p R>°. Ap\u S> dp_rkL$ ıhpı’eA° _ d|ghu iL$pe [°hp° A°L$

Ap]$iÆ _\u `Z Qp°L$L$k k¨]$cÆ d|ghu iL$pe [°hu A°L$ ""hpı[rhL$ `qfrı\r[ ''R>°.

S>°\u ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[A° `p°[p_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e S>pmhhy¨ ^œ¨ S> AN–e_y¨ R>°. [p° S>

CH-2 89

`p°[p_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ_u A¨]$f `Z `p°[° ep°¡e ‚L$pf_p° r_ZÆe gB iL°$ R>°.

S>°Ák L$p°gd°_ _pd_p d_p°h•opr_L°$ L$ley¨ R>° L°$ , Ap`Z° _° eyNdp¨

∆huA° R>uA° [°dp¨ op__p° |ÛL$m rhL$pk \e°gp° ≈°hp dm° R>°. rhop_ A_° V°$L$_p°gp°∆

q]$_ ‚r[q]$_ ApNm ^ù flep R>°. Aœrhop_ AhL$pi_° _p\hp d\u fley¨ R>°.

`f¨[y L$d_kubu_u hp[ A° R>° L°$ ,ApS>° Ap`Z° Aœ¨ rhi° S>°V$gy¨ ≈ZuA° R>uA° [°V$gy¨

A\Æ`|ZÆ A_° k¨[p°ju ∆h_ dpV°$ S>Í$fu A°hp ‚°d A_° ∆h__p¨ D√Q d|ÎVep° rhi°

≈Z[p _\u `rfZpd° kdpS> dp_rkL$ fu[° Aıhı\ A_° AÏehrı\[ [B Ne°gp°

≈°hp dm° R>°. Apfu[° ≈°BA° [p° 20 du k]$u ""tQ[p N∞ı[[p_p° eyN R>°. Ap^yr_L$

dp_hu_p h[Æ_ f\u A_ydp_ L$fu iL$pe [°d R>° L°$ , [° dp_rkL$ fu[° b°Q°_ R>°. Aphu

ÏeqL$[ Aıhı\[p dp¨\u L$B fu[° ıhı\ b_° [° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _y dl“h_y qfbm

R>°.

dp_rkL$ fu[° ıhı\ fl°hy¨ A°V$g° `∞kfl fl°hy¨ . ‚ıfl[p_° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_° ^Zp° S> kb¨^ R>°. ÏÈqL$[ ‚kfi_ lp°e [°_p° A\Æ S> A° b_° L°$ Ïer[ ıhı\

R>°. ‚ı_[p A° rh^peL$ Aph°N R>°. `|kfl[p D–``_ \pe [°hu ‚h©r[Ap° ÏeqL$[

L$f[p fl° –ep¨ kyû [°_u ]y$:M A_° r_fpip D–`_ \pe R>°. L°$ rhQpfp° rhL©$[ b_° R>°.

[°\u d_p°rhop_ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ≈mhhp dpV° L$ep L$e D`pep° R>°. [°_p° AÊepk

`Z L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. kïp° L$° Z Ap\u S> dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_° p°[p_p AÊepkdp¨

ı\p_ Ap`°g R>°.cpf[ue ◊rÙ$ ‚ÁppZ° dp_,d]$,gp°c,dp°l,A_° ‚r[õ$p_u ]$p°X$

dpZk_° ce¨L$f M¢Q[pZ dp¨ ^kX$u A°_° d_p°fp°Nu b_ph° R>°. ‚øep[ d_p°h•opr_L$

_p°dÆ_ rhfik°fiV$ _y¨ L$l°hy¨ R>° L°$ rhdp¨ ApS>° dp°V°$ cpN° ÏeqL$[ dp_rkL$ rbdpfu\u

N∞ı[ R>°. ApS>_p° d_yÛe [Zphhpmy¨ ∆h_ ∆h° R>°. [°_p dymdp¨ Qpf ‚L$pf_p cphp°

fl°gp R>°. S>° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°.

(1) ce (2) æ$p°^ (3) BjpÆ (4) ©Zp

L$∞p°^ _p cph>_p° Ad°qfL$p_p d_p°h•opr_L$p°A° ‚ep°N L$f°gp° R>°. L$∞p°û

ıhcph_p d_yÛe _y¨ gp°lu [°dZ° J]$fp°_p ifufdp¨ ]$pMg L$eyØ æ$û d_yÛe _y¨ gp°lu

CH-2 90

[°d_p ifufdp¨ S>hp\u [°dZ° DÎL$p`p[ dQpÏep° L°$V$gp¨L$ J]$fp°_y¨ d©–ey¨ `Z \ey¨ !

op_ , k¨h°N A_° qæ$epA° ÏeqL$[–h ^X$[f_p ”Z dyøe bmp° R>°. S>°_p kdrfih[

rhL$pk\u ∆hdp¨ kyM ip¨r[ A_° L$peÆnd[p h^° R>°.

vdp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u `∞h©q—Ap° ,[°_u kpfhpf A_° D`pe :-

Apd dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ dl–h A_° [° rhi°_p° øepg d°mhhp\u [°

bpb[ ı`Ù$`Z° `yfhpf \pe R>° L°$ , dp_rkL$ ıhpı’È_u ‚h©r—Ap° rhipm `pep

`f \hu S> ≈°BA° cpf[A° Apr\ÆL$ AèpÆ‡[p\u ùX$p[y¨ fpÙ$≤ R>°. A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e dpV°$ ‚ÁppZdp¨ Ap°Ry>¨ a¨X$ apmhhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. dp_rkL$ ıhpı’È_u kdıep

dpV°$ dp°V$u dpfie[p A_° `pf hNf_p¨ `|hÆN∞lp° R>°.

fpÙ$≤ue L$npA° \e°g A°L$ A¨]pS> ‚ÁppZ° (kfiX°$ Ap°ÂThÆf -1982 dp¨

\e°gp A°L$ Al°hpg_p¨ Ap^pf° ) cpf[dp¨ ApW$ gpM S>°V$gp dp_rkL$ fp°NuAp° hk° R>°.

V|¨$L$dp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’È_p¨ rh^peL$ `NgpAp°_u bpb[dp¨ lSy `Z ^œ¨ b^y

rhQpfhp_y , Adg L$fphp_y bpL$u R>°. NyS>fp[dp¨ ≈d_Nf ,Ad]$php]$ ,A_° hX$p°]$fpdp¨

dp_rkL$ fp°Np°_u lpq°ı`V$g R>°. rkrhg lp°qı`V$gdp¨ dp_rkL$ rQqL$–kp_p rhcpN

lp°e R>°. Mp_Nu L$np_p¨ dp_k rQqL$–kL$p° A_° rQqL$–kp d_p° h•opr_L$p° Z kpfh>pf

Ap`° R>°. ÏephkpreL$ dp_kp°`Qpf S>°hu rhriÙ$ V°$L$r_L$ _p° Dèp°N `Z NyS>fp[dp¨

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.1967 _p V$pBÁk Ap°a BfiX$uep_p fu`p°VÆ$ ‚ÁppZ° cpf[dp¨ Lyg gNcN

32 S>°V$gu dp_rkL$ lp°sı`Vgp°dp¨ gNcN Apif° 16000 S>°V$gp ]$]$uÆAp°_u kNhX$

L$fu iL$pe [°d R>°. cpf[dp¨ 1987 dp¨ dp_rkL$ ]$]$wAp°_u kpfhpf L$f[u Lyg 45

lp°rı`V$gp° l[u . S>° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° ]$ipÆh°g R>°.

CH-2 91

Ap¨^∞‚]°$i - 2 L$ZpÆV$L$ - 2 ¨≈b - 1

Apkpd - 1 L°$fpgp - 3 fpS>ı\p_> - 2

rblpf - 3 d¬e‚]°$i - 2 [prdg_pXy$ - 1

Np°hp - 1 dlpfpÙ$≤ - 5 D—f‚]°$i - 4

NyS>fp[ - 2 _pNpg°fiX$ - 1 `.b¨Npm - 7

S>Ády L$iduf - 2 Ap°qfııpp - 1 q]$Îlu - 1

(Ap A¨pL$X$p d°fiV$g lp°rı`V$g B_ BqfiXep k¨`p]$_ bu∞^fidÆp

qXf°L$V$f S>_fg Ap°a l°Î\ krhÆkuk fiey q]$Îlu 1990 _p Ap^pf° )

kp^pfZ fu[° dp_rkL$ fp°NuAp°_u k¨øep Ap`Zp ]°$idp¨ L°$V$gu R>°. A°_p

rhk_ue Ap¨L$X$p dm[p _\u .L$pfZ lp°sı`V$gdp¨ r_]$p_dpV°$ L°$ kpfhpf dpV°$ S>°d_°

gB S>hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A°_uS> _p¢ Zu \pe R>°. d_p°fp°NuAp°_p° S>° L$p°B ∞dprZ[ Ap¨L$X$p

dm° R>° [°_p° DÎÎ°M _uQ° dyS>b R>°.

kppg(hjÆ) lp°sı`V$gdp¨ dl[d cf[u f≈ d©–ey

]$]$uı_u k¨øep

1951 10148 5837 5831 471

1961 12533 21641 6272 1266

1971 18507 32064 31975 1113

1981 20559 49175 48353 931

1986 20674 54759 53169 922

(Ap A¨pL$X$p d°fiV$g lp°rı`V$g B_ BqfiXep k¨`p]$_ bu∞^fidÆp qXf°L$V$f

S>_fg Ap°a l°Î\ krhÆkuk fiey q]$Îlu 1990 _p Ap^pf° )

D`f_p L$p°Ù$L$_p¨ Ap^pf° ı`Ù$ \pe R>° L°$ ]$]$wAp°_u k¨øep k[[ h^[u

flu R>°. A_° ]$]$wAp° kpfhpf gB_° kp≈° \B_° lp°sı`V$g_u blpf `Z S>B iL°$ R>°.

hmu d©–ey_y¨ `Z ‚dpZ ^V$ey¨ R>°. kdpfie A¨]$pS> A°hp° R>° L°$ Ad°fuL$pdp¨ dp_rkL$

qbdpfu _y¨ ‚ÁppZ 25 % S>°V$gy¨ R>°. S>°dp¨ lmhu A_° N¨cuf , d_p° rhL©$r[ b¨fip° ‚L$pf_u

CH-2 92

dp¨]Nu Aphu ≈e R>°. Ap\u –ep¨ Ap ‚ÁppZ° 20% \hp ≈e R>°. bpL$u ^f^fpD

]$]$w_p° _p° kdph°i Ap Ap¨L$X$pdp¨ \[p° _\u.

S>e`yfdp¨ dm°g CqfiXe_ kpBL$epV$≤uk kp°kpeV$u_p 38 dp¨ hprjÆL$

k¨d°g_dp¨ dp_rkL$ ]$]$uÆAp°_u k¨øep 80 gpM ^pfhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. []π$D`fp¨[ 22

qdrge_ nr[ hpmp gp°L$p° A_° 30 qdrge_ lmhp ‚L$pf_u dp_rkL$ dp¨]Nudp¨

k`X$pe°gp gp°L$p° R>°.

V|¨$L$dp¨ A°V$gy L$lu iL$pe L°$ , A°L$hukdu k]$u_p Ap eyNdp¨ dpZk° k[[

A_° lqfaB A_° ı`^pÆ_u h√Q° ∆hhp_y¨ R>°.ipfuqfL$ Ód L$f[p¨ [°dZ° dp_rkL$ Ód

h^pf° L$fhp_p° li° .–epf° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u ≈mhZu [°_u kdS>Z A_° kpfhpf

dpV°$_u dprl[u d°mhhu M|b S> S>Í$fu b_u fl° R>°.

Apd ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_u ‚p\qdL$ kdSy>[u d°mhu_° [° A¨N°_p \e°gp |hwe AÊepkp° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ°

Ap`°gp R>°.

2.9 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A¨N° `|h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° :-

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A¨N° `|h£ \e°g AÊepkp°_u kdunp _uQ° dyS>b L$fhpdp¨ Aphu

R>°. S>°dp¨ cpf[dp¨ A_° rh]°$idp¨ \e°gp AÊepkp°_p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

2.9.1 iujÆL$ : L$p°°g°S> d_p°Apfp°¡e `¬^r[Ap° :-

kïp°^L$ : A°d.X$u. `pdf , B.Ap°.lp`Æf (1937)

[pfuS> : rh rh^pgedp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p° gpNZu S>fie

L$Y¨N[pAp°_y¨¨ hl°gu [L°$ .r_fpL$fZ \pe [° dpV°$_p° AÊepk Ap

g°M_p° R>° . A° Mpk S>Í$fu R ° L° $, rhrh^ ipMpAp°dp¨ AÊepk

L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_° D√Q[d L$npA° [°d_p d_p°ıhpı’e f–h°

S>pN©[ L$fhp L°$ S>°\u [°Ap° gpNZuS>fie `qfsı\q[ ]|$f L$fu iL°$

L$p °B`Z kyN∞r\[ d_p°Apfp°¡e_u ep°S>_pdp¨ r_õ$php_

Aq^nL$_u S>Í$f R>°. S>°\u _ kd≈e [°hp AÊepk_u V°$hdp¨\u

CH-2 93

EX$[u ApR>°fu dyÌL°$guAp°, Ar_erd[ apmh°g kdedp¨\u EW$[u

dyÌL°$guAp° L°$ [°_p S>°hu bu∆ dyÌL°$guAp° ]|$f L$fu iL$pe .rh^p\w_u

[¨]y$fı[u rhi° [•epf L$f°gu ‚Òp°—fu D`f\u A°hy¨ [pfZ _uL$m°

R>° L$° , S>°\u rh^p\w_p ÏeqL$[–h rhi° ◊rÙ$`p[ \pe R>°. A_°

rh^p\wAp° Aep°¡È h[ÆZ|L$$ L$fhp gpN° R>° [° `l°gp [°dp¨ Aphu

‚Òp°—fu \u D`Qpf \B ≈e R>°.

2.9.2 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>p° A_° eyr_hrkÆV$uAp° dpV°$ d_p°ıhpı’e

k°hpAp° :-

kïp°^L$ : V$u.fpa°g (1937)

[pfuS> : q‹[ue fpÙ$≤ue qfj]$_u °V$p krdr[A° rh^p\wAp°_p Apfp°¡e

rhi° L$f°gu L$peÆhplu_° [°dp¨ \e°g QQpÆ-rhQpfZp _p Ap^pf°

Ap g°M gMhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L°$ S>°dp¨ [° QQpÆ - r h Q p f Z p _ °

kyÏehsı\[ ıhÍ$`° rhipm agL$ D`f Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

ipfuqfL$ ıhpı’e S>°V$gy¨ S> dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e Ar[ AN–e_y¨ R>°.

A_° [° A¨N° ep°¡e ¬ep_ L°$qfi]$≤[ L$fhy¨ Ar[ S>Í$fu A_° ep°¡e R>°.

L$p°g°≈°A° Ap k–e_° Ap°mMhy¨ ≈°BA° A_° L$p°B ıhÍ$`° [°_u

k°hp D`gÂ^ \pe [°hu k¨ı\pN[ Ïehı\p \hu OV°$ Ap\u k°hp

k¨ı\p [°dS> rh^p\wAp°_° am]$peu \pe [°d R>° L$° S>°\u k¨ı\p

A_° rh^p\wAp° A°L$bu≈_p `|fL$ fl° rQqL$–kp_p L$peÆæ$fp°A°

ep _p°L$qfep[p°A° k¨ |ZÆ kd[yg_ ≈mhhy S>p°BA° A_° k¨ıL$pfu

`Z lp°hp ≈°BA° .[°_p° L$p°g°S>_u ıd©r[ rhi° klp_yc|r[ `|ZÆ

ArcNd lp°hp° S>p°BA°.

CH-2 94

2.9.3 iujÆL$ :Ad°qfL$_ eyr_hrkÆV$uAp° A_° L$p°g°≈°dp¨ d_p°ıhpı’e

:-

kïp°^L$ : V$u. fpa°g ,A°d.A°. Np°XÆ$_(1938)

[pfuS> : L$p°g°S d_p°ıhpı’e_u S>Í$qfep[ _u ‚r[õ$p dpV°$ [°_p [fa

kpdpfie d_p°hgZ L°$hy¨ R>° [° [`pkhp A_° lpgdp¨ [ °dpV°$ L°$V$gp¨

‚Òp° R>° [° ≈Zhp ‚Òp—fu ‹pfp AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ A p Ï e p °

R>°. qfZpd [° ApÏey L°$ , gp°L$p°dp [° ‚–e° S>pN©r[ R>°. A_° h^pfpdp

[° `∞r[ ÏephkpqeL$ ArcNd ]$pMhu [°hp° AÊepkæ$Áp ]$pMg

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° A_° R>°Îg° [° dpV° _p A•pjrê L$gu_uL$ _p° Dèp°N

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° ≈° L°$ dp°V$pcpN_u L$p°g°≈° Ap A¨N° `∞r[r_r^–h

L$f°g _ lp°hp R>[p¨ [°_u S>Í$qfep[ A_° ‚r[õ$pAp°_p° ıhuL$pf

L$ep£ R>°.

2.9.4 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°_u d_p°ıhpı’e kdıep_p

r_]$p_ dpV°$ _hp° ArcNd :-

kïp°^L$ : bu.fpBk (1938)

[pfuS> : |hÆNpdu d_p°h•opr_L$ AÊepk A_° d_p°ıhpı’e kpfhpf ‹pfp

L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°dp¨ d_p°fp°N AV$L$phhp d$pV°$ _hu V°$L$_uL$

A_° r_]$p_ ‹pfp [°_° L$p°g°S>_u 385 R>p°L$fuAp° L°$ S>°Ap° lp°ıV°$g_p

M¨X$dp¨ A°Lbu≈ kp\° klcpNuAp° l[u A_° [°dp¨ Aep°¡e

gnZp° lpS>f L°$ N°flpS>f l[p [° [`pkhpdp¨ ApÏey l[y.¨ Ap_p

D`f\u kf°fpi gnZp° _u [pfhZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. dl–h_y

gnZ klk¨b¨ ≈°hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° . Óu ıùef d°__u

Ap_yh¨riL$ fu[ ‚ÁppZ° gnZp°_p ApW$ ‚L$pf_p N∞y ≈°hp d˛ep

l[p L°$ S>°Ap° Ap ‚dpZ°_p gnZp° kp\° kyk¨N[ l[p.k_°`p[,

d_p°rhrn‡[[p Np¨X$`Z_p gnZp° ≈°hp d˛ep l[p.

CH-2 95

Ny∞ _p 32 % rh^p\wAp°dp kpeL$p°kuk _p gnZp° kpfp ‚ÁppZdp

S>p°hp d˛ep l[p. A_° 68 % rh^p\wAp°dp¨ [° [fa_u Nr[ ≈°hp

dmu l[u [°_p\u bQhp dpV°$ Ap `yı[L$dp¨ kr_õ$ AÊepk

A_° ‚epk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

2.9.5 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>_p d_p°ıhpı’e L$peÆæ$d_y¨ dy÷Z :-

kïp°^L$ : S>°.A°.fp°T (1939)

[pfuS> : b° hjÆ_p Npmp ]$frdep__p L$p °_£Bg eyr_hrkÆV$u _p

d_p°ıhpı’e L$peÆæ$d_p Ap^pf° Ap yı[L$ gMpe°g R>°.A_° [°dp¨

[°_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. kpdpfie dpNÆ]$iÆ_ L$peÆæ$d_y¨

`Z [°dp¨ `©\ºL$fZ R>°. Ap AÊepk_y¨ [pfZ A°hy¨ R>° L°$ ,b¨_°

L$peÆæ$dp° d_p°ıhpı’e A_° [° A¨N°_y¨ kpdpfie dpNÆ]$iÆ_ A`|f[p

R>° A_° A°hy ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ rhL$pk dpV°$ rhriÙ$ `|fL$ k¨ı\pAp°_u

AphÌeL$[p R>°.

2.9.6 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S>_p d_p°ıhpı’e A°L$ ]$iL$p_p° rhL$pk :-

kïp°^L$ : A°Q.X$bÎey . b_pÆXÆ$ (1940)

[pfuS> : 1939 -40 dp¨ 178 L$p°g°S>p°_y¨ `qfnZ L$f[p¨ 75 k¨ı\pAp°

d_p°ıhpı’e_p° AÊepkæ$d Qgph[p dpg|d `X$u R>°. Ap

75 L$p°g°≈°dp¨ AÊepkæ$d_p° 1929-30 \u [yg_p–dL$

AÊepk L$f[p¨ A°hy¨ dpgyd `X$ey¨ R>° L$° , Aphp AÊepkæ$dp° ”Z

NZp h¬ep R>°. 42 % Ad°qfL$p_u eyr_hrkÆV$uAp ° A_° L$p°g°≈°

d_p°ıhpı’e_p° AÊepkæ$d Qgph° R>° . [°d_u ipMpAp° L$f[p¨

`Z [°d_u k¨øep h^y R> °. A_° Aphp AÊepkæ$dp° blz^p

Qgph° R>°. rinL$p° , dp[pr`[pAp° A_° d_p°h•opr_L$p°_u, L$p°g°S>_p

rh^p\wAp° L$f[p¨ h^y Akf \pe [° dpV°$ ^X$u L$pY$hpdp¨ ApÏep

l[p.

CH-2 96

2.9.7 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S> d_p°ıhpı’e kdıep :-

kïp°^L$ : ku.ku. ‰pe A_° B.∆. fp°ıV$p° (1941)

[pfuS> : e°°Bg eyr_hrkÆV$u_p° A_ych A°hy k|Qh° R>° L°$ ,AdyL$ Qp°L$L$k

rh^p\wAp° L°$ S>°Ap°_p ¬e°ep° A_° h[ØZ|L$$ AÏehsı\[ R>°.

A\hp [p° A°hp S>°Ap°_p e°ep° A_° h[Æ|$L$ AÏehsı\[ R>° A\hp

[p° A°hp rh^p\wAp° L°$ S>°Ap° L$p°g°S>_p hp[phfZ dp¨ h•eqL$[L$

rhL$pk A\hp [p° h•eqL$[L$ A_yL|$g_[p_u kdıepAp°\u °fpe°g

R> °.[°d_° dpV° $ d_p°ıhpı’e L° $fi]$ ≤p ° S>Í$fu R> °. L$p °g°S_p

d_p°Apfp°¡e_u S>hpb]$pfu d_p°rQqL$–kL$p°_u R>°.

2.9.8 iujÆL$ : L$p°g°S> dp¨ d_p°ıhpı’e :-

kïp°^L$ : ku.ku. ‰e A_° B.∆. fp°ıV$p° (1942)

[pfuS> : 10 hjÆ D`f_p Npmp ]$fqdep_ e°Bg eyr_hrkÆV$u_p¨ 1257

rh^p\wAp°_y¨ d_p°rQqL$–kp k°hp dpV°$_y¨ gˇe M°¨Qpey¨ l[y¨

ıh•s√R>L$ fu[° A\hp bple `qfbmp°_u Akf_p ]$bpZ _uQ°

Ak¨øe h•eqL$[L$ L°$Bk ‹pfp S>° kdıep Alv fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aphu

R>°. [°_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ L$f°g R>° A_° [°d_u kpfhpf _y¨ `qfZpd

`Z fS|> L$f°g R>°. [°d_y¨ hNwL$fZ _uQ°_p rhcpNp° ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨

Aph°g R>°.

(1) ÏeqL$[–h rhL$pk_u kdıepAp°( L•$pVy$rbL$ kN`Zp°, ≈q[e

rhL$pk h[¨ÆZ|L$ A_° hgZp° )

(2) `|hÆı_p[L$ hp[phfZ ‚r[ ‚–ep^p[(NyZh—p A_°

kpdprS>L$ A_yL|$g_[p )

(3) ı_p[L$ A_° ÏephkpqeL$ ipMpAp°_p° rh^p\wAp°_u dyøe

kdıepAp° A_° A°hp L°$ S>°Ap° N¨cuf fu[° dp_rkL rhrn‡[[p

^fph° R>°.$d_p°qQqL$–kL°$$ [\p rh^p\wAp°dp¨ dp°V$pcpN_p

CH-2 97

rh^p\wAp°_u h[ÆZ|L$$ kdpfie A°V$g° L°$ , "kp^pfZ' flu Ap

`Z Aphp rh^p\wAp° S>° kdıep fS|> L$f° R>°. [°d_° r_:iL$

d_p°rQrL$–kL$ _p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ _u S>Í$f R>°.

2.9.9 iujÆL$ :d_p°ıhpı’e k°hp_° iy ¨ L$p °g°S>_p° AÊepkæ$d

AhNZu iL°$ ?:-

kïp°^L$ : A°k.bu.ıdu\ (1945)

[pfuS> : Ad°qfL$pdp¨ a°gpe°g 202 L$p°g°S>_p AÊepkæ$d_p k|rQ`”p°

_p° AÊepk A°hy¨ b[ph° R>° L°$ ,80 % AÊepkæ$d \p°X$p ‚L$pf_u

d_p°ıhpı’e k°hp rh^p\wÆAp° dpV°$ S>Í$fu R>°. dp” 19 L$p°g°S>

d_p°ıhpı’e_p° L$peÆæ$d [°d_u L$p°g°S>dp¨ L$peÆf[ R>° [°hy¨ ]$ipÆhpeÿ

l[y Z dp” 4 S> L$p°g°S> fQ_p–dL$ k|Q_p° d_p°ıhpı’e rhi°_p

k|Q_p° L$f[p l[p .

2.9.10 iujÆL$ : N∞pÁe ‚]°$idp¨ d_p°ıhpı’e kh£ `∞pf¨rcL$ Al°hpg:-

kïp°^L$ : N∞p°k.hu.d°ef (1948)

[pfuS> : ıL$p°V$g°fiX$_p _uQpZhpmp rhsÌÙ$ N∞pduZ ‚]°$i_u fl°Zp¨L$

hı[u_p gNcN 56000 gp°L$p°_p° Ap yı[L$dp¨ Al°hpg R>°. ≈°

L°$ , M|b S> Ap°R>p ‚dpZdp¨ Ap_yh¨rÌpL[p D`f ‚L$pi `pX$[p°

`Z rhi°j [p° kpdprS>L$ ,Apr\ÆL$ sı\r[ D`f_p° Ap Al°hpg

R>°. hedpmMpdp¨ h©¬^p°_u k¨øep Akd[yrg[ R>°. hı[u_p

gNcN 9 % gp°L$p° Akp^pfZ l[p .[°d Ap [dpd ‚L$pf_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u S>° kdıepAp° l[u [°dp¨\u AX$û S>

kdıepAp° flu l[u [°d `Z ≈Zhp dm°g . S>°_y¨ [pfZ _uQ°

dyS>b l[y¨.

(1) I¡g°fiX$_p bu≈ rS>ÎgpAp°_u kfMpdZudp¨ Ap rS>Îgdp¨

b^pS> ‚L$pf_u dp_qkL$ kdıepdp¨ Ap_yh¨rÌpL$[p rhi°j ≈°hp

CH-2 98

dmu l[u .

(2) _p_p bpmL$p° dp¨ Z yø[ he_p gp°L$p°_u [yg_pdp¨ bys¬^_u

d¨]$[p A_° Mpdu rhi°j ‚dpZ dp¨ ≈°hp dmu l[u .

2.9.11 iujÆL$ : d_p°ıhpı’e `∞p°N∞pd h[Ædp_ ‚hplp° A_° cprh

◊rÙrbfi]y$ :-

kïp°^L$ : S>e°pS>Æ .A°k.ıV$uh_k_ (1954)

[pfuS> : d_p° ıhpı’e L$peÆæ$d_p ‚hpl_u kïp°^L°$ _uQ° ]$ipÆh°g

`pkpAp° `f–h° QQpÆ L$f° R>°.

(1) ÏephkpreL$ `y_:hkhpV$ L$pe]$p° .

(2) fpÙ$≤ue d_p°ıhpı’e L$pe]$p° .

(3) d_p°fy¡Zpge lp°sı`V$gp° dpV°$ kp¨‚[ _ur[ r_edp°.

(4) b^p¨S> ‚L$pf_u d_p° rhrn‡[[pAp°.

(5) d_p°ùZpge dpV°$_p L$dÆQpfu Ap° dpV°$ kpfu fu[° r_eyqL$[

A_°L°$mhZu .

(6)rQqL$–kp A_° d_p°ù¡Zpge dp¨ rQqL$–kp k°hp dpV°$D—d[p

A_° h^pf° S>hpb]$pfu_u h©s¬^ .

(7) Ïep`L$ h•rL$ `rf‚°n_p ‚dpZ dpV°$ ""d_p°ıhpı’e dpV°$

rhk¨ı\p_u fQ_p ''L$fhu .

2.9.12 iujÆL$ : h•eqL$[L$ A_yL|$g_[p A_° d_p°ıhpı’e :-

kïp°^L$ : A°g°L$ Tp¨X$f .A°. f_°BX$f (1955)

[pfuS> : ‚°fZp–dL$ A_yL|$g_[p_p¨ `pkpAp° D`f rhqiÙ$ cpf d|L$[p¨

Ap `yı[L$ _p ‚\d _h ‚L$fZp° A_yL|$g_[p_p ıhÍ$` D`f_p

R>°. ıh ‚–e°\u cpN°Xy$h©r— , dp¨]$Nu_p° Y$p¢N fQhp° ,Apæ$ÁpL$ b_u

cpN°Xy$h©r— A_° ÏehlpfS>N[ dp¨ kpdpfie A_yL|$g_[p ‚r[\u

cpN°Xy$h©r— -`p¨Q ‚L$fZp° Ap hı[yAp° D`f r_õ$p`|hÆL$ ‚L$pi

CH-2 99

`pX°$ R>°. bpL$u_p ‚L$fZp° h•eqL$[L$,kpdprS>L$ ,ÏephkpreL$ A_°

c•pr[L$ A_yL|$g_[p kp^hp A_° d|mc|[ _•r[L$ A_° ^prdÆL$

ArcNdp° A_° rk¬^p¨[p° kp\° k¨[yg_ \pe [° D`f ‚L$pi `pX°$

R>°.

2.9.13 iujÆL$ : d_p°rhL$pf A_° L$p°g°∆e_p°_u dpfie[pAp° :-

kïp°^L$ : Aiyd.Ny·p, bp°_°g A_° `yÛ`p (1993)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepk ≈r[ N[ c°]$, d_p°rhop__p° AÊepk

L$f_pf,^pqdÆL$ Qe_ A_° ÏephkpreL$ `pÚp[ c|rdL$p_u

d_p°rhL$pk A¨N°_p¨ d¨[Ïep° `f_u Akfp° _p° AÊepk L$ep£ R>°.

[° dpV°$ 140 L$p°g°∆e_p°_p¨ r_]$iÆ_° k¨]$ L$f°gp° . [°d_p¨ d¨[Ïep°

≈Zhp [°d_° d_p°rhL$pf dp`L$ [ygp cfhp Ap`°gu Ap

d_p°rhL$pf dp`L$ [ygpdp¨ b° rfdpZ (1) d_p°ıhpı’e rhQpfZp

A_° (2) Ap¨[f h•eqL$[L$ rhQpfZp_p L$pfZp°_u bpb[dp¨ u-

`yfyjp° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ ≈r[c°]$ S>p°hp dm° R>°. A°hu S> fu[° ≈°lzL$du

A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e rhQpfZp_u bpb[dp¨ d_p°rhop_dp¨ A_°

B[f rh^p\wAp° h√Q° k¨Nu_ [aph[ `p· \e°gp° ≈° L°$ ,

d_p°rhL$pf d¨[Ïep° `f ^prdÆL$ Qe_ A_° ÏephkpreL$ `Úp[

c|rdL$p_u L$p°B rhriÙ$ Akf D`ku Aphu _\u .

2.9.14 iujÆL$ : ı\mp¨[f A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

kïp°^L$ : q‰X$d°_ A°. fuX$fd°_ (1994)

[pfuS> : Ap°rıV$≤epdp¨ kp°rheV$ elz]u$_p¨ d_p°Ïe\pÍ$` ≈°Mdu ^V$L$p°

A¨N°_p° A°L$ ky]u^Æ (1970-1990 ) AÊepk_p¨ `rfZpdp° fS|>

L$epÆ R>° `qfip°^_ ]°$MpX° $R° L°$ ,c|[`|hÆ ( ey.A°k. A°k. Apf. )

kp°rheV$ ‚≈k[pL$_p¨ eyfp°ù A_° A°riepB ‚]°$i_p¨ qæ$ep–dL$

N¨cuf d_p°rhL$pf_p¨ _hp rL$ııpp_p V$_pAp°_u bpb[dp¨ A°L$

CH-2 100

buSp\u k¨Nu_ `Z° S>y]$p `X°$ R>°. A_° d_p°Ïe\p_p¨ rhL$pk dpV°$

S>hpb]$pf kp¨ıL©$r[L$ Ap¨QL$p° S>° [° hïue S|>\_p¨ kpdprS>L$ ]$bpZ

A_° kÊep° _u k¨øep ‹pfp Ahfp°^pe R>°. [°dS> Ap°rıV$≤ep h[_u

‹pfp `Z Ahpfp°^pe R>°.

2.9.15 iujÆL$ : fpS>L$p°V$ il°f_u L°$fikf lp°sı`V$g_p¨ ]$]$wAp°_p¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A¨N°_p° AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : _Ly$d _ugd A°_. (1995)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepk_p° dyøe l°[y L°$fikf_p u-`yfyj ]$]$wAp°,N∞pÁe

A_° il°fu ]$]$uÆAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° AÊepk L$fhp_p°

l[p° . [°dS> L°$fikf _p ]$]$wAp°_p ÏeqL$[N[,kpdprS>L$ `qfh–ep£

A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° AÊepk L$fhp_p° l[p° . S>°dp¨ fpS>L$p°V$

il°f_u L°$fikf lp°sı`V$gdp¨ kpfhpf dpV°$ Aph[p¨ L°$fikf _p¨ ]$]$wAp°

dp¨\u 150 ]$]$wAp° k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p¨ .S>°dp¨ 60 uAp°

A_° 90 `yfyjp°_p° kdph°i L$f°g l[p° S>°°_p¨ [pfZp° _uQ° ‚dpZ°

R>°.

(1) 54 hjÆ \u D`f A_° 54 hjÆ\u _uQ°_p¨ L°$fikf_p¨ ]$]$wAp°_p¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

(2) L°$fikf _p¨ fp°N_° L$pfZ° \p°X$p h^y l[pi ]$]$wAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u .

(3) L°$fikfdp¨ yfyj ]$]$wAp° A_° u ]$]$wAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp d˝ep° l[p°.

(4) il°fu A_° N∞pÁe rhı[pf dp¨\u Aph[p¨ L°$fikf_p¨ ]$]$wAp°_p¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp d˛ep° l[p°.

CH-2 101

2.9.16 iujÆL$ : dp_rkL$ [¨]y$fı[u A¨N°_p k¨^ L$pep£_p° Bq[lpk:-

kïp°^L$ : ie_ X°$rhX$ `°qV$≤L$ (1996)

[pfuS> : dp_rkL$ [¨]y$fı[u A¨N°_p k¨^L$peÆ_p° Br[lpk [`pıep° R>°.

R>°L$ dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e_u Qmhm\u iÍ$ L$fu_° 1930 _u bpm

k¨cpm rQqL$–kpgep°\u [° A–epf kyû_p° Cr[lpk DÎg°øep°

R>°.Ap kïp°^_ ”dp¨ k¨^L$peÆ_u fyqQ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u

k¨cpm _u bpb[dp¨ Aph°g a°fapf kp\°_p [°_p k¨b¨^p°_u

ip° Mp°m L$fu R>° A°V$g° L°$, k¨ _p¨ kÊe`]$dp¨ _°[©–hdp¨ ı\p_dp¨

]$fS>≈dp¨ kÊe_p¨ rhQpfp° A_° k¨^jÆ k¨^_u fQ_p–dL$ i•gu

A¨N° Ap b^pd¨ Aph[p a°fapfp° kp\°_p¨ klb_ph_u [`pk L$fu

R>°. h^ydp¨ Ap¨[ffpÙ$≤ue L$peÆk|rQ rhL$kphhp_p¨ Bfp]$p_u k•p

‚\d ≈l°fp[ 1949 dp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u Ap¨[ffprÙ≤e

L$p¢N∞°k_p ¨ rh^p_p° A_° k¨^L$peÆ_p ‚\d `prfcprjL$ L$peÆ]°$iu

S>°hp AN–e_p¨ b_php° hZÆÏep R>°.

2.9.17 iujÆL$ : kpdprS>L$ hNÆ A_° dp_rkL$ rhL©$r[ h√Q°_p° k¨b¨ :-

kïp°^L$ : `°f$u d°rgkp .S>°. (1996)

[pfuS> : 20 du k]$u_u iÍ$Ap[dp¨ kpdprS>L$ hNÆ A_° d_p°rhL$pf _p¨

]$f h√Q°_p¨ Ïeı[ k¨b¨ _p° ‚pf¨rcL$ AÊepkp° ]$a[f° _p¢ pe°gp

A_° A^[_ kdL$pgu_ AÊepkp°dp¨ ^Zp kïp°^_p°dp¨ A°_y¨

kd\Æ_ ∞p· \ey¨ R>°. Ap A°L$^pfp k¨b¨^_p¨ A\Æ^V$_p°dp¨ _uQ°_u

bpb[p°_p° hpf¨hpf kdph°i \e°g R>°.

(1) Ahn°`L$ L$pfZp° d_p°rhL$pf kp\° kpdprS>L$ ı[fdp¨ `Z

`X$[u _p¢^pe R>°.

(2) d_p°rhL$pf_p¨ [–L$pg kS>Æ_ dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf A°_u d_:

kdprS>L$ [pZp°_u AN–e ]°$MpX°$ R>° L°$ A° rhL$pf pR>m kpdprS>L$

CH-2 102

`qfbmp° kpfu W°$ S>hpb]$pf R>°. kpdprS>L$LfZ_p¨ Mp°Mp_° kd\£

[°hp `yfphp_p¨ rh`yg S>’\p Ap°_u _p¢^ L$fu R>°.[°dp¨ dp_rkL$

rhL$pfp°_u ˜uAp°_u dp_rkL$ [¨]y$fı[u b°L$pfu A_° c•pr[L$

[¨]y$fı[u_p¨ kïp°^_p°_p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. b°iL$

AhNd_ AV$L$m_p¨ fpS>L$ue [°dS> Apr\ÆL$ dyqmep_u Z QQpÆ

L$fu R>°.

2.9.18 iujÆL$ : S>°[ yf il°f_p¨ kpX$u D^p°Ndp¨ L$pd L$f[p L$dÆQpfu_p¨

kdpep°S>_ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A_°L$peÆ k¨[p°j_p°

AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : A_¨[ A°d .hkpZu (1998)

[pfuS> : Ly$g 660 L$dÆQpfu_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A_° kdpep°S>_ h√Q°

0.01 L$npA° r_j°^L$ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp d˛ep° l[p° [°hu S> fu[°

L$dÆQpfu_u Ddf A_° _p°L$fu_u b]$gu b¨_°dp¨ [aph[_u kp\ÆL$[p

≈°hp dm° R>°.

2.9.19 iujÆL$: NyS>fp[ cpf° fkpeZ gu.L¨$.h°fphm_p¨ L$dÆQpfuAp°_p¨

kdpep°S>_, dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A_° L$peÆk¨[p°j_p°

AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : ip¨[p kp°g¨L$u (2002)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepkdp¨ Ly$g 660 L$dÆQpfuAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp

S>°_p [pfZp° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.

(1) [ppgud gu^°gu lp°e A_° [pgud gu^°gu _ lp°e [°hp

L$dÆQpfudp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ ‚dpZ A°L$ kfMy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

(2) L$dÆQpfu këyL$[ A\hp rhcL$[ L$p°B`Z Ly$Vy$b dp¨\u Aph[p°

lp°e f¨[y [°_u [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e f L$p°B Akf \[u _\u.

CH-2 103

2.9.20 iujÆL$ : NyS>fp[ A¨by≈ rkd°fiV$ rgrdV°$X$ L¨$`_u Lp°X$u_pf_p

L$dÆQpfuAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e, L$peÆ kpd°gNufu

A_° L$peÆk¨[p°j_p° d_p°h•opr_L$ AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : A°.A°d.Qp°Qp (2003)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepkdp¨ kp]$p e◊√R> r _]$iÆ_ `q¬^[\u r_]iÆ

`k¨]$ L$fu_° dprl[u A°L$W$u L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u .[°dp¨ Ly$g 450

L$dÆQpfu Ap°_p° kdph°i L$fphpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° . S>°dp¨ D^p°N dp¨

L$pÈÆ L$f[p¨ rhrh^ L °$V°$Nfu_p¨ L$dÆQpfuAp° _p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨

ApÏep° l[p° .S>°_p [pfZp° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°.

(1) ‚p\qdL$ rinZ A_° D√Q qinZ ^fph[p¨ L$dÆQpfuAp°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

D√QrÌpnZ ^fph[p¨ L$dÆQpfuAp° ‚ÁppZdp¨ kpfy¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e ^fph° R>°.

(2) 5 hjÆ \u 10 hjÆ,10hjÆ \u h^pf° A_ych ^fph[p¨

L$dÆQpfuAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ d¬eL$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u .

(3) këyL$[ Ly$Vy$b A_° rhcL$[ Ly$Vy$bdp¨ fl°[p L$dÆQpfuAp°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

2.9.21 iujÆL$ : dp¬erdL$ ipmp_p rh^p\wAp°_p¨ dp_rkL ıhpı’e,

L•pVy¨$qbL$ kdpep°S>_ A_° ÏephkpreL$ ArcÍ$rQ_p°

AÊepk :-

kïp°^L$ : S>°.bu. dp°fu (2004)

[pfuS> : Ap AÊepk kp]$p e◊√R> r_]$iÆ_ `¬^r[\u r_]$iÆ `k¨]$ L$fu

dprl[u A°L$W$u L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. [°dp¨ Ly$g 480 rh^p\wAp°_p°

kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°. S>°_p¨ [pfZp° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.

CH-2 104

(1) f°kuX°$fiV$g$ ıL|g_p¨ A_° X°$ ıL|$g_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys ) _p¨

r`[p Ïehkpedp¨ Mp_Nu ^¨^p° L$f[p¨ lp°e [°hp R>p°L$fpAp°

(Boys)_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp

dm° R>° .

(2) f°kuX°$fiV$g$ıL|g_pA_° X°$ ıL|$g_pD√Q opr[_p rh^p\wAp°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp R>°. X°$ ıL|$g_p¨

D√Q opr[_p¨ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ h^pf° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e S>p°hp dm°

R>°.

2.10 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ `|hwe AÊepkp° kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ _u

[yg_p :-

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°p_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° AÊepk L$f[p¨ [°_p¨ [pfZp° `|h£ \e°gp

AÊepkp° kp\° dm[p Aph° R>°.

v AÊepk _.¨ 2.9.8 ,iujÆL$ : ""L$p°g°Sdp¨ d_p°ıhpı’e '' kïp°^L$ : ku.ku.‰pe

A_° B.∆.fp°ıV$p° (1942) kp\° ‚ı[y[ AÊepk dm[p° Aph° R>°. S>°dp¨ `|hÆı_p[L$

hp[phfZ rh^p\wAp°_u A¨]$f ‚–ep^p[ D–`fl L$f° R>°.[°huS> fu[° ‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨

AÊepk _p hjÆ ‚dpZ° `Z rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm[y ¨

_\u

v AÊepk _.¨ 2.9.13 ,iujÆL$ : ""d_p°rhL$pf A_° L$p°g°∆>e_p°_u kdıepAp°''

kïp°^L$ : Aiyd Ny·p ,bp°_°g A_° `yÛ`p (1993) kp\° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__u [yg_p

L$f[p¨ S>°dp¨ dyøe–h° Ap¨[f h•eqL$[L$ rhQpfZp_p L$pfZp°_u bpb[dp¨ u fyyjp° h√Q°

kp\ÆL$ ≈r[c°]$ ≈°hp dm° R>°. ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ `Z R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ c°]$ ≈°hp d˛ep° l[p° .

CH-2 105

kïp°^L°$ D`f_p D]$plfZp° ‹pfp ı`Ù$ L$eyÆ R>° L°$ ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_° A_yÍ$`

ApNm AÊepkp° \ep R>°.`|hwe AÊepkp°dp¨ kdp_[p A_° rhfp°^p cpku `qfZpdp°

≈°hp dm° R>°.`f¨[y d_p°rhop_dp¨ kïp°^__p¨ `qfZpdp°_u rcfl[p_p¨ A_°L$ L$pfZp°

lp°B iL°$ R>°.

CH-3 106

‚L$fZ :-3

kïp°^_ ep°S>_p ,AÊepk `¬^r[ A_° dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ

3.0 ‚pı[prhL$ :-

h[Ædp_ kdedp¨ h^y _° h^y gp°L$p° dp_rkL$ fu[° Aıhı\ b_[p ≈e R>°.

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° Ap^pf d_ D`f A_° ifuf ıhpı’e_p° Ap^pf ifuf D`f R>°.

d_p°rhop_° Ap dpfie[p_u S>¡epA° d_p°-ipfuqfL$ ArcNd ıhuL$pf°g R>°. [°\u ]$f°L$

ÏeqL$[ ıhı\ b_u iL°$.dp_h ∆h__u iÍ$Ap[_p° [bL$L$p° A°V$g° rh^p\w Ahı\p.

rh^p\w Ahı\pdp¨ D√QrinZ d°mh[u ÏeqL$[ p°[p_p cprh ∆h_ dpV°$ hpı[rhL$

fu[° rhQpf° R>°.kïp°^L$ A°hy dp_° R>° L°$ , Ap kde ]$fÁep_ ≈° rh^p\w ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° ıh rhj° L°$hp° øepg ^fph° R>° ? [° S>pZhpdp¨ Aph° [°dS>

ÏeqL$[_y dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e L°$hy A_° L°$V$gy R>° ? [° ≈Zu iL°$ [p° cprh ∆h_ k¨[p°jL$pfL$

fu[° kpf L$fu iL°$ p°[p_u Arcep°¡e[p A_° ArcÍ$rQ_° A_yÍ$` Ïephkpe k¨]$Nu

L$fu iL°$ Ap dpV°$ Arl ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p, Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e A¨N° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk L$fhp_p° _d∞ ‚epk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. `∞ı[y[

A¬ee_dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p

rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rıpL$ ıhpı’e

A¨N°_u kïp°^_ ep°S>_p_p° AÊepk Lfhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

kïp° L°$ AÊepk dpV°$ L°$V$gp$ A°L$dp°_° gN[u dprl[u A°L$” L$fhu R>°. [° l°g°\u

_L$L$u L$fu g°hp_y¨ lp°e R>°. ù.hu. e¨N _pd_p d_p°h•opr_L$° h•opr_L$ kïp°^__°

‚p\rdL$ S>Í$rfep[ [fuL°$ Ap°mMph° R>°. Ap\u S> h•opr_L$ fu[° kïp°^_ L$fhp dpV°$

kïp°^L$° ep°S>_p b_phhu S>Í$fu R>>°. bu∆ fu[° L$luA° [p° kïp°^_ ep°S>_p kïp°^_

L$peÆ_° q]$ipk|Q_ Ap`hp dpV°$_y¨ [pqLÆ$L$ A_° Apep°∆[ kp^_ R>°.

NyX A_° lÀ$ S>Zph° R>° L°$, L°$hm lL$uL$[p° _p° S>’\p° c°Np° L$fhp\u rhop_ L°$

k–e gp^[y¨ _\u. Nd° [°d c°Nu L$f°gu lL$uL$[p° ıhe¨ A\Æ hNf_u b_u fl° R>°. èpÆ·

CH-3 107

dprl[u `∞p‡[ \pe A°hu fu[° kïp°^__u N|¨\Zu fQpe [° S>Í$fu R>°. L$pfZ L°$ ,kpQy¨

[’e lL$uL$[p° dp¨ _lu Z lL$uL$[p°_p kb¨^dp¨ X°$g R>°. [°\u dprl[u_u ‚pr‡[ A°hu

fu[° \hu ≈°BA° L°$ dprl[u_u e\p\Æ[p A_° rhk_ue[p_u L$np JQu fl° . [°\u S>

kïp°^__p¨ b^p¨ `pkp¨ A_° `Ngp_u ep°¡e N|¨\Zu L$fhu S>Í$fu R>°.

Ap]iÆ kïp°^_ ep°S>_pdp¨ dyøe–h° _uQ° S>Zph°gu bpb[p° kdprhÙ$

\[u ≈°hp dm° R>°.

1 rhje A¨N°_u dprl[u L$ep ˜p°[ dp¨\u d°mhhp_u R>°. S>°d L°$ ,]$ı[ph°∆

˜p°[dp¨\u L°$ n°” p°[ dp¨\u L°$ bfl° ı”p°[ dp¨\u [°_u ı`Ù$[p lp°hu S>Í$fuR>°.

2 AÊepk Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue ıhÍ$`_p° L°$ ÏeqL$[ [`pk R>°. L°$ bfl°_y¨ këp°S>_

R>° L$° `R>u [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk R>°. [°_u ı`Ù$[p `Z lp°hu S>Í$fu R>°.

3 kïp°^__p° l°[y ep°S>_pdp¨ ı`Ù$ L$fhp° ≈°BA° .

4 kpdpqSL$,kp¨ıL©$r[L$ A_° c•pNp°qgL$ k¨]$cÆdp¨ A¬ee__y¨ dpmMy¨ rhQpfhy¨ .

5 kïp°^_ dp¨ ""kdN∞ ''L°$ ""kdN∞_p L$p°B cpN ''_p° AÊepk L$fhp dp¨N° R>° [°

A¨N° _u ı`Ù$[p.

6 r_]$iÆ__u h•opr_L$ ◊rÙ$ A° `k¨]$Nu L$fhu .

w r_]$iÆ ""kdN∞ '' _y¨ ‚r[q_r^–h L$f[p° lp°hp° ≈°BA° .

w 5|hÆN∞l fql[ lp°hp° ≈°BA° .

w †L$pm∆ `|hÆL$ _d|_p_u `k¨]Nu \hu ≈°BA° .

7 kïp°^__u dprl[u A°L$” L$fhp S>° ‚eyqL$[_p° Dèp°N L$fhp_p lp°e [° A¨N°_u

S>Í$fu ı`Ù$[p lp°hu ≈°BA° .

kïp°^_ ep°S>_pA° kïp°^__u Ap^pfiugp R>°. A_° [° kïp°^L$

dpV°$ q]$hp]$p¨X$u_u NfS> kpf° R>°. [°\u L$p°B`Z kïp°^__p¨ ‚pf¨qcL$ [bL$L$pdp¨ [°_y¨

Apep°S>_ L$fhy X°$ R>°.kïp° __p l°[y_° rk¬^ L$fhp dpV°$ [°_° A_yÍ$` kïp° _ ep°S>_p

^X$hu `X°$ R>°.‚ı[y[ dlpr_b¨^dp¨ kïp°^L°$ rhje A¨N°_u dprl[u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ

A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ d°mh[p rh^p\wAp° rhj° Sy>]$uSy>]$u k¨ı\pAp°dp¨\u d°mhu

CH-3 108

R>°.Ap dpV°$ BfiV$f_°V$, gpeb∞°fu ,kpdreL$p° A_° `yı[L$p° , kïp°^_`”p°, g^yr_b¨^p°

dlpr_b¨ p° hN°f°_p° Ap^pf gB_° AÊepk L$f°g R>°. kïp° _ _p° l°[y , ep°S>_p_° A_yÍ$`

r_]iÆ A_° kdrÙ$_p° AÊepk Ap^yr_L$ k]$u_u S>Í$fuep[ ‚ÁppZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rhje `k¨]$ L$f°g R>°.

v kïp°^_ N|¨\Zu A°V$g° iy¨ ?

kïp°^_ N|¨\Zu A°V$g° kïp°^_ kdıep L°$ [`pk_u bpb[ dp¨ iy,¨ L$ep¨ ,

L$epf°,L°$V$gy A_° L$ep kp^_ ‹pfp L°$hu fu[° L$fhpdp¨ Aphi° [° A¨N°_p r_ZÆe_u

kyÏehsı\[, kyk¨NqW$[ Np°W$hZ [°dp¨ Ap `Ò `f rhi°j ¬ep_ A`pe [°

S>Í$fu R>°.

1 AÊepk i°_p rhi° R>° ?

2 ip dpV°$ lp\ ^fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° ?

3 AÊepk L$ep¨ L$fpi° ?

4 L°$hp ‚L$pf_u dprl[u A°L$r”[ L$fpi° ?

5 L$B `¬^r[\u A° dprl[u A°L$r”[ L$fpi° ?

6 L$ep° kde Npmp° li° ?

7 L°$hp ‚L$pf_p° A_° L°$hu `¬^r[\u r_]$iÆ `k¨]$ L$fpi° ?

8 dprl[u _y¨ `©’\L$fZ L°$hu fu[° \i° ?

9 L°$hu fu[° L$ep Y$p¨Qpdp¨ A\Æ^V$_ \i° ?

10 Al°hpg L°$hp Y¨$Ndp¨ gMpi° ?

S>lp°X$p hN°f° gML$p° S>Zph° R>°. L°$ kïp° __u N|\Zu A°V$g° kïp° _

kdıep A_° [°_p Apie_° A_yÍ$` dprl[u A°L$r”L$fZ A_° dprl[u_p¨

`©’\L$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_ _u L$fL$kfeyL$[ A_° Ly$_°l`|hÆL$_u Np°W$hZ

L$gwfiS>f S>Zph° R>° L$° ,kïp° _ N|\Zu A°V$g° ∞pep°rNL$ c|g$ r_hpfu

L°$ r_e¨q”[ L$fu kïp°^_ kdıep_p DL°$g dpV$° [`pk_p° Y$p¨Qp° [\p [`pk_u

Ap¨V$u^y¨V$u _p° Ïe|l bp¨^hp° [° [`pk_p° _L$ip° `l°g°\u R>°â° kyû iy¨ L$fhp_y¨ R°

CH-3 109

[° kdN∞ L$peÆæ$d_u Tp¨Mu L$fph° R>°. A°_p° Y$p¨Qp° L°$ b¨ pfZ A° \p°X$uL$ h y rhriÙ$

bpb[ R>°. [°dp¨ `qfh–ep£_u dphS>[ L°$hu fu[° L$fpi° [°_p° rQ[pf lp°e R>°. [°dp¨

S>epf° kïp°^__u Ïe|lfQ_p A° h^pf° ı`Ù$ bpb[ R>°. A° L$B `¬^r[\u

,L°$hu fu[° dprl[u d°mhi° ,k¨`pq]$[ \i° ,L°$hu fu[° hgp°hpi° , [\p Dÿ°ip° yfp

`pX$hp A_° kdıepAp°_p Mygpkp dpV°$ L°$hu fu[° `pf L$fpi° [°_y¨ rhN[hpf

r_Í$`Z R>°. kip° __u L$p°B N|\Zu khpÆN k |ZÆ lp°[u _\u. D]°$Ìep°_u bp^Zu

L°$ AV$L$mp°_u fQ_p `Z dyøe–h° b•pr¬^L$ Lkf[ S> R>° kïp°^__u hpı[rhL$

dyÌL°$guAp°_° rhV¨$bZpAp°_u iÍ$Ap[ [°_u N|¨\Zu L°$d L$fhu A° `Ò kp\°

k¨gî R>°. kïp°^_ N|¨\Zu A° kïp°^L$_u kpQu `funp L$f° R>° . L°$d L°$, Ap

N|¨\Zu [°_° hpı[rhL$[p_u L$W$p°f c|rd f gphu iL°$ R>°. kïp°^__u N|¨\Zu A°

kïp°^L$_y¨ lpVÆ$ R>°. Ap N|¨\Zu S> [°_u NyZh[p_° r_^pÆfu[ L$f° R>°. kïp°^_

kdıep_p° DL$°g `∞p‡[ \pe [° fu[° kïp°^__u N|¨\Zu \pe [° S>Í$fu R>°.

kïp°^__u N¨|\Zu_p D`fp°L$[ dy◊p rhj° kïp°^L°$ Afie dlpr_b¨^p°,g^yip°^

r_b¨^p° hp¨Qu_° ,d__ L$fu_° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__u N|¨\Zu L$fu R>°. Ap dpV°$

dpNÆ]$iÆL$_u kp\° QQpÆ rhQpfZp L$fu _° AÊepk n°”dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f n°”_p¨ rh^p\wAp° dpV°$ r_e¨r”[ `qfh–ep£, ıh[¨” `qfh–ep£

rhj° rhQpfZp L$fu Adgdp¨ dyL$u AÊepk lp\ ^f°g R>°. Ap dpV°$ rhje_u

`k¨]Nu AÊepk n°” dprl[u d°mhhp_u fu[° klpeL$ AÊepkp°,

Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue `›^r[ ,`©’\L$fZ ,A\Æ^V$_ A_° Al°hpg kyû_u N¨\Zu

h•opr_L$ A_° hpı[rhL$ b_° [° dpV°$ ‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ ¬ep_ fpM°g R>°.

3.1 Apep°S>__u AphÌeL$[p :-

kïp°^_ `¬^r[Ap°_y¨ op_ dp” kïp°^L$_° dpV°$ S>Í$fu _\u `Z rinZ,

kfL$pfu Ïehı\p A\hp ¨^p_u Ïehı\p ,Ïehı\p`L$, kpdprS>L$ L$peÆL$f,hN°f° ]$f°L$

dp¨ kïp°^_ _p¨ `rfZpdp_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ L$fhp_u ep°¡e[p_u S>Í$f `X°$ R>°. A_° A°d_°

CH-3 110

A°hu r_ZÆeiqL$[_u `Z S>Í$f `X°$ R>°.Of ,i•nrZL$ k¨ı\pAp° ,kpdp∆L$ k¨ı\pAp°

A_° kïp°^_dp¨ `Z Apep°S>_ Ar_hpeÆ R>°. kïp°^_A° ky^X$ Apep°S>_ dp¨N° R>°.

kïp°^_ A° ep°S>_p_p° kQp°V$ Adg dp¨N° R> °. hpı[rhL[p ^Zu S>V$ug A_° N|¨QhZ

cfu lp°e R>°. A_° Zu k¨qL$ZÆ Z lp°e R>°.Apep°S>_ hNf kïp° _ E`pX$p° [p° A_°L$

[bL$L°$ A_°L$ A\X$pdZp° Dcu \hp_u iL$e[p fl°gu R>°. k¨cpÏe AX$QZp°_p° rhQpf

L$epÆ hNf TyL$ph_pf kïp°^L°$ ^Zuhpf kïp°^_ _u L$pdNufu A^h√Q° S> R>p°X$u ]°$hu

`X°$ R>°. Apep°S>_ hNf kde,iqL$[ A_° _pZp¨_p° `yÛL$m Ïee L$epÆ `R>u `Z L$iu

S> kp\ÆL$ ‚pq‡[ _ \pe [°hy¨ b_° Apep°S>_ hNf dpsl[u A°L$W$u L$fhp _uL$mp° [p° A°

A°L$ bu_S>Í$fu dprl[u_p° yÛL$m cfphp° \B ≈e A_° bu∆ [fa AphÌeL$ dprl[u_p°

]y$ÛL$pm X°$ A\hp ∞p‡[ \e°gu AphÌeL$ dprl[u A°V$gu bû L¨$Npm A_° DZu lp°e

L°$ L$p°B kQp°V$ r_ÛLjÆ S> _ [pfhu iL$pe . dpV°$ èpÆ· dprl[u ‚p‡[ \pe A°hu fu[°

kïp°^_ ep°S>_p ^X$pe [° S>Í$fu R>°. A°V$gy S> _lu `Z dprl[u_u `∞pq‡[ A°hu fu[°

\hu ≈°BA° L°$ dm°gu dprl[u_u e\p\Æ[p A_° rhk_ue[p_u L$np KQu lp°e. dm°gu

dprl[u Mpduhpmu lp°e L°$ d|m i¨L$pı`]$ lp°e L°$ kpfu `°W°$ i¨L$pı`]$ lp°e [p° `Z

[pfZp° A\Æ hNf_p b_u fl° A°V$g° Ap k¨]cÆdp¨ S> kïp°^__p b^p¨ `pkp¨ A_°

`Ngp_u ep°¡e N|¨\Zu L$fhu S>Í$fu R>°.kïp°^_ ep°S>_p_u Ap q]$ip k|QL$ bpb[p° _°

kïp°^L°$ `∞ı[y[ AÊepk dp¨ øepg fpM°g R>°. `p°[p_p ÏephkpreL$ n°”_° A_yÍ$`

rhje `k¨$]$Nu L$fu_° ANpD\u tQ[_ A_° d__ ‹pfp ep°S>_p ^X$°g R>°.

3.2 kïp°^_ ep°S>_p :-

kpdprS>L$ kïp°^_dp¨ A¬ee__u `k¨]Nu \pe `R>u kïp°^_

ep°S>_p_p° ‚Ò kïp° L$_u kdn D`rı\[ \pe R>°. ıpdıep_u k¨]$Nu bp]$ kïp° _

fQ_p _L$L$u L$fhp dpV°$ kïp°^L°$ kph^ fl°hy¨ X°$ R>°. S>° rhje_u qfrı\r[ _° dpV°$ S>°

fQ_p gpNy X°$ [° S> g°hu X°$ R>°. kïp°^_ ‚qL$ep_p kp°`p_p° A°L$buS>p kp\° fı`f

k¨L$mpe°gp R>°. [°\u kïp°^_ `∞qæ$ep_p¨ ]$f°L$ kp°`p_° –epf`R>u_p kp°`p_p°_u

CH-3 111

S>Í$fuep[p°_° gndp¨ fpMhu ≈°BA°. kïp°^__u N|¨\Zudp¨ dyøe kp°`p_p° S>°hp L°$ ,

kïp°^_ rhje A¨N° rhQpfZp A_° `k¨]Nu , rhjen°”_° kdS>hp_u kïp°^L$_u

irL$[ ,kp^_p°_u depÆ]$p,‚eyqL[_u D`gÂ^[p ,‚dpZc|[ A_° rhkr_e dprl[u

dmhp_u k¨cph_p, kïp°^__u l]$ depÆ]$p hN°f° S>°hu bpb[p° kïp°^__u N¨|\Zu

dpV°$ AN–e_u R>°.

3.3 kïp°^_ ep°S>_p_p ‚L$pfp° :-

kïp°^_ ep°S>_p_p rhrh^ ‚L$pfp° `X°$ R>°. kpdprS>L$ kïp°^_ dpV°$ A°hp°

kïp°^__p° ‚L$pf _L$L$u L$fhp° ≈°BA° L°$ S>° [° kdıep_p AÊepk dpV°$ kpfp° NZpe.

X$p°.Afth]$fpe _pfZ∆ ]°$kpB _y¨ `yı[L$ ""kpdpqS>L$$ kïp°^_ `¬^r[Ap°

'' dp¨ [°dZ° kïp°^_ ep°S>_p_p ”Z ‚L$pfp° ]$ipÆh°g R>°. S>°d L°$ ip°^_p–dL$

,hZÆ_p–dL$ A_° `funp–dL$ . Ap ‚L$pfp°_u \p°X$uL$ QQpÆ _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.

v fQ_p–dL$ A\hp Afih°jZp–dL$ A¬ee_ :-

ip° _p–dL$ AÊepkp° kpdprS>L$ rhop_p°_p kïp° _dp¨ A°hu k¨fQ_p

_p AÊepkp° R>° L°$ S>°dp¨ Aop[ [–hp° A_° lL$uL$[p°_u ip°^ kp\° k¨b¨^ ^fph°

R>°. Ap_p° Dèp°N A°hp AÊepkp° dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ , S>°_p rhjedp¨

op_ kurd[ lp°e. S>lp°X$p A_° lzL°$ gøey¨ R>° L°$ ,""Afih°jZp–dL$ A¬ee_

A_ych d°mhhp dpV°$ S>Í$fu R>°. A_° [° h^pf° r_qÚ[ A¬ee_ dpV°$

D–L$Î`_pAp° fQhpdp¨ klpe \i° .'' V|¨$L$dp¨ L$luA° [p° S>ep¨ S>ep¨ kdıepAp°_y¨

k•¬^p¨r[L$ op_ D`gÂ^ _ lp°e –ep¨ kïp° _ dp¨ D–L$Î`_pAp°_y r_dpÆZ L$fhp

dpV°$ ip°^_p–dL$ AÊepk L$fhp° S>Í$fu R>°.ip°^_p–dL$ A° kïp°^__p¨ L$pep°Æ

A\hp l°[yAp° R>°°. S>°d L°$,[–L$pqg_ sı\[uAp°_p k¨b¨^dp¨ dprl[u Ap`hu

[°dS> ip°^_p–dL$ AÊepk kïp°^__u Ap^pfiugp R>°. S>°_p `f kïp°^__u

kdN∞ Bdpf[ Dcu L$fu iL$pe R>°. ‚p\rdL$ op_ ip°^_p–dL$ AÊepk ‹pfp

`∞p‡[ \pe R>°. A°hu S> fu[° ip°^_p–dL$ AÊepk kdıep_p dl–h_° ]$ipÆh°R>°.

CH-3 112

S>°d L°$, _hu _hu kdıepAp°_° ‚L$pidp¨ gph° R>°. A_° kp\° kp\° [° kdıepAp°_y

kpdprS>L$ dl–h iy¨ R>° [° ]$ipÆh° R>° . ip°^_p–dL$ AÊepk Ar_qÚ[

kdıepAp°_° r_qÚ[[p ‚]$p_ L$f° R>°.ip°^_p–dL$ `¬^r[ AfrQ[ `¬^r[ R>°.

[°_u L$p°B r_qÚ[ kudpAp° _\u .[°_° gu^° [°_p dpV°$ Qpf°e q]$ipAp° MyÎgu R>°.

`qfZpd° Nd° [°hp A`rfrQ[ n°”p°_p° Z AÊepk L$fu iL°$ R>°. ip° _p–dL$

AÊepkdp¨ ip°^p° ,g°Mp°,`yı[L$p°,k¨]$cÆN∞¨\p° D`fp¨[ kpdpfie dpNÆ ]$iÆL$p°,

dp°_p°N∞pak ,kpeL$p°gp°∆ S>_Æg ≈°B g°hp ≈°BA° . [°_u depÆ]$p A° R>° L°$, [°

dp” A¨[f◊rÙAp°$ A\hp D–L$Î`_pAp°_u fQ_p [fa gB ≈e R>°.`f¨[y

[°_u QL$pkZu L$f[p _\u.

v hZÆ_p–dL$ A_° r_]$p_p–dL$ A¬ee_ :-

hZÆ_p–dL$ kïp°^_dp¨ L$p°B`Z hı[y_p° ‚L$pf A_° ]$fS>S>p_u

rhN[_p°, dpZkp°_p kd|l_p° ,A_°L$ `]$p\p£_u `qfsı\r[Ap°dp¨ kd|l_u S>°_y¨

ÏeqL$[ A¬ee_ L$fhp dp¨N° R>° [°_p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. hZÆ_p–dL$

kïp°^_p° Sy>]$u Sy>]$u fu[° Dèp°Nu \pe R>°. S>°d L°$ , Ap kïp°^_p° ^¨^pqL$e

r_ZÆe L$fhp dpV°$ dprl[u `yfu `pX°$ R>°. rhop_ dp¨ `Z dp°V$p° apmp° R>°. [°dS>

Ap A¬ee_p° kïp° _dp¨ kp^_p° `|fp `pX$hpdp¨ d]$]$Í$` \pe R> °.Ap

kïp°^__p¨ [bL$L$pdp¨ D◊°Ìep°_y¨ r_Í$`Z ,kpdN∞u k¨L$g__u `¬^r[_u

`k¨]Nu,dpql[u_y¨ A°L$”uL$fZ A_° QL$pkZu,`qfZpdp°_y¨ rhÔg°ÛpZ,

`qfZpdp°_p° Al°hpg hN°f° [bL$L$pAp° R>°. [°_u depÆ]$p S>p°BA° [p° Ap

kïp°^__p° l°[y aL$[ op_ ‚p‡[ L$fhp_p° lp°e R>°. kdıepdp¨ ‚ı[y[ L$pfZp°_°

`rfhr[Æ[ L$fhp_p° L$p°B ‚epk L$fhpdp¨ Aph[p° _\u . kïp°^L$_° ‚pep°rNL$

A¬ee_ L$fhpdp¨ `Z hZÆ_p–dL$ A¬ee_ Dèp°Nu \pe R>°.

v `funZp–dL$ A\hp ‚pep°rNL$ A¬ee_ :-

Ap ‚L$pf_p¨ kïp°^_ dp¨ ‚ep°Np° L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. ‚ep°N A°V$g°

l°[y |hÆL$ ,rhriÙ$ rfrı\[u D`≈hu A_° [° qfsı\[u f r_e¨”Z d°mhhp

CH-3 113

L$fhpdp¨ Aph[y r_funZ S>°_p dyøe ‚L$pfp°dp¨ `Úp[ ‚ep°N , `|hÆ A_° `Úp[

kïp°^_ Apep°S>_ ,A°L$k (`p°ıV$) a°L$V$p° kïp°^_ hN°f° .

3.4 ‚ı[y[ kïp°^__u ep°S>_p :-

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ dpV°$ _uQ° dyS>b_u Np°W$hZu L$fu R>°. kdıep

r_^Æpqf[ LepÆ `R>u kïp°^__p kp^__u fQ_p L$fhu ,–epfbp]$ DrQ[ r_]iÆ__u

`k¨]Nu, dprl[u A°L” L$fhp dpV°_y¨ $ Apep°S>_ A_° [°_p° Adg ,dm°g dprl[u_u

L$p°ÛV$L$hpf fQ_p ,rcfl L$p°W$pdp¨ dprl[u_y¨ rhÔg°jZ A_° –epfbp]$ Ap¨L$X$pL$ue

[fL$ubp° dpfa[ AV$L$mp° _u `funp L$fhu A_° D◊°ip°_p¨ A_yk¨^p_° [pfhZu L$fu

r_Qp°X$ gphhp° dyøe–h° (Ex Post Facto ) qb_ ‚pep°qNL$ q‹S|>\ dp°S>Zu Í$`

ip° _p–dL$ AÊepk ¬^r[ R>°.Apd ,kïp° L°$ kïp° _ ep°S>_p_u N|\Zu "kïp° _

ep°S>_p_u '`pep_u c|qdL$p_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° L$fu R>°.S>° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°.

kïp° __p° dyøe l°[y D√Q rinZ d°mh[p rh^p\uÆAp°_u ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p°

[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk [`pkhp_p° R>°. Ap kp\° L°$V$gpL$ dyøe A_° N•pZ l°[y

`Z _L$L$u L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

Alv dyøe A_° N•pZ l°[yAp°_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° L°$V$guL$ i|fie

D–L$Î`_pAp° fQu R>°. [°_u QL$pkZu L$fhp dpV°$ kdN∞ ep°S>_p_° ”Z rhcpN dp¨

hl¨°Qhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°dp¨ "t ' L$kp°V$u , "r ' L$kp°V$u ,"F ' L$kp°V$u

a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ hN°f° Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N$

L$fhpdp¨ Aph_pf R>°.

v rhcpN -1 :-

Alv ÏerL$[N[ kpdp∆L$ `qfh–ep£ A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u "t ' L$kp°V$u ‚ep°S>hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

CH-3 114

v rhcpN -2 :-

Alv ‚ı[y[ A¬ee__p¨ N•pZ l°[yAp° `Z _L$L$u

L$epÆ l[p¨.[° ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°

klk¨b¨^ QL$pkhpdp¨ Aph_pf R>°.

v rhcpN -3 :-Alv ÏerL$[N[ kpdp∆L$ `qfh–ep£ A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u "F ' L$kp°V$u ‚ep°S>hpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

( I ) :- A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ ‚ÁppZ° NZ[fu L$fhp_u R>°.

(II) :-a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x 2 x2 ‚dpZ° NZ[fu L$fhp_u R>°.

(III ) :-a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x 2 x3 ‚dpZ° NZ[fu L$fhp_u R>°.

S>°_u rhı[©[ kdSy[u _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°.

3.4.1 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1

(rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ)

Alv rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ `f

\[u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$ 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨

Aph°g R>°.

CH-3 115

rh^pipMp AA

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

A2

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

≈r[ BB

1R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)

B2

R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls )

AÊepk_y¨C

C1

ı_p[L$ L$np kyû

hjÆ C2

A_yı_p[L$ L$np ky u

D`fp°L$[ L$npdp¨ rh^p\wAp°_° hl°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p¨ S>epf° f[¨” qfh–eÆ

[fuL° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p g°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. $

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.1

2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1 `qfh–ep£ A_° [°_u L$npAp° .

æ$Áp `qfh–ep£_p_pd köp q5fh–eÆ_y¨ ıhÍ$` L$np_uk¨øep L$np_y¨ _pd

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp° A1

1 rh^pipMp A ıh[¨” 2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ


2 ≈r[ B ıh[¨” 2 R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys ) B1

R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls) B2

3 AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ C ıh[¨” 2 ı_p[L$ L$np kyû C1

A_yıfipp[L$ L$np kyû C2

rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p - `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ (Ap¨qiL$)

ApherhL$ ep°S>_p_p ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep 60 kdp_ fpMhpdp

Aphu l[u Ly$g- 8 $ S|>\dp¨ kdph°i \[p¨ p”p°_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[u ApherhL ep°S>_p_u

ı`Ù$[p L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.2 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. $

CH-3 116

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.2

2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨

kdprhÛV$ \[p¨ rh^p\w_u k¨øep.

( N = 480 )

A1(N=240 ) A

2 ( N= 240 )

B1(N=120) B

2(N=120) B

1(N=120) B

2(N=120)

C1

C2

C1

C2

C1

C2

C1

C2

(N=60) (N=60) (N=60) (N=60) (N=60) (N=60) (N=60) (N=60)

D`fp°L[ ”Z°e `rfh–ep°Æ_u dyøe Akf A_° Ap¨[f qL$∞ep_u

Akfp° QL$pkhp dpV°$ $rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N$ L$fhp_p° R>°.

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p Alu¨ `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ [fuL°$ g°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.

3.4.2 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p-2 :-


Alv rh^pipMp,≈r[ A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ `f rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ `f \[u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$ 2x2x2 ApherhL$

ep°S>_p k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°_u fS|App[ _uQ° ‚ÁppZ°_p L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ L$fhpdp¨

Aphu R>°.

CH-3 117

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.3

2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p-2 `qfh–ep£ A_° [°_u L$npAp° .



1 rh^pipMp A ıh[¨” 2 d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp° A1

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ






rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ - `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ (Ap¨qiL$ )

ApherhL$ ep°S>_p_p ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep 60 kdp_

fpMhpdp¨ Aphu l[u Ly$g- 8 S|>\dp¨ kdph°i \[p¨ `p”p°_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[u ApherhL

ep°S>_p_u ı`Ù$[p L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.4 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. $

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.4


rh^pipMp A1 rh^pipMp A2

≈r[ C1

C2

C1

C2

Ly$g ı_p[L$ L$np A_yı_p[L$ L$np ı_p[L$ L$np A_yı_p[L$ L$np

B1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 60 60 60 240

B2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 60 60 60 240

Ly$g 120 120 120 120 480

D`fp°L$[ ”Z°e `qfh–ep£_u dyøe Akf A_° Ap¨[f qæ$ep_u

Akfp°_° QL$pkhpdpV°$ rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N L$ep£ l[p°.

CH-3 118

Ap–drhÔg°jZ `f[¨” `qfh–eÆ [fuL°$ l[y¨.



Alv rh^pipMp,≈r[ A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ `f rh^p\wAp°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `f \[u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$ 2x2x2 ApherhL$

ep°S>_p `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u.S>°_u fS|App[ _uQ° ‚ÁppZ°_p L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.5











rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e -`f[¨” `rfh–eÆ (Ap¨qiL$ )

ApherhL$ ep°S>_p_p ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep

60 kdp_ fpMhpdp¨ Aphu l[u Ly$g- 8 $ S|>\dp¨ kdph°i \[p¨ p”p°_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[u

ApherhL ep°S>_p_u ı`Ù$[p L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.6 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. $

CH-3 119

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.6


≈r[ rh^pipMp A1

rh^pipMp A2

Ly$g C

1 C

2 C

1 C

2

ı_p[L$ L$np A_yı_p[L$ L$np ı_p[L$ L$np A_yı_p[L$ L$np

B1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 60 60 60 240

B2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 60 60 60 240

Ly$g 120 120 120 120 480

D`fp°L$[ ”Z°e `qfh–ep£_u dyøe Akf A_° Ap¨[f qæ$ep_u Akfp°_°

QL$pkhpdpV°$ rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N L$ep£ l[p°. dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

`f[¨” `qfh–eÆ [fuL°$ l[y¨.


(rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p¨ `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu dyS>b )

Alv rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp , ≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p¨

`qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu`f \[u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp dpV°$ 2x2x3 ApherhL$

ep°S>_p `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

rh^pipMp AA

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

A2

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

≈r[ BB

1R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)

B2

R>p°L$fuAp° (Girls )

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ C1

X$uıV$u¨¨L$i_ 70 % A_° [°\u h^y

`qfnp_p `rfZpd C C2

‚\d hNÆ 60 % A_° [°\u h^y 70 % \u Ap°R>p

_u V$L$phpfu C3

bu≈° hNÆ 50 % A_° [°\u h^y 60 % \u Ap°R>p

CH-3 120

D`fp°L$[ L$npdp¨ rh^p\wAp°_° hl¨°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p¨ S>epf° `f[¨”

`qfh–eÆ [fuL° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p g°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.7

2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1`qfh–ep£ A_° [°_u L$npAp° .

æ$Áp `qfh–ep£_p_pd köp 5qfh–eÆ_y¨ ıhÍ$` L$np_uk¨øep L$np_y¨ _pd







3 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ X$uıV$u¨¨L$i_ C1

`funp _ p C ıh[¨” 3 ‚\d hNÆ C2

`qfZpd _u bu≈° hN" C3

V$L$phpfu

r h^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p - `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ (Ap¨qiL$)

ApherhL$ ep°S>_p_p ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep Akdp_ l[u Ly$g-

12 $ S|>\dp¨ kdph°i \[p¨ `p”p°_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[u ApherhL ep°S>_p_u ı`Ù$[p

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.8 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. $

CH-3 121

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.8

2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p -1‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨

kdprhÛV$ \[p¨ rh^p\w_u k¨øep.

( N = 480 )

A1(N=240 ) A

2 ( N= 240 )

B1(N=120) B

2(N=120) B

1(N=120) B

2(N=120)

C1 C

2 C

3 C

1 C

2 C

3C

1 C

2 C

3 C

1 C

2 C

3(N=28) (N=49) (N=43) (N=11) (N=27) (N=82) (N=25) (N=47) (N=48) (N=07) (N=24) (N=89)

D`fp°L[ ”Z°e rfh–ep°Æ_u dyøe Akf A_° Ap¨[f qL$∞ep_u Akfp° QL$pkhp

dpV°$ $rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ ¬^r[_p° Dèp°N$ L$ep°Æ l[p°. ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p

Alu¨ `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ [fuL°$ gu^°g R>°.

3.4.5 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p-2 :-

(rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p¨ `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu dyS>b)

Alv rh^pipMp,≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p¨ `qfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu `f rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ `f \[u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp

dpV°$ 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u.S>°_u fS|App[ _uQ°

‚ÁppZ°_p L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

CH-3 122

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.9












V$L$phpfu

rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ - `f[¨” `rfh–eÆ (Ap¨qiL$ )

ApherhL$ ep°S>_p_p ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep Akdp_

fpMhpdp¨ Aphu l[u Ly$g- 12 $ S|>\dp¨ kdph°i \[p¨ p”p°_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[u ApherhL

ep°S>_p_u ı`Ù$[p L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.4 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. $

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.10


rh^pipMp A1 rh^pipMp A

2

≈r[ C1

C2

C3 C

1 C

2 C

3 Ly$g

X$uıV$u¨¨L$i_ ‚\d hNÆ bu≈° hNÆ X$uıV$u¨¨L$i_ ‚\d hNÆ bu≈° hNÆ

B1 R>p°L$fpAp° 28 49 43 25 47 48 240

B2 R>p°L$fuAp° 11 27 85 07 21 89 240

Ly$g 39 76 128 32 68 137 480

CH-3 123

D`fp°L$[ ”Z°e `qfh–ep£_u dyøe Akf A_° Ap¨[f qæ$ep_u

Akfp°_° QL$pkhpdpV°$ rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ ¬^r[_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph_pf

R>°. Ap–drhÔg°jZ `f[¨” `qfh–eÆ [fuL°$ l[y¨.


(rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p¨ `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu)

Alv rh^pipMp,≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p¨ `qfZpd

_u V$L$phpfu `f rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `f \[u Akf_p° AÊepk

L$fhp dpV°$ 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°_u fS|App[

_uQ° ‚ÁppZ°_p L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.11












V$L$phpfu

rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e -`f[¨” `rfh–eÆ (Ap¨qiL$ )

ApherhL$ ep°S>_p_p ‚–e°L$ S|>\dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep

Akdp_ fpMhpdp¨ Aphu l[u Ly$g- 12 $ S|>\dp¨ kdph°i \[p¨ p”p°_u k¨øep ]$ipÆh[u

ApherhL ep°S>_p_u ı`Ù$[p L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.12 dp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. $

CH-3 124

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.12


rh^pipMp A1

rh^pipMp A2

≈r[ C1

C2

C3 C

1 C

2 C

3 Ly$g

X$uıV$u¨¨L$i_ ‚\d hNÆ bu≈° hNÆ X$uıV$u¨¨L$i_ ‚\d hNÆ bu≈° hNÆ

B1 R>p°L$fpAp° 28 49 43 25 47 48 240

B2 R>p°L$fuAp° 11 27 85 7 21 89 240

Ly$g 39 76 128 32 68 137 480

D`fp°L$[ ”Z°e `qfh–ep£_u dyøe Akf A_° Ap¨[f qæ$ep_u Akfp°_°

QL$pkhpdpV°$ rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N L$ep£ l[p°. dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

`f[¨” `qfh–eÆ [fuL°$ gu^°g R>°.

3.5 kdrÙ$ A°V$g° iy¨ ?:-

rNÎap°XÆ$ dp_° R>° L°$ , kdp_ NyZ^dpÆ° ^fph[p b^p¨ S> `]$p\p£ ,ÏerL$[Ap°

L°$ `qfsı\r[Ap°_p° kdrÙ$dp¨ kdph°i \pe R>°. kdrÙ$ A°V$g° kïp°^L$ S>° S|>\p°_p°

AÊepk L$fhp dp¨N[p° lp°e [° kdpS>dp¨ a°gpe°gp kd|l_° kdrÙ$ L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

kdrÙ$_y¨ kïp°^_ dp¨ ^œ¨ dl–h fl°gy¨ R>°. kdrÙ$dp¨ kdprhÙ$ \[p¨ b^p A°L$dp°_p°

`p°[p_p AÊepkdp¨ kdph°i L$f° R>°. Apd , Ap fu[° [°_° kdrÙ$ AÊepk L$l°hpe R>°.

`f¨[y kdrÙ$_u gpnrZL$[p_y¨ ‚r[q_r^–h fph[p cpNÍ$` AdyL$ A°L$dp°_° p°[p_p

AÊepk dp¨ Aphfu g° R>°.–epf° [°_° r_]iÆ AÊepk L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. dp°V$pcpN° ]$f°L$

kïp°^_dp¨ r_]$iÆ `k¨]$Nu ‹pfp S> AÊepk L$fpe R>°. kdrÙ$ _y¨ kpQy¨ dp` r_]$iÆ

`f\u gB iL$pe R>°.L$pfZ L°$ , k¨`|ZÆ kdrÛV$_p° Ïep` ^Zp° dp°V$p° lp°e R>°.S>°_° dpù

iL$p[p° _\u. [° kdrÙ$ dp¨\u AdyL$ cpN_p° L ° S>° kdrÙ$_y¨ ep°¡e ‚r[r_r^–h L$f[p°

lp°e [°hp kd|l_p° r_]iÆ [fuL°$ Dèp°N \pe R>°.S>°_p AÊepk f\u k¨`|ZÆ kdrÙ _°

CH-3 125

[°_y¨ `rfZpd gpNy `pX$u iL$p[y¨ lp°e R>°.kdrÙ$_u ı`Ù$ Ïepøep rh_p ‚r[q_r^`|ZÆ

A_° e\p\Æ r_]$iÆ L$fhy¨ dyÌL°$g R>°. Alu¨ kdrÙ$_p° Ap¨LX$pip˜ue øepg gndp¨

g°hp_p° lp°e R>°.Ap\u kpdpqSL$ kïp°^_dp¨$ Dèp°Ndp¨ g°hpdp¨ kdrÙ$ iÂ]$ dpV°$

""Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue kdrÙ$ '' iÂ]$ ‚ep°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L$p°B kïp°^_ A°hy¨ _ lp°e

L°$ S>°dp¨ Ap¨L$X$pip˜_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° _ lp°e.‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ `Z

[°_p° Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue A\Æ g°hp_p° R>°.

1 '' A Population is the aggregate of all the cases that

conform to some designated set of specifications ''

- Isidor Chein .

111 ""kdrÙ$ A°V$g° r_qÚ[ NyZ^dp£_p hZÆ_ Qp°L$W$p_° A_ykf[p° kdN∞

A°L$dkd|l ''

2 "" kdp_ NyZ^dp£ ^fph[p b^p `]$p\p£ ÏeqL$[Ap° L°$ `rfsı\q[Ap°_p°

kdrÙ$dp¨ kdph°i \pe R>°. S>° S|>\ dp¨\u r_]$iÆ_u k¨]$Nu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu lp°e

[° kdN∞ S|>\_° kdrÙ$ L$l°hpe R>°.''

- NugaXÆ$

V|¨$L$dp¨ S>° n°”_u S>° ^V$_p AÊepk L$fhp_p° lp°e [° n°”dp¨ kdprhÙ$ \[u

bû S> ^V$_p _p° kdN∞ S>’\p° S>°d L°$ , k•pfpÙ$≤_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

qinZ_p rh^p\wAp°_u Ly$g k¨øep A°V$g° kdrÙ$. Apd kdrÙ$_p° Ap^pf kïp°^_

kdıep f fl°gp° R>°.kïp° _ A_° kïp° _L$[pÆ A° kdrÙ$ A_° A°L$d_u Ïepøepdp¨\u

bfl° h√Q°_p° k¨b¨^ _L$L$u L$fhp° S>p°BA° . Alu ‚–e°L$ rh¬pp\wA° kdrÙ$_y¨ A°L$d b_°

R>°.kdrÙ$_p ”Z ^V$L$p° _uQ° dyS>b R>°.

CH-3 126

3.5.1 kdrÙ$ _p ^V$L$p° :-

v kdrÙ$$_y¨ c•pNp°rgL$ ^V$L$ :-

kdrÙ$_y l°gy dl–h_y qfdpZ c•pNp°rgL$ V$L$ R>°. fpS>L$p°V$ A_°

≈d_Nf rS>Îgp° A° kdrÛV$_y c•pNp°rgL$ V$L$ R>°. Ap rfZpd kïp° _ n°”_u

l] depÆ]$p r_^pÆrf[ L$f° R>°. Ap V$L$ _u ı`Ù$[p ‹pfp kdrÙ$_p° rhı[pf _L$L$u

\pe R>°. A_° r_]$iÆ AÊepk_p¨ [pfZp° L$ep rhı[pf_° gpNy `pX$hp_p R>°. [°

ı`Ù$ \pe R>°.

vkdrÙ$$_y¨ A°L$d :-

kdrÙ$_y¨ buSy>¨ `rfdpZ kdsÛV$_y¨ A°L$d R>°. kdrÙ$ ^Zp

A°L$dp°_p° Ly$g S>’\p° R>°. A°V$g° L°$ , kdrÙ$ A°L$dp° _y¨ b_°gy¨ R>°.[°dp¨ kdprhÙ$

\[p b^p A°L$dp°_° r_]$iÆ_, A°L$dp° L°$ kdrÙ$_p kÊep° L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Alu

¨rh^p\wAp° A° r_]$iÆ_ L°$ kdrÙ$_p kÊep° R>°.

vkdrÙ$$_y¨ gnZ :-

kdrÙ$_p A°L$dp°_y¨ gnZA° kdrÛV$_y¨ ”uSy>¨ dl–h_y¨ gnZ

R>°.Ap bpb[ _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMuA° [p° kdrÙ$ ÏeL$r[Ap°_u b_°gu _\u ÏeL$r[Ap°

L$° A°L$dp°_p gnZp°_u b_°gu R>°.dygf A_° iykgf kdrÙ$_p _uQ°

dyS>b_p ”Z hNwL$fZp° h^y dl–h_p NZ° R>°. Ap D`fp¨[ `Z Afie fu[°

hNwL$fZp° \B iL°$ R>°.

1 NyZp–dL$ A_° k¨øep–dL$ kdrÙ$ .

2 depÆr]$[ A_° AdepÆq]$[ kdrÙ$.

3 r_]$qiÆ[ A_° gˇe kdrÙ$ .

CH-3 127

3.5.2 ‚ı[y[ A¬ee__u kdrÙ$ :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee__u kdrÙ$ dp¨ kp•fpÙ$≤ eyr_hrkÆqV$_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

qinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p ı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp° A_°

A_yı_p[L$ rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep_p° kdph°i \pe R>°.`f¨[y Ap kdrÙ$ `Z

kïp°^L$ dpV°$ kde,iqL$[ A_° MQÆ dpV°$ Ïep`L$ b_° R>°. Ap\u k•pfpÙ≤

eyq_hÆrkV$u dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ fpS>L$p°V$ rS>âp A_° ≈d_Nf rSâp _p° kdph°i

c•pNp°rgL$ depÆ]$p_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° kdrÙ$ NZu R>°.

3.6 q_]$iÆ A°V$g° iy¨ ?

d_p°h•opr_L$ NyX$ A_° lÀ_p d[ dyS>b "" r_]$iÆ A°V$g° rhipm kdrÙ$_y¨

‚r[r_r^–h ^fph[p° D`kd|l ''

`$p°rg_ e¨N Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue fu[° Ïepøep Ap`[p S>Zph° R>° L°$, ""Ap¨L$X$p rhjeL$

r_]$iÆ kdN∞ kd|l_° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gu _p_u Aph©r[ R>°. ''

$Apd ,D`fp°L$[ d_p°h•opr_L$p°_u Ïepøepdp¨\u A° aqg[ \pe R>° L°$ , r_]$iÆ A°

kdrÙ$_p kd|l A°L$d_p° cpN R>°. r_]$iÆA° kdrÙ$_p° Nd° [° cpN _\u f[y kdrÙ$_p°

A°hp° cpN R>° S>° kdrÙ$_u gpnrZL$[p_y¨ `∞r[r_r^–h ^fph° R>°.

3.6.1 kpfp r_]$iÆ_u gpnrZL$[pAp° :-

NyX$ A_° lÀ_p d[° kpfp r_]$iÆ_u gpˇprZL$[p _uQ° dyS>b NZphu

iL$pe R>°.

1 r_>]$iÆ kdrÙ$_y¨ k¨`|ZÆ ‚r[r_r^–h L$f[p° lp°hp° ≈°BA°:-

r_]$iÆdp¨ kdrÙ$_y¨ A°L¨$]$f° bû gpnZuL$[pAp° Aphfu g°hpdp¨ Aphu

lp°e [°hp r_]$iÆ_° ‚r[r_r^–h fph[y¨ r_>]$iÆ L$l°hpe R>°. A°V$g° L°$ , kdrÙ$_p

A°L$dp°dp¨ S>° gnZp° kdph°i `pd°g lp°e [° b^pS> gnZp°_y¨ dp`_ r_]$iÆdp¨

kdprhÛV$ A°L$dp° ‹pfp \hy¨ ≈°BA° [p°S> [° r_]$iÆ kdN∞ kdrÙ$_y¨ ep°¡e

CH-3 128

5∞r[r_r^–h L$eyØ NZpe . A_° [p° S> r_]$iÆ_p Ap^pf° [°_p rfZpdp° _° kdN∞

kdrÙ$ `f gpNy `pX$u_° ApNplu L$fhp_y¨ iL$e b_° R>°. A_° [° ‹pfp L$f°gy¨ ◊Ìe

Dèp°Nu b_° R>°.

2 r_]$iÆ èpÆ· L$]$_p° lp°hp° ≈°BA° :-

kdrÙ$_p ‚ÁppZ dyS>b r_]$iÆ_y¨ L$]$ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA° [° kdrÙ$ L$f[p kph

Ap°Ry>¨ L°$ Akd[p°g _ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA° [p° ep°¡e dp`_ \B iL$[y¨ _\u r_]$iÆdp¨

rhk_ue qfZpdp° d°mhu iL$pe [°V$gp ‚ÁppZ dp¨ r_]$iÆ_y¨ L$]$ lp°hy¨ ≈°BA°.

kdrÙ$_p kp° V$L$p dp¨\u k‚ÁppZ r_]$iÆ k¨]$ L$fhp° ≈°BA° [p°S> ep°¡e r_]$iÆ_u

`k¨]$Nu L$f°g NZpe Apd , ep°¡e dp`_ \B iL°$ [° dpV°$ r_]$iÆ èpÆ‡[ L$]$_p°

lp°hp° ≈°BA°.

3 r_]$iÆ_p¨ kÊep°_u `k¨]$Nu kph r_f`°n lp°hu ≈°BA° :-

kdrÙ$ dp¨\u S>° r_]$iÆ `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°dp¨ kÊep°_u

`k¨]Nu L$f[u hM[° `n`p[ _ fpMhp° ≈°BA°. [V$ı\[p\u r_]iÆ_u `k¨]$Nu

L$fhu ≈°BA° ≈° Alu kÊep°_u `k¨]Nu_u bpb[dp¨ `n`p[ fpM°g lp°e [p°

[°dp¨ A°L$ ‚L$pf_p° ≈°L$ Aph° R>° A_° r_]$iÆ ep°¡e _ lp°hp\u [°_p qfZpdp° f

`Z [°_u Akf `X°$ R>°. r_]$iÆdp¨ kÊep°_u `k¨]Nu dpV°$_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u A_°L$

`¬^r[Ap° rhL$kphhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. [°_p° Dèp°N L$fu_° kÊep°_u k¨]Nu L$fhu

≈°BA° . Ap fu[° h•oprfipL$ L°$ ep°¡e ¬^r[\u r_]$iÆ_p¨ kÊep°_u k¨]Nu L$fuA°

[p° r_f`°n fu[° `k¨]N$u L$fu NZpe. Ap fu[° `k¨]$ L$fpe°g r_]$iÆ D`f_p

`rfZpdp° Èp°¡e Aphu iL°$ A_° kdrÙ$ D`f gpNy `pX$u iL$pe [°hp lp°e R°.

3.6.2 kïp°^_ r_]$iÆ :-

d_p°h•opr_L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ kïp°^_dp¨ r_]$iÆ [`pk ^Zu

dl–h_u `yfhpf \B R>°. kdrÙ$ [`pk L$f[p¨ r_]$iÆ [`pkdp¨ Ap°R>u k¨øepdp¨

[pgudb¬^ dpZkp°_° fp°L$hp `X°$ R>°. [°\u kde,iqL$[ A_° _pZp_p° Ïee

r_hpfu iL$pe R>°. r_]$iÆ k¨]$ L$fhp_u L$∞peÆ ‚Zpgu_° r_]$iÆ_ L$l° R>°. kpdprS>L

CH-3 129

rhop_p°dp¨ r_]$iÆ_ ¬^r[_p ‚Z°[p A°.A°g.bpDgu l[p. Ap D`fp¨[

L$pm∆`|hÆL$ A_° h•opr_L$ fu[° kp• ‚\d Dèp°N 1940 dp¨

ey_pBV°$X$ ıV°$V$πk_p k°kfik Âeyfp°A° L$ep£ l[p°.ApS>° [p° r_]$iÆ_

`¬^r[ d_p°rhop_ A_° Afie kpdprS>L$ rhop_p°dp¨ Ar_hpeÆ b_u NB

R>°.kpdprS>L$ d_p°rhop_dp¨ kïp°^_ dpV°$ A_°L$ `¬^r[Ap°_p° Dèp°N \pe

R>°. S>°d L$°,r_funZ ,dygpL$p[ ,‚Òphgu hN°f° hpı[rhL$ kpdprS>L$ ∆h_dp¨

L°$ L$p°B `Z n°”dp¨ kïp°^_ L$peÆ L$fhp_y¨ lp°e –epf° [°d_p [dpd `p”p° L°$

A°L$dp°_p° k¨`ÆL$ L°$mhu kp]$u dprl[u d°mhu r_ÛLjÆ [pfhhp_y¨ L$peÆ iL$e

_\u.kïp°^L$ Ap b^p `p”p° L$° A°L$dp° _y¨ r_qfnZ L$fu iL°$ _lu .b^p _u

dygpL$p[ g°hp_y¨ Z iL$e b_° _lu .[°dS> Òphgu ‹pfp Z b^p_° lp°¨Qu

iL$pe _lu .Aphu dyiL°$gu \u bQhp dpV°$ kïp°^L$ kïp°^_ n°”_p¨ [dpd

`p”p° L ° A°L$dp°dp¨\u ‚r[r_r^–h ^fph[p `p”p° L°$ A°L$dp°_p° r_]$iÆ gB [°_p

`f kïp°^_ L$peÆ L$f° R>°. A_° [°_p `rfZpdp° kdrÛV_° gpNy `pX°$ R>°. Apd

kdN∞ kdrÙ$ _p A°L$dp° _° A°V$gp dpV°$S> dp°V$p kd|l dp¨\u ‚r[r_r^Í$` _d|_p°

`k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.Ap _d|_p° kdN∞ S|>\_y¨ ‚r[r_r^–h L$f[p° lp°e R>°.

[°_p [pfZp° kdN∞ S|>\ f gpNy pX$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Alu kdN∞ S|>\ _° k¨]Nu

`pdhp_u iL$e[p fl° R>°.Ap r_]$iÆ `k¨]$ L$fhp_u `¬^r[ _° r_]$iÆ_ `¬^r[

L$lu iL$pe .Apd , V|¨L$$dp¨ L$lu iL$pe L°$ kdy]$pe L°$ kdN∞ hNÆ dp¨\u `k¨]$ L$f°g

‚r[r_r^Í$` D`kd|l _° r_]Æ$i L$l° R>°.A_° r_]$iÆ `k¨]$ L$fhp_u kdN∞

L$peÆ‚Zpgu_° r_]iÆ_ L$l° R>°. Ap¨L$X$pip˜uAp° r_]$iÆ_u Ïepøep _uQ° ‚dpZ°

Ap`° R>°.

1 ""kdrÙ$ rhj° dprl[u d°mhhp _p l°[y\u A° kdrÙ$ dp¨\u `k¨]$ L$f°gp

A°L$dp°_p kd|l _° "r_]$iÆ 'L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.''

- hp°L$f A_° g°h

CH-3 130

2 ""kd|l dp¨\u L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u AdyL$ k¨øep_u k¨]Nu_° r_]$iÆ L$l° R>°.''

- bp°NpX$Æk

3 ""r_]$iÆ [°_p _pd ‚ÁppZ° rhipm kdrÙ$_y ‚r[r_r^–h fph[p° _p_p°

D`kd|l R>°.''

- NyX$ A_° lÀ

3.6.3 r_]$iÆ [`pk_p ape]$pAp° :-

r_]$iÆ [`pk_p¨ ape]$pAp° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° NZphu iL$pe .

1 TX$` :-r_]$iÆ [`pk L$fhp\u Lpd TX$`\u \B iL°$ R>°. A_° r_ZÆep° L°$ r_ÛL$jp£

kfm[p\u [pfhu iL$pe R>°.

2 bQ[ :- kïp° _ dp” _dy_p f L$fhp_p L$pfZ° kde, iqL$[ A_° _pZp_u

bQ[ \B iL°$ R>°. [°dS> ep°¡e `rfZpd `Z d°mhu iL$pe R>°.

3 Qp°L$kpB:- r_]$iÆ `f dp`_ L$fhp\u [°dp¨ Qp°L$kpB Aph° R>°. kdrÙ$ rhipm

lp°e R>°. A_° r_]$iÆ _p_p° kd|l lp°e R>°. rhipm kd|l L$f[p¨ _p_p kd|l `f

h^y Qp°LkpB\u dp`_ L$fpe R>°.

4 k–e[p _u Mp[fu :-r_]$iÆ_u [`pk L$fhp\u k–e[p_u Mp[fu \B iL°$ R>°.

5 h^y kïp°^__° AhL$pi :- A°L$ S> r_]$iÆ f h^pf° kïp°^_ L$fu iL$pe R>°.A°L$

\u h^pf° kïp°^_ `Z \B iL°$ R>°.

3.6.4 r_]$iÆ `k¨]$Nu :-

d_p°h•opr_L$ A_° kpdprS>L$ kïp° _dp¨ r_]$iÆ [`pk Zu dl“h_u

`yfhpf \B R>°. kdrÙ$ [`pk L$f[p¨ r_]$iÆ [`pk dp¨ Ap°R>u k¨øepdp¨ [pgudb¬^

dpZkp°_° fp°L$hp `X°$ R>°. r_]$iÆ_u `k¨]Nu ^Zu fu[° \pe R>°. r_]$iÆ_u `k¨]Nu_u

$fu[_° r_]$iÆ_ L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.[°_p b° ‚L$pf R>°. e◊√R >r_]$iÆ_ A_° rb_ e◊√R>

r_]$iÆ_. kdrÙ$ dp¨\u ‚r[r_r^–h ^fph[p `p”p°_p° _d|_p° gB [°_p `f kïp°^_

‚rL∞$ep \pe A_° A° `qfZpdp° kdrÙ$_° gpNy `pX$hpdp¨ Aph°. kïp°^_ dp°V$pcpN°

_d|_p `f L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [°\u kde, irL$[ A_° _pZp¨_u bQ[ \pe R>°.‚ı[y[

CH-3 131

AÊepkdp¨ e◊√R> r_]$iÆ__u `¬^r[ ‹pfp r_]$iÆ `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. r_]$iÆ

`k¨]$ L$fhp_u d|m ¬^r[Ap° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>° Ap bpb[ _° kïp° L°$ |ZÆ fu[° ¬ep_dp¨

guû R>°.

1 kp]$p° e◊√R> r_]$iÆ_ :-

w r_erd[ Ap¨L$_u `¬^r[

w Ar_erd[ Ap¨L$_u `¬^r[ - qV$ °V$_u `¬^r[

2 ı[fuL©$[ e◊√R> r_]$iÆ_ :-

3 TydMp r_]$iÆ

4 æ$di: _d|_p°

5 A_yjp¨rNL$ _d|_p°

6 kl°[yL$ _d|_p°

7 blz kp° p_u _d|_p°

`∞ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ ı[fuL©$[ e◊√R> r_]$iÆ__p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

3.7 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_p¨ _d|_p_u `k¨]$Nu_u ‚qL$ep_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ:-

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ l°[ygnu r_]$iÆ r_ÛZp¨[p°_u kgpl ‚ÁppZ° k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨

ApÏÈp R>°. k•pfpÙ$≤ eyr_hrkÆV$u_p Ly$g rh^p\wAp° dp¨\u 480 rh^p\wAp° k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨

ApÏep R>°. [°dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_° b° cpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. rh^p\wAp°_u k¨øep_°

¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° ‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ k¨øep `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>°dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_°

b° cpN dp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. [°dp¨ `Z Ap bfl° cpNdp¨ cpBAp° A_° bl°_p°_p

S|>\ `pX$hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. S>°dp¨ A°a.hpe.dp¨\u 20 ,A°k.hpe.dp¨\u 20,

V$u.hpe.dp¨\u 20 A_° `p°ıV$N∞°S>ey>A°V$ `pVÆ$-1 dp¨\u 30 A_° `p°ıV$N∞°S>eyA°V$

`pVÆ$-2 dp¨\u 30 A°d Ly$g 120 cpBAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. A_° A°S> fu[°

120 bl°_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°. A° S> fu[° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°m[p

rh^p\wAp°dp¨\u Z A°a.hpe.bu.ku.A°.dp¨\u 20,A°k.hpe.bu.ku.A°.dp¨\u 20,

V$u.hpe.bu.ku.A°. dp ¨\u 20 A_° A°d.ku.A°.`pVÆ $-1 dp ¨\u 30 A_°

CH-3 132

A°d.ku.A°.`pVÆ$-2 dp¨\u 30 A°d Ly$g 120 cpBAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. A_°

A°S> fu[° 120 bl°_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

3.7.1 rh^p\w_y¨ hNwL$fZ ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ -3.13

r_]$iÆ_u k¨øep A_° V$L$phpfu

æ$dp¨L$ rhN[ k¨øep V$L$phpfu

1 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

A°a.hpe.cpBAp° 20 4.17

A°a.hpe.bl°_p°° 20 4.17

A°k.hpe.cpBAp° 20 4.17

A°k.hpe.bl°_p°° 20 4.17

V$u.hpe.cpBAp° 20 4.16

V$u.hpe.bl°_p° 20 4.16

`p°ıV$ N°∞S>eyA°V$ `pVÆ- 1 cpBAp° 30 6.25

`p°ıV$ N°∞S>eyA°V$ `pVÆ- 1 bl°_p° 30 6.25

`p°ıV$ N°∞S>eyA°V$ `pVÆ- 2 cpBAp° 30 6.25

`p°ıV$ N°∞S>eyA°V$ `pVÆ- 2 bl°_p° 30 6.25

240 100 %

2 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

A°a.hpe.bu.ku.A°.cpBAp° 20 4.17

A°a.hpe.bu.ku.A°.bl°_p°° 20 4.17

A°k.hpe.bu.ku.A°.cpBAp° 20 4.17

A°k.hpe.bu.ku.A°.bl°_p°° 20 4.17

V$u.hpe.bu.ku.A°.cpBAp° 20 4.16

V$u.hpe.bu.ku.A°.bl°_p° 20 4.16

A°d.ku.A°.`pVÆ- 1 cpBAp° 30 6.25

A°d.ku.A°.`pVÆ- 1 bl°_p° 30 6.25

A°d.ku.A°.`pVÆ- 2 cpBAp° 30 6.25

A°d.ku.A°.`pVÆ- 2 bl°_p° 30 6.25

Ly$g 480 100 %

CH-3 133

3.8 `∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p kp^_p° :-

kïp°^_dp¨ dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ dpV°$ ‚dprZ[ kp^_p°_p° Dèp°N L$fhpd¨p

Aph°g R>°. ‚ı[y[ A¬ee_dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ep°¡e L$kp°V$u dpV$° S>° kp^_p° `k¨]$

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. [°_p° Dâ°M Alu ‚ı[y[ R>°. Ap kïp°^_ dpV°$ kïp°^L$ ”Z

‚dprZ[ L$f°gu rhk_ue L$kp°V$u `k¨]$ L$f° R>°. S>° rh^p\wAp°_u A¨N[ dprl[u dpV°$

S>Í$fu R>°. _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° Ap dprl[u dpV°$ Qpf kp^_p° Ap`hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

1 ÏeL$q[N[ dprl[u `”L$ (PDS)

2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p [ygp (VAMS)

3 Ap–drhÔg°jZ kïp°^r_L$p (SAI)

4 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e kïp°^r_L$p (MHI)

3.8.1 ÏerL$[N[ dprl[u `”L$ :

ÏeqL$[N[ dprl[u `”L$ dp¨ 13 bpb[p°_p° kdph°i L$fhpdp¨

ApÏep° R>°. d|mc|[ fu[° Ap ÏerL$[N[ dprl[u ”L$ l°[yAp° f\u [•epf L$fhpdp¨

ApÏey¨ R>°.Ap\u S>Í$fu ıh[¨” `rfh–ep£ S>°_p° AÊepk L$fhp_u kïp°^L$ Apip

fpM° R>°. bpL$u _u ^Zu bpb[p° N•pZ `qfh–ep£_p° Dâ°M `Z L$f° R>°.ÏeqL$[N[

dprl[u `”L$dp¨\u S>° dprl[u A°L$W$u \B R>°. [°_p hNwL$fZ dpV°$ bu∆ ”Z

L$kp°V$u ‹pfp `Z QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

3.8.2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p [ygp :-

5∞ı[yy[ kïp°^__p l°[y_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_>° rh^p\wAp° Ïehkpe

‚–e°_y L°$hy hgZ fph° R>°. [°_y dp`_ L$fhp dpV°$ X$p°. d¨Sy> dl°[p (1981)

_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p [ygp_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp°. S>°dp¨ Ly$g

20 rh^p_p° _p° kdph°i \pe R>°. Aprh^p_p° dp¨ ""lp ''_u ‚r[qæ$ep A_°""_p

'' _u ‚r[qæ$ep Ap`hp_u lp°e R>°.S>°_p° S>hpb Ap`hp dpV°$ gNcN 10 \u 15

rdr_V$_p° kde g°hpe R>°.Ap [ygpdp¨ rh^peL$ A_° r_j° L$ rh^p_p°_p° kdph°i

CH-3 134

\ep° R>°. S>°dp¨ ”Z rh^p_p° A_yæ$d° 6,11,A_° 15 rh^peL$ ‚L$pf_p¨ R>°. S>epf°

bpL$u_p 1,2,3,4,5,7,8, 9,10,12, 13,14, 16, 17, 18, 19,20 r_j° L$

‚L$pf_p¨R>°. rh^peL$ rh^p_dp¨ "lp' lp°e [p° 1 NyZ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>epf°

r_j°^L$ rh^p_dp¨ "_p ' lp°e [p° 1 NyZ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.Ap ‚Òphqgdp¨

Ïehkpedp¨ kpd°g \hp dpV°$ _u `k¨]$Nu ,bu≈ `f Ap^pqf[ r_ZÆe irL$[

,Ap°rfA°fiV°$i_ kdıep ‹pfp ÏÈphkpreL$ `k¨]$Nu, bu≈ `f Ap^pqf[

r_ZÆe iqL$[ , ÏehkpreL$ n°”_u k¨]Nudp¨ ‚–enuL$fZ A_° ÏehkpreL$

`k¨]$Nu_p° øepg hN°f° `rfbmp° _p° r_◊Æ°i \pe R>°. D[f]$p[p_° h^ydp¨ h^y

20 `∞p·p¨L$ A_° Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p i|fie ‚p·p¨L$ dmu iL°$ .

v kïp°^__u rhk_ue[p A_° e\p\Æ[p :-

‚ı[y[ ‚Òphrg_u rhk_ue[p Ly$X$f qfQpXÆ$k_ _p k|” ‚dpZ°

L$pY$hpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>° _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°. LyX$f qfQpXÆ$k_ ‚ÁppZ°

L$kp°V$u_u rhk_ue[p_u rhrh^ QL$pkZu L$f[p¨ rhk_ue[p Ap¨L$ 0.01

L$npA° 0.89 ≈°hp dmu l[u S>epf° e\p\Æ[p 0.87 ≈°hp dmu l[u ‚ı[y[

‚Òphqg_p° NyS>fp[u A_yhp]$ L$fu rh^p\wAp° `pk° [°_p S>hpbp° cfphu _°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\wAp°_p Ïehkpe_p hgZ_u [`pk L$fuR>°.

3.8.3 Ap–drhÔg°jZ kïp°^r_L$p :-

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ X$p°.lfL$p¨[ X$u. b]$pdu A_°

Óudr[ Qpfyg[p A°Q.b]$pdu frQ[ Ap–drhÔg°jZ kïp°^r_L$p _y¨

NyS>fp[u Í$`p¨[fZ L$f°g R>°.‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ Ap ‚Òphrg_p° Dèp°N L$ep£

l[p° [°_p ‹pfp L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_y¨¨ dp`_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g

Ap kïp° r_L$pdp¨ Ly$g 50 rh^p_p° R>°. Ap L$kp°V$u_p° S>hpb Ap`hp dpV°$ gNcN

10 qdr_V$ S>°V$gp° kde gpN° R>°. Ap rh^p_p°_p S>hpb fy`° Mfp_y¨ (Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö ) A_°

Qp°L$X$u ( #) _y r_ip_ L$fphu _° ‚–ey[fp° d°mhu iL$pe R>°. Ap kïp° r_L$pdp¨

CH-3 135

rh^peL$ A_° r_j°^L$ rh^p_p°_p° kdph°i \ep° R>°. S>°dp¨ 45 rh^p_p° A_yæ$d°

1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19, 21, 22, 23, 24,

25,26,27,28,30,31,32,33,34,35, 36, 37, 38, 39,40, 41, 43, 44,

45,46,47,48,49,50 rh^peL$ ‚L$pf_p R>°. S>epf° bpL$u_p 5p¨Q rh^p_p°

A_yæ$Áp° 5,12,20,29,42 r_j°^L$ 5∞L$pf_p¨ R>°. rh^peL$ rh^p_dp¨ MÍ¨$ lp°e

[p° (ÖÖÖÖÖ ) A°L$ NyZp¨L$ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. S>epf° r_j°^L$ rh^p_dp¨ Mp°Vy¨$ lp°e [p°

(# ) A°L$ NyZp¨L$ Ap`hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap ‚Òphrg D`f\u tQ[p_u L$np_p°

r_◊Æ°i \pe R>° iL$e ‚p·p¨L$ _p° Npmp° i|fie \u `Qpk S>°V$gp° R>°. D[f]$p[p_°

h^ydp¨ h^y 50 `∞p·p¨L$ A_° Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p i|fie ‚p·p¨L$ dmu iL°$ .

v kïp°^r_L$p_u rhÔhk_ue[p A_° e\p\Æ[p :-

‚ı[y[ ‚Òphgu_u rhk_ue[p L$kp°V$u -`y_:L$kp°V$u ,rhcpNue

`¬^r[ , lp°BV$_u `¬^r[ [°dS> L°$.Apf._p ky” ‹pfp L$pY$hpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>°

_uQ° dyS>b R>°.

v L$kp°V$u- y_:L$kp°V$u ¬^r[\u rhk_ue[p_u rhrh^ QL$pkZu L$f[p¨

rhk_ue[p Ap¨L$ 0.01 L$np A° 0.84 S>°V$gp° JQp° ≈°hp d˝ep° R>°.$

v rhcpNue `¬^r[\u rhk_ue[p_u rhrh^ QL$pkZu L$f[p¨


v lp°BV$_u `¬^r[\u rhk_ue[p_u rhrh^ QL$pkZu L$f[p¨


v Ly$X$f qfQpXÆ$k_ ‚dpZ° L$kp°V$u_u rhk_ue[p_u rhrh^ QL$pkZu

L$f[p¨ rhk_ue[p Ap¨L$ 0.01 L$np A° 0.88 S>°V$gp° JQp° ≈°hp d˝ep° R>°.$

[°_p ‹pfp aqg[ \pe R>° L°$ [° rhk_ue A_° e\p\Æ S> R>°.

CH-3 136

3.8.4 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e kïp°^r_L$p :-

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$_u kïp° r_L$pdp¨ dp`_ dpV°$ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e ‚Òphgu _y¨ hNwL$fZ L$ey Æ R> °. [°_° X$p °.X$u.S>°.cÀ A_°

Ly.Nu[p Apf.NuX$p A° 1992 dp¨ b_ph°g l[u [°_° ‚dprZ[ L$f°gu R>°.

‚ı[y[ L$kp°V$u_u rhk_ue[p 0.94 (0.01 Leval ) A_° e\p\Æ[p 0.71

(0.01 Leval) ≈°hp dm° R>°.

3.8.4.1 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ ^V$L$p° :-

Ap ‚Òphrgdp¨ dyøe `p¨Q rhcpN ≈°hp dm° R>°.

1 hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ ‚–enuL$fZ

2 kyN∞r\[ ÏeqL$[–h

3 rh^peL$ ıh d|Îep¨L$_

4 S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ

5 èpÆhfZ `f `∞cy–h

3.8.4.2 NZ[fu _u `¬^r[ :-

‚ı[y[ ‚Òphrgdp¨ 40 bpb[p° lp°e R>°. A_° ]$f°L$ V$L$_° N•pZ 8 bpb[p°

lp°e R>°.A_° ‚ep°N`p” [°_u kp\° "kld[ 'R>° L°$" Akld[ ' R>° [°

aL$[[`pkhp_y ¨lp°e R>°. S° L$p°B`Z [° bpb[ kp\° kld[ \pe [°_° A°L$ NyZ

dm° [\p Akld[ \pe [°_° i|fie NyZ dm° [°_p `f\u b° ‚L$pf_p ‚p‡[p¨L$

dm° R>°.

1 kdN∞ `∞p‡[p¨L$

2 ]$f°L$ ^V$L_p° AgN AgN `∞p‡[p¨L$ $

]$f°L$ bpb[_p° ∞p‡[p¨L$ Dd°fu_° ]$f°L$ V$L$_p° AgN ‚p‡[p¨L$ Ap`hp_p°

lp°e R>°. A_° bfl°_° c°Np L$fu_° kdN∞ ∞p‡[p¨L$ dm° R>°. h^y dp¨ h^y 40 ∞p‡[p¨L$

dm° R>° A_° Ap°R>pdp¨ Ap°R>p i|fie ‚p·p¨L$ dm° R>°.

CH-3 137

3.8.4.3 rhk_ue[p :-

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ‚Ò_phrg _u rh_ue[p ”Z fu[ ‹pfp dm° R>°.

1 ıùefd°_ b∞pD_ `¬^r[_u ıùV$lpa `¬^r[

2 L$kp°V$u A_° `y_:L$kp°V$u _u `¬^r[

3 bys¬^ [yÎep¨L$_u `¬^r[ Apf _u qL≠$d[ A_° rhk_ue[p _uQ°_p

V°$bgdp¨ A°L$ kp\° fSy> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ -3.14

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ‚Òphgu _u rhk_ue[p :-

æ$Áp `¬^r[_u rhk_ue[p _¨bf r rL¨$d[ rhk_ue[p `∞p‡[p¨L$

1 ıùefd°_ b∞pD_ `¬^r[_u ıùV$lpa `¬^r[ 100 0.90 0.94

2 L$kp°V$u A_° `y_:L$kp°V$u _u `¬^r[ 100 0.75 0.87

3 bys¬^ [yÎep¨L$_u `¬^r[ 100 0.65 0.81

0.01 Leval r _u qL≠$d[ _u kp\ÆL$[p .

AX$û `y_: L$kp°V$u h√Q° _p° kdeNpmp° A°L$ drl_p _p° l[p° . Ap

L$p°Ù$L$ b[ph° R>° L°$ ,Ap¨[qfL$ rhk_ue[p MybS> k¨[p°jL$pfL$ R>°. Ap D`fp¨[

k¨ |ZÆ rhk_ue[p L$kp°V$u y_:L$kp°V$u_u rhk_ue[p ]$f°L$ V$L $ dpV°$ AgN

AgN fu[° NZhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.A_° [°_° L$kp°V$u `y_: L$kp°V$u_u `¬^r[ ‹pfp

ı\p`hpdp¨ Aphu R>°. b° L$kp°V$u Ap‡ep bp]$ A°L$ drl_p_p° Npmp° fpMhpdp¨

ApÏep° l[p° _uQ°_y¨ L$p°Ù$L$ `rfZpdp° ]$ipÆh° R>°.

CH-3 138

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 3.15

vdp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ^V$L$p° fS>y L$f[y¨ L$kp°V$u A_° `y_: L$kp°V$u_y¨¨ L$p°Ù$L$:-

æ$Áp ^V$L$ k¨øep r rL¨$d[ rhk_ue[p `∞p‡[p¨L$

1 hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ ‚–enuL$fZ 100 0.93 0.96

2 kyN∞q\[ ÏerL$[–h 100 0.83 0.91

3 rh^peL$ ıh d|Îep¨L$_ 100 0.64 0.80

4 S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ 100 0.94 0.97

5 èpÆhfZ `f ‚cy–h 100 0.76 0.87

0.01 Leval r _u qL≠$d[ _u kp\ÆL$[p .

Ap¨[rfL$ klk¨b¨^ D`fp¨[ ]$f°L$ OV$L$ h√Q° klk¨b¨^_u NZ[fu

kdp_ lp°e R>°. A_° [° _uQ°_p L$p°Ù$L$ dp¨ fSy> L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ -3.16

v dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ‚Òp°[fu_p¨ ^V$L$_p¨ klk¨b¨^_u NZ[fu :-

æ$Áp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ k|N∞r\[ rh^peL S|>\ ArcdyM èpÆhfZ

^V$L$p° ‚–enuL$fZ ÏerL$[–h ıhd|Îep¨L$_ hgZ `f ‚cy–h

1 hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ ‚–enuL$fZ - 0.27 0.22 0.36 0.20

2 kyN∞¨q\[ ÏerL$[–h 0.27 - 0.32 0.04 0.28

3 rh^peL$ ıh dyÎep¨L$_ 0.22 0.32 - 0.21 0.08

4 S|>\ ArcdyM hgZ 0.36 0.04 0.21 - 0.04

5 èpÆhfZ `f ‚cy–h 0.20 0.28 0.48 0.44 -

Ap klk¨b¨^ dpV°$_p Ap¨L$X$pAp° b[ph° R>° L° , Ap¨[qfL$

klk¨b¨ _u lpfdpmp 0.04 \u 0.48 R>°. [° [°d_u Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u AgN

AgN [°dS> k¨`|ZÆ fu[° kp\° b[ph° R>°. Ap `p¨Q ^V$L$p° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨

dp`_ k¨[p°jL$pfL$ fu[° L$f° R>°.

CH-3 139

3.8.4.4 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ‚Òphrg_u e\p\Æ[p :-

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u e\p\Æ[p_u L$kp°V$u dpV°$ R> `¬^r[Ap° R>°.

1 Ql°fp_u e\p\Æ[p

2 ApherhL$ e\p\Æ[p

3 dpmMpqL$e e\p\Æ[p

4 kS>Æ_p–dL$ e\p\Æ[p

5 klkb¨^ e\p\Æ[p

6 rhfp°^pcpku e\p\Æ[p

X$p°.cÀ A_° Ly¨$ NuX$pA° S>° e\p\Æ[p_° ı\pù R>° A_° [°_°

‚ÁpprZ[ L$fu R° [° klkb¨^ e\p\Æ[p l[u. S> °_p dpV° $ ip°q^L$pA°

X$p°. cÀ_p ÏeqL$[–h_u ‚Òphgu_p° Dèp°N$ L$ep°Æ l[p° .dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u

‚Òphgu A_° ÏeqL$[–h_u 5∞Òphgu_p° ‚ep°N Sy>]u Sy>]$u L$p°g°S>_p¨ 75 rinL$p°

D`f \ep° l[p° .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ -3.17

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e e\p\Æ[p ]$ipÆh[y¨ L$p°ÛV$L$

æ$Áp L$kp°V$u _y¨ _pd k¨øep r qL≠$d[ kp\ÆL$[p_p° kp\ÆL[p_y

r_ZÆe ‚ÁppZ

1 13 rhcpN hpmu ÏeqL$[–h hpmu `Òphgu 75 0.63 kp\ÆL$ 0.01

2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 5∞Òphgu 75 0.63 kp\ÆL$ 0.01

e\p\Æ[p 0.63 R>°. [°_p `f\u L$lu iL$pe L°$ [° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u

‚Òphgu dpV°$ `yf[u e\p\Æ R>°.

CH-3 140

3.9 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_y¨ Apep°S>_ :-

`|ı[y[ AÊepk kp°fpÙ$≤ eyr_hqkÆV$u_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p rh^p\uÆAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p dp`_ A¨N°_p° R>°. [°_p rhi°_u k¨`|ZÆ

dprl[u d°mhhp dpV°$ ‚\d L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p rh^p\wAp°_u dygpL$p[ dpV°$ ≈d_Nf A_°

fpS>L$p°V$ _u bu.ku.A°. L$p°g°S> _p° k¨`ÆL$ kp¬ep°.q‚fiku`pg ÓuAp°_u d¨Sy>fu gB_°

rh^p\wAp°_p _hfpi_p kdedp¨ ‚Ô_phgu cfphu l[u. [°dS> _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

N∞°S>eyA°V , p°ıV$N∞°S>eyA°V$ rh^p\wAp°_u dygpL$p[ $dpV°$ D`g°V$p L$p°g°S> _p° k¨ LÆ$ kp¬ep°.

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ A°a.hpe.,A°k.hpe. A_° V$u.hpe. dp¨\u 20 ,20 rh^p\w cpBAp°

[°dS> bl°_p° A_° p°ıV$N∞°S>eyA°V$ pVÆ$-1 A_° pVÆ-2 dp¨\u 30,30 rh^p\w cpBAp°

[°dS> bl°_p° `pk°\u ‚Òphgu cfphhpdp¨ Aphu S>°dp¨ Ly$g 480 rh^p\wAp°

`pk°\u ‚Òphgu cfphu –epf bp]$ k¨ |ZÆ ‚p°N°∞k fu`p°VÆ$ [•epf Lfu dpNÆ]$iÆL$_° b[phu

QQpÆ rhQpfZp L$fu R>°. kp\° kp\° dlpip°^ r_b¨^_p ‚L$fZ_u [•epfu L$fu R>°

3.10 ıh[¨” `qfh–ep£ _y¨ rb_ ‚ep°qNL$ rhÔg°jZ :-

3.10.1 AÊepk_y hjÆ :- rh^p\w dlprh^pge _p L$ep hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f°

R>°.A°V$g°L°$ ‚\dhjÆ ,q‹[uehjÆ ,[©[uehjÆ L°$ A_y ı_p[L$dp¨ [°_°

AÊepk _y hjÆ NZ°g R>°.

3.10.2 rh^pipMp :- dlprh^pgedp¨ rh_e_,hprZS>e,rhop_ A_°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f ‚hpl _° rh^pipMp [fuL°$ g°hpdp Aph°g R>°. L$p°Á‡eyV$f rhje_°

Ap^pf° L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p rh^p\wAp° [°d ¬ep_dp¨ gu °g

R>°.

CH-3 141

3.10.3 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_y `qfZpd :-dlprh^pge dp¨ S>°[° hjÆ

_p Ly$g NyZ dp¨\u d°mh°g NyZ _u kfpkfu V$L$pdp¨ L$pY$u _° [°_p Ap^pf°

eyq_hrkÆV$u _p r_ed ‚dpZ X$uıV$vL$i_,‚\d hNÆ, q‹[uehNÆ,A_°

[©[uehNÆ A°d NZhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

X$uıV$vL$i_ A°V$g° 70 % L°$ [°\u h y

‚\dhNÆ A°V$g° 60 % L°$ [°\u h y 70 % \u Ap°R>p

q‹[uehNÆ A°V$g° 48% V$L$p \u h y A_° 60 % \u _uQ°

3.10.4 ≈r[ :-‚ı[y[ AÊepk dp¨ rh^p\wAp° (Boys)A_° rh^p\w_uAp°

(Girls) bfl° _° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. L$pfZ L°$ ,≈q[ _u Akf

[`pkhu R>°.

3.10.5 Ly$Vy$b _p° ∞L$pf :- Ap `qfh–eÆ _° ”Z rhcpN dp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ ApÏey

R>°.S>°dp¨ D√Q Ly$Vy$b, d¬edLy$Vy$b, A_° r_Á_Ly$Vy$b A°d hl°QZu L$fhpdp¨

Aphu R>°.

3.10.6 fl°W$pZ :-A Æil°fu AV$g° S>°_u hı[u Ap°R>u R>° rhL$pk [°dS> Ap yr_L$

kyrh^pAp°Ap°R>u R>° [°hp rhı[pf il°fu A°V$g° hı[u h y R>° rhL$pk _u

[L$p° h y R>°.Ap yr_L$ kyrh^pAp° rhi°j R>° [°hp il°f.

3.10.7 ip°M :- rh^p\wÆ_° L$B bpb[ dp¨ ip°M R>° [° ≈Zhy [°_° AÊepk rkhpe

bu∆ h y L$B bpb[ dp¨ fk R>°,ArcÍ$rQ R>° [° ≈Zhy fd[Nd[, d°]$p_

_u ı`^pÆAp°, ipqffuL$ ip°M A_° hL$[©–h ı`^pÆ ,r_b^ ı`^pÆ , dp_rkL$

‚h©r[Ap° dp¨ fk [° dp_rkL$ ip°M NZpe.

3.10.8 Ly$fk]$ _p kde _u ‚h©q— :- AÊepk _p kde qkhpe_p kde

]$fÁep_ rh^p\w ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph[u ‚h©q— NZpe.

3.10.9 ıh øepg :- rh^p\w Sy>]y$ Sy>]y$ qinZ ∞p‡[ L$f° R>° –epf° [° `p°[p_p

ÏeqL$[–hdp¨ "ıh ' dp¨ L$p°BL$ `rfh[Æ_ gph° R>°. A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

_p° rhL$pk L$f° R>°.

CH-3 142

3.11 ApL$X$pip˜ue ‚eyqL$[Ap° :-

3.11.1 d¬eL$

3.11.2 ‚dpZ rhQg_

3.11.3 d›eL$ _u ‚ÁppZ c|g

3.11.4 d¬eL$_p [aph[ _u ‚dpZ c|g$

3.11.5 "t' L$kp°V$u

3.11.6 klk¨b¨^

3.11.7 A°L$dpNuÆe rhQfZ `©’\L$fZ

v A\Æ^V$_ dpV°$ hp`f°gu Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue ‚eyqL$[Ap°_u

ky”p–dL$ fSy>Ap[ :-

A°L$ rhQpfL°$ ep°¡e fu[° S> L$ley¨ R>° L°$, Ap¨L$X$pip˜ A° ]$f°L$

rhop__y¨ d|m R>°. A_° ]$f°L$ rhop_ A° Ap¨L$X$pip˜_p am Í$` R>°. dpql[u_y¨

hNwL$fZ L°$ ©’\L$fZ A° ıhe¨ A\Æ V$_ _\u . ©’\L$fZ [p° A\Æ V$_ dpV°$_u

c|rdL$p bp¨û Ap`° R>°. `©’\L$Z hNf_y¨ A\Æ^V$_ A° [f¨Nu rhQpfZp R>°.

`©’\L$fZ S> A\Æ^V$_ dpV°$_p° h•opr_L$ Ap^pf `yfp° `pX°$ R>°. A°V$g° kïp°^L$°

kïp°^_ iÍ$ L$f[p l°gp A\Æ^V$_ A¨N°_p° rhQpf L$fhp° ≈°BA° kïp°^_p–dL$

AV$L$m_u `funp dpV°$ Ap qL$ıkpdp¨ Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue d¬eL$,‚ÁppZ rhQg_,

‚ÁppZQ|L$ ,V$u ,A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©’\L$fZ , ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_°

klk¨b¨^ [°dS> Ap¨qiL$ klk¨b¨^ _p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

3.11.1 d¬eL$ :-

d¬eL$ A° d¬eh[w sı\[u _y¨ dp` R>°°. Alv ¬ep_dp¨ fpMhp_u bpb[

A° R>° L$°, k¨øep–dL$ dprl[u lp°e [p° S> [°_p d¬eL$_u NZ[fu \B iL°$ .

NyZp–dL$ dprl[u _° d¬eL$ _p° øepg gpNy pX$u iL$p[p° _\u d¬eL$_u Ïepøep

A_ykpf""Ly$g `∞p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfhpmp_° `∞p·p¨L$p°_u Ly$g k¨øep hX° cp¨Nhp\u

dm[p Ap¨L$ L°$ qL≠$d[ _° d¬eL$ L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.''

CH-3 143

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ d¬eL$_u NZ[fu dpV°$ _uQ°_p ky” _p° Dèp°N

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

M =S S S S S fx

M = d¬eL$

N

f = Aph©q—

x = L$pQp ‚p·p¨L$

N = Aph©q—_u Ly$g k¨øep

3.11.2 ‚ÁpprZ[ rhQg_ :-

‚dprZ[ rhQg__p° øepg k•p ‚\d L$pgrèÆk_° 1814 dp¨ fSy>

L$ep£ l[p° . ‚ÁpprZ[ rhQg_ dpV°$ [°d_° N∞uL$ cpjp_p° AW$pfdp° dympnf" s '

_p° k¨L$°[ rQfil [fuL°$ Dèp°N L$ep£ l[p°. L$pgÆ rèkÆ_ `∞dprZ[ rhQg__u

Ïepøep Ap`[p¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$ ,"" ‚p·p¨L$p°_u kfpkfu kp\°_p ‚p·p¨L$p°_p

rhQg__p hNp£_u kfpkfu_y¨ hNÆdym [° ‚ÁppZ rhQg_ R>°. ''

d|gf A_° kyigf ‚pdprZ[ rhQg__p¨ `f`ı`f k¨b¨q^[ A°hp b°

gnZp° _p¢^° R>°. [°d_p d[° Ap gnZp° ‚ÁpprZ[ rhQg__y¨ dl–h_y¨ S>dp

`pky R>°.

1 ‚ÁpprZ[ rhQg_ Ó°Zu_p ‚–e°L$ `qfZpd_° bdœ¨ ‚r[tbÂpu[ L$f° R>°.

2 ‚ÁpprZ[ rhQg_p°dp¨ b^p rhQg__p° hNÆ \[p° lp°hp\u _L$pfp–dL$ rhQg_p°

`Z lL$pfp–dL$ rhQg_p°dp¨ Í$`p¨[f `pd° R>°.‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ dpV°$ Dèp°N dp¨

g°hpe°g L$pgÆ rèkÆ_° ‚dprZ[ rhQg__y¨ Ap`°g ky” Ap dyS>b R>°.

CH-3 144

SD = i x Ö S fx2 - C2

i = hNÆ g¨bpB

f = Aph©r[

x = rhQg_

c = ky^pfp°

Ö Ö Ö Ö Ö = hNÆd|m

3.11.3 d¬eL$_u ‚dpZ Q|L$ :-

s m = s Ö N

sssssm

= d¬eL$_u ‚ÁppZQ|L$

s s s s s = ‚dpZ Q|L$

N = S|>\_p kÊep° _u k¨øep

3.11.4 b° `rfh–ep£_p d¬eL$_p¨ [aph[_u ‚dpZc|g $ :-

s DM =Ösm12 + s m22

s DM = b° `rfh–ep£_p d¬eL$_p¨ [aph[_u ‚ÁppZ c|g

s m1 = ‚\d S|>\ _p d¬eL$ _u ‚ÁppZc|g

s m2 =bu≈ S|>\ _p d¬eL$ _u ‚ÁppZc|g$

3.11.5 " t ' L$kp°V$u :-

A¨N∞°S> Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue X$bÎey.A°k.N°f°V$° Ap rh[fZ L$kp°V$u ip°û

L$pY$u R>°. S>° ıVy$X$fiV$ " t ' L$kp°V$u_p D`_pd \u `Z Ap°mMpe R>°. S>epf°

kdqÛV$_p¨ ‚dpZ rhQg__y¨ dp` Aop_ lp°e A_° r_]$iÆ__p¨ ‚dpZ

rhQg__ ° Ap^pf° k¨crh[[p_u NZ[fu L$fhp_u lp°e –epf° " t ' L$kp°V$u_p°

CH-3 145

Dèp°N L$fu iL$pe R>°." t ' L$kp°V$u ‹pfp b° r_]$iÆ h√Q° NZp[p° [aph[

kdqÛV$dp¨ Z Aqı[–h fph° R>° L°$ L°$d [° _L$L$u L$fu iL$pe R>°." t ' L$kp°V$u _p°

Dèp°N _uQ°_u `rfrı\q[dp¨ kp\ÆL$[p_p `funZ dpV°$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

1 r_]$iÆ__p Ap^pf° kdrÙ$_p d¬eL$_u

2 b° r_]$iÆ_p¨ d¬eL$p°_p¨ [aph[p°

3 b° r_]$iÆ_p¨ 5∞dpZ rhQg__p¨ [aph[p°_u

4 b° r_]$iÆ_p V$L$phpfu_p¨ [aph[_u

5 klk¨b¨^p¨¨L$_u $

6 r_e[ klk¨b¨^p¨L$_u

dp°V$pcpN_p kïp°^_p°dp¨ kf°fpi ip°^hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°hu kf°fpip°

_p¨[aph[_u kp\ÆL$[p QL$pkhp dpV°$ V$u L$kp°V$u_p° h^y Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. A°L$ fu[° V$u L$kp°V$u A° L$kp°V$u _p NyZp°[f_u L$kp°V$u S>°hu S> R>°.

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ b° d¬eL$ h√Q° [aph[ R>° L°$ _lu¨¨ ¨ [° QL$pkhp

r_fpL$fZue `qfL$Î`_p fQu l[u A ° V$u L$kp°V$u `f\u kp\ÆL$[p_u L$npA°

r_fpL$fZue `rfL$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L°$ AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° .

SD

SEM=

Ö N

SEM = d¬eL$ _p [aph[_u ‚ÁppZ c|g

SD = ‚ÁppZ rhQg_

N = Aph©r[_u Ly$g k¨øep

Ö = hNÆd|m

SED =ÖSEM1

2 + SEM2

2

CH-3 146

t = M

1 - M

2

SED

SEM1 = ‚\d d¬eL$ _p [aph[_u ‚ÁppZ c|g

SEM2 = bu≈ d¬eL$ _p [aph[_u ‚ÁppZ c|g

M1 = ‚\d d¬eL$

M2 = buS>p° d¬eL$

SED = ‚\d c|g_p° [aph[

3.11.6 kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np_u `k¨]$Nu (0.05 L$npA° )

i|fie AV$L$m_u funp dpV°$ kïp° _ ip˜ dpV°$ kp\ÆL$[p_u b° L$npAp°

g°hpe R>°. 0.05 A_° 0.01 L$np .kdpfie fu[° A–e¨[ k|ˇd [pfZ kyû _ S>hy¨

lp°e A_° Qg _L$L$f S>X$ hı[yÍ$` _ lp°e [p° dp°V°$cpN° 0.05 _u L$np_u

kp\ÆL$[p_° kïp°^_ ip˜dp¨ dpfie L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

0.05 L$np A°hy¨ ]°$MpX°$ R>° L°$ , Aphy¨ kïp°^_ kp° hpf lp\ ^fpe [p°

95 qL$ıkpdp¨ kïp°^L$ kpQp° `X$hp_u A°_° Mp”u R>°. bpL$u iL$e R>° L°$ kp° A°

L°$hm `p¨Q qL$ıkp A°_p A\Æ^V$__u blpf R>V$L$u ≈e. 0.05 _p° A\Æ A°V$gy¨

≈°Md DW$phu r_ZÆe L$fhp_u kS>S>[p ]$ipÆh° R>°.A°hy¨ S> ApL$fy¨ ^p°fZ 0.01

L$np_y R>° L°$ S>°dp¨ kïp° L$ L°$hm kp° A° dp” A°L $S> hpf Mp°V$p X$hp_u k¨cph_p

ıhuL$pf° R>°.

3.11.7 klk¨b¨^_u kdSy>[u :-

""≈° L$p°B b° hı[y h√Q°_p¨ klk¨b¨^_y¨ Qp°L$L$k Ap¨L$X$pdp¨ dp`

NZhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [° klk¨b¨^p¨L$ L$l°hpe .''

klk¨b¨ ip° \u rinZ A_° d_p°rhop_dp¨ S>° _hp n°”p° MyÎep

R>° [°V$gp cp¡e°S> bu∆ L$p°B Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue fu[\u MyÎep li° , L$B bpb[p°

klk¨b¨r^[ R>° A_° L$B bpb[p° klk¨b¨r^[ _\u [°_u S>pZL$pfu f rhop__u

CH-3 147

`¬^r[_p° Ap^pf R>°. klk¨b¨^ A° A°L$S> k¨øep R>° S>° b° bpb[ L°$V$g° Aï°

klk¨b¨r^[ R>°. A°L$ dp¨ a°fapf L$fhp_° `qfZpd° bu≈dp¨ L°$V$gp° a°fapf \pe R>°.

[° ≈Zhp_y¨ R>°. kfpkfu A_° ‚dpZ rhQg__u dpaL$ klk¨b¨^p¨L$ A°L$ k¨øep

R>°. [° b° hı[y ep ‚qL∞$ep h√Q°_p¨ k¨b¨^_p° k¨`|ZÆ øepg Ap`° R>°. b° Qgdp¨

A°L$ kp\° hÔV$ \[u lp°e A_° [° b° Qg h√Q° L$peÆL$pfZ _p° k¨b¨^ lp°e [p° [°

b° Qg h√Q° klk¨b¨^ R>°. [°d L$lu iL$pe Ap klk¨b¨^p¨L$_u qL≠$d[ -1 \u

i|fie \B + 1 ky u lp°e iL°$ R>°°.+1 A°V$g° k¨ |ZÆ klk¨b¨ ,i|fie A°V$g° bugLy$g

k¨b¨^_lu A_° -1 A°V$g° F>Z klk¨b¨^ klk¨b¨^ ip°^hp_u ^Zu fu[p°

R>°.`f¨[y `∞p°. L$pgÆ rèkÆ__u `¬^r[ Ó°ÛW$ NZpe R>°.kfapqfikk NpÎVÆ$_° Ap

`¬^r[_y¨ d¨X$pZ L$f°gy¨ l[y¨ .`f¨[y `∞p°.L$pgÆ rèkÆ_° [°_p° rhL$pk L$fu [°_°

A–epf_y¨ Í$` Ap‡ey¨ [°\u [° rèkÆ__u `¬^r[ [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°.Ap fu[°

dm[p klk¨b¨^p¨L$_° rèkÆ__p° klk¨b¨^p¨L$ L$l° R>°. S>°_y¨ ky” _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.

NSXY-SXSY

r= Ö[NSX2-(SX ) 2] [NS† Y2(S Y)2]

r = klk¨b¨ p¨L$

N = X A_° Y A° d°mh°gp rhje ‚p‡[p¨L_u k¨øep

S = kfhpmp°

X = ‚\d `rfh–ep£_p° dyøe `∞p·p¨L$

Y = bu≈ `qfh–ep£_p° dyøe `∞p·p¨L$

CH-3 148

v klkb¨^p¨L$ _y¨ A\Æ^V$_ :-

0.20 \u Ap°R>p° - blz \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^

0.20 \u 0.40 - klk¨b¨^ Ap°R>p° \p°X$p° `Z r_rÚ¨[ k¨b¨^

0.40 \u 0.70 - kp^pfZ klk¨b¨^ W$uL$ W$uL$ k¨b¨^

0.70 \u 0.90 - kpfp° klk¨b¨^ _p¢^`p” k¨b¨^

0.90 \u 0.99 - Myb h^pf° klk¨b¨^ `fı`f Ap^pqf[ k¨b¨^

1.00 - k¨ |ZÆ klk¨b¨

"r ' _u qL$¨d[ F>Z lp°e [p° F>Z k¨øep_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ Ap S> A\Æ^V$_

gpNy `X°$ R>°. `Z [°_p° k¨b¨^ Ïeı[ lp°e R>°.

3.11.8 A°L$dpNuÆe rhQfZ `©\Ω$fZ_u kdS>y[u :-

Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue `¬^r[ [fuL°$ rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ_p° k•p ‚\d

øepg kf fp°_pÎX$ auif° Ap‡ep° l[p° . D√QL$np _p¨ kïp° _p°dp¨ d°mh°g

dprl[u_`©\ºL$fZ Ap ‚eyrL$[ hX°$ _pSy>L$ A_° dl–h_p¨ [pfZp° [pfhhpdp¨

Aph° R>°. rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ ‹pfp dm[y¨ A¨r[d d|Îe A°L$ d|Îe A\hp "F'

NyZp°[f [fuL°$ Ap°mMpe R>°. [°\u Ap Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue ‚eyqL$[_° "F' L$kp°V$u

`Z L$l°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. rhQfZ ©\ºL$fZ ‹pfp S|>\p° h√Q°_u Qrg[[p ,S|>\p°_u

A¨]f_u Qrg[[p A_° Ly$g Qrg[[p_p° AÊepk L$fhp°A° rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ

_y¨ dyøe lp]Æ$ R>°.rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ_p¨ rhrh^ ‚L$pfp° A_° `¬^r[Ap° lp°e R>°

S>°d L°$ , A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ,q‹dpNwe rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ,

r”dpNwe rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ,klrhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ ,A‚pQqge rhQfZ

`©\ºL$fZ hN°f° .A°L$ ıh[¨” Qg_u `f[¨” Qg`f \[u Akfp°_p° AÊepk

L$fhp dpV°$ A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ ‚eyqL$[_p° Dèp°N L$fpe R>°. Mpk

L$fu_° S>epf° ıh[¨”Qg _u L$npAp° h^y g°hpdp¨ Aphu lp°e [°\u ‚ı[y[

kïp° _dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ rf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

CH-3 149

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e SpZhp dpV°$ A°L$dpNuÆe rhQfZ `©\ºL$fZ_p° Dèp°N$


SSb = SNx2 - (SNx )2

SSw= SNs2

dFb = K-1

dFw = Nt-K

Msb=

ssb

Msw= ssw

dfw

F = Msb

Msw

k = A_ydp_p° _u k¨øep

F = NyZ°p—f

Msb = Means square for ""Between "" Groups

( `¬^r[Ap°_p hNp£_p kfhpmp_y¨ rhQfZ )

Msw = Means square for ""Within "" Groups

(S|>\_u A¨]$f_p [aph[p°_p hNp£_p kfhpmp_y¨ rhQfZ )

3.12 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u dprl[u_y¨ A°L$”uL$fZ :-

v ‚ı[y[ dlpip°^ r_b¨^_y¨ Apep°S>_ _uQ° dyS>b L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨

l[y¨ ip°r^L$pA° k•p ‚\d [p 24 -11-2000 _ p fp°S> ùA°Q.X$u. dpV°$ [°d_p

dpNÆ]$iÆL$ kp\° QQpÆ L$fu A_° [°_u k¨`|ZÆ ‚p\rdL$ dprl[u dmhu uA°Q.X$u.

L$epf° Qpgy L$fhy¨,L$ep° rhı[pf `k¨]$ L$fhp° , L$p°fiaffikdp¨ `°`f fSy> L$fhy¨ ,L°$V$gu

[•epfu L$fhu hN°f° bpb[p°_u QQpÆ rhQpfZp L$fu buS>p S> q]$hk\u L$p°fiaffik_p

`°`f_u [•epfu L$fu.

CH-3 150

v [p. 7-7-2001 _p¨ fp°S> dpNÆ]$iÆL$ kp\° ip°r^L$pA° ùA°Q.X$u. A¨N°_u [•epfu

Qpgy L$fu A_° eyr_hrkÆV$udp¨ f∆ıV$°≤i_ L$fphhp_u [•epfu L$fu. [°_p dpV°$ kp•

‚\d rhje `k¨]$ L$fu A_° kdıep iÂ]$b¬^ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu. –epf bp]$

eqL$[N[ dprl[u `”L$ [•epf L$eyØ A_° kïp°^__p¨ l°[yAp° [°dS> D–L$Î`_p

rhi° rhQpeyØ . A_° `∞p\rdL$ dpql[u A°L$W$u L$fu .

v [p.23-8-2001 _p fp°S> eyr_hrkÆV$udp¨ f∆ıV$°≤i_ L$fpÏey¨ A_° au cfu

v [p. 12-10-2001 _p fp°S> ‚Òphrg k¨`|ZÆ `Z° [•epf L$fu A_°° R>`phu.

v [p. 16-10-2001 \u 26-4-2002 kyû k[[ fu[° ‚Òphgu cfphhp_y¨

[°dS> cf°gu ‚Òphgu _y¨ `©’\L$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_ Qpgy fpøey¨

v [p. 3-5-2002 kyûdp¨ k¨`|ZÆ L$pQu dprl[u [•epf L$fu

v [p 10-7-2002 kyûdp¨ dpNÆ]$iÆL$_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ ‚dpZ° Ap¨L$X$p ip˜ue

dprl[u [•epf L$fu .

v [p.21 -9-2002 _p fp°S> Information and library net work

centre Ahmedabad _u Apq°akdp¨\u |h£ \e°gp AÊepkp° gB _° kïp° _

kprl–e_u kdunp_y¨ buSy>¨ ‚L$fZ [•epf L$ey¨Æ.

v [p. 9-9-2003 kyûdp¨ S>°V$gy¨ L$peÆ [•epf L$f°g l[y¨ –ep¨ kyû _p° k¨`|ZÆ `∞p°N∞°k

fu`p°VÆ [•epf L$fu dpNÆ]$iÆL$ _° fS| L$ep£ . Ap fu[° ip°r^L$pA° `p°[p_p dpNÆ]$iÆL

_y dpNÆ]$iÆ_ gB dlpip° r_b¨ _p p¨Q ‚L$fZp° [•epf L$fu [°dp¨ ky pfp h^pfp

kp\° L$p°Á‡eyV$f dp¨ R>p‡ep.

3.13 dprl[u _y¨ k¨øep–dL$ Í$`p¨[f :-

`∞ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ ‚p‡[p¨L$ _° d°mhhp dpV°$ L$peÆ kyrQdp¨ b[pÏep ‚dpZ°

NyZp¨L$_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨ Alu ¨ ”Z°e [ygpAp° D`f dm°gp D—fp°_y¨ S>° [° [ygpAp°

_u D—f Qphu dyS>b NyZp¨L$_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨ .A° fu[° ”Z°e [ygpAp° D`f dm°gp

‚p·p¨L$p° ‹pfp ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_° Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue ‚eyqL$[Ap° hX°$ rhÔg°jZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨.

CH-4 151

‚L$fZ - 4`qfZpdp°_y¨ `©\LL$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_

4.0 ‚pı[prhL$ :-

`qfZpd _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_ A° A°L$ Ar[ AphÌeL$ bpb[

R>°. ‚p· dprl[u dp¨ ‚\d ÷q$Ù$ A° ]°$Mp[p Ap¨L$X$p A_° [’ep° dp¨ ^Zp dl–h_p

rıp¬^p¨[p° Ry>`pe°gp lp°e R>°. Aphp rk¬^p¨[p° L°$ A\Æ^V$__° `L$X$hp dpV°$ S> dprl[u_°

QL$pkhu `X°$ R>°. ^Zu hM[ dprl[u _p ıhÍ$` ‚dpZ° L$p°W$p_p° ‚L$pf _L$Lu \pe R>°.

A_° A° fu[° dm°g `qfZpdp° _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_ _ \pe [p° S> ° [° dprl[u_p°

S>’\p° A° L°$hm r_f\ÆL$ bp°S> b_u fl° R>°.A° D`fp¨[ Ïepr‡[L$fZ L°$ kpdpfieuL$fZ L°$

L$p°B `Z ‚L$pf _p° kpf [pfhhp° A° `©\L$L$fZ rh_p iL$e S> _\u dprl[u _p rhrh^

A°L$dp° _° e\p ep°¡e ı\p_ ° Np°W$hhp A_° [°d_u h√Q° _p¨ [pqLÆ$L$ k¨b¨^ _° ıhpcprhL$

ıhÍ$` dp¨ ÏeL$[ L$fhp A° S> dprl[u _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A°L$ AN–e _y¨ L$peÆ b_u fl° R>°.

Ap\u `©\L$L$fZ A°V$g° iy¨ ? [° kdS>hy¨ S>Í$fu R>°.

4.1 `©\L$L$fZ A°V$g° iy¨ ?:-

`©\L$L$fZ A°V$g° Ap`Z_° D`f\u ]°$Mpe R>° [°_u _uQ° iy¨ R>° [° ≈Zhy¨ . A°hu

S> fu[° kïp°^L$ dprl[u d°$mhu kfMu fu[° _p¢û A_° Np°W$hu ]$u^p `R>u [°_y¨ kdıep

A_° AV$L$m _p k¨]$cÆdp¨ `©\L$L$fZ L$fpe R>°.

`©\ºL$fZ A°V$g° d°mh°gu dprl[udp¨ Ry>`pe°gu kpdpfie bpb[p°, c°]$hpmu

bpb[p°_° AgN `pX$hu , `©\Ω$fZ A°V$g° NyZp–dL$ bpb[p°_y¨ k¨øep–dL$ Í$`p¨[f

. ©\Ω$fZ A°V$g° Ap¨L$X$p ip˜_u Sy>]$u Sy>]$u ¬^r[ ‹pfp dpql[udp¨ Ry>`pe°gu rhN[p°_y

Qp°L$L$k fu[° hNuÆL$fZ .

CH-4 152

4.2 rh¤p\w rhi°_u kpdpfie dprl[u :-

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ dp¨ b^p rh¤p\wAp° k•pfpÙ$≤ eqy_hrkÆV$u dp¨\u `k¨]$

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. S>°dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ

d°mh[p b¨_° rh¤p\uÆAp°_p° kdph°i \B ≈e R>°. S>°_p dpV°$ Ly$g 480 rh¤p\wAp°

`k¨]$ L$f°g R>°. S>°_p Z b° cpN pX°$g R>°. 240 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w

A_° 240 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w [°dp¨ `Z 120 R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

120 R>p°L$fuAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. ]$f°L$ _° `p¨Q rhcpN dp¨ hl°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep

R>°. A°a.hpe., A°k.hpe, V$u.hpe, dpıV$f X$uN∞u `pVÆ -1 ,dpıV$f X$uN∞u `pVÆ$-2 dp¨

rhcpNp° ‹pfp rh¤p\w_u hl¢QZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

S>°dp¨ rh¤p\w_u rh¤pipMp _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu QQpÆ L$fuA° [p° rh¤p\w_u

rh¤pipMp _° b° rhcpN dp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ AphuR>°. L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w

A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° ,L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨

rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ `Z rhcpN `pX$hpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. bu.ku.A°. _p° AÊepk L$f[p¨

rh¤p\wAp° A_° A°d.ku. A°. _p° AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° S>epf° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√QrinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ `Z N∞°S>eyA°V$ rh^p\wAp° A_° `p°ıV$N∞°S>eyA°V$

rh¤p\wAp°. S>° rh¤p\w L$p°Á‡eyV$f _y¨ rinZ d°mh° R>°. [°Ap° _y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı\e h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>epf° Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨

≈°hp dm° R°. >_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ `Z L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° L$f[p¨ [°Ap°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_qkL$

ıhpı\e Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>epf° Ap–d rhÔg°jZ h^y ≈°hp dp¨ Aph° R>°. A°hu S>

fu[° rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk _p¨ hjÆ dyS>b `Z rhÔg°jZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°. S>°dp¨

,‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ rh¤p\w ,bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p rh¤p\wAp° A_°

‚\dhjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ rh¤p\wAp° A° fu[° `Z [°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p , Ap–dqhÔg°jZ A_° dp_qkL$ ıhpı’e rhi° ©\L$L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g

A_° rh¤p\wAp°_u ≈r[ dyS>b `Z cpBAp° A_° bl°_p°_p¨ AÊepk dp¨ iy¨

CH-4 153

[aph[ R>° ? [°_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨.

rh¤p\wAp°_y¨ V$L$phpfu _p¨ A_yk¨^p_dp¨ [°_u hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd_p¨ ©\L$L$fZ ‚dpZ° $V$L$phpfu L$pY$[p¨ X$uıV$¨vL$i_ $$A_° aıVÆ$L$gpk d°mh_pf

L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ rh¤p\wAp°_u k¨øep h^y R>°. S>epf° k°L$fiX$ L$gpk d°mh_pf _p°_

L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ rh¤p\wAp°_u k¨øep h^y R>°. A°S> fu[° il°fu rh¤p\w h^y ‚dpZdp¨

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ d°mh° R>°. S>epf° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w Np∞Áe rhı[pf _p¨ h^pf°

‚dpZ dp¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ h^pfp° L$f° R>° L°$ L°$d ? [°dp¨ Sy>S>

rh¤p\wAp°A° S> "_p ' dp¨ S>hpb Ap`°gp° R>°. ip°M dp¨ `Z k¨Nu[ _p° ip°M L$p°Á‡eyV$f

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f b¨_° rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ h^y ≈°hp dm°g R>°. –epf `R>u hp¨Q_ A_°

fd[Nd[ _p° ip°M ≈°hp dm°g R>°. rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Ïehkpe _u `k¨]$Nu dp¨ `Z

L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° ‚\d ^¨^p _°,`R>u BS>_°fu ,[bubu

Ïehkpe,rinZ A_° R>°â° M°[u _° k¨]$Nu Ap °g R>°. S>epf° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ

g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° ‚\d rinZ _° ,–epf `R>u ^¨^p°, M°[u, BS>_°fu ,A_° [bubu

Ïephkpe A° fu[° æ$Áp Ap`° R>°. Ap fu[° rh¤p\wAp°_u k¨øep A_° V$L$phpfu _u rhı[©[

dprl[u L$p°Ù$L$ dp¨ Ap`hdp¨ Aphu R>°. S>° Ap ‚dpZ° R>°.

CH-4 154

4.2.1 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpd ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ rh^p\w_p `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `qfZpd _°

”Z rhcpN dp¨ hl°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

(1) X$uıVu ¨L$i_ hNÆ (2) `∞\d hNÆ (3) bu≈° hNÆ

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.1

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp _p `qfZpd ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu :-

æ$d hprjÆL$ `funp _y¨ `qfZpd Ly$g rh¤p\w_u k¨øep V$L$phpfu

1 X$uıV$vL$i_ hNÆ 068 14.17%

2 ‚\d hNÆ 144 30.00%

3 bu≈° 268 55.83%

Ly$g 480 100%

14.17%

55.83%

30.00%

CH-4 155

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.2

æ$d hprjÆL$ `funp _y¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$L$phpfu _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p V$L$phpfu

`qfZpd rh¤p\uk¨øep rh¤p\uÆ_uk¨øep

1 X$uıV$vL$i_ hNÆ 53 22.08% 15 6.25%

2 ‚\d hNÆ 96 40.00% 48 20.00%

3 bu≈° 91 37.92% 177 73.75%

Ly$g 240 100% 240 100%

com pute r

40.00% 37.92%

22.08%

Non com pute r

6.25%

73.75%

20.00%

CH-4 156

4.2.2 Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ rh^p\w_p Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf _° ”Z rhcpN dp¨

hl°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

(1)D√Q (2) d¬ed (3) q_Á_

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.3

Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf ‚dpZ° rh¤p\w_u V$L$phpfu :-æ$d Ly$Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf Ly$g rh¤p\w _u k¨øep V$L$phpfu

1 D√Q 97 20.21%

2 d¬ed 383 79.79%

Ly$g 480 100%

20.21%

79.79%

CH-4 157

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.4

Ld Ly$Vy¨$b_p° ‚L$pf L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$$L$phpfu _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f V$L$phpfu

qh¤p\uÆ _u k¨øep qh¤p\uÆ _u k¨øep

1 D√Q 70 29.17% 027 11.25%

2 d¬ed 170 70.83% 213 88.75%

Ly$g 240 100% 240 100%

com pute r

70.83%

29.17%

Non com pute r

11.25%

88.75%

CH-4 158

4.2.3 fl°W$pZ ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ rh^p\w_p fl°W$pZ _° b° rhcpN dp¨ hl°¨Qhpdp¨

ApÏep R>°.

(1) il°fu (2) Np∞Áe

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.5

fl°W$pZ `∞dpZ° V$L$phpfu :-

æ$d fl°W$pZ Ly$g rh¤p\w _uk¨øep V$L$phpfu

1 il°fu 223 46.46%

2 Np∞Áe 257 53.54%

Ly$g 480 100%

46.46%

53.54%

CH-4 159

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.6

Ld fl°W$pZ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$L$phpfu _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$L$phpfu

rh¤p\uÆ _uk¨øep rh¤p\uÆ _u k¨øep

1 il°fu 200 83.33% 23 9.58%

2 Np∞Áe 40 16.67% 217 90.42%

Ly$g 240 100% 240 100%

co m p uter

16.67%83.33%

N on co m p uter

9.58%

90.42

%

CH-4 160

4.2.4 ip°M ‚dpZ° VL$phpfu $ :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ rh^p\w_p ip°M _p ‚L$pf _° ”Z

rhcpN dp¨ hl°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

(1)hp¨Q_ (2) k¨Nu[ (3) fd[ Nd[

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.7

ip°M ‚dpZ° rh¤p\w _u V$L$phpfu :-

Ld ip°M _p° ‚L$pf Ly$g rh¤p\w_u k¨øep V$L$phpfu

1 hp¨Q_ 174 36.25%

2 k¨Nu[ 197 41.04%

3 fd[ Nd[ 109 22.71%

Ly$g 480 100%

36.25%

22.71%

41.04%

CH-4 161

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.8

Ld ip°M_p° ‚L$pf L$$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$$L$phpfu _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f V$L$phpfu

rh¤p\uÆ _uk¨øep rh¤p\uÆ _uk¨øep

1 hp¨Q_ 78 32.50% 96 40.00%

2 k¨Nu[ 94 39.17% 103 42.92 %

3 fd[ Nd[ 68 28.33% 041 17.08%

Ly$g 240 100% 240 100%

com pute r

39.17% 28.33%

32.50%

Non com pute r

40.00%

17.08%42.92%

CH-4 162

4.2.5 `k¨]$Nu _p Ïehkpe ‚ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ rh^p\w_u ÏephkpreL$ `k¨]Nu _°

`p¨Q rhcpN dp¨ hl°Qhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°.

(1) [bubu(2) BS>_°fu (3) Ïep`pf ^¨^p° (4)rinZ (5) M°[u

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.9

`k¨]$Nu _p Ïehkpe ‚dpZ° V$L$phpfu :-

Ld `k¨]$Nu _p° Ïephkpe Ly$g rh¤p\w _u k¨øep V$L$phpfu

1 [bubu 54 11.25%

2 BS>_°fu 85 17.71%

3 Ïep`pf ^¨^p 178 37.08%

4 rinZ 134 27.92%

5 M°[u 29 06.04%

Ly$g 480 100%

17.71%

37.08%27.92%

6.04%11.25%

CH-4 163

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.10

Ld `k¨]$Nu _p° Ïephkpe L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$L$phpfu _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p V$L$phpfu

rh¤p\uÆ_u k¨øep rh¤p\uÆ_u k¨øep

1 [bubu 42 17.50% 12 05.00%

2 BS>_°fu 69 28.75% 16 06.67%

3 Ïep`pf ^¨^p° 87 36.25% 91 37.92%

4 rinZ 37 15.42% 97 40.41%

5 M°[u 05 2.08% 24 10.00%

Ly$g 240 100% 240 100%

com pute r

15.42%

2.08%

28.75%

36.25%

17.50%

Non com pute r

5.00%37.92%

6.67%

10.00%

40.41%

CH-4 164

4.2.6 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_qkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ h^pfp° L$f° R>° L°$

L°d? [° ‚ÁppZ° V$L$phpfu :-

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_ dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_qkL$ ıhpı’edp¨

h^pfp° L$f° R>° L°$ L°d ? [°_° b° rhcpN dp¨ hl°Qhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.

(1) lp (2) _p

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.11

Ld L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_rıpL$ ıhpı’e Ly$g rh¤p\w_u k¨øep V$L$phpfu

dp¨h^pfp° L$f°R>° L°$ L°$d?

1 lp 475 98.96%

2 _p 05 01.04%

Ly$$g 480 100%

98.96%

1.04%

CH-4 165

L$p°Ù$L$ _ 4.12

Ld L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ dp_rıpL$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$L$phpfu _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p V$L$phpfu

ıhpı’e dp¨h^pfp° rh¤p\uÆ _u rh¤p\uÆ _u L$f°R>° L°$ L°$d? k¨øep k¨øep

1 lp 240 100% 235 97.92%

2 _p 00 00% 05 02.08%

Ly$g 240 100 240 100%

com pute r

0 .0 0 %

Non com pute r

97.92%

2.08%

CH-4 166

4.3 `qfh–ep£_p d¬eL$ ‚dpZ° `©\L$L$fZ :-

‚ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ S>° ıh[¨” `qfh–ep°Æ R>°. [°d_y¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `rf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p° d¬eL$

]$ipÆhhpdp¨ ApÏÈp° R>°. S>°_u rhı[y[ dprl[u Sy>]$p Sy>]$p rhcpN_p¨ Ap^pf° _uQ°

‚dpZ° R>°.

4.3.1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p¨L$p° _° Ap^pf° d¬eL$ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.13

rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p¨‚p·p¨L$ ∞dpZ° d¬eL$ æ$Áp `qfh–eÆ rhcpS>_ k¨øep L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°$_ L$p°Á‡Vy$V$f

k¨øep Ïep.h.`rf. d¬eL$ k¨øep Ïep.h.`rf. d¬eL$ ‚p·p¨L$ ‚p·p¨L$

1 AÊepk_p 5∞\dhjÆ 80 40 542 13.50 40 427 10.68 hjÆ dyS>b buSy> hjÆ 80 40 546 13.65 40 454 11.35

”uS>y hjÆ 80 40 550 37.50 40 481 12.03 `pVÆ$ 1 120 60 817 13.62 60 629 11.38 `pVÆ$ 2 120 60 850 14.22 60 700 11.66

2 rh^pipMp L$p°Á‡VeyV$f 240 240 3305 13.77 - - -

_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 240 - - - 240 2691 11.21

3 `p.hprjÆL$ X$uıV$vL$i_ 68 53 749 14.13 15 149 09.93`funpdp¨ ‚\d hNÆ 144 96 1070 13.48 48 365 11.50

d°mh°g buSp° hNÆ 268 91 1262 13.87 177 2044 11.55

V$L$phpfu

4 ≈r[e[p R>p°L$fpAp° 240 120 1565 13.04 120 1345 11.20

R>p°L$fuAp° 240 120 1740 14.43 120 1400 11.66†

5 Ly$Vy¨$b_p° D√Q 97 70 975 13.93 27 321 11.89

‚L$pf d¬ed 383† 170 2330 13.71 213 2428 11.40

6 il°fu A_° il°fu 223 200 2766 13.83 23 253 11.00A^Æil°fu A^Æil°fu 257 40 300 13.48 217 2309 11.48

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ıh[¨” `rfh–ep£ ‚ÁppZ°ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° ]$ipÆh°gp R>°. S>°_p ‹pfp d¬eL$p°_p° [aph[ S>pZu

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 167

rh^p\uÆAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

qf`L$h[p_p d›eL$p° ]$ipÆh[p° ı[cpg°M

13.65

27.5

13.62 14.2213.55

11.6611.3812.0311.3510.68

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

FY SY TY PART-1 PART-2

5∞p·pL$p°

_p°kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u rh^pipMp ‚dpZ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p

d›eL$p° ]$ipÆh[p° ı[cpg°M

13.77

11.21

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

C om N on C om

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

Com

Non Com

CH-4 168

rh^p\uÆAp°_p 5pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp d°mh°g V$L$phpfu ‚dpZ°

[°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p d›eL$p° ]$ipÆh[p°

ı[cpg°M

13.48 13.8714.13

11.5511.5

9 .93

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Dis F irst Secound

5∞p·pL$p°

_p°kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u >≈r[e[pp ‚dpZ°

[°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p


13.04

14.43

11.2 11.66

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

M F

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

CH-4 169

rh^p\uÆAp°_p Ly$Vy$b_p ∞L$pf ‚dpZ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ


13.7113.93

11.411.89

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

High Mid ium

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u il°fu A^Æil°fu ‚ÁpZ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ


13.83 13.48

11 11.48

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

City Village

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

CH-4 170

4.3.2 Ap–drhÔg°jZp¨L$p° _° Ap^pf° d¬eL$ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.14

rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p ‚p·p¨L$ `∞dpZ° d¬eL$ :-

L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°$_ L$p°Á‡Vy$V$f

æ$Áp `qfh–eÆ rhcpS>_ k¨øep k¨øep Ap.rh._p d¬eL$ k¨øep Ap.rh._p d¬eL$

‚p·p¨L$ ‚p·p¨L$

1 AÊepk_p 5∞\dhjÆ 80 40 731 18.28 40 936 23.40 hjÆ dyS>b buSy> hjÆ 80 40 828 20.70 40 962 24.05

”uS>y hjÆ 80 40 867 21.68 40 969 24.22 `pVÆ$ 1 120 60 1333 22.21 60 1369 22.82 `pVÆ$ 2 120 60 1345 22.42 60 1399 23.31


_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 240 - - - 240 6571 27.37


d°mh°g buSp° hNÆ 268 91 1898 20.86 177 4109 23.21

V$L$phpfu

4 ≈r[e[p R>p°L$fpAp° 240 120 2662 22.18 120 2839 23.65

R>p°L$fuAp° 240 120 3180 26.50 120 2796 23.30†

5 Ly$Vy$b_p° D√Q 97 70 1476 21.09 27 595 22.04

‚L$pf d¬ed 383† 170 3627 21.34 213 5018 23.56

6 il°fu A_ il°fu 223 200 4339 21.70 23 590 25.65A^Æil°fu A^Æil°fu 257 40 440 19.13 217 4650 23.25

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ıh[¨” `rfh–ep£ ‚ÁppZ°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p d¬eL$p° ]$ipÆh°gp R>°. S>°_p ‹pfp d¬eL$p°_p° [aph[ S>pZu iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 171

rh^p\uÆAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p


20.7 21.68 22.21 22.42

18.28

23.3122.82

24.2224.0523.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30


5∞p·pL$p°

_p°kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u rh^pipMp ‚dpZ° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p


16.26

27.37

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

C om N on C om

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

Com

Non Com

CH-4 172


[°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p d›eL$p° ]$ipÆh[p° ı[cpg°M

22.1320.8620.42

23.2123.92

25.2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Dis F irst Secound

5∞p·pL$p°

_p°kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom


[°_pAp–drhÔg°jZ_p


22.18

26.5

23.6523.3

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

M F

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

CH-4 173

rh^p\uÆAp°_p Ly$Vy$b_p ∞L$pf ‚dpZ° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p


21.3421.09

23.56

22.04

19.5

20

20.5

21

21.5

22

22.5

23

23.5

24

HiG h Mid ium

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u il°fu A^Æil°fu ‚ÁpZ° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p


21.7

19.13

25.6523.25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

City Village

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

CH-4 174

4.3.3 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’ep¨L$ _° Ap^pf° d¬eL$ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.15

rh^p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p ‚p·p¨L$ `∞dpZ° d¬eL$ :-

L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p°$_ L$p°Á‡Vy$V$f

æ$ÁpÆ `qfh–e rhcpS>_ k¨øep k¨øep dp.ıhp._p. d¬eL$ k¨øep dp.ıhp._p. d¬eL$

‚p·p¨L$ ‚p·p¨L$

1 AÊepk_p 5∞\dhjÆ 80 40 1142 28.55 40 1046 26.15hjÆ dyS>b buSy> hjÆ 80 40 1247 31.17 40 1126 28.15 ”uS>y hjÆ 80 40 1271 31.77 40 1164 29.10

`pVÆ$ 1 120 60 1786 29.76 60 1585 26.42 `pVÆ$ 2 120 60 1831 30.52 60 1604 26.73


_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 240 - - - 240 6525 27.18


d°mh°g buSp° hNÆ 268 91 2719 29.88 177 4845 27.37

V$L$phpfu

4 ≈r[e[p R>p°L$fpAp° 240 120 6566 54.71 120 3198 26.65

R>p°L$fuAp° 240 120 3659 30.49 120 3327 27.72†

5 Ly$Vy$b_p° D√Q 97 70 2046 29.23 27 745 27.59

‚L$pf d¬ed 383† 170 5030 29.59 213 5802 27.24

6 il°fu A_° il°fu 223 200 5888 29.44 23 551 23.96A^Æil°fu A^Æil°fu 257 40 687 29.73 217 5519 27.53

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ıh[¨” `rfh–ep£ ‚ÁppZ° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° ]$ipÆh°gp R>°. S>°_p ‹pfp d¬eL$p°_p° [aph[ S>pZu iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 175

rh^p\uÆAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p


31.17 31.7729.76 30.52

28.55

26.7326.42

29.128.1526.15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


5∞p·pL$p°

_p°kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u rh^pipMp ‚dpZ° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p


30.23

27.18

25.5

26

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

29

29.5

30

30.5

C om N on C om

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

Com

Non Com

CH-4 176


[°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d›eL$p° ]$ipÆh[p° ı[cpg°M

29.24

29.8829.26

27.3726.85

26.07

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Dis F irst Secound

5∞p·pL$p°

_p°kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom


[°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p


54.71

30.4926.65 27.72

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

M F

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

CH-4 177

rh^p\uÆAp°_p Ly$Vy$b_p ∞L$pf ‚dpZ° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p


29.5929.23

27.24

27.59

26

26.5

27

27.5

28

28.5

29

29.5

30

HiG h Mid ium

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

rh^p\uÆAp°_u il°fu A^Æil°fu ‚ÁpZ° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p


29.44 29.73

23.96

27.53

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

City Village

5∞p·pL$p°_p°

kf°fpi

d¬eL$

V$L$phpfudp¨

com

noncom

CH-4 178

4. 4 rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _y¨ " t ' L$kp°V$u

‹pfp `©\L$L$fZ A_° `qfZpd _u QÆQp :-

kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np 0.05

4.4.1 AÊepk_p hjÆ dyS>b :-

HO-01 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _p¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.16

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨b¨ _u "t ' L$kp°$Vu :-

(N= 40 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ug°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 13.05

2.74 0.88 0.06 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 13.01

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°$,

rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p° V$u qL$¨d[ 0.06 R>°.ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t ' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu Ap°R>u R>°.

[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>° .

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ bu≈ hjÆdp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$ _°

Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 179

HO-02 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _p¨ ÏephkpreL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.17

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°


(N= 40 )


1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 13.05

3.08 0.99 0.15 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 12.9

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°$, rh¤p\wAp°

_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° V$u

qL$¨d[ 0.15 R>°.ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t' _u qL≠$d[

2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t '_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu

r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>° .

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ

g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚·pL$ _°

Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ


CH-4 180

HO-03 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _p¨ ÏephkpreL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.18

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°


(N= 40 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 13.1245 0.78 0.26 kpp\ÆL$_\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 12.9


rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t '_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°.


`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ

g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° bu≈ hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk

L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚p·¨pL$ _° Akf

L$f[y _\u Ap\u AÊepk_y hjÆ [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[pdp¨

L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 181

HO-04 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° _p¨ ÏephkpreL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.19

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 40 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u g°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 14.05

2.59 0.83 0.18 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 14.2


rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°




`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$ bu≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨

‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ [°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 182

HO-05 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° _p¨ ÏephkpreL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.20

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 40 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ug°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 14.05

2.42 0.77 0.26 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 14.25

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ ,

rh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°



[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$

”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e R>[p¨ [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u.

CH-4 183

HO-06 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.21

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 40 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u g°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 14.2 2.53 0.81 0.06 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 14.25

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°$,

rh¤p\w_uAp° _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 0.06 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t '_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°.



rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° bu≈ hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$ ”u≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p

‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf L$f[y _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ


CH-4 184

HO-07 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.22

v _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°


(N= 40 )

æ$d _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 11.00

2.77 0.89 0.22 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 11.2

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ ,


≈°ey¨ [p° V$u qL$¨d[ 0.22 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu Ap°R>u R>°.


`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ bu≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p

‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p ÏephkpreL$


CH-4 185

HO-08 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨


_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.23

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 40 )

æ$d _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 11.00

2.59 0.83 0.9 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 11.75


rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu Ap°R>u R>°.



rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ ”u≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p



CH-4 186

HO-09 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨


_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.24

v _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p R>p°L$fpAp° A _ °


(N= 40 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fpAp°

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 11.2

2.17 0.69 0.8 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ †20 11.75

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>°. L°$ ,


≈°ey¨ [p° V$u qL$¨d[ 0.8 R>°. ıhp[¨”e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u

R>°.[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° bu≈ hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ ”u≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p ¨ lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ`qf`L$h[p _p

‚·p¨L$ _° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_pÏ e p h k p r e L $

hgZ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u.

CH-4 187

HO-10 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.25

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 40 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fuAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 10.35 2.51 0.8 1.44 kp\ÆL$_\u°°.

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 11.5

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$,

rh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u

[aph[ kp\ÆL$ _\u.Ap\u r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R°>.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° _p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p

L$f[p¨ bu≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°hu rh¤p\w_uA°pdp¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue

dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 188

HO-11 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.26

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 40 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fuAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 10.35

2.45 0.79 2.47 kp\ÆL$ R>°°.

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 12.3


rh¤p\w_uAp° _p ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°.

[°\u [aph[ kp\ÆL$ R>°. Ap\u r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _p° AıhuL$pf

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R°>.


rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° _p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p

L$f[p¨ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°hu rh¤p\w_uA°pdp¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 189

HO-12 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ¨ bu≈ hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.27

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 40 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fuAp°

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 11.5

2.65 0.85 0.94 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 12.3


rh¤p\w_u Ap° _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 0.94 R>°. ıhp[¨”e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `p· \e°g V$u _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°.




hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p



CH-4 190

HO-13 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p pVÆ -1 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.28

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np

`pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 60 )

L$d∞ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u


1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 12.37

2.71 0.71 1.63 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 13.53

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$, A_yı_p[L$

L$np_p `pVÆ$ -1 _p rh¤p\wAp° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ -2 _p

rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 1.63 R>°.

ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 58 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.00 R>°. `∞p·

\e°g V$u _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue

D–L$Î`_p_° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , A_yı_p[L$

L$np_p `pVÆ$ -1 A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp°dp ¨ [°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ

[°_p ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 191

HO-14 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ-1 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.29

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 60 )


1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 14.87

2.31 0.6 0.12 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 14.8


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u pVÆ$ -1 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u

`pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'

qL$¨d[ 0.12 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 58 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[

2.00 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu

r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u

`pVÆ$ -1 A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° dp ¨ [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ

[°_p ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 192

HO-15 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ -1 _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp°

_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

[aph[.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.30

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 60 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 11.1 2.20 0.57 0.0 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 11.1


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ -1 _p rh¤p\wAp° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

`pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[

0.0 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 58 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.00

R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ i|fie R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue

D–L$Î`_p_° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_p `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ [°_p

ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 193

HO-16 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ -1 _u R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ -2 _u

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _p¨ ¬eL$p° h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

[aph[.''

Lp°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.31

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 60 )

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$fdyÎe _p¨ [aph[

kp\ÆL$[p_uæ$d rinZg°[u k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g

_u ‚dpZ c|gV$ud|Îe L$np

R>p°L$fuAp°

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 11.67 2.24 0.58 0.97 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 12.23


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u pVÆ$-1 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u

`pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[


R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu



L$np `pVÆ$-1 A_° `pVÆ$-2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° dp [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p

ÏephkpreL$ `qf`L$h[p dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 194

4.4.2 rh^pipMp dyS>b :-

HO-171""ı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _ ¨ 4.32

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°


(N= 120 )

æ$d ı_p[L$ L$np_y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ 60 13.13

1.56 0.28 6.46 kp\ÆL$ R>°. 2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 11.32

qinZ

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'qL$¨d[ 6.46 R>°.ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g V$u _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u

^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>°.

`fuZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,ı_p[L$ L$np

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° _y ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p

ı_p[L$ L$np_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° L$f[p¨ h^y ≈°hp

dm° R>°.[° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 195

HO-18 ""A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$ -1,`pVÆ$ -2)_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp° _p d¬eL$p° h√Q°

kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.33

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°


(N= 120 )

æ$d A_yı_p[L$ L$np _y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ 60 12.95 1.74 0.31 5.97 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 11.1

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L °$,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°

_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 5.97 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e

k¨øep 118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t'

_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_°p

AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p A_yı_p[L$L$np _p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

L$f[p¨ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe

R>°.

CH-4 196

HO-19 ""ı_p[L$ L$np(‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ)_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.34

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 120 )

æ$d ı_p[L$ L$np _y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ 60 14.17 1.72 0.31 9.0 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 11.38


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp° _p

k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 9.0 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `p· \e°g "t' _u

qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu S> h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , ı_p[L$

L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° _y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p ı_p[L$ L$np_u _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp°

L$f[p¨ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°.[° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u f\u Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 197

HO-20 ""A_yı_p[L$ L$np(`pVÆ$ -1,`pVÆ$ -2)_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.35

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp°


(N= 120 )

æ$d A_yı_p[L$ L$np _y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ 60 14.83 1.59 0.29 9.93 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 11.95

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L° , L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p "t' qL$¨d[ 9.93 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u

^Zu S> h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf



L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u

rh^p\w_uAp° L$f[p¨ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 198

4.4.3 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g VL$phpfu dyS>b :-

Ho 21 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p hprjÆL$

`funpdp¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.36

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZg°[p¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k d°mh°g

rh^p\u Æ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 68 )

L$d X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 53 14.13 2.36 0.69 6.09 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$frh¤p\w 15 9.93

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R°> L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k

d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 6.09 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 66 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.00 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,X$uıV$ufiL$i_

dpLÆ$k d°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° L$f[p¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_

dpLÆ$k d°mh°g _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u

`Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 199

HO-22 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p hprjÆL$

`funpdp¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_p _p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp°_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.37

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

rh^p\uÆA_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 144 )

L$d ‚\d hNÆ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\wAp° 96 13.48

2.86 0.52 3.81 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2_p°_L$p°Á‡eyVf°

48 11.5

rh¤p\wAp°

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ , A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 3.81 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 142 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu h^pf° R>°.

[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,‚\d hNÆ

d°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° L$f[p¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p

Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 200

HO-23 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p hprjÆL$

`funpdp¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.38

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZg°[p¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g


(N= 268 )

L$d buSp°hNÆ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u


1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 91 13.87 2.34 0.3 7.73 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

177 11.55

rh¤p\w


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p bu≈°

hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨


–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u

^Zu S> h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,bu≈° hNÆ

d°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° L$f[p¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 201

4.4.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b :-

HO-24"" L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨. 4.39

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ,R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 120 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_uL$np _p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 13.13 1.70 0.31 3.35 kp\ÆL$R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 14.17

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf° R>°.

[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,ı_p[L$

L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fp Ap° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp° _y ÏephkpreL$

hgZ qf`L$h[p h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u f\u Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 202

HO-251"" L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$-1 , `pV-2$) _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

R>p°L$fuAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.40

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 120 )

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_y¨$ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u$ L$np_p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np °

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 12.95

1.82 0.33 5 .7 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 14.83

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°$ ,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]cÆ dp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 5.7 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,A_y ı_p[L$

L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_y ÏephkpreL$

hgZ qf`L$h[p h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u f\u Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 203

HO-261""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.41

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 120 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u$ L$np_p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 11.32 1.58 0.28 0.21 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 11.38


_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ

dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 0.21 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118

lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[

[°_p\u Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf

L$fhpdp¨ Aph°R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,A_yı_p[L$

L$np_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_y¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u

`f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 204

HO-27 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$-1 , `pV"-2$) _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.42

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°,R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N= 120 )

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_y¨ı_p[L$ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

L$np_p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 11.10

1.51 0.27 3.15 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 11.95



dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° V$u qL$¨d[ 3.15 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118

lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[


L$fhpdp¨ Aph°R>°.



ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u


CH-4 205

4.4.5 Ly$Vy¨$b _p ‚L$pf dyS>b :-

HO-28 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p D√Q

Ly$Vy$b_p¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.43

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ D√Q Ly$Vy ¨ $b_p


(N= 97 )

æ$d D√QLy$Vy¨$b_p rh¤p\wAp° k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 70 13.93

2.79 0.64 3.19 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 27 11.89


L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

D√QLy$Vy¨$b_p¨¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ

dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° ¨ "t' qL$¨d[ 3.19 R>°.ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 95

lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g¨ "t' _u qL≠$d[



`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b

_p¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° L$f[p¨ D√QLy$Vy$b_p¨ _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp

dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.Ap¨L$X$pL$ue


CH-4 206

HO-29 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p d¬ed

Ly$Vy$b_p¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.44

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh^p\uÆ A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :

(N= 376 )

L$d d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 170 13.71

4.54 0.45 5.13 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 206 11.4


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p d¬ed

Ly$Vy¨$b_p¨¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨


–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u† qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p rh¤p\wAp° L$f[p d¬ed Ly$Vy$b_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp

dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 207

4.4.6 il°fu -A^Æil°fu dyS>b :-

HO -30 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p il°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p d¬eL$p°

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.45

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ il°fu rh^p\uÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 223 )

æ$d il°fu k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 200 13.83

2.61 0.57 4.96 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 23 11.00


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p il°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨


–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$,il°fu rhı[pf

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap ° L$f[p¨ il°fu rhı[pf _p

_p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u f\u Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 208

HO-31 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

A^Æil°fu rhı[pf_p rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p

d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.46

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A^Æil°fu rhı[pf_p

rh^p\u Æ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p :-

(N= 257 )

L$d A^Æil°fu¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 40 13.48

2.45 0.42 4.76 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 217 11.48

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p A^Æil°fu rhı[pf

_p¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu

L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 4.76 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep255 lp°e –epf°

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu

h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,A^Æil°fu

rhı[pf _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° L$f[p¨ A^Æil°fu rhı[pf

_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp °dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 209

[pfZ :- ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_u " t ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 31

AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u . S>°°dp¨\u 15 AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 16

AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y¨ L$pfZ rh^p\wAp°_u ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,

Ap¨[fh[w qfh–ep£ _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf

lp°B iL°$ [°d dp_u iL$pe .

4.5 rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_y " t ' L$kp°V$u ‹pfp ©\L$L$fZ A_°

`qfZpd _u QÆQp :-



HO-321 ""L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_°bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p °L$fpAp°_p ¨

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.47

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ:-

(N=40)

L$d∞ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ug°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 17.95

6.98 2.23 1.55 kp\ÆL$_\u.

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 21.4


rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°.[°\u

CH-4 210

Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk A_° bu≈ hjÆdp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [° rh¤p\wAp° dp¨¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ [aph[_p° ≈°hp

dm[p° _\u. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u `Z `yfhpf L$f°R>°.

HO-331 ""L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_°”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p °L$fpAp°_p ¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _ 4.48

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp ° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ:-

(N=40)

L$d∞ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 17.95

7.05 2.26 2.17 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 22.85


rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^y R>°. [°\u

Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [° rh¤p\wAp° dp¨¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^y ≈°hp dm°

R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u `Z `yfhpf L$f°R>°.

CH-4 211

HO-34 ""L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_p A_°”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p °L$fpAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.49

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$u d|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 21.4

7.79 2.49 0.58 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 22.85


rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 0.58 R>°. ıhp[‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u

R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° bu≈ hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$

”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 212

HO-35""L$p °Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p °L$fuAp°_p ¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.50

v L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p °L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)


1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 18.6

6.09 1.95 0.72 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 20.0


rh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 0.72 R>°.ıhp[‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'

_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g V$u _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u

Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$ bu≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e R>[p¨ [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ dp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 213

HO-36""L$p °Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p °L$fuAp°_p ¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.51

v L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p °L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)


1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 18.6

5.72 1.83 1.04 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 20.5



≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 1.04 R>°. ıhp[‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨


[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° _p ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$

”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e R>[p¨ [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p ‚p·p¨L$

_° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨

L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 214

HO-37 ""L$p °Á‡eyV$f_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p °L$fuAp°_p ¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.52

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)


1 bu≈hjÆ 20 20.00

7.13 2.28 0.22 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 20.5

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$

rh¤p\w_uAp°_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°.




hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ dp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 215

HO-38 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.53

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)

L$d∞ _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 22.4

7.45 2.38 0.25 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 23.0

L$p °ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L° $

rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨

[p°"t' qL$¨d[ 0.25 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u

qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u



rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ bu≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf


D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 216

HO-39 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.54

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)

L$d∞ _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 22.4

6.21 1.99 0.4 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 23.2

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°$

rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨

[p° "t' qL$¨d[ 0.4 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u

qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u



rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ ”u≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf


D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 217

HO-40 ""_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.55

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u æ$d rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 23.0

6.62 2.12 0.09 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 23.2

L$p °ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L° $





`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L° $,

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° bu≈ hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨

lp°e L°$ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p

‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 218

HO-41 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.56

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ:-

(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

R>p°L$fuAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 24.4

5.84 1.87 0.37 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 25.01

L$p°Ù$L$ dp¨ Ap`°g dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>°. rh¤p\w_u

Ap° _p AÊepk _p hjÆ _p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[

0.37 $ R>°.ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02

R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu



rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$ bu≈



D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 219

HO-42 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.57

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ:-

(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

R>p°L$fuAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 24.4

5.99 1.92 0.44 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 25.25

L$p°Ù$L$ dp¨ Ap`°g dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>°. rh¤p\w_u

Ap° _p AÊepk _p hjÆ _p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[

0.44 $R>°.ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02

R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu Ap°R>u R>°.[°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue

D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$ ”u≈


L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ dp¨ L$p°B

[aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 220

HO-43 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.58

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=40)

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_uæ$d rinZ g°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fuAp°

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 25.1

6.69 2.14 0.07 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 25.25

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°,

rh¤p\w_uAp° _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°




`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f




D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 221


L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° _p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.59

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ -1 A_°

A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=60)


1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 23.57

5.53 1.44 0.16 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$- 2 30 23.8



`pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'qL$¨d[


R>°. `p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue



L$np_p `pVÆ$ -1 A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp°dp [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

_p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ


CH-4 222

HO-45 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u pVÆ -1 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _p¨ ‚p·p¨L$ _° L$p°B k¨b¨^ _\u ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.60

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ:-

(N=60)


1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 20.87

6.51 1.69 0.09 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 21.03


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ$ -1 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np

_u `pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p "t'


2.00 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,

A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u pVÆ$ -1 A_° pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp°dp [°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ

[°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

CH-4 223

HO-46 ""_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ -1 _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ -2 _p

R>p°L$fpAp° _p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''°

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.61

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L $ L$np_p pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=60)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 24.03

6.79 1.76 0.48 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 24.87

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$


`pVÆ$ -2 rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[


R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ iyfie R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p

_° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_p pVÆ$ -1 A_° pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\w Ap°dp [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

_p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ


CH-4 224

HO-47 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ-1 _u R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ-2 _u

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.62

v _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ :-

(N=60)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fuAp°

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 21.6

6.11 1.59 0.11 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$- 2 30 21.77

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L° ,$


_u `pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w _uAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'

qL$¨d[ 0.11 R>°. ıhp[¨”e k¨øep 58 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[

2.00 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu



L$np `pVÆ$ -1 A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp°dp ¨ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

_p ‚·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ


CH-4 225

4.5.2 rh^pipMp dyS>b :-

HO-48 ""ı_p[L$L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _p L$p °Á‡eyV$f,

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.63

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=120)

æ$d ı_p[L$ L$np_y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np


5.03 0.9 2.38 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 22.87


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°_p

k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨[p"t' qL$¨d[ 2.38 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u

qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,ı_p[L$L$np

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ ı_p[L$ L$np_p

_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° L$f[p¨ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°

Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 226

HO-49""A_yı_p[L$ L$np(`pVÆ$-1,`pVÆ$-2)_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fAp°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.64

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

R>p°L$fpAp° A_° Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=120)

æ$d A_yı_p[L$ L$np_y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[p R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np


4.19 0.75 1.03 kp\ÆL$ _\u.2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 24.45

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°_p

k¨]$cÆdp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 1.03 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u

qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p ıhuL$pf



L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° [°dS> A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ _p° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ ≈°hp dm [p° _\u. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u f\u Z ≈°B iL$pe

R>°.

CH-4 227

HO-50 ""ı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _u L$p°Á‡eyV$f,_p°_

L$p°Á‡eyV$$f R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.65

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ı_p[L L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=120)

æ$d ı_p[L$ L$np _y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np


4.48 0.81 6.44 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 24.92


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp°_p

k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 6.44 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t'_u

qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu S> h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p

_°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° _y Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ ı_p[L$

L$np_u _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° L$f[p¨ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp


CH-4 228

HO-51 ""A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$-1, `pVÆ$-2) _u L$p°Á‡eyV$f ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.66


A_° Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=120)

A_y ı_p[L$ L$np _y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u æ$d rinZg°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np


4.55 0.82 0.89 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 21.68

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>°. L°$,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_ ° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u

R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 0.89 R>°.

ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p·

\e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p

_°p ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u R>p°L$fuAp° [°dS> A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u R>p°L$fuAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ _p° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 229

4.5.3 `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b :-

HO-52 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p hprjÆL$

`funpdp¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k d°mh°g rh¤p\w Ap°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p

d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.67

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZg°[p¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k

d°mh°g rh^p\u Æ A_° Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=68)

L$d X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u



6.59 1.88 2.54 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\wAp° 15 25.2

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>°

L° $,L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p¨ k¨]$cÆ


lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.00 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[

[°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>°.



dpLÆ$k d°mh°g _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.$

CH-4 230


`funpdp¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp° _p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.68

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZg°[p¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

rh^p\uÆA_° Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=144)

L$d ‚\d hNÆ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u



5.52 0.99 1.81 kp\ÆL$_\u.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\wA°p 48 23.92

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'

qL$¨d[ 1.81 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 142 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t' _u

qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°.[°\u Alu

r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,‚\d hNÆ

d°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° A_° ‚\dhNÆ d°mh°g

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p `∞p·p¨L$

h√Q° L$p°BS> [aph>[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u . [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u `f\u

`Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 231


`funpdp¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp°

_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.69

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g rh^p\uÆ

A_° Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=268)

L$d bu≈° hNÆ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ud°mh°g rh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 91 20.86

6.41 0.83 2.83 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 177 23.21


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p bu≈°

hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p"t' qL$¨d[ 2.83 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 266 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `p· \e°g"t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u

Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`fuZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$,bu≈°

hNÆd°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° L$f[p¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ h^y ≈°hp

dm°R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 232

4.5.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b :-

HO-55 "" L$p°Á‡eyV$f _pı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p Ap–d rhÔg°ÛZ _p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp° _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.70

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_° Ap–d

rhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=120)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

$L$np_p rh¤p\wAp° _u‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 20.73

5.27 0.95 1.08 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 19.7

L$p°ÛV$L$dp Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f

ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u

Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_p L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p ¨ R>p °L$fpAp° A_° R>p °L$fuAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ _p ‚·p¨L$p° dp¨ [aph[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u

CH-4 233

HO-56 "" L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$-1 , `pV-2$) _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

R>p°L$fuAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.71

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–d rhÔg°ÛZ:-

(N=120)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u $L$np_p rh¤p\wAp° _u‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 23.68

3.90 0.7 3.9 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 20.95

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L° $,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°¨ "t' qL$¨d[ 3.9 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.


L$np_p L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p °L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p °L$fuAp°_y ¨

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 234

HO-57 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _pı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _p

R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p Ap–d rhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.72

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ,R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=120)

L$d∞ _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u $L$np _p rh¤p\wAp°° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 22.87

4.20 0.76 2.7 kp\ÆL$R>°.2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 24.92

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L° ,$

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'qL$¨d[ 2.7 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t' _u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u

h^y R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , ı_p[L$

L$np_p L$p °Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p °L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p °L$fuAp°dp¨

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ _p ‚·p¨L$p° h^y ≈°hp dm° R>° . [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u


CH-4 235

HO-58 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$-1 , `pV"-2$)_p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.

''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.73

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° , R>p°L$fuAp°

$A_° Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ:-

(N=120)

æ$d _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u A_y¨ı_p[L$ L$np _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np _p rh¤p\w

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 24.45

4.79 0.86 3.22 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 21.68




lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[





Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 236

4.5.5 Ly Vy¨$b_p ‚L$pf dyS>b :-

HO-591"" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

D√QLy$Vy¨$b_p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.74

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ D√Q Ly$Vy$b_p¨ rh^p\uÆA_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=97)

æ$d D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh¤p\wAp° k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 70 21.09

6.44 1.48 0.64 kp\ÆL$_\u.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 27 22.04


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p D√QLy$Vy$b

_p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'


1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu


`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,D√Q Ly$Vy$b_p

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° A_° D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ ≈°hp

dm[p° _\u . [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 237

HO-60 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b _p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.75

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p¨ rh^p\uÆ A_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=376)

L$d d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 170 21.34

4.70 0.47 4.72 kp\ÆL$R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 206 23.56

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ ,L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p d¬ed Ly $V y ¨ $b_p

rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'


1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu

r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , d¬ed

Ly$Vy¨$b_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° L$f[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ h^y ≈°hp


CH-4 238

4.5.6 il°fu A_° A^Æil°fu dyS>b :-

HO-61 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p il°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p ‚p·p¨Lp° _p d¬eL$p° h√Q°

kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.76

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ il°fu rh^p\u Æ A_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=223)

L$d il°fu k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 200 21.7

6.53 1.44 2.74 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 23 25.65


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p il°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨

[p° V$u qL$¨d[ 2.74 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 221 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u

qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g V$u _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u


`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$,il°fu rhı[pf

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° L$f[p¨ il°fu rhı[pf_p

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp °dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ h^y ≈°hp

dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>° .Ap¨L$X$pL$ue


CH-4 239

HO-62 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

A^Æil°fu rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°

kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.77

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ il°fu rh^p\u Æ A_°

Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ :-

(N=257)

æ$d A^Æil°fu¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 40 19.13

6.47 1.1 3.75 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 217 23.25

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p A Æil°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨

[p°¨ "t' qL$¨d[ 3.75 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 255 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u

qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g¨ "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u



rhı[pf _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap ° L$f[p¨ A Æil°fu rhı[pf

_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ h^y

≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 240

[pfZ :- Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u " t ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 31 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨

Aphu l[u . S>°°dp¨\u 11 AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 20 AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ _\u

S>°_y¨ L$pfZ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ Ap–drhpk_p° Acph , ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,

Ap¨[fh[w `qfh–ep£ _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf lp°B iL°$ [°d

dp_u iL$pe .

4.6 rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ " t ' L$kp°V$u ‹pfp `©\L$L$fZ

A_° `qfZpd _u QÆQp :-



HO-631 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.78

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e :-

(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZ g°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 27.6

4.65 1.49 0.03 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 27.65



≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 0.03 R>°. ıhp[¨”e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

CH-4 241




rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ bu≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p ‚·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

HO-641 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _p¨ d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.79

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e :-

(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZ g°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 27.6

5.35 1.71 0.53 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 28.5



≈°ey [p"t'qL$¨d[ 0.53 R>°. ıhp[¨”e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u

qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u



rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ ”u≈

CH-4 242

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ‚·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

HO-65 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.80

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e:-

(N=40)æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u


1 bu≈hjÆ 20 27.65

5.21 1.67 0.51 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 28.5




"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u

R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _° e\ph[ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.



hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p ‚p·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ L$p°B

[aph[D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 243

HO-66 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.81

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e:-

(N=40)


1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 29.5

5.05 1.62 0.12 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 29.07


rh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°





rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° _p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$

bu≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e R>[p¨ [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ‚p·p¨L$

_° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨


CH-4 244

HO-67 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.82

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e:-

(N=40)


1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 29.5

4.61 1.48 0.37 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 30.05



≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ .037 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨




rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp° _p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$

”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e R>[p¨ [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ‚p·p¨L$

_° Akf L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨


CH-4 245

HO-68 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° _p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.83

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e:-

(N=40)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

g°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 29.7

4.23 1.35 0.26 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 30.05


rh¤p\w_uAp° _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p"t' qL$¨d[ 0.26 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨



`fuZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w _uAp° bu≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e L°$ ”u≈

hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p ‚·p¨L$ _° Akf

L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 246

HO-691""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.84

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ıhpı’e:-

(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 26.9

4.36 1.39 1.69 kp\ÆL$_\u°.2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 29.25



≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 1.69 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u

Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ qh¤p\wAp° ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e L°$ bu≈


L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 247

HO-701""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ ‚\d hjÆ_p A_°”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.85

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ıhpı’e:-

(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fpAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 26.9

4.57 1.46 2.09 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 29.95



≈°ey¨ [p°"t'qL$¨d[ 2.09 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨

"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u



rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp° L$f[p¨ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°hp rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ dp_rkL $ıhpı’e h^y ≈°hp


CH-4 248

HO-71 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_p A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p¨ _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.86

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e -

(N=40)æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fpAp°

1 bu≈ hjÆ 20 29.25

3.99 1.28 0.55 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 29.95

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R° L°,








L$f[y¨ _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[

D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 249

HO-72 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.87

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° bu≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-


rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fuAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 25.4

4.10 1.31 1.26 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 bu≈ hjÆ 20 27.05


rh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆ A_° bu≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu

L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p"t' qL$¨d[ 1.26 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf°

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g"t'_u qL≠$d[ Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u

[aph[ kp\ÆL$ _\u . Ap\u r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp

Aph° R°>.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p L$f[p¨

bu≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°hu rh¤p\w_uA°pdp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_p ‚·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 250

HO-73 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u ‚\d hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.88

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ‚\d A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°



rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fuAp°

1 ‚\dhjÆ 20 25.4

3.43 1.1 2.59 kp\ÆL$ R>°°.

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 28.25


rh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu

L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 2.59 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 38 lp°e –epf°

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf°

R>°. [°\u [aph[ kp\ÆL$ R>°. Ap\u r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _p° AıhuL$pf

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R°>.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp°_p ‚\d hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p L$f[p¨

”u≈ hjÆdp AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°hu rh¤p\w_u A°pdp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 251

Ho 74 "" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p¨ bu≈ hjÆ_u A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_u R>p°L$fuAp° _p¨ dp_rkL$


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.89

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u bu≈ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°


(N=40)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$u d|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$npR>p°L$fuAp°

1 bu≈hjÆ 20 27.05

3.43 1.10 2.69 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 ”u≈ hjÆ 20 28.25


rh¤p\w_u Ap°_p bu≈ hjÆ A_° ”u≈ hjÆ_p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.02 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u

[aph[ kp\ÆL$ R>°. Ap\u r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R°>.


rinZ g°[u qh¤p\w_uAp°_p bu≈ hjÆ dp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°_p

L$f[p¨ ”u≈ hjÆdp¨ AÊepk L$f[u lp°e [°hu rh¤p\w_uA°pdp¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 252


L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° _p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.90

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

(N=60)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ug°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 28.23

5.55 1.44 1.14 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 29.87



`pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp°_p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p"t'qL$¨d[


R>°. ∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue



L$np_p pVÆ$ -1 A_° pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_p ‚·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e


CH-4 253

HO-76 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u pVÆ -1 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.91

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u `pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

(N=60)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ug°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 31.3

4.58 1.19 0.11 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 31.17


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ$ -1 _u rh¤p\w _uAp° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np

_u `pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° _p¨ k¨]$Æc dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t'


2.00 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu


`fuZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , A_yı_p[L$

L$np_u `pVÆ$ -1 A_° `pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp° dp ¨ [°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _p ‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`_ L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 254

HO-77 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ-1 _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp°

_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.92

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p `pVÆ-1 A_°

A_yı_p[L$ L$np `pVÆ -2 _p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

(N=60)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZcg dyÎe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[p¨ _u ‚dpZ cg L$np R>p°L$fpAp°

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 24.57

5.48 1.42 0.04 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 24.63


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p `pVÆ$ -1 _p rh¤p\w Ap° A_° A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

`pVÆ$ -2 _p rh¤p\wAp° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[

0.04 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 58 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.00 R>°.

`∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ ^Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue



L$np_p pVÆ$-1 A_° pVÆ$-2 _p rh¤p\wAp° dp [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p

‚p·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ D–`fl L$fu iL$[y¨ _\u .

CH-4 255

Ho 78 ""_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np _u `pVÆ -1 _u R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u `pVÆ -2 _u

R>p°L$fuAp° _p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _ 4.93

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u pVÆ -1 A_° A_yı_p[L$

L$np `pVÆ -2 _u R>p°L$fuAp° A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e:-

(N=60)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fuAp°

1 `pVÆ$ -1 30 28.27

4.23 1.1 0.51 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 `pVÆ$-2 30 28.83



_u pVÆ$ -2 _u rh¤p\w_u Ap° _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° V$u


2.00 R>°. `∞p· \e°g V$u _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu S> Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu



L$np pVÆ$ -1 A_° pVÆ$-2 _u rh¤p\w_uAp°dp¨ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_p‚·p¨L$ Akf L$f[p _\u Ap\u AÊepk _y hjÆ [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e


CH-4 256

4.6.2 rh¤pipMp dyS>b :-

HO-79 ""ı_p[L$L$np(‚\d ,bu≈,A_°”u≈hjÆ)_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f, _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fpAp°_p¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.94

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° dp_qkL ıhpı’e $:-

(N=120)

æ$d ı_p[L$ L$np_y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[p _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

R>p°L$fpAp°

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 27.92

rinZ 3.38 0.61 1.28 kp\ÆL$ _\u.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 28.7

rinZ

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° _p k¨]$cÆ

dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p"t' qL$¨d[ 1.28 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118

lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[

[°_p\u R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°.


L$np _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° [°dS> ı_p[L$ L$np_p

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°dp¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e _p° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u.[° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u f\u Z ≈°B iL$pe

R>°.

CH-4 257

HO-80 "" A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$ -1, `pVÆ$ -2) _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fp Ap°_p¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e _p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.95

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

R>p°L$fpAp° A_° dp_qkL ıhpı’e:-

(N=120)

æ$d A_y ı_p[L$ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np_y¨ rinZ° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 29.05 rinZ

3.99 0.72 6.18 kp\ÆL$R>°

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 24.6

qinZ

L$p°ÛV$L$dp Ap °gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$, L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp°_p

k¨]$cÆdp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 6.18 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u

qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p



L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e

A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\w Ap° L$f[p¨ h^y

≈°hp dm° R>°.[° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 258

HO-811""ı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ) _u L$p°Á‡eyV$f, _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e _p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp°_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.96

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° dp_qkL ıhpı’e:-

(N=120) æ$d ı_p[L$ L$np_y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np R>p°L$fuAp°

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 29.75

rinZ

2.58 0.46 6.2 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 60 26.9

qinZ


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u ı_p[L$ L$np_u R>p°L$fuAp°

_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 6.2 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u

qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Zu S> h^pf° R >°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p

_°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L° $,

ı_p[L$L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° _y¨ dp_qkL

ıhpı’e ı_p[L$L$np_u _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° L$f[p¨

h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 259

HO-82 ""A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$ -1, `pVÆ$ -2) _u L$p°Á‡eyV$f ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$$f

R>p°L$fuAp°_p¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.97


A_° dp_qkL ıhpı’e:-

(N=120)

æ$d A_yı_p[L$ L$np_y¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨[aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

rinZg°[u R>p°L$fuAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np


2.92 0.53 5.06 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f qinZ 60 28.55


L$p °Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u

R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° ¨ "t' qL$¨d[ 5.06 R>°.

ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u q L≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. ∞p·

\e°g¨ "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu S> h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue

D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


L$np_u L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° _y¨ dp_qkL ıhpı’e

A_yı_p[L$ L$np_u _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[u rh^p\w_uAp° L$f[p¨

h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 260

4.6.3 R>°âu hprjÆL$ `funp dp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu dyS>b

HO-83 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

hprjÆL$ funpdp¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.98

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZg°[p¨ X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k d°mh°g

rh^p\u Æ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

(N=68)

L$d X$uıV$ufiL$i_ dpLÆ$k k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 53 29.26

5.40 1.57 2.03 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

15 26.07 rh¤p\w

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R ° L°$ ,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p X$uıV$ufiL$i_

dpLÆ$k d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨NZ[fu

L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 2.03 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 66 lp°e –epf°

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 2.00 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf°

R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.



dpLÆk d°mh°g _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 261


`funpdp¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p d¬eL$p°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.99

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

rh^p\uÆ_° dp_rkL $ıhpı’e :-

(N=144)

æ$d ‚\d hNÆ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u


1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 96 29.24

5.04 0.91 2.63 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 48 26.85


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p ‚\d

hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ k¨]$cÆdp¨ NZ[fu


L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf°


`fuZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,‚\d hNÆ

d°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap ° L$f[p¨ ‚\d hNÆ d°mh°g

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap°dp¨ dp_rkL$ıhpı’e Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp


CH-4 262

Ho 85 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ ,A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p hprjÆL$

`funpdp¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp°

_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.100

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ bu≈° hNÆ d°mh°g

rh^p\uÆA_° dp_rkL$ıhpı’e :-

(N=268)

L$d bu≈° hNÆ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_ud°mh°g rh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 91 29.88

4.76 0.62 4.05 kp\ÆL$ R>°.2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 177 27.37

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ ,

L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ , A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p bu≈°

hNÆ d°mh°g rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 4.05 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 266 lp°e –epf°

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ _u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u h^pf°


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$, bu≈°

hNÆ d°mh°g L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp ° L$f[p¨ bu≈°hNÆ d°mh°g

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e Ap°Ry>¨


CH-4 263

4.6.4 ≈r[e[p dyS>b :-

HO-86 "" L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L $L$np (‚\d,bu≈, A_° ”u≈hjÆ)_p

R>p°L$fpAp°A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.101

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ,R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e:-

(N=120)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZcyg d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np _p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ cyg L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 27.92

3.14 0.57 3.21 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 29.75


ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu


L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.


L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fp Ap° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°.[° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe

R>°.

CH-4 264

HO-87 "" L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_yı_p[L$L$np (`pVÆ$-1 ,`pVÆ-2$) _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u.''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.102

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ g°[p¨ A_y ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° , R>p°L$fuAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e:-

(N=120)

æ$d L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_y¨ı_p[L$ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe_p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np_p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 29.05

3.36 0.61 3.57 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 31.23


A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ N Z [ f u

L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p° ¨ "t' qL$¨d[ 3.57 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. ∞p· \e°g¨ "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u


Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,A_y ı_p[L$

L$np_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp° L$f[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp° _y¨ dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B

iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 265

HO-88 1"" _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f _pı_p[L$ L$np (‚\d,bu≈,A_° ”u≈ hjÆ) _p

R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.103

v _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ,R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

(N=120)

æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np _p rh¤p\w Ap° ° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 28.7

2.86 0.52 3.46 kp\ÆL$ R>°..

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 26.9

L$p°ÛV$L$ dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$,

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨

NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨ [p°"t' qL$¨d[ 3.46 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 118 lp°e

–epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. ∞p· \e°g"t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u

^Zu h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,ı_p[L$ L$np

_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ R>p°L$fuAp° Lf[p¨ R>p°L$fpAp°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _p ‚p·p¨L$ h^y≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 266

HO-89 1"" _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_yı_p[L$ L$np (`pVÆ$-1 ,`pV-Æ 2$) _p R>p°L$fpAp°

A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[

_\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.104

v _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ A_y ı_p[L$ L$np_p R>p°L$fpAp° ,R>p°L$fuAp°

A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e:-

(N=120) æ$d _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p A_yı_p[L k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u

$ L$np _p rh¤p\wAp° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 R>p°L$fpAp° 60 24.6

3.63 0.65 6.08 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 R>p°L$fuAp° 60 28.55




lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[





dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z

≈°B iL$pe R>°.Ap¨L$X$p L$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 267

4.6.5 Ly$Vy¨$b _p ‚L$pf dyS>b

HO-90 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p

D√QLy$Vy¨$b_p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.105

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ D√QLy$Vy$b_p rh^p\uÆAp°

A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e :-

(N=97)

æ$d D√Q Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh¤p\wAp° k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 70 29.23

5.21 1.2 1.37 kp\ÆL$_\u.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 27 27.59


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np _p D√QLy$Vy$b

_p rh¤p\w Ap°_p dp_rkL$ıhpı’e_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_° ≈°ey¨

[p°"t' qL$¨d[ 1.37 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 95 lp°e –epf° L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u

qL≠$d[ 1.98 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u Alu


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,D√QLy$Vy¨$b

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° A_° D√QLy$Vy¨$b_p _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZg°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° dp¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ ≈°hp

dm[p° _\u . [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°.

CH-4 268

HO-91 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p d¬ed

Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.106

v L$p°Á‡eyV$frinZ , _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\uÆAp° A_°


(N=376)

L$d d¬ep Ly$Vy¨$b_p k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 170 29.59

4.52 0.45 5.22 kp\ÆL$R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 206 27.24


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p d¬ed

Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°

≈°ey¨ [p° "t' qL$¨d[ 5.22 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 374 lp°e –epf°

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ "t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. ∞p· \e°g "t'_u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u OZuS>

h^pf° R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p _°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>°.

`qfZpd f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ ,d¬ed Ly$Vy$b

_p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp° L$f[p¨ d¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ dp_rkL$ıhpı’e Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp


CH-4 269

4.6.6 il°fu -A^Æil°fu dyS>b :-

HO-92 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p il°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p d¬eL$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$

[aph[ _\u. ''

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.107

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ,_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ il°fu rh^p\u ÆA_°


(N=223)

L$d il°fu k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_u rh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 200 29.44

5.16 1.14 4.81 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 23 23.96


L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p il°fu

rhı[pf _p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ıhpı’e_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t' _u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf°


`qfZpd `f\u [pfZ [pfh[p L$lu iL$pe L°$ , il°fu

rhı[pf _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap ° L$f[p¨ il°fu rhı[pf _p

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap °dp¨ dp_rkL$ıhpı’e Ap°R>y ≈°hp

dm° R>°. [° Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dpql[u `f\u `Z ≈°B iL$pe R>°. Ap¨L$X$pL$ue


CH-4 270

HO-93 "" L$$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p A Æil°fu

rhı[pf_p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ ‚p·p¨Lp°_p d¬eL$p° h√Q°


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.108

v L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ, _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ il°fu rh^p\uÆ A_°


(N=257)

æ$d A Æil°fu¨ k¨øep d¬eL$ ‚dpZc|g d|Îe _p¨ [aph[ V$ud|Îe kp\ÆL$[p_urh¤p\w Ap° _u ‚dpZ c|g L$np

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 40 29.73

4.63 0.79 2.78 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh¤p\w 217 27.53

L$p°ÛV$L$dp¨ Ap`°gu dprl[u `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , L$p°Á‡eyV$f

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f _p ı_p[L$ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p A^Æil°fu

rhı[pf_p rh¤p\wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p k¨]$cÆ dp¨ NZ[fu L$fu_°


"t'_u qL≠$d[ 1.97 R>°. `∞p· \e°g "t' _u qL≠$d[ [°_p\u ^Zu h^pf°

R>°. [°\u Alu r_fpL$fZue D–L$Î`_p_°p AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


rhı[pf _p L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap ° L$f[p¨ A Æil°fu rhı[pf

_p _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f rinZ g°[p¨ rh¤p\w Ap °dp¨ dp_rkL$ıhpı’e Ap°R>y¨


[pfZ :- dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u " t ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 31 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨

Aphu l[u . S>°°dp¨\u 16 AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 15 AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y¨

L$pfZ i•nrZL$ hp[phfZ,rh^p\wAp°dp¨ dp_rkL$ [pZ, Ap¨[fh[w qfh–ep£

_bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf lp°B iL°$ [°d dp_u iL$pe .

CH-4 271

4.7 rh^p\wAp°_p ÏerL$[N[ ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ rf`L$h[p ,

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p klk¨b¨ _y

L$pgÆ rèkÆ_ "r 'L$kp°V$u hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_ :

`∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p° l°[y rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ

`rf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p klk¨b¨^

[`pkhp_p° l[p°.[°\u L$pgÆ rèkÆ__u "r ' `qfbm NyZpL$pf_u klk¨b¨ _u

`¬^r[ ‹pfp †ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _p `∞p‡[p¨Lp° `f\u klk¨b¨^ ip°^hpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p° .$

1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° klk¨b¨^

2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° klk¨b¨^

3 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° klk¨b¨^

CH-4 272

4.7.1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p


h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨ :-

kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np 0.05 $

HO-94 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨

_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.109

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^

(n = †240 )

æ$dp¨L$ rhN[ r_]$iÆ_u ıhp[¨‘e_udp”p " r ' kp\ÆL$[p_uk¨øep qL$¨d[ L$np

1 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ 240 238

`qf`L$h[p FZ- 0.19 _rlh[

klk¨b¨2 Ap–drhÔg°jZ 240 238

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Ap`°g klk¨b¨^ d|Îe -0.19 A° 0.05 L$npA°

kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ F>Z _rlh[ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp

dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe -0.19 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e –epf°

0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$

rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° r_j°^L$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 273

4.7.2 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p


h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ :-

HO-95 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B

k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨^ _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.110

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨

(n = † 240 )

æ$dp¨L$ rhN[ r_]$iÆ_u ıhp[¨‘e_udp”p " r ' kp\ÆL$[p_u k¨øep qL$¨d[ L$np



klk¨b¨^2 Ap–drhÔg°jZ 240 238

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Ap`°g klk¨b¨^ d|Îe -0.23 A° 0.05 L$npA° kp\ÆL$

_\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ F>Z _rlh[ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm°

R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe -0.23 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e –epf°




CH-4 274

4.7.3 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p



HO-96 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.111


klk¨b¨

(n = † 240 )





L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Ap`°g klk¨b¨^ d|Îe -0.19 A° 0.05 L$npA° kp\ÆL$

_\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ F>Z _rlh[ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm°

R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe -0.19 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e –epf°

0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_$ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph°R>°. L°$



CH-4 275

4.7.4 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p rh^p\wAp°_p



HO-97 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_

klk¨b¨ _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.112


klk¨b¨

(n = † 240 )





L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Ap`°g klk¨b¨^ d|Îe -0.17 A° 0.05

L$npA° kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j° L$ F>Z _rlh[ klk¨b¨

≈°hp dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe -0.17 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e

–epf° 0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_$ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$



[pfZp° :- ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨^_u Ly$g 4 AV$L$m fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>°dp¨ ]$f°L$ AV$L$m r_j°^L$

≈°hp dm°g R>°. A°V$g°L$° , bfl° h√Q° Ïeı[ klk¨b¨^ fl°gp° R>°.

CH-4 276


ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e


HO-98 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨

_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.113

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p°

klk¨b¨ :-

(n = †240 )



`qf`L$h[p blzS> \p°X$p° 0.18 _qlh[

klk¨b¨

2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 240 238

L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Ap`°g klk¨b¨^ d|Îe 0.18 A° 0.05 L$npA°

kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° qfh–ep£ h√Q° rh^peL$$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ klk¨b¨^

≈°hp dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe 0.18 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e

–epf° 0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$

rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

h√Q° rh^peL$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 277





ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B


L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.114

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p klk¨b¨

(n = † 240 )



`qf`L$h[p kp^pfZ 0.44 W$uL$ W$uL$

klk¨b¨^2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 240 238


kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° qfh–ep£ h√Q° rh^peL$$ kp^pfZ W$uL$ W$uL$ klk¨b¨^

≈°hp dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe 0.44 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e

–epf° 0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$

rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

h√Q° rh^peL$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 278

4.7.7 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p






L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.115

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨

(n = † 240 )



`qf`L$h[p \p°X$p°Ap°R>p° 0.33 `Z

r_qÚ¨[

2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 240 238 klk¨b¨^


kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° rh^peL$$\p°X$p° Ap°R>p° `Z r_qÚ¨[

klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe 0.33 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

238 lp°e –epf° 0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_$ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. L°$ rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h√Q° rh^peL$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 279

4.7.8 _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ :-

HO-101 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p



> Ap A¨N°_u dprl[u L$p°Ù$L$ _¨. 4.104 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.116

v ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p klk¨b¨^

(n = † 240 )



`qf`L$h[p Ap°R>p°\p°X$p° 0.27 r_tÚ[



kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° rh^peL$$\p°X$p° Ap°R>p° `Z r_qÚ¨[

klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe 0.27 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep

238 lp°e –epf° 0.05 L$npA° k¨Nu_ _\u dpV°$ A°hy¨ [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨

Aph° R>°. L°$ rh^p\wAp°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h√Q° rh^peL$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

[pfZp° :- ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨^_u Ly$g 4 AV$L$m fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>°dp¨ ]$f°L$ AV$L$m rh^peL$$

≈°hp dm°g .A°V$g°L$°,bfl° h√Q° \p°X$p°Ap°R>p° `Z r_tÚ[ klk¨b¨^ fl°gp° R>°.

CH-4 280


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^ :-

HO-102 L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p ¨ ı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨

_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.117

v Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p klk¨b¨^

(n = † 240 )


1 Ap–drhÔg°jZ 240 238

kp^pfZ

-0.41 FZ

W$uL$ W$uL$2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 240 238 klk¨b¨^


kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ F>Z kp^pfZ W$uL$ W$uL$

klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe -0.41 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep


Aph° R>°. L°$ rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°

r_j°^L$ kp^pfZ W$uL$W$uL$ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 281


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p° klk¨b¨^:-



_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.118


(n = † 240 )


1 Ap–drhÔg°jZ 240 238

FZ

-0.23 _qlh[



kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ F>Z _rlh[ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp

dm° R>°.L$pfZ L$° " r ' d|Îe -0.23 A_° ıhp[¨‘e k¨øep 238 lp°e –epf°


rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° r_j°^L$

blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 282

4.7.11 L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p°

klk¨b¨^ :-


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°Bk¨Nu_ klk¨b¨ _\u

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.119


(n = † 240 )


1 Ap–drhÔg°jZ 240 238 kp^pfZ

FZ

-0.53 W$uL$ W$uL$

klk¨b¨2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 240 238


kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ kp^pfZ F>Z W$uL$ W$uL$




r_j°^L$ blzS> \p°X$p° _rlh[ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 283

4.7.12 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p°

klk¨b¨^ :-

HO-105 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ A_yı_p[L$ L$np_p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B k¨Nu_ klk¨b¨

_\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.120


(n = † 240)


1 Ap–drhÔg°jZ 240 238 kp^pfZ

FZ

-0.44 W$uL$ W$uL$

klk¨b¨2 dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 240 238


kp\ÆL$ _\u bfl° `qfh–ep£ h√Q° r_j°^L$ F>Z kp^pfZ W$uL$ W$uL$




r_j°^L$ kp^pfZ W$uL$W$uL$ k¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

[pfZp° :- ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨^_u Ly$g 4 AV$L$m fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>°dp¨ ]$f°L$ AV$L$m r_j°^L$

≈°hp dm°g R>°. A°V$g°L$° , bfl° h√Q° Ïeı[ klk¨b¨^ fl°gp° R>°.

CH-4 284

4.8 A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ :-

rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ A°V$g° iy¨ ? :-

rhQfZ_p ©\L$L$fZdp¨ dprl[udp¨ fl°gp Ly$g rhQfZ _° b°° cpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨

Aph° R>°.

( 1) Sy>]$u Sy>]$u `¬^r[_y¨ ( S|>\p°_u kf°fpi h√Q°_y¨ ) rhQfZ = Bss

(2) S|>\_u A¨]$f _p A°L$dp° h√Q°_u rcfl[pdp¨\u r_`S>[y¨ rhQfZ = Wss

A_° –epfbp]$ bfl° rhQfZp°_p° NyZp°[f g°hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

Dèp°N :-

S>epf° b° L°$ [°\u h^pf° S|>\p°_u kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kp\ÆL$[p QL$pkhu

lp°e A_° Mpk L$fu_° Ap QL$pkZudp¨ S|>\dp¨ kdpe°g A°L$dp°_u `fı`f Ap¨[fqæ$ep

`Z ¬ep_dp¨ g°hp_u lp°e –epf° " F ' `funZ _p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

depÆ]$p :-

AÊepk l°W$m_p S|>\p°_u kfpkfudp¨ L$p°B kp\ÆL$ [aph[ R>° L° _rl [ °

≈Zu iL$pe R>°. `Z [° S|>\p° dp¨\u L$ey S|>\ S> Ó°õ$ R>° [° ≈Zu iL$p[y¨ _\u .

‚ı[y[ A¬ee_dp¨ iL$e Afie AV$L$mp°_u fQ_p L$fu ]$f°L$ rh^p\wAp°A°°

d°mh°gp ‚p·p¨L$p°_° Ap^pf° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p , Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p ‚p·p¨L$_p° kf°fpi d¬eL$ ip°^hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

4.8.1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p , Ap–dqhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e `f AÊepk_p hjÆ_y¨ A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ

`©\L$L$fZ_y¨ `rfnZ :-

CH-4 285


HO-106 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° L$p°B`Z hjÆdp¨ AÊepk

L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p°

h√Q° L$p°B k¨gî[p ≈°hp dm[u _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.121

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p ‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ ,”uSy>¨ hjÆ `pVÆ$-

1,A_° `pVÆ$-† 2 _p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_p

`∞p·p¨L$p°_y¨ A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ

rhQfZ_p rhQg__p ıhp[¨‘e_u rhQfZ " F ' kp\ÆL$[p_u d|m hNp£_p° kfhpmp° dp”p qL$d¨[ L$np

SSB 71.03 4 17.76

SSW 71.03 235 7.06 2.51 R>°.

SST 71.03 239

L$p°Ù$L$ f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L$° , AÊepk_p hjÆ_p k¨]cÆdp¨

L$f°g NZ[fu_p rfZpd° ∞p· \e°g " F '_u qL¨d[ 2.51 R>°.ıhp[¨‘e_u

dp”p 4 A_° 239 $ lp°e –epf° 0.05 L$npA " F '_u qL$¨d[ 2.37 R>°.

Alv `∞p· \e°g " F ' _u rL$ ¨d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u 0.05 L$npA°

[aph[ kp\ÆL$ R>°. Ap\u D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° .L$p°Ù$L$

`f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$, Lp°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

AÊepk_p hjÆ_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qfL$h[p _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_p° d¬eL$

A_yæ$d° (13.55,13.65 ,13.76,13.62, 14.21 ) R>°. p¨Q°e_p° d¬eL$

Sy>]$p° Sy>]$p° ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>° ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$, rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ

‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u AgN Akf [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ rf`L$h[p

CH-4 286

_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°\u D`fp°L$[ D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_° [pfZ L$pYhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ , rh^p\wAp°_p

AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u Akf [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f `X°$ R>°. $


L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B k¨gî[p

≈°hp dm[u _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.122

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p ‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ , ”uSy>¨ hjÆ `pVÆ$

1,A_° `pVÆ$-2 _p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_y¨

A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ :-


SSB 511.01 4 127.75

SSW 9849.92 235 41.91 3.05 R>°.

SST 10360.93 239

L$p°Ù$L$ `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L$° , AÊepk_p hjÆ_p

k¨]cÆdp¨ L$f°g NZ[fu_p `rfZpd° `∞p· \e°g " F '_u qL¨d[ 3.05 R>°.

ıhp[¨‘e_u dp”p 4 A_° 239 $ lp°e –epf° 0.05 L$npA° " F ' _u

qL$¨d[ 2.37 R>°. Alv `∞p· \e°g " F ' _u rL$ d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u

0.05 L$npA° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ R>°. Ap\u D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

Aph° R>° .L$p°Ù$L$ `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , Lp°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ g°[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_p° d¬eL$

CH-4 287

A_yæ$d° (20.06, 20.7, 21.73 , 22.27 , 22.41 ) R>°. p¨Q°e_p° d¬eL$

Sy>]$p° Sy>]$p° ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>° ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$, rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ

‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u AgN Akf [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p°

`f ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°\u D`fp°L$[ D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°. A_° [pfZ L$pYhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ , rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ

‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u Akf [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f `X°$

R>°. $


L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B

k¨gî[p ≈°hp dm[u _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.123

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p ‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ , ”uSy>¨ hjÆ `pVÆ$-

1,A_° `pVÆ$-2 _p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_y¨

A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ


SSB 131.59 4 32.90

SSW 5968.37 235 25.40 1.3 _\u

SST 6099.96 239


L$f°g NZ[fu_p rfZpd° ∞p· \e°g " F '_u qL¨d[ 1.3 R>°. ıhp[¨‘e_u

dp”p 4 A_° 239 $ lp°e –epf° 0.05 L$npA° " F ' _u qL$¨d[ 2.37 R>°.

CH-4 288

Alv `∞p· \e°g " F ' _u rL$ ¨d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u 0.05 L$npA°

[aph[ kp\ÆL$ _\u. Ap\u D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° .

L$p °Ù$L$ `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L° $ , Lp°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ∞p·p¨L$p°_p° d¬eL$

A_yæ$d° (28.6,28.7 ,29.33,29.76,30.52 ) R>°.`p¨Q°e_p° d¬eL$ Sy>]$p°

Sy>]$p° ≈°hp dm° R>° f¨[y [°d_p h√Q°_p° [aph[ L$p°B Mpk _\u S>° ]$ipÆh°

R>° L°$ ,rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u AgN

Akf [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f ≈°hp dm[u _\u . [°\u

D`fp°L$[ D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_° [pfZ L$pYhpdp¨

Aph° R>° L°$ , rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u Akf

[°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f `X[u$ _\u.

4.8.2 _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–dqhÔg°jZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `f AÊepk_p hjÆ_y¨ A°L$dpNwe

rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ_y¨ `rfnZ :-

HO-109 ""_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° L$p°B`Z hjÆdp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_p¨

‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q° L$p°B k¨gî[p ≈°hp dm[u _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.124

‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ ,”uSy>¨ hjÆ `pVÆ$-1,A_° `pVÆ$-2 dp¨

AÊepk L$f[p rh^p\wAp°_y ÏephkpreL$ hgZ rf`L$h[p_p ∞p·pL$p°_y

A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ .

CH-4 289


SSB 40.69 4 10.17

SSW 1334.37 235 5.68 1.79 _\u

SST 1375.06 239

L$p°Ù$L$ `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L$° , AÊepk_p hjÆ_p

k¨]cÆdp¨ L$f°g NZ[fu_p `rfZpd° `∞p· \e°g " F '_u qL¨d[ 1.79 R>°.

ıhp[¨‘e_u dp”p 4 A_° 239 $ lp°e –epf° 0.05 L$npA° " F ' _u

qL$¨d[ 2.337 R>°. Alv `∞p· \e°g " F ' _u rL$ ¨d[ [°_p\u Ap°R>u R>°.

[°\u 0.05 L$npA° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ _\u. Ap\u D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf

L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° . L$p°Ù$L$ `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , _p°_Lp°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ_pÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`rf`L$h[p_p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_p° d¬eL$ A_yæ$d° (10.68,11.35 ,12.03,

11.39,11.67 ) R>°.`p¨Q°e_p° d¬eL$ Sy>]$p° Sy>]$p° ≈°hp dm° R>° f¨[y °d_p

h√Q°_p° [aph[ L$p°B Mpk _\u S>° ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$ ,rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p

hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u AgN Akf [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`rf`L$h[p_p ‚p·pL$p° f ≈°hp dm[u _\u . [°\u D`fp°L$[ D–L$Î`_p_p°

ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_° [pfZ L$pYhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$,rh^p\wAp°_p

AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u Akf [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`rf`L$h[p_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f `X[u$ _\u.

CH-4 290


AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q°

L$p°B k¨gî[p ≈°hp dm[u _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.125

‚\d hjÆ ,buSy>¨ hjÆ ,”uSy>¨ hjÆ `pVÆ$-1,A_° `pVÆ$-2 dp¨

AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ∞p·p¨L$p°_y A°L$dpNwe

rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ .


SSB 63.46 4 15.86

SSW 9990.44 235 42.51 0.37 _\u

SST 10053.90 239




Alv `∞p· \e°g " F ' _u rL$ ¨d[ [°_p\u ^Zu Ap°R>u R>°. [°\u 0.05

L$npA° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ _\u. Ap\u D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph°

R>° . L$p°Ù$L$ `f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , _p°_Lp°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_p° d¬eL$

A_yæ$d° (23.4,24.05 ,24.23, 21.6,21.76) R>°.`p¨Q°e_p° d¬eL$ Sy>]$p°

Sy>]$p° ≈°hp dm° R>° f¨[y [°d_p h√Q°_p° [aph[ L$p°B Mpk _\u S>° ]$ipÆh°

R>° L°$ ,rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u AgN

Akf [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f ≈°hp dm[u _\u . [°\u

CH-4 291

D`fp°L$[ D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_° [pfZ L$pYhpdp¨

Aph° R>° L°$ ,rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° D—fp°[f [°_u Akf

[°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f `X[u$ _\u.


AÊepk L$f[p¨ lp°e [°_° A_° [°_p¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° h√Q°

L$p°B k¨gî[p ≈°hp dm[u _\u .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.126

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ‚\d hjÆ ,buSy> hjÆ ,”uSy> hjÆ pVÆ$-1,A_° pVÆ$-

2 dp¨ AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p `∞p·p¨L$p°_y¨

A°L$dpNwe rhQfZ `©\L$L$fZ


SSB 274.44 4 68.61

SSW 5262.12 235 22.39 3.06 R>°

SST 5536.56 239




Alv `∞p· \e°g " F ' _u rL$ ¨d[ [°_p\u h^pf° R>°. [°\u 0.05 L$npA°

[aph[ kp\ÆL$ R>°. Ap\u D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° .L$p°Ù$L$

`f\u ≈°B iL$pe R>° L°$ , _p°_Lp°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

AÊepk_p hjÆ_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ `∞p·p¨L$p°_p° d¬eL$ A_yæ$d°

(26.15,28.15 ,29.10,26.42,26.73 ) R>°. p¨Q°e_p° d¬eL$ Sy>]$p° Sy>]$p°

CH-4 292

≈°hp dm° R>°. S>° ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$,rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ°

D—fp°[f [°_u AgN Akf [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f ≈°hp

dm° R>°. [°\u D`fp°L$[ D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. A_°

[pfZ L$pYhpdp¨ Aph° R>° L°$ , rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ°

D—fp°[f [°_u Akf [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p¨ ‚p·p¨L$p° `f `X°$ R>°. $

[pfZ :-L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyfV$ D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°

kp\° AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚ÁppZ° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p , Ap–drhÔg°ÛZ A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u " F ' L$kp°V$udpV°$ Ly$g 6 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>°dp¨\u 3

AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 3 AV$L$mp° kp\ÆL$ _\u .S>°_y L$pfZ dp_rkL$ qfbmp° ,ApSy>bpSy_y

hp[phfZ `pfı`qfL Akf dpV°$ L$pfZc|[ lp°e R>°.$

4.9 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_°

_p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u

rh^pipMp,≈r[e[p ,AÊepk_p hjÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _u " F' L$kp°V$u hX°$ ©\L$L$fZ, A\Æ V$_ A_° qfZpd_u

QQpÆ :-

Alv ıh[¨” `qfh–ep£ [fuL° $ rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p A_°

AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ g°hpdp¨ Aph°g l[p. S>epf° Ahg¨bu `qfh–eÆ [fuL°$

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p l[y 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‹pfp ©\L$L$fZ

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨ ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A°L$ dp¨ ıh[” `qfh–ep£_u L$np _uQ°

‚ÁppZ° R>°.

CH-4 293

(1) rh^pipMp A

rh^pipMp _° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g l[u


_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

(2) ≈r[e[p B

≈r[e[p _° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g l[u

R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)

R>p°L$fRuAp° (Girls)

(3) AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ C

AÊepk_p hjÆ _° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g l[u

ı_p[L$ L$np

A_yı_p[L$ L$np

Ap A¨N°_u dprl[u L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.127 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u .

CH-4 294

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.127

2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p

Qg__p° D]$ch hNp£_p kfhpmp ıhp[¨‘e rhQfZ F kp\ÆL$[p_u

Tss k¨øep MS d|Îep° L$np

d|øe Akfp° rh^pipMp A 653.33 1 653.33 7.25 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

≈r[e[p B 110.21 1 110.2 11.22 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

AÊepk _y¨ hjÆ C 5.21 1 5.21 0.06 kp\ÆL$ _\u

Ap¨[f qæep_u Akfp°

† AxB 30.00 1 30.00 0.33 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxC 0.13 1 0.13 0.001 kp\ÆL$_\u

BxC 20.01 1 20.01 0.22 kp\ÆL$_\u

AxBxC 0.03 1 0.03 0.001 kp\ÆL$ _\u

i°j 2881.87 472 6.11

Ly$g 3700.79 479

$HO-112 "L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .

L$p°ÛV$L$ _¨ 4.127 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g rhN[_p¨ Ap^pf° i|fie

D–L$Î`_p _u QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. S>°_p° Alu AıhuL$pf

L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 7.25 R>°. S>epf° df 1

CH-4 295

A_° 472 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ R>°.

[°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_°

[°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Alv i|fie D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

$HO-113 "L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p

h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .

L$p°ÛV$L$ _¨ 4.127 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g rhN[_p¨ Ap^pf° i|fie D–L$Î`_p

_u QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. S>°_p° Alu AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°

R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 11.22 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 472

lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u . [°\u

[pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.

Alv i|fie D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.


rh^p\wAp°_u AÊepk_y hjÆ A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p


L$p°ÛV$L$ _¨ †4.127 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g rhN[_p¨ Ap^pf° i|fie

D–L$Î`_p _u QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. S>°_p° Alu ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨

ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[†0.06 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_°

472 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$$ _\u.


_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ

CH-4 296

A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp

dm[u _\u .



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p_u këyL$[ Akf A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †0.33 R>°. S>epf° df 1

A_° 472 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u.



≈r[e[p_u këyL$$[ Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q°

kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.




[°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †0.001 R>°. S>epf° df

1 A_° 472 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u

. [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_°


CH-4 297

AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$$[ Akf A_°

[°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †0.22 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_°

472 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u. [°\u


D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ_u

këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$

Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[

Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf

_\u.



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †0.001 R>°. S>epf° df

1 A_° 472 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u


_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp

CH-4 298

,≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$



[pfZ :- a°L$V$p°fueg qXTpB_ 2x2x2 ‚dpZ° $L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ≈r[e[p AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_u " F ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 7 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u

S>dp¨\u A°L$ AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 6 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y L$pfZ qf`L$h[p ,dp_rkL$

`qfbmp° ApSy>bpSy>_y¨ hp[phfZ _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p dpV°$ L$pfZc|[

R>°.

CH-4 299

4.10 2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‚dpZ° ÏeqL$[N[ kpdpqS>L$

`qfh–ep£ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u " F 'L$kp°V$u hX° $

`©\L$L$fZ,A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.128

2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ



d|øe Akfp° rh^pipMp A 587.42 1 587.42 0.96 kp\ÆL$ _\u

≈r[e[p B 150.75 1 150.75 0.25 kp\ÆL$ _\u



† AxB 69.77 1 69.77 0.11 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxC 256.67 1 256.67 0.42 kp\ÆL$_\u

BxC 318.50 1 318.50 0.52 kp\ÆL$_\u

AxBxC 72.85 1 72.85 0.42 kp\ÆL$ _\u

i°j 19497.52 472 609.30

Ly$g 21002.25 479

HO-119 "L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .

CH-4 300

L$p°ÛV$L$ _¨ †4.128 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g rhN[_p¨ Ap^pf° i|fie D–L$Î`_p


R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †0.96 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 472 lp°e

–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u. [°\u [pfZ

L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .






rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.



rh^p\wAp°_u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .




CH-4 301



D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ A_° [°_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p_u këyL$[ Akf A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †0.11 R>°. S>epf° df 1




≈r[e[p_u këyL$$[ Akf A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf

≈°hp dm[u _\u.



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf

A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .






CH-4 302

rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u

këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp

dm[u _\u.



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$$[

Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .






D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ_u

këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp

dm[u _\u .



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u

këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf

_\u.





CH-4 303


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p

hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf

≈°hp dm[u _\u.



L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ≈r[e[p AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u " F ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 7 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>dp¨\u A°L Z

AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y¨ AL$pfZ Ap–drhÔhpk_p° Acph ,dp_rkL$ `qfbmp°

ApSy>bpSy>_y¨ hp[phfZ _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ dpV°$ L$pfZc|[ R>°.

CH-4 304


`qfh–ep£ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u " F 'L$kp°V$u hX°$

`©\L$L$fZ ,A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ † 4.129

2x2x2 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e



d|øe Akfp° rh^pipMp A 634.80 1 634.80 1.91 kp\ÆL$ _\u

≈r[e[p B 285.21 1 285.2 10.86 kp\ÆL$ _\u



† AxB 26.13 1 26.13 0.08 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxC 192.53 1 192.53 0.58 kp\ÆL$_\u

BxC 279.07 1 279.07 0.84 kp\ÆL$_\u

AxBxC 218.70 1 218.70 0.58 kp\ÆL$ _\u

i°j 10634.67 472 22.53 332.33

Ly$g 12271.33 479

$HO-126"L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .

CH-4 305

L$p°ÛV$L$ _¨ †4.129 dp¨ ]$ipÆh°g rhN[_p¨ Ap^pf° i|fie D–L$Î`_p _u

QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. S>°_p° Alu AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †1.91 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 472 lp°e



rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e



$HO-127"L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ †10.86 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 472

lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u. [°\u


D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e




CH-4 306




D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ A_° [°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .



d°mh[p rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p_u këyL$[ Akf A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.08 R>°.S>epf° df 1




≈r[e[p_u këyL$$[ Akf A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf

≈°hp dm[u _\u.




[°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.58 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 472 lp°e

CH-4 307



rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u

këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp

dm[u _\u.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$$[ Akf A_°

[°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.84 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_°



D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ≈r[ A_° AÊepk_p¨ hjÆ_u

këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp

dm[u _\u .



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[e[p A_° AÊepk_p hjÆ_u këyL$[

Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u.




CH-4 308

–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.85 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$_\u.[°\u [pfZ


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° AÊepk_p

hjÆ_u këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf

≈°hp dm[u _\u.



L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ≈r[e[p AÊepk_y hjÆ A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_u " F ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 7 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>dp¨\u A°L$ Z AV$L$m

kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y L$pfZ dp_rkL$ [pZ ,_bmp dp_rkL$ qfbmp° ApSy>bpSy>_y hp[phfZ

_bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$ L$pfZc|[ R>°.


`qfh–ep£ A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _u " F 'L$kp°V$u

hX°$ `©\L$L$fZ ,A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-

Alv ıh[¨” `qfh–ep£ [fuL°$ rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ

g°hpdp¨ Aph°g l[p. S>epf° Ahg¨bu `qfh–eÆ [fuL°$ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p l[y¨ 2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p ‹pfp `©\L$L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨

l[y¨ ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A°L$ dp¨ ıh[” `qfh–ep£_u L$np _uQ° ‚ÁppZ° R>°.

(1) rh^pipMp A

rh^pipMp _° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g l[u


_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

CH-4 309

(2) ≈r[e[p B

≈r[e[p _° b° rhcpNdp¨ hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g l[u

R>p°L$fpAp° (Boys)

R>p°L$fRuAp° (Girls)

(3) `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `fun_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu C

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `fun_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu _° ”Z rhcpNdp¨

hl¢Qhpdp¨ Aph°g l[u .

X$uıV$vLi$_ 70 % \u h^y V$L$phpfu

‚\d hNÆ 60 % \u h^y A_° 70 % \u Ap°R>uV$L$phpfu

bu≈° hNÆ 50 % \u h^y A_° 60 % \u Ap°R>uV$L$phpfu

Ap A¨N°_u dprl[u L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.130 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u .

CH-4 310

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.130

2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p




≈r[e[p B 131.82 1 131.82 22.05 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

`pR>gu hprjÆL$

`rfnp_p `qfZpd 32.13 2 16.07 2.69 kp\ÆL$ _\u

_u V$L$phpfu C


† AxB 19.58 1 19.58 3.28 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxC 33.87 2 16.93 2.83 kp\ÆL$ _\u

BxC 29.99 2 15.00 2.50 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxBxC -13.88 2 -6.94 -1.16 kp\ÆL$ _\u

i°j 2797.47 468 5.98

Ly$g 3684.33

$

HO-133""L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q°

L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 109.30 R>°. S>epf° df

CH-4 311

1 A_° 468 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.86 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$R>°.



[°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q°




R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 22.05 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 468

lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.86 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$R>°. [°\u [pfZ


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[ A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°.



rh^p\wAp°_u `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu A_° [°_p



_u QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. S>°_p° Alu ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°


–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.02 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$R>°. _\u. [°\u [pfZ


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

CH-4 312

V$L$phpfu A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf

≈°hp dm[u _\u .







L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 3.28 R>°. S>epf° df 1

A_° 468 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.86 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u



≈r[e[p_u këyL$$[ Akf A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q°




rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q°





–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.02 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL _\u . [°\u [pfZ


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° pR>gu hprjÆL$ funp_p

CH-4 313

`rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu këyL$$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q°




ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 2.50 R>°. –epf° S>epf° df 2

A_° 468 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.02 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL_\u.


_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ≈r[ A_° `pR>gu

hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u.



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ -1.16 R>°. S>epf° df 2 A_° 468 lp°e

–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.02 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL_\u . [°\u [pfZ


CH-4 314

rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[ A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$

`funp_p `rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$




L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ≈r[e[p `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_u " F ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 7

AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu l[u S>dp¨\u 2 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 5 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ _\u

S>°_y¨ L$pfZ `qf`L$h[p ,dp_rkL$ `qfbmp° ApSy>bpSy>_y¨ hp[phfZ ,`pR>gu hprjÆL$

`funp_p `qfZpd_u Ap°R>u V$L$phpfu _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p dpV°$

L$pfZc|[ R>°.

CH-4 315


`qfh–ep£ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _u " F 'L$kp°V$u hX°$ ©\L$L$fZ,

A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4.131

2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° Ap–drhÔg°Z




≈r[e[p B 175.70 1 175.70 04.14 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

`pR>gu hprjÆL$

`rfnp_p `qfZpd 34.29 2 17.15 0.40 kp\ÆL$ _\u

_u V$L$phpfu C


† AxB 55.16 1 55.16 1.30 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxC 214.60 2 107.30 2.53 kp\ÆL$ _\u

BxC 9.62 2 4.81 0.113 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxBxC 207.79 2 103.89 2.45 kp\ÆL$ _\u

i°j 19841.12 468 42.40

Ly$g 21180.00

$HO-140 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .

CH-4 316




–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.86 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$R>°. [°\u [pfZ


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .

L$p°ÛV$L$ _¨ 4.131 ]$ipÆh°g rhN[_p¨ Ap^pf° i|fie D–L$Î`_p _u

QL$pkZu L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u. S>°_p° Alu AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 4.14 R>°. S>epf° df 1 A_° 468 lp°e

–epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.86 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$R>°. [°\u [pfZ


rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°.




Ap–drhÔg°jZh√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .




CH-4 317



rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u

_\u .



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p_u këyL$[ Akf A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .







≈r[e[p_u këyL$$[ Akf A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf

≈°hp dm[u _\u.



d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°




CH-4 318

R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 2.53 R>°.S>epf° df 2 A_° 468 lp°e



rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° pR>gu hprjÆL$ funp_p

`rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°




d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°




ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.113 R>°.S>epf° df 2 A_°



D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$

`funp_p rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ




rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[ A_° pR>gu hprjÆL$ funp_p rfZpd

_u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u.

CH-4 319




A_° 468 lp°e –epf° F _u qL≠$d[ 3.02 R>°. S>° 0.05 L$npA° kp\ÆL$

_\u. [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_°

_p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp ,≈r[

A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_°

[°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.




`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u " F ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 7 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨

Aphu l[u S>dp¨\u 2 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 5 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y¨ L$pfZ

Ap–drhÔhpk_p° Acph ,dp_rkL$ `qfbmp° ApSy>bpSy>_y¨ hp[phfZ ,`pR>gu hprjÆL$

`funp_p `qfZpd_u Ap°R>u V$L$phpfu _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ dpV°$ L$pfZc|[ R>°.

CH-4 320


`qfh–ep£ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u " F 'L$kp°V$u hX°$

`©\L$L$fZ, A\Æ^V$_ A_° `qfZpd_u QQpÆ :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨ 4 .132

2x2x3 ApherhL$ ep°S>_p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e




≈r[e[p B 343.00 1 343.00 14.16 kp\ÆL$ R>°.

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `rfnp_p `qfZpd 5.85 2 2.93 0.12 kp\ÆL$ _\u

_u V$L$phpfu C


† AxB 13.30 2 13.30 0.55 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxC 88.22 2 44.11 1.82 kp\ÆL$ _\u

BxC 2.43 2 1.21 0.050 kp\ÆL$ _\u

AxBxC -6.96 2 -3.48 -0.14 kp\ÆL$ _\u

i°j 11336.29 468 24.22

Ly$g 12412.33

$HO-147 ""L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°


CH-4 321



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 26.02 R>°. S>° df 1A_° 468 _u 0.05

L$np A° kp\ÆL$ R>°. [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q

rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u

rh^pipMp A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm°

R>°.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B

kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[14.16 R>°. –epf° df 1 A_° 468 S>°

0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ R>°. [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u

≈r[ A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm° R>°.




dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.12 R>°. –epf° df 1 A_° 468 S>°

CH-4 322

0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u. [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu A_° [°_p dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .




dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u .



L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.55 R>°. –epf° df 1

A_° 468 S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u . [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p_u këyL$$[ Akf A_°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u.



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 1.82 R>°. –epf° df 1A_° 468 S>°

CH-4 323

0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u . [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f


rh^pipMp A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[

Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$ Akf ≈°hp dm[u

_\u.



rh^p\wAp°_u ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu këyL$$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° L$p°B kp\ÆL$

Akf _\u .



ApÏep° R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ 0.05 R>°. –epf° df 1 A_°

468 S>° 0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u. [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ d°mh[p¨

rh^p\wAp°_p ≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kp\ÆL$

Akf ≈°hp dm[u _\u .



rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`rfZpd _u V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°

L$p°B kp\ÆL$ Akf _\u.

CH-4 324



R>°. L$pfZ L°$ dm°g A°a _u qL≠$d[ -0.14 R>°. –epf° df 1 A_° 468 S>°

0.05 L$np A° kp\ÆL$ _\u . [°\u [pfZ L$pY$hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f


rh^pipMp ,≈r[e[p A_° `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p `rfZpd _u

V$L$phpfu këyL$[ Akf A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q°





`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e " F ' L$kp°V$u dpV°$ Ly$g 7 AV$L$mp° fQhpdp¨

Aphu l[u S>dp¨\u 2 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ R>°. A_° 5 AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ _\u S>°_y¨ L$pfZ dp_rkL$

[pZ ,Afie dp_rkL$ `qfbmp° ApSy>bpSy>_y¨ hp[phfZ ,`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd_u Ap°R>u V$L$phpfu _bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$ L$pfZc|[ R>°.

CH-4 325

4.15 _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p L$pfZp° :-

_bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p_p Ak¨øe L$pfZp° lp°B iL°$ A°V$g° kyû

L°$ Ïehkpe_u `k¨]Nu ≈° ep°¡e _ \pe [p° [°_u A¨]$f A_°L$ kdıep D`sı\[ \pe

R>°. [°_p ApNhp L$pfZp° lp°e R>°. [°d R>[p¨ dp_h kdy]pe_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ dpV°$ L°$V$gp¨L$

khÆ dpfie L$pfZp° ≈°BA° .

1 ÏeqL$[_p ÏeqL$[–h ‚ÁppZ° ¬e°e _L$L$u L$f°g _lp°e [p° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _bmÿ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

2 rh^p\wAp° hpı[rhL$ `qfqı\q[_° _ıhuL$pf° [p° `Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p _bmy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

3 `p°[p_dp¨ Ap–drhÔhpk_p° Acph lp°e [p° Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ œ¨ Ap°Ry>¨

lp°e R>°.

4 ANpD\u p°[p_u ÏephkpreL$ k¨]Nu _ L$fhp\u Z qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp

dm° R>°.

5 ]$f°L$ rh^p\w `p°[p_p L$peÆ ‚–e° `yf° `yfp° gNph _ fpMhp\u `Z ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `rf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°.

6 rh^p\w ]$f°L$ bpb[p°_p° rhQpf L$epÆ hNf Ïehkpe ıhuL$pf° R>°. [°\u Z hgZ

Ap°Ry>¨ lp°e R>°.

7 ]$f°L$ rh^p\w kdpep°S>_ kpû iL$hp_u nd[p fph[p° _ lp°hp\u ÏephkpreL$

hgZ _bmÿ lp°e R>°.

8 fk fy$Qu hNf `k¨]$ L$f°g Ïehkpe ep°¡e fu[° L$fu iL$p[p° _\u .

9 rh^p\w p°[p_u S>Í$fuep[p° _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpøep hNf Ïehkpe k¨]$ L$f° R>°.[°\u

`Z `qf`L$h[p Ap°R>u ≈°hp dm° R>°.

10 `p°[p_p ]$f°L$ L$peÆ_° ep°¡e fu[° `|ZÆ _ L$fu iL$hp_° L$pfZ° `Z ÏephkpreL$

hgZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-4 326

11 ]$f°L$ rh^p\w `p°[p_p rh^pAÊepk ‚ÁppZ° L$peÆ _° `k¨]$ L$f[p _\u [°\u `Z

hgZ Ap°Ry>¨ S>p°hp dm° R>°.

12 rh^p\u_p il°fu A^Æil°fu hp[phfZ ‚dpZ° `Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p Ap°Ru ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Apd D`fp°L$[ L$pfZp° rkhpe `Z bu≈ ^Zp L$pfZp° R>°. S>°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_° _bmÿ b_ph° R>°. Aphp L$pfZp° [fa ¬ep_

]$p°fu [°d_u L$pm∆ g°hpdp¨ Aph° [p° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[pdp¨ ky^pfp°

gphu iL$pe R>°.

4.16 _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ `pR>m_p L$pfZp° :-

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A° ÏeqL$[_p ÏeqL$—h_p ]$f°L$ `pkp¨_° Akf L$f° R>°. S>°d L°$

ÏeqL$[_° `p°[p_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p° Acph lp°hp\u [° Lp°B ¬e°e _L$L$u L$fu iL$[u

_\u ep°¡e Ïehkpe `k¨]$ L$fu iL$[u _\u A_° dp_rkL$ [¨]y$fsı[ `Z kpfu fpMu

iL$[u _\u Apd [°_u `pR>m_p L$pfZp° OZp S>hpb]$pf R>°. S>° Ap`Z° _uQ° ‚dpZ°

S>p°Biy¨.

1 rh^p\w `p°[p_u h^y tQ[p L$f[p° lp°e –epf° Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm°

R>°.

2 p°[p_pdp¨ Ap–drhpk_p° Acph lp°e –epf° Z Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨ lp°e

R>°.3 [°_p ipqffuL$ ıhpı’e_° kpfy _ fpMu iL$hp\u `Z Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨ ^V$pX$p°

≈°hp dm° R>°.4 ]$f°L$ `qfqı\r[_p° X$f lp°e A_° kdpep°S>_ _ kpû iL°$ –epf° `Z

Ap–drhÔg°jjZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

5 rh^p\w h^y k¨h°]$_iug lp°e –epf° `Z Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨ ^V$pX$p° ≈°hp dm°

R>°.

6 S>° $ rh¬pp\w ı`Æ^p_° lqfapBdp¨ a°fh° R>° –epf° [° ep°¡e ¬ep_ Apù iL$[p° _\u

A_° [°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _bmyy¨ `X°$ R>°.

CH-4 327

7 [°dZ° _L$L$u L$f°gp ¬e°ep° ep°¡e R>°. [°hp° rhÔhpk _ lp°hp_p L$pfZ° `Z

Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨ lp°e R>°°.

8 rh^p\wA° hpf¨hpf k¨^Æj_p° kpd_p° L$fhp° `X$[p° lp°e –epf° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

ep°¡e fu[° L$fu iL$[p° _\u .

9 ]$f°L$ p°[p_p ÏerL—–h D`f L$pby fpMu iL$[u _\u A_° Aph°Np° _° ep°¡e fu[°

ÏeL$[ L$fu iL$[p _\u [°\u `Z Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

10 hpf¨hpf bQph ‚eyqL$[_p° Dèp°N L$fhp\u A_° hpı[rhL$[p _ ıhuL$pfhp\u

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _bmy¨ `X°$ R>°.

11 rh^p\w `p°[p_p AÊepk ‚ÁppZ° rÌpnZ d°mh[u _ lp°hp_° L$pfZ°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^pfu iL$[u _\u .

12 rh^p\w A°L$ rQ[° L$p°B Z L$peÆ L$fu iL$[u _lp°B –epf° Ap–drhÔg°jZ Ap°Ry>¨

≈°hp dm° R>°.

Apd Ap–drhÔg°jZ `pR>m ^Zp L$pfZp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu

iL$pe S>°_° `qfZpd° Alu rh^p\wAp°_° Apdp_y¨ L$°pB `Z L$pfZ lp°B S>°_°

L$pfZ° [°d_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ _bmy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

4.17 _bmp dp_rkL ıhpı\e `pR>m_p L$pfZp° :-

ApS>_p° dpZk tQ[p A_° [Zph \u uX$pe R>°. _bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p Ak¨øe

L$pfZp° lp°B iL°$ R>°. A°V$g° kyû L°$ ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[dp¨ dp_rkL$ M¢Q Dcu \hp_p `p°[p_p

ApNhp L$pfZp° lp°B R>°. [°d R>[p¨ dp_h kdy]$pe_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ dpV°$ L°$V$gpL$ khÆ

kpdpfie L$pfZp° S>p°BA° .

1 ÏeqL$[A° p°[p_p op_ ,¬e°e [\p Arc‡kp ‚ÁppZ° L$peÆ _ L$f° –epf° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e ≈°Mdpe R>°.

2 ÏeqL$[ S>N[ ‚–e° hpı[rhL$[p_y¨ hgZ _ A`_ph° –epf° dp_rkL$ M°¨Q Dcu

\pe R>°.

CH-4 328

3 d|mc|[ S>Í$rfep[p° S>°hu L°$ ipfuqfL$, dp_rkL$ A_° kdprS>L$ S>Í$qfep[

k¨[p°jhp_p dpNÆdp rh¬_ Aphhp\u `Z dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _bmy¨ b_° R>°.

4 ≈r[e[p_p° rhL©$[ øepg`Z dp_rkL$ M¢Q Dcu L$fhpdp¨ kpfp° A°hp° cpN

cSh° R>°.

5 ∆h__p k¨≈°Np° S>°dL°$ ApSy> bpSy> _y¨ Mfpb hp[phfZ , r_fpip b°fp°S>Npfu

hN°f° `Z _bmy¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e b_ph° R>°.

6 ApS>_p° eyN TX$ù eyN R>°. Aphp ı`^pÆ–dL$ hp[phfZ_p° kpd_p° L$fhp\u

k¨^jpÆ° Dcp \pe R>°. A_° dp_rkL$ ıhı’[p Nydph° R>°.$

7 _hu A_° S|>_u `°Y$u h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f _° L$pfZ° k¨^jÆ Dcp \[p¨ _bmu dp_rkL$

ıhı’[p _° Apd¨”Z Ap`° R>°.

8 N¨cuf dp¨]Nu_° L$pfZ° `Z ıhı\[p Nydph° R>°.

9 AphL$ Ap°R>u lp°e A_° dp¢^hpfu ,S>Í$qfep[_° _ `lp¢Qu hmhp_° L$pfZ° `Z

ıhı\[p Nydph° R>°.

10 kam[p Akam[p_p° ce _bmy¨ ıhpı’e b_ph° R>°.

11 L•$pVy¨$qbL$ `∞Òp° `Z dp_rıL$ ıhı\[p_° _bmu `pX°$ R>°.

12 ^dL$u_p° hpf¨hpf A_ych `Z ıhı\[p_° _bmu b_ph° R>°.

Apd D`fp°L$[ L$pfZp° rkhpe `Z bu≈ ^Zp L$pfZp° R>°. S>°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _° _bmy¨ b_ph° R>°. Aphp L$pfZp° [fa ¬ep_ ]$p°fu [°d_u

L$pm∆ g°hpdp¨ Aph° [p° dp_rk ıhpı’edp¨ ky^pfp° gphu iL$pe R>°.

CH-5 329

‚L$fZ -5

kïp°^_ kpfpï,depÆ]$pAp° A_°

cprh kïp°^_ dpV°$_p k|Q_p°-

5.0 `∞pı[prhL$ :-

kïp°^__p¨ [pfZp°_u fS|>Ap[A° Al°hpg_p° A–e¨[ dl–h_p° cpN R>°.

Aphu fS|>Ap[ `f\u hp¨QL$p° kïp°^__u Dèp°qN[p dpù iL°$ R>°. kïp°^_ kbm R>°

L°$ r_bÆm [°_p° øepg hp¨QL$p° [pfZp° A_° k|rQ[p\p°Æ f\u d°mh° R>°°. Ap\u Al°hpg_p°

Ap cpN M|b S> AkfL$pfL$ fu[° Ïehsı\[ `Z° A_° h•opr_L$ Y$b° gMhpdp¨ Aph°

R>°.

d_p°rhop_dp¨ kïp°^_ L$fhy¨ ^œS> L$qW$_ L$peÆ R>°. Ap ‚\d ‚epk°

ip°r^L$pA° kïp° __u ‚qL$epAp° , ‚rhrÂp° A_° ¬^r[Ap° [°dS> NgpAp°_p° Zp°

b^p° ‚–en A_ych L$ep£ R>°. [°dS> kïp°^_ dpV°$ ^Zu ÏeqL$[Ap°_p° klL$pf A_°

kgpl S>Í$fu R>° [°_y [uh∞ cp_ L$fpÏey R>°. [°dS> kïp° _ dpV°$ ZuS> ÏeqL$[_p° klL$pf

A_° kgpl S>Í$fu R>°. [°_y¨ [uh∞ cp_ L$fpÏey¨ R>°. kïp°^_ [fuL°$ A°L$ ÏeqL$[_y¨ _pd

dyL$pe R>° A_° g°hpe R>°. `f¨[y kïp°^_ A° Mf°Mf A°L$ kpd|rlL$ D`pk_p R>°. [°_u

‚r[q[ ip°r^L$p_° \B R>°. Ap kïp°^_ dpfa[ ip°r^L$p_° kïp°^__u S>qV$g A_° k|ˇd

bpb[p°_p° ‚–en A_ych \ep° R>°. Ap AÊepk lh° `R>u Afie kï°p^_ lp\ ^fi°

[p° ^Zu bû DZ`p° S>Í$f V$pmu iL$pi° .

CH-5 330

5.1 kïp°^_ `¬^r[_p° kpf :-

‚ı[y[ AÊepkA° ip°r^L$p_u Zu bû dl°_[ A_° A\pN ‚epk\u

dm°gy rfZpd R>°. p°[p_p kïp° _ L$peÆ ]$fÁep_ [°Z° rhipm hp¨Q_ A_° fp°S>bfp°S>

b_[p b_php°_y¨ r_funZ k[[ Qpgy S> fpøey¨ R>°. A_° k[[ rh^p\wAp°_p¨

ÏephkpqeL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e rhi°_u

dpql[u d°mhu Ïehsı\[ `qfZpdp° d°mhhp_p° _d∞ ‚epk L$ep£ R>°.

k•pfpÙ$≤_p¨ AgN AgN rhı[pfp°dp¨\u Aphu A_° rh^p\wAp° `p°[p_y¨

rinZ ∞p‡[ L$f° R>°. S>°dp¨\u rh^p\wAp° p°[p_u irL$[Ap°_° ≈Zu_° Sy>]y$ Sy>]y$ rinZ

`k¨]$ L$f° R>°. A_° `R>u Ïehkpe_u `k¨]$Nu `Z L$f° R>°. ApS>° L$p°Á‡eyfV$_p° eyN

lp°hp\u dp°V$pcpN_p¨ rh^p\wAp° L$p°Á‡eyV$f A¨N°_y rinZ ‚p· L$f° R>°. Ap\u ip°r^L$pA°

fpS>L$p°V$,≈d_Nf A_° D`g°V$p il°fdp¨ flu_° AÊepk L$f[p¨ rh^p\uÆAp°_p¨

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e f kïp° _

L$fhp_©¨ rhQpf°gy¨ [°_p° `k¨]$ L$f°gp° rhje Ap ‚dpZ° R>°.

""L$p °Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p °Á‡eyV$f

D√QrinZ d°mh[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _p°

[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk'' _y¨ iujÆL$ iÂ]$ b¬^ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ .S>°dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f

rinZ g°[p¨ 240 rh^p\wAp° A_° _p°_Lp°Á‡eyV f$ rinZ g°[p¨ 240 rh^p\wAp°

`k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep A_° Ly$g 480 rh^p\wAp°_° _d|_p [fuL°$ e◊√R> fu[° `k¨]$

L$f°g l[p.

[°dp¨ _uQ° ‚dpZ°_p¨ Qpf kp^_p°_p° Dèp°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°.

1 ÏeqL$[N[ dprl[u `”L$

2 X$p°. d¨Sy> dl°[p_u ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rfL$h[p [ygp

3 X$p°. lfL$pfi[ b]$pdu_u Ap–drhÔg°jZ L$kp°V$u

4 X$p°. cÀ_u dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u kïp° r_L$p

CH-5 331

5.2 kïp°^__p Ap^pf° dm°gp [pfZp° :-

kdp`_ L$f[p¨ L$lu iL$pe L°$ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f

D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp° `f_p° AÊepk ^Zu AN–ep[p ^fph° R>°. A_°

rh^p\wAp°_u lpg[ `f ky^pfp h^pfp L$fhp dpV°$ Ap A°L$ _L$L$f Ap^pfiugp R>° lpg

A°L$hukdu k]$u Qpgu flu R>°. –epf° `Z ≈° rh^p\wAp°_p k¨b¨^p° ‚–e° r_j°^L$

lp°BA° [p° Ap`Zp dpV°$ ifd S>_L$ L$lu iL$pe. S>° bpb[_u dprl[u ‚ı[y[ AÊepk

S>Zph° R>° L°$ rh^p\wAp° Ïehkpe ‚–e°_p [°_p hgZp° b]$hp_u S>Í$f R>°. A_° [° bpb[

_u [`pk L$fhu [° Ap`Zu afS> b_u ≈e R>°.

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_ L$peÆdp¨ ^Zu i|fie D–L$Î`_p_p°AıhuL$pf `Z \ep°

R>°. A_° [°_p L$pfZ° kïp°^__u AN–e[pdp¨ L$p°B ^V$pX$p° \e°gp° S>p°hp dm[p° _\u.

S>°d Zu i|fie D–L$Î`_p_p° AıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°d Zu i|fie D–L$Î`_p_°

ıhuL$pfhpdp¨ Z Aph° R>°. hp°gd°__p¨ d[ ‚dpZ° rhop__p° Br[lpk A° Zu c|gp°\u

cf°gp° Br[lpk R>°. V|$L$dp¨ kïp° L°$ p°[p_u yfu ipfuqfL$ A_° dp_rkL$ iqL$[ A°L$r”[

L$fu rhop__p¨ r_edp° _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu [°dS> Sy>]$u Sy>]$u h•opr_L$ `¬^r[_p° Dèp°N

L$fu iL$e A°V$gp Ïehsı\[ [pfZp° d°mhhp dpV°$_p° ‚epk L$ep£ R>°. A_° [°dp¨ [°_°

^Zu bû kam[pAp° `Z dm°gu ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-5 332

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.1

5.2.1 dyøe `qfh–ep£_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p_u " t '

L$kp°V$u_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ. :-

D–L$Î`_p ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ " t ' _u kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np

æ$d qL≠$d[

AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚ÁppZ°

1 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-S.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.06 kp\ÆL$ _\u

2 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.15 kp\ÆL$ _\u

3 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.26 kp\ÆL$ _\u

4 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u F.Y.-S.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 0.18 kp\ÆL$ _\u

5 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u¨ F.Y.-– T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 0.26 kp\ÆL$ _\u

6 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 0.06 kp\ÆL$ _\u

7 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-S.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.22 kp\ÆL$ _\u

8 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.09 kp\ÆL$ _\u

9 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.08 kp\ÆL$ _\u

10 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u F.Y.-S.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 1.44 kp\ÆL$ _\u

11 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u F.Y.-– T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 2.47 ss12 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 0.94 kp\ÆL$ _\u

13 Lp°.A_y.`pV$Æ -1,`pVÆ$-2 R>p°L$fpAp° 1.63 kp\ÆL$ _\u

14 Lp°.A_y.`pV$Æ -1,`pVÆ$-2 R>p°L$fuAp° 0.12 kp\ÆL$ _\u

15 _p°_Lp°.A_y.`pV$Æ -1,`pVÆ$-2 R>p°L$fpAp° 0.00 kp\ÆL$ _\u

16 _p°_ Lp°.A_y.`pV$Æ -1,`pVÆ$-2 R>p°L$fuAp° 0.97 kp\ÆL$ _\u

rh^pipMp `∞dpZ°

17 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 6.46 ss ı_p[L$ R>p°L$fpAp°

18 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 5.47 ss A_yı_p[L$ R>p°L$fpAp°

19 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 9.0 ssı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°

20 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 9.93 ssA_yı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°

CH-5 333

D–L$Î`_p " t ' _u kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np

æ$d ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ qL≠$d[ `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu ‚dpZ°

21 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 6.09 ssX$uıV$vL$i_ _p rh^p\uÆAp°

22 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 3.81 ss‚\dhNÆ _p rh^p\wAp°

23 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 7.73 ssbuS>phNÆ _p rh^p\wAp°

≈r[e[p ‚dpZ°

24 L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ 3.35 ssR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°

25 L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ 5.7 ssR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°

26 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ 0.21 kp\ÆL$ _\uR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°

27 _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_yı_p[L$ 3.15 ssR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°

LyVy¨$b_p ‚L$pf ‚dpZ°

28 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 3.19 ssD√Q Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°

29 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 5.13 ssd¬ed Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°

il°fu -A^Æil°fu ‚ÁppZ°

30 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 4.96 ssil°fu rh^p\wAp°

31 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 4.76 ssA Æil°fu rh^p\wAp°

_p¢ :- ss kp\ÆL$ R>°.

CH-5 334

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Lyg 31 i|fie D–L$Î`_pAp° dp¨\u 16 (kp°m

AıhuL$peÆ b_° R>°. A_° 15 (`¨]$f) A°V$g° L°$, 11 ,17,18,19,20,21,22,23, 25,

27, 28,29,30,31, _¨bf_u D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.

‚ı[y[ kï°p^_ b[ph° R>° L°$ , rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp , pR>gu hprjÆL$

`funp_y¨ `qfZpd , ≈r[e[p , LyVy¨$b_p° ‚L$pf A_° il°fu A^Æil°fu `rfh–ep£

rh^p\w_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_° Akf L$f[y¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap rkhpe

AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ $ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ Mpk Akf L$f[y¨ ≈°hp dm[y¨ _\u .[°d Ap¨L$X$pL$ue

dprl[u `yfhpf L$f° R>°.

Ho.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16 dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨

AÊepk_p hjÆ_u kfMpdZu L$f[p¨ dpgyd X°$g L°$ [°Ap°_y i•nrZL$ hp[phfZ ©kdp_

lp°hp R>[p¨ [°d_p `f ApSy> bpSy> _y¨ hp[phfZ A_° Ap¨[fh[w `rfbmp°_° _bmp

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p dpV°$ L$pfZ c|[ lp°B iL°$.

CH-5 335

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.2

5.2.1 dyøe `qfh–ep£_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u " t 'L$kp°V$u_y¨

`©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ. :-


æ$d qL≠$d[



33 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 2.17 ss34 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.58 kp\ÆL$ _\u





39 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.40 kp\ÆL$ _\u

40 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.09 kp\ÆL$ _\u


42 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u F.Y.-– T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 0.44 kp\ÆL$ _\u

43 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 0.07 kp\ÆL$ _\u

44 Lp°.A_y.`pV$Æ -1,`pVÆ$-2 R>p°L$fpAp° 1.63 kp\ÆL$ _\u




rh^pipMp `∞dpZ°

48 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 2.38 ss ı_p[L$ R>p°L$fpAp°

49 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 1.03 kp\ÆL$ _\u A_yı_p[L$ R>p°L$fpAp°

50 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 6.44 ssı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°

51 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 0.89 kp\ÆL$ _\uA_yı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°

CH-5 336


æ$d qL≠$d[

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu ‚dpZ°


53 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 1.81 kp\ÆL$ _\u‚\dhNÆ _p rh^p\wAp°


≈r[e[p ‚dpZ°

55 L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ 1.08 kp\ÆL$ _\uR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°


57 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ 2.70 ssR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°



59 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 0.64 kp\ÆL$ _\uD√Q Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°





CH-5 337

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Lyg 31 i|fie D–L$Î`_pAp° dp¨\u 20 (huk)

AıhuL$peÆ b_° R>°. A_° 11 (AqNepf) A°V$g° L°$, 33,48,50,52, 54, 56, 57,

58, 60,61,62, _¨bf_u D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. $



rh^p\w_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_° Akf L$f[y¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap rkhpe AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ $

rh^p\wAp°dp¨ Mpk Akf L$f[y¨ ≈°hp dm[y¨ _\u .[°d Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u `yfhpf L$f°

R>°.

Ho.31,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,

49,51, 53,55,59 dp¨ rh^p\wAp°_p¨ AÊepk_p hjÆ_u kfMpdZu L$f[p¨ dpgyd

`X°$g L°$ [°Ap°_y¨ i•nrZL$ hp[phfZ kdp_ lp°hp R>[p¨ [°d_p `f ApSy> bpSy> _y¨

hp[phfZ A_° Ap¨[fh[w `rfbmp° , ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ

dpV°$ L$pfZ c|[ NZu iL$pe.

CH-5 338

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.3

5.2.3 dyøe `qfh–ep£_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_u " t 'L$kp°V$u_y¨

`©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ. :-


æ$d qL≠$d[



64 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.53 kp\ÆL$ _\u

65 L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.51 kp\ÆL$ _\u





70 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ F.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 2.09 ss71 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p¨ S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fpAp° 0.55 kp\ÆL$ _\u


73 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u F.Y.-– T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 2.59 ss74 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f_u S.Y.-T.Y.R>p°L$fuAp° 2.59 ss75 Lp°.A_y.`pV$Æ -1,`pVÆ$-2 R>p°L$fpAp° 1.14 kp\ÆL$ _\u




rh^pipMp `∞dpZ°

79 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 1.28 kp\ÆL$ _\u

ı_p[L$ R>p°L$fpAp°80 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 6.18 ss

A_yı_p[L$ R>p°L$fpAp°81 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 6.20 ss

ı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°82 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f 5.06 ss

A_yı_p[L$ R>p°L$fuAp°

CH-5 339


æ$d qL≠$d[

`pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funpdp¨ d°mh°g V$L$phpfu ‚dpZ°


84 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 2.63 ss‚\dhNÆ _p rh^p\wAp°


≈r[e[p ‚dpZ°

86 L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ 3.21 ssR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°


88 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f ı_p[L$ 3.46 ssR>p°L$fpAp° - R>p°L$fuAp°



90 L$p°Á‡eyV$f - _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f 1.37 kp\ÆL$ _\uD√Q Ly$Vy¨$b_p rh^p\wAp°





CH-5 340

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ Lyg 31 i|fie D–L$Î`_pAp° dp¨\u 15 (`¨]$f)

AıhuL$peÆ b_° R>°. A_° 16 (kp°m) A°V$g° L°$, 70,73,74,80, 81, 82,83, 84,85,

86,87, 88,89,91,92,93, _¨bf_u D–L$Î`_p_p° ıhuL$pf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. $



rh^p\w_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_° Akf L$f[y¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap rkhpe

AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ $ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ Mpk Akf L$f[y¨ ≈°hp dm[y¨ _\u .[°d Ap¨L$X$pL$ue

dprl[u `yfhpf L$f° R>°.

Ho.63,64,65,66,67,68,69,71,72,75,76,77,78,79,90 dp¨

rh^p\wAp°_p¨ AÊepk_p hjÆ_u kfMpdZu L$f[p¨ dpgyd `X°$g L°$ [°Ap°_y¨ i•nrZL$

hp[phfZ ©kdp_ lp°hp R>[p¨ [°d_p `f ApSy> bpSy> _y¨ hp[phfZ A_° Ap¨[fh[w

`rfbmp°_° _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `rf`L$h[p dpV°$ L$pfZ c|[ lp°B iL°$.

CH-5 341

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.4

5.2..4 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨^_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ. :-

æ$Áp S|>\ `qfh–epÆ° klk¨b¨^ rh^peL$ A\Æ_p°

h√Q°_p° NyZp¨L$_ A\hp k|rQ[p\Æklk¨b¨^ klk¨b¨^ r_j°^L$ k¨b¨^

94 L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ -0.19 r_j°^L$ F>Z_rl¨h[

ıfipp[L L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° klk¨b¨^ rh^p\wAp° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

95 _p°_L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ -0.23 r_j°^L$ F>Z_rl¨h[

ıfipp[L$ L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° klk¨b¨^rh^p\wAp° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

96 L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ -0.19 r_j°^L$ F>Z_rl¨h[

A_yıfipp[L L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° klk¨b¨^

rh^p\wAp° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

97 _p°_L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ -0.17 r_j°^L$ F>Z_rl¨h[

A_yıfipp[L$ L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° klk¨b¨^rh^p\wAp° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

D`fp°L$[ L$p°Ù$L$dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f rh^p\wAp°_p

ÏÈphkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p `∞p·p¨L$_° Ap^pf° klk¨b¨^

ip°^hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. S>°dp¨ r_j°^L$ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Ho.94,95,96,97 ÏephkpreL$ hg`Z `qf`L$h[p A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p° klk¨b¨ [`pkhpdp¨ Aph[p ≈Zhp dm°g L°$ [°Ap°_p AÊepk_p

hjÆ ‚ÁppZ° rinZ kdp_ A`p[y¨ lp°hp R>[p¨ ]$f°L$dp¨ r_j°^L$ NyZp¨L$_ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

S>° ‚dpZ Ap°Ry>¨ b[ph° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,ApSy> bpSy> _y¨ hp[phfZ ,

ApL$qıdL$ L$pfZ , Ap¨[qfL$ `qfbmp° hN°f° bpb[p° _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p A_° _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf dp_u iL$pe . Ap\u A°d

CH-5 342

L$lu iL$pe L°$ S>°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _bmy¨ R>°. [°d_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ

`Z _bmy¨ Sp°hp dm° R>°.

D`fp°L$[ klk¨b¨^ kpfp° L°$ _bmp° lp°e [°_p L$pfZp°dp¨ kïp°^L$ _d∞`Z° dp_°

R>° L°$ , ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ S>°hp L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp , `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu , Ly$Vy¨$b_p° ‚L$pf , fl°W$pZ hN°f° Akf L$f_pf R>°.

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.5

5.2..5 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

h√Q°_p klk¨b¨^_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ. :-

æ$Áp S|>\ `qfh–epÆ° klk¨b¨ rh^peL$ A\Æ_p°


98 L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ 0.18 rh^peL$ blyS>\p°X$p°

ıfipp[L L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° _rl¨h[ rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^

99 _p°_L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ 0.44 rh^peL$ kp^pfZ

ıfipp[L$ L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° W$uL$ W$uL$rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^

100 L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ 0.33 rh^peL$ \p°X$p° Ap°R>p°

A_yıfipp[L L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° `Z r_qÚ¨[

rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^

101 _p°_L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ ÏephkpreL$hgZ 0.27 rh^peL$$ \p°X$p° Ap°R>p°

A_yıfipp[L$ L$np_p¨ `qf`L$h[p A_° `Z r_qÚ¨[rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^

CH-5 343


ÏÈphkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p ∞p·p¨L$_° Ap^pf° klk¨b¨

ip°^hpdp¨ ApÏep° R>°. S>°dp¨ rh^peL$ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Ho.98,101, dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hg`Z `qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e_p° klk¨b¨^ [`pkhpdp¨ Aph[p ≈Zhp dm°g L°$ [°Ap°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ

‚ÁppZ° rinZ kdp_ A`p[y¨ lp°hp R>[p¨ 0.30 \u _uQy¨ NyZp¨L$_ ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>°

‚dpZ Ap°Ry>¨ b[ph° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ Ap–drhpk_p° Acph ,ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p

,ApSy> bpSy> _y hp[phfZ , ApL$qıdL$ L$pfZ , Ap¨[qfL$ qfbmp° hN°f° bpb[p° _bmp

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p A_° _bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf dp_u

iL$pe . Ap\u A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$ S>°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p _bmy¨ R>°. [°d_y¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `Z _bmy¨ Sp°hp dm° R>°.

Ho. 99 ,100 dp¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_p° klk¨b¨^ [`pkhpdp¨ Aph[p ≈Zhp dm°g L°$ [°Ap°_y¨ AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚ÁppZ°_y

rinZ kdp_ lp°hp R>[p¨ 0.30 \u DQy¨ NyZp¨L$_ ≈°hp dm° R>°. Ap\u A°d L$lu iL$pe

L° S>°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p kpfy R>°. [°d_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `Z kpfy

≈°hp dm° R>°.

D`fp°L$[ klk¨b¨^ kpfp° L°$ _bmp° lp°e [°_p L$pfZp°dp¨ kïp°^L$ _d∞`Z° dp_°

R>° L°$ , ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ S>°hp L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp , `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu , Ly$Vy¨$b_p° ‚L$pf , fl°W$pZ hN°f° Akf L$f_pf R>°.

CH-5 344

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.6

5.2..6 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_ ° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q°_p

klk¨b¨^_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ A_° QQpÆ. :-

æ$Áp S|>\ `qfh–epÆ° klk¨b¨^ rh^peL$ A\Æ_p°


102 L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ Ap–drhÔg°jZ -0.41 r_j°^L$ kp^pfZ

ıfipp[L L$np_p¨ A_° F>Z W$uL$ W$uL$ rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^

103 _p°_L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ Ap–drhÔg°jZ -0.23 r_j°^L$ F>Z_rl¨h[

ıfipp[L$ L$np_p¨ A_° klk¨b¨^rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

104 L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ Ap–drhÔg°jZ -0.53 r_j°^L$ kp^pfZ

A_yıfipp[L L$np_p¨ A_° F>Z W$uL$ W$uL$

rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^

105 _p°_L$°pÁ‡eyV$f.$ Ap–drhÔg°jZ -0.44 r_j°^L$ kp^pfZ

A_yıfipp[L$ L$np_p¨ A_° F>Z W$uL$ W$uL$rh^p\wAp° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e klk¨b¨^


Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p `∞p·p¨L$_° Ap^pf° klk¨b¨^ ip°^hpdp¨

ApÏep° R>°. S>°dp¨ r_j°^L$ klk¨b¨^ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

Ho.102,103,104,105 Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_p° klk¨b¨^ [`pkhpdp¨ Aph[p ≈Zhp dm°g L°$ [°Ap°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚ÁppZ°

rinZ kdp_ A`p[y¨ lp°hp R>[p¨ ]$f°L$dp¨ r_j°^L$ NyZp¨L$_ ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>° ‚dpZ

Ap°Ry>¨ b[ph° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,ApSy> bpSy> _y¨ hp[phfZ , ApL$qıdL$

L$pfZ , Ap¨[qfL$ qfbmp° hN°f° bpb[p° _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° _bmp dp_rkL$

CH-5 345

ıhpı’e dpV°$ S>hpb]$pf dp_u iL$pe . Ap\u A°d L$lu iL$pe L°$ S>°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ

_bmy¨ R>°. [°d_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `Z _bmy¨ Sp°hp dm° R>°.

D`fp°L$[ klk¨b¨^ kpfp° L°$ _bmp° lp°e [°_p L$pfZp°dp¨ kïp°^L$ _d∞`Z°

dp_° R>° L°$ , ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ S>°hp L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp , `pR>gu hprjÆL$ `funp_p

`qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu , Ly$Vy¨$b_p° ‚L$pf , fl°W$pZ hN°f° Akf L$f_pf R>°..

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.7

5.2..7 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ

g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y " F' L$kp°V$u

_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-

D–L$Î`_p ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ " F '_u qL≠$d[ kp\ÆL $[p_u

L$np æ$d

106 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 2.51 ss]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp° A_°ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p

107 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 3.05 ss]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp° A_°Ap–drhÔg°jZ

108 L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 1.3 kp\ÆL$ _\u]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp° A_°dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

109 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 1.79 kp\ÆL$ _\u]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp° A_°ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p

110 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 0.37 kp\ÆL$ _\u]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp° A_°Ap–drhÔg°jZ

111 _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ 3.06 ss]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp° A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

CH-5 346

Ap rhQfZ ©\L$L$fZ_p [pfZp° b[ph° R>° L°$,L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_°

_p°_ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_p AÊepk_p hjÆ ‚dpZ° ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p ,Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p ‚p·p¨L$p°dp¨ kp\ÆL$

[aph[ R>° L° _lu [° S>p°B iL$pe R>°. S>°_u Ly$g 6 AV$L$mp° dp¨\u 3 AV$L$mp°dp¨ A°V$g° L°

106,107, A_° 111 kp\ÆL$ [aph[ ≈°hp dm° R>°.bpL$u_u ”Z AV$L$mp°dp¨ kp\ÆL$

[aph[ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u.

Ho.108 dp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ]$f°L$ hjÆ_p rh^p\wAp°

A_° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° kfMpdZu L$f[p¨ ≈Zhp dm°g R>°. L°$ [°Ap°_y¨

i•nrZL$ hp[phfZ rh^pipMp kdp_ lp°hp R>[p [°d_p `f Afk `fk_y¨ hp[phfZ

rcfi_ rkq¬^ A_° Ap¨[fh[w hp[phfZ A° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _u `fı`f Akf

dpV°$ L$pfZc|[ NZphu iL$pe .

Ho.109,101 dp¨ _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ ]$f°L$ hjÆ_p

rh^p\wAp° A_° [°_p ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p [°dS> Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p ∞p·p¨L$

≈°[p Sp>Zhp dm°g R>°. L°$ [°Ap°_y¨ i•nrZL$ hp[phfZ rh^pipMp kdp_ lp°hp R>[p

[°d_p `f Afk `fk_y¨ hp[phfZ rcfi_ rkq¬^ A_° Ap¨[fh[w hp[phfZ A°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p [°dS> Ap–drhÔg°jZ_u `fı`f Akf dpV°$

L$pfZc|[ NZphu iL$pe .

CH-5 347

L$p°Ù$L$ _.- 5.8

5.2.8 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_L$p°ÁèyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp, ≈r[e[p,AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° ÏephkpreL$hgZ `qf`L$h[p_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-

D–L$Î`_p a°L$V$p°fueg ıh[¨” `qfh–eÆ " F '_u qL≠$d[ kp\ÆL$[p_u L$np

æ$d X$uTpB_2x2x2

112 A rh^pipMp 7.25 ss

113 B ≈r[e[p 11.22 ss

114 C AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ 0.06 kp\ÆL$ _\u

115 AxB rh^pipMp A_° 0.33 kp\ÆL$ _\u ≈r[e[p

116 AxC rh^pipMp A_° 0.001 kp\ÆL$ _\uAÊepk_y¨ hjÆ

117 BxC ≈r[e[p A_° 0.22 kp\ÆL$ _\uAÊepk_y¨ hjÆ

$118 AxBxC rh^pipMp,

≈r[e[p , 0.001 kp\ÆL$ _\uAÊepk_y¨ hjÆ

2x2x2 a°L$V$p°qfeg Xu$TpB__p [pfZp° b[ph° R>°. L°$ Ho.112,113, dp¨

L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ [°_u rh^pipMp

[°dS> ≈r[e[p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm°

R>°.[°\u L$lu iL$pe L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p ‚dpZ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$

CH-5 348

hgZ `qf`L$h[pdp¨ `qfh[Æ_ Aph° R>°.

Ho. 114,115,116,117,118 dp¨ rh^p\uAp°_y AÊepk_y hjÆ A_° [°_u

`pfı`qfL$ Ap¨[fqæ$ep A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ qf`L$h[p h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp

dm[p° _\u .[°\u Ap rh^p\uÆAp°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _bmy¨ ≈°hp dm°

R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ [°_u A¨]$f ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,Qp°L$L$k ¬e°°e k¨]$ _ L$fhp° A_° Ap¨[f

h[w `qfbmp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu iL$pe .

CH-5 349

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.9

5.2.9 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_° _p°_

L$p °ÁèyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p ¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,

≈r[e[p,AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-


æ$d X$uTpB_2x2x2

119 A rh^pipMp 0.96 kp\ÆL$ _\u

120 B ≈r[e[p 0.25 kp\ÆL$ _\u







2x2x2 a°L$V$p°qfeg XuTpB__p [pfZp° b[ph° R>°. L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ [°_u A°L$ `Z AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp

dm[u _\u.

Ho. 119,120,121,122,123,124,125 dp¨ rh^pipMp , ≈r[e[p ,

rh^p\uAp°_y¨ AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° [°_u `pfı`qfL$ Ap¨[fqæ$ep A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u .[°\u Ap rh^p\uÆAp°_y Ap–drhÔg°jZ _bmy

≈°hp dm° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ Ap–drhÔhpk_p° Acph , [°_u A¨]$f ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p

CH-5 350

,Qp°L$L$k ¬e°°e `k¨]$ _ L$fhp° A_° Ap¨[f h[w `qfbmp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu iL$pe .

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.10

5.2.10 a°L$V$p°fueg X$uTpB_ 2x2x2 ‚dpZ° L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q rinZ A_°

_p°_ L$p°ÁèyV$f D√Q rinZ g°[p¨ rh^p\wAp°_u rh^pipMp,

≈r[e[p,AÊepk_y¨ hjÆ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-


æ$d X$uTpB_2x2x2

126 A rh^pipMp 0.91 kp\ÆL$ _\u

127 B ≈r[e[p 0.86 kp\ÆL$ _\u







2x2x2 a°L$V$p°qfeg XuTpB__p [pfZp° b[ph° R>°. L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√QrinZ

A_° _p°_L$p°Á‡eyV$f D√Q qinZ rh^p\wAp°dp¨ [°_u A°L$ `Z AV$L$m kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp

dm[u _\u.

Ho. 126,127,128,129,130,131,132 dp¨ rh^p\uAp°_y¨ AÊepk_y¨

hjÆ A_° [°_u `pfı`qfL$ Ap¨[fqæ$ep A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$

≈°hp dm[p° _\u .[°\u Ap rh^p\uÆAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _bmy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°_y¨

L$pfZ dp_rkL$ ip¨r[ _p° Acph , [°_u A¨]$f ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,Qp°L$L$k ¬e°°e

CH-5 351

`k¨]$ _ L$fhp° A_° Ap¨[f h[w `qfbmp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu iL$pe .

L$p°Ù$L$ _.- 5.11



≈r[e[p,`pR>gu hprjÆL `funp_p `qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_°

ÏephkpreL $hgZ `qf`L$h[p_y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-


æ$d X$uTpB_2x2x3


134 B ≈r[e[p 22.05 ss

135 C `pR>gu hprjÆL$ 2.69 kp\ÆL$ _\u`funp_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu


137 AxC rh^pipMp A_° 2.83 kp\ÆL$ _\u`pR>gu hprjÆL$`funp_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu

138 BxC ≈r[e[p A_° 2.50 kp\ÆL$ _\u`pR>gu hprjÆL$`funp_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu

139 AxBxC rh^pipMp, ≈r[e[p , 1.16 kp\ÆL$ _\u `pR>gu hprjÆL$`funp_p `qfZpd _u V$L$phpfu

CH-5 352



[°dS> ≈r[e[p A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm°

R>°.[°\u L$lu iL$pe L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p ‚dpZ° [°_p ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[pdp¨ `qfh[Æ_ Aph° R>°.

Ho. 135,136,137,138,139, dp¨ rh^p\uAp°_y pR>gu hprjÆL$ funp_u

V$L$phpfu A_° [°_u Afie qfh–ep°Æ_u pfı`qfL$ Ap¨[fqæ$ep A_° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u .[°\u Ap rh^p\uÆAp°_y ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `qf`L$h[p _bmy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ [°_u A¨]$f ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p

,Qp°L$L$k ¬e°°e `k¨]$ _ L$fhp° A_° Ap¨[f h[w `qfbmp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu iL$pe .

CH-5 353

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.12



≈r[e[p,`pR>gu hprjÆL `funp_p `qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-


æ$d X$uTpB_2x2x3


141 B ≈r[e[p 4.14 ss






CH-5 354



[°dS> ≈r[e[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm° R>°.[°\u L$lu

iL$pe L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p ‚dpZ° [°_p Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨

`qfh[Æ_ Aph° R>°.

Ho. 142,143,144,145,146 dp¨ rh^p\uAp°_y pR>gu hprjÆL$ funp_u

V$L$phpfu A_° [°_u Afie `qfh–ep°Æ_u `pfı`qfL$ Ap¨[fqæ$ep A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u .[°\u Ap rh^p\uÆAp°_y Ap–drhÔg°jZ _bmy

≈°hp dm° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ [°_u A¨]$f ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p Ap–drhpk_p° Acph A_°

Ap¨[fh[w `qfbmp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu iL$pe .

CH-5 355

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.12



≈r[e[p,`pR>gu hprjÆL funp_p qfZpd_u V$L$phpfu A_° dp_qkL$

ıhpı’e _y¨ `©\L$L$fZ :-


æ$d X$uTpB_2x2x3


148 B ≈r[e[p 14.16 ss






CH-5 356

2x2x3 a°L$V$p°qfeg Xu$TpB__p [pfZp° b[ph° R>°. L°$ Ho.147,148 dp¨


[°dS> ≈r[e[p A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm° R>°.[°\u L$lu

iL$pe L°$ rh^p\w_u rh^pipMp A_° ≈r[e[p ‚dpZ° [°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’edp¨

`qfh[Æ_ Aph° R>°.

Ho. 149,150,151,152,153 dp¨ rh^p\uAp°_y¨ pR>gu hprjÆL$ funp_u

V$L$phpfu A_° [°_u Afie `qfh–ep°Æ_u `pfı`qfL$ Ap¨[fqæ$ep A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

h√Q° [aph[ kp\ÆL$ ≈°hp dm[p° _\u .[°\u Ap rh^p\uÆAp°_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

_bmy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°. [°_y¨ L$pfZ [°_u A¨]$f ÏeqL$[N[ rcfl[p ,d_p°cpf A_°

Ap¨[fh[w `qfbmp° S>hpb]$pf NZphu iL$pe .

CH-5 357

5.3 kdN∞ i|fie D–L$Î`_p_p° kpf¨pi :-

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.13

"t' L$kp°V$u

Ap¨L$X$p ip˜ue `rfh–ep£ Ly$g kp\ÆL$ Akp\ÆL$ ‚eyqL$[Ap° HO HO HO

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ 31 15 16

`rf`L$h[p

"t' Ap–drhÔg°jZ 31 11 20

L$kp°V$udp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 31 16 15

Ly$g 93 42 51

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.14

"r ' klk¨b¨^

Ap¨L$X$p ip˜ue `rfh–ep£ Ly$g rh^peL$ r_j°∑^L$ ‚eyqL$[Ap° HO HO HO


`rf`L$h[p A_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ

klk¨b¨^ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ 4 04 00

"r ' `qf`L$h[p A_°

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e 4 00 04

Ap–drhÔg°jZ A_°dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

Ly$g 12 04 08

CH-5 358

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.15

"F' L$kp°V$u



`rf`L$h[p

"F' L$kp°V$u Ap–drhÔg°jZ 02 01 01


Ly$g 06 03 03

L$p°Ù$L$ _¨.- 5.16

a°L$V$p°fueg XuTpB_$


2x2x2 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ 07 01 06

`rf`L$h[p a°L$V$p°fueg XuTpB_$ Ap–drhÔg°jZ 07 00 07


Ly$g- F 21 01 20

2x2x3 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ 07 02 05

`rf`L$h[p a°L$V$p°fueg XuTpB_$ Ap–drhÔg°jZ 07 02 05


Ly$g - F 21 06 15

$

CH-5 359

5.4 _bmp ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p `pR>m_p L$pfZp° :-

]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[A° p°[p_p ∆h_dp¨ sı\f \hp dpV°$ Ïehkpe

`k¨]$ L$fhp° `X°$ R>°. Ïehkpe_u `k¨]$Nu [°_u `rf`L$h[p hNf iL$e b_u iL$[u

_\u [°_u Ïehkpe_u k¨]$Nu ≈° ep°¡e _\pe [p° [°_u A¨]$f A_°L$ kdıep D`sı\[

\pe R>°. A_° [° [°_p ÏeqL$[–h kp\° kdpep°S>_ kpû iL[u _\u .A_° hp[phfZ

kp\° `Z A°hy¨ kdpep°rS>[ h[Æ_ L$fu iL$[u _\u A_° [°\u [°_u Akf [°_p

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ D`f `X°$ R>°.

ApS>_u rhL$V$ `qfsı\r[dp¨ ÏerL$[ `p°[p_y¨ L$p°B Qp°L$L$k

L$peÆ A_° ¬e°e `k¨]$ L$fu iL$[u _\u [°_u S>hpb]$pfu_° ep°¡e fu[° r_cphu iL$[u _

lp°hp_° L$pfZ° `Z [° `p°[p_p Ïephkpe_° fiepe Apù iLr[ _\u .[Í$Zphı\pdp¨

Mp°V$p r_ZÆep° g°hpe S>hp_° L$pfZ° [°dS> [°_pdp¨ fk Í$Qu _p° Acph lp°hp_° L$pfZ

°`Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _bmy¨ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

V|¨L$d¨p ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_p ÏerL$—–h_p° ep°¡È rhL$pk L$fu

iL$[u _ lp°e [p° `p°[p_p rhQpf A_° L$peÆ kp\° kyd°m[p kpû iqL$[ _\u.[° `p°[°

NpX$fuep ‚hpldp¨ M¨°Qphp_° L$pfZ° `Z [°_y¨ ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p _bmy¨

lp°e iL°$.

5.5 _bmp Ap–drhÔg°jZ `pR>m_p L$pfZp° :-

ÏeqL$[ S>fid g° R>° –epf\u S>°d S>°d dp°V$u \[u ≈e R>°.

[°hu fu[° [°_p ıh_p°rhL$pk \[p° ≈e R>°. ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[_p ıh_p° rhL$pk A°L$ kfMp°

lp°[p° _\u `f¨[y AgN AgN ≈°hp dm° R>°. S>°dp¨ ÏeqL$[_p¨ ÏeqL$[N[ `pkpÄp°

,kpdprS>L$ `pkpÄp° A_° d_p°h•opr_L$ `pkpÄp° hN°f° Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p° rhL$pk

L$fhp dpV°$ S>Í$fu R>°. Ap ]$f°L$ `pkpÄp° ÏeqL$[_° ep°¡e ‚ÁppZdp¨ _ dm° –epf° [°_y¨

CH-5 360

Ap–drhÔg°jZ ≈°Mdpe R>°.

]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[ m°°°$ m° kdpep°S>_ kpû iL$[u _\u [°d_° ∆h__u

S>Í$qfep[_p ‚Òp°$ , dÿThZp°_p° tld[\u A_° rhpk\u kpd_p° L$fhp_p° Acph

,[°dp¨\u blpf _ _uL$mu iL$hp\u A_° [°_p° kpd_p° L$f[p¨ dm[u r_Ûam[p A°

ÏeqL$[dp¨ _bmy¨ Ap–drhÔg°j`Z S>fidph° R>°.

_bmp A\hp Ap°R>p Ap–drhÔg°jZ dpV°$ ÏeqL$[ `p°[p_p

ÏerL$–h_p gnZp°_° kd∆ iL$[u _\u [°_u Arcep°¡e[p A_° ArcÍ$Qu _p

kdfihe_p° Acph lp°hp_p L$pfZ° `Z _bmy¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

5.6 _bmp dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e `pR>m_p L$pfZp° :-

Ap^yr_L$ eyN_° L$p°gd°_ "rhL©$r[_p° eyN ' [fuL°$ Ap°mMph° R>°.

Ap^yr_L dp_hu _° ipqffuL$ ıhpı’e V$L$phhp dpV°$ $ S>°V$gu dl°°_[ L$fhu `X$[u _\u

[°V$gu dl°_[ A\hp [°_p\u Z h^pf° dl°_[ p°[p_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _° V$L$phhp

dpV°$ L$fhu `X°$ R>°. Ap^yq_L$ eyN TX$ù A_° ı`Æ^p_p° eyN R>°. A°dp¨ ÏeqL$[A° `Z

`p°[p_u ≈[_° Np°W$hhu X°$ R>°. A_° [°dp¨ Z Sy>_u A_° _hu °Y$u _y¨ A¨[f A°V$gy b^y

hû Ney¨ R>° L°$ S y_u `°Y$u `p°[p_u dpfie[p R>p°X$u iL$[u _\u _hu `°Y$u _hp rhQpfp°

A`_phu iL$[u _\u. S>°_p gu^° r_fpipAp° A_° tQ[pAp° hû R>° A_° Ap\u [°_y¨

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ≈°Mdpe R>°.

dp_rkL$ Apfp°¡e dyøe–h° h•eqL$[L$ kdpep°S>__p Acph dp¨\u

S>fid° R>°.Ap^yr_L$ S>N[ h^y_° h^y N|¨QhpX$p cf°gy¨ A_° Ap¨$V$u ^|¨V$v hpmy b_[y¨ ≈e

R>°. A°V$g°L°$ ÏerL$[_° dpV°$ rhrh^ `rfqı\q[Ap° L°$ kdıepAp° kp\° kdpep°S>_

kp^hpdp¨ dp°V$u LWu$_[p D`sı\[ \B R>°.

D`fp¨[ bu≈ ^Zp ^V$L$p° S>°hp L°$ , Nfubu , b°L$pfu , fl°W$pZ_u

kdıep , AphL$ L$f[p h^pf° MQÆ, dp°° hpfu p°[p_u Apk`pk_y Aep°¡e hp[phfZ

CH-5 361

hı[u h^pfp° hN°f L$pfZp° _° gu^° `Z ÏeqL$[_y¨ dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e _bmy ¨ b_° R>°.

5.7 ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p ky^pfhp dpV°$_p k|Q_p°

:-

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_p Ak¨øe k|Q_p° lp°B iL°$ A°V$g° kyû L°$

Ïehkpe_u k¨]Nu ≈° ep°¡e _ \pe [p° [°_u A¨]$f A_°L$ kdıep D`sı\[ \pe R>°.

[° dpV°$_p Zp k|Q_p° lp°e R>°. [°d R>[p¨ dp_h kdy]pe_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ dpV°$ L°$V$gp¨L$ khÆ

kpdpfie k|Q_p° _uQ° ‚dpZ° R>°.

1 ÏeqL$[_p ÏeqL$[–h ‚ÁppZ° ¬e°e _L$L$u L$f°g lp°e [p° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p kpÍ$ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

2 rh^p\wAp° hpı[rhL$ `qfqı\q[_° ıhuL$pf° [p° `Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p kpÍ$ ≈°hp dm° R>°.

3 `p°[p_dp¨ Ap–drhÔhpk_p° h^pfp° L$f° [p° `Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ ^œ¨

kpÍ$¨ lp°e R>°.

4 ANpD\u p°[p_u ÏephkpreL$ k¨]Nu L$fhp\u Z qf`L$h[p h y ≈°hp

dm° R>°.

5 ]$f°L$ rh^p\w p°[p_p L$peÆ ‚–e° yf° yfp° gNph fpMhp\u Z ÏephkpreL$

hgZ `rf`L$h[p h^yi ≈°hp dm° R>°.

6 rh^p\w ]$f°L$ bpb[p°_p° rhQpf L$fu_° Ïehkpe ıhuL$pf° R>°. [°\u Z hgZ

h^y lp°e R>°.

7 ]$f°L$ rh^p\w kdpep°S>_ kpû iL$hp_u nd[p ^fph[p° lp°e [p°

ÏephkpreL$ hgZ kpÍ$ lp°e R>°.

8 fk fy$Qu\u `k¨]$ L$f°g Ïehkpe ep°¡e fu[° L$fu iL° R>°.

9 rh^p\w p°[p_u S>Í$fuep[p° _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° Ïehkpe k¨]$ L$f° [p° [°\u

CH-5 362

`Z `qf`L$h[p h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°.

10 `p°[p_p ]$f°L$ L$peÆ_° ep°¡e fu[° `|ZÆ L$fu iL$hp_° L$pfZ° `Z ÏephkpreL$

hgZ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°.

11 ]$f°L$ rh^p\w `p°[p_p rh^pAÊepk ‚ÁppZ° L$peÆ _° `k¨]$ L$f° [°\u `Z

hgZ h^y S>p°hp dm° R>°.

12 rh^p\u_p il°fu A^Æil°fu hp[phfZ ‚dpZ° `Z ÏephkpreL$ hgZ

`qf`L$h[p_° ky^pfu iL$pe R>°.

Apd D`fp°L$[ L$pfZp° rkhpe `Z bu≈ ^Zp k|Q_p°

R>°. S>° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[p_° kpÍ$ b_ph° R>°. Aphp k|Q_p° [fa

¬ep_ ]$p°fu [°d_u L$pm∆ g°hpdp¨ Aph° [p° ÏephkpreL$ hgZ `qf`L$h[pdp¨

ky^pfp° gphu iL$pe R>°.

5.8 Ap–drhÔg°jZ ky^pfhp dpV°$_p k|Q_p° :-

ApS>_p TX$ù eyNdp¨ dpZk `p°[p_p

Ap–drhÔg°jZ _° ≈mhu iL$[p° _\u Ap–drhÔg°jZ A° ÏeqL$[_p

ÏeqL$—h_p ]$f°L$ `pkp¨_° Akf L$f° R>°. S>°d L°$ ÏeqL$[_° `p°[p_p Ap–drhÔg°jZ_p°

Acph lp°hp\u [° Lp°B ¬e°e _L$L$u L$fu iL$[u _\u ep°¡e Ïehkpe `k¨]$ L$fu iL$[u

_\u A_° dp_rkL$ [¨]y$fsı[ `Z kpfu fpMu iL$[u _\u S>°\u [°_° ky^pfhp dpV°$

L°$V$gpL$ k|Q_p° S>Í$fu R>° . S>° Ap`Z° _uQ° ‚dpZ° S>p°Biy¨.

1 rh^p\w `p°[p_u h^y tQ[p _° R>p°X$u_° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^pfp° L$fu iL°$ R>°.

2 p°[p_pdp¨ Ap–drhpk h y lp°e –epf° Z Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^pfu iL$pe

R>°.3 [°_p ipqffuL$ ıhpı’e_° kpfy fpMu iL$hp\u Z Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨ h^pfp°

L$fu iL°$ R>°.4 ]$f°L$ `qfqı\r[_p° X$f _ lp°e A_° kdpep°S>_ ep°¡e fu[° kpû iL°$ –epf°

`Z Ap–drhÔg°jjZ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°.

CH-5 363

5 rh^p\w h^y hpı[rhL$ lp°e –epf° Z Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨ h^pfp° ≈°hp dm°

R>°.

6 S>° $ rh¬pp\w ı`Æ^p_° lqfapBdp¨ _ a°fh° R>° –epf° [° ep°¡e ¬ep_ Apù iL$°[p°

[°_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^° R>°.

7 [°dZ° _L$L$u L$f°gp ¬e°ep° ep°¡e R>°. [°hp° rhÔhpk lp°hp_p L$pfZ° `Z

Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^° R>°°.

8 rh^p\wA° hpf¨hpf ‚°fZp dm° –epf° `Z Ap–drhÔg°jZ dp¨ ep°¡e fu[°

L$fu h^pfp° L$fu iL°$ R>°.

9 ]$f°L$ `p°[p_p ÏerL—–h D`f L$pby fpMu iL$° [p° A_° Aph°Np° _° ep°¡e fu[°

ÏeL$[ L$fu iL$° [°\u `Z Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^y ≈°hp dm° R>°.

10 hpf¨hpf bQph ‚eyqL$[_p° Dèp°N _ L$fhp\u A_° hpı[rhL$[p

ıhuL$pfhp\u Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^° R>°.

11 rh^p\w `p°[p_p AÊepk ‚ÁppZ° rÌpnZ d°mh[u lp°hp_° L$pfZ°

Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^pfu iL°$ R>°.

12 rh^p\w A°L$ rQ[° L$p°B Z L$peÆ L$fu iL°$ –epf° Ap–drhÔg°jZ h^y ≈°hp

dm° R>°.

Apd Ap–drhÔg°jZ pR>m Zp k©|Q_p° S>Zphu iL$pe

S>°_° qfZpd° Alu rh^p\wAp°_° Apdp_y¨ L$°pB Z k|Q_ A`_ph° [>°_° L$pfZ°

[°d_y¨ Ap–drhÔg°jZdp¨ h^pfp° ≈°hp dm° R>°.

5.9 dp_rkL ıhpı’e ky^pfhp dpV°$_p k|Q_p° :-

ApS>_p° dpZk tQ[p A_° [Zph \u ùX$pe R>°. _bmp dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e _p Ak¨øe L$pfZp° lp°B iL°$ R>°. A°V$g° kyû L°$ ]$f°L$ ÏeqL$[dp¨ dp_rkL$ M¢Q

Dcu \hp_p `p°[p_p ApNhp L$pfZp° lp°B R>°. [°_° ky^pfhp dpV°$ ^Zp k|Q_p° lp°e R>°.

dp_h kdy]$pe_p dpNÆ]$iÆ_ dpV°$ L°$V$gpL$ khÆ kpdpfie k|Q_p° S>p°BA° .

CH-5 364

1 ÏeqL$[A° p°[p_p op_ ,¬e°e [\p Arc‡kp ‚ÁppZ° L$peÆ L$f° –epf° dp_rkL$

ıhpı’e h^pfu iL°$ R>°.

2 ÏeqL$[ S>N[ ‚–e° hpı[rhL$[p_y hgZ A`_ph° –epf° dp_rkL$ M°Q Dcu

\[u _\u A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ky^pfu iL$pe R>°.

3 d|mc|[ S>Í$rfep[p° S>°hu L°$ ipfuqfL$, dp_rkL$ A_° kdprS>L$ S>Í$qfep[

k¨[p°jhp_p dpNÆ_° kfm b_phhp\u `Z dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e kpÍ$ b_° R>°.

4 ≈r[e[p_p° rhL©$[ øepg`Z dp_rkL$ M¢Q Dcu L$fhpdp¨ kpfp° A°hp° cpN

cSh° R>° [°_° ]|$f L$fhp° ≈°BA° .

5 ∆h__p kpfp k¨≈°Np° S>°dL°$ ApSy> bpSy> _y¨ kpfy hp[phfZ ,ep°¡e ¬e°e

hN°f° `Z dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e ky^pf° R>°.

6 ApS>_p° eyN TX$ù eyN R>°. Aphp ı`^pÆ–dL$ hp[phfZ_p° kpd_p° _ L$fhp\u

dp_rkL$ ıhı’[p ky^pfu iL$pe R>°.

7 _hu A_° Sy>_u `°Y$u h√Q°_y¨ A¨[f ]|$f L$fhp_° L$pfZ° k¨^jÆ Dcp \[p¨ _\u

A_° dp_rkL$ ıhı’[p S>mhpe R>°.

8 N¨cuf dp¨]Nu_° ]|$f L$fhp\u `Z ıhı\[p S>mhpe R>°.

9 Ap°R>u AphL$_° A_° dp¢^hpfu _° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° [° dyS>b S>Í$qfep[_°

`lp¢Qu hmhp_° L$pfZ° `Z ıhı\[p fl° R>°.

10 kam[p Akam[p_p° ce ]|$f L$fu_° ıhpı’e ≈mhu iL°$ R>°.

11 L•$pVy¨$qbL$ `∞Òp°_° ]|$f L$fhp\u dp_rıL$ ıhı\[p_° ≈mhu iL$pe R>°.

12 kpfp `yı[L$p° ^dÆN∞¨\p°p_y¨ hp¨Q_ A_° d__ L$fhy¨ A_° dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e

≈mhhy¨

13 ep°N ‹pfp dp_rkL$ ip¨r[ ≈mhu iL$pe R>°.

CH-5 365

5.10‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp° :-

L$p°B`Z kïp°^_ k¨`|ZÆ lp°B iL°$ _lu . kïp°^_dp¨

kam[pAp° dmu lp°e [°d depÆ]$pAp° Z ≈°hp dm° .kïp° L$ Ap hp[\u k¨ |ZÆ

hpL°$a$ R>°. Ap\u kïp°^_$ depÆ]$pAp° S>ZpÏep hNf flu iL$[p _\u .

_d|_p_u ÷rÙ$A° h^pf° dp°V$p ° _d|_p° $ gB_° `Z

Ïepr‡[L$fZ L$fu iL$pe.

≈r[e[p_u ÷rÙ$A° "cpBAp° ' A_° "bl°_p°' _° b]$g° dp”

bl°_p°_p° _d|_p° gB_° `Z ıh[¨” `rfh–eÆ_u Akf [`pku_° c°] `pfMu

iL$pe. $ $

‚ı[y[ kïp°^_dp¨ Dèp°Ndp¨ gu^p lp°e [°_p L$f[p¨ Sy>]$p ıh>[¨”

`rfh–ep£_° gB_° depÆ]$p r_hpfu iL$pe .

D√Q rinZ _° b]g° dp¬eqdL$ rinZ gB_° Z depÆ]$p r_hpfu

iL$pe

r_e¨r”[ qfh–ep£ [fuL°$ Afie d_p°h•opr_L$ qfbm gB_° Aphp°

S> AÊepk L$fu iL$pe .

Apd kïp°^_ A° [p° ]$fuep° R>°.kïp°^_p° _hp _hp \[p S> fl ° R>°.

[°dp¨ S>° ”yqV$Ap° fl° [° _hp kïp°^_dp¨ ]|$f L$fu iL$pe R>°.

A¨[dp¨ kïp°^L$ dp_° R>° L$° , lh° ≈° i•nrZL kïp°^_ $ L$fhp_u

afu [L$ dmi° –epf° h[Ædp_ kïp°^__u MpduAp° ]|$f L$fu iL$pe.

CH-5 366

5.11cprh kïp°^_ dpV°$_p k|Q_p° :-

NyX$ A_° lV$ L$l° R>° L°$ , "" cprh kïp°^_p° dpV°$_p k|Q_p° L$fhp_u

bpb[p° L°$hm A°L$ qfhpS> [fuL°$ NZphu ≈°BA° _rl .`Z k|Q_p° L$fu_° kïp° L$

`p°[p_p hp¨QL$p°_° A°d L$lu iL°$ R>° L°$ ,AÊepk [m°_u kdıep_° p°[p_u dprl[u

L$ep kyû gB ≈e R>°. k|Q_p°_u fS|>Ap[ ‹pfp kïp°^L$ `p°[p_p kïp°^__u

depÆ]$p [fa A¨Nygu r_]£$i L$f° R>°. ''L$p°B`Z AÊepk _° Akf L$f[p¨ rfh–ep°Æ

^Zp b^p lp°e R>°. [°dp¨\u Ap AÊepkdp¨ [p° A–e¨[ depÆq]$[ `qfh–ep£_°

Aq[ depÆq]$[ n°” `yf[p° AÊepk L$ep£ R>°. [°\u _uQ°_p¨ k|Q_p° A_° k¨L°$[p°

L$fhp_y¨ ÏepS>bu S>Zpe R>°.

(1) Afie dp°V$p il°fp°dp¨ Aphp AÊepkp° D`pX$u dm°gp `qfZpd_y¨ rhhfZ A_°

`rfnZ L$fhÿ ≈°BA° .

(2) L$p°B`Z kïp° L$ Ap S> rhje_° gB Afie L$p°B rh^p\w f p°[p_p° dlpr_b¨

[•epf L$fu iL°$ [°hu kip°^L$_u A`°np A_° ky≈h R>°.

(3) Alv rh^p\w cpBAp° A_° bl°_p°_° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep R>°. A°S> fu[° bfl°_°

D[f]$p[p [fuL°$ AgN AgN k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°_p Z qfZpdp° d°mhu

iL$pe A_° D—d kïp°^_ L$peÆ`Z \B iL°$ .

(4) dp” hprZS>e A_° rh_e_ rh^p\wAp° rkhpe Afie rhje_p rh^p\w_°

`k¨]$L$fu Aphp kïp°^_p° L$fu iL$pe .

(5) Aphy¨ kïp°^_ D`f_u bpb[p° rkhpe_u bpb[p° S>°hu L°$ , L$p°g°S> _y¨

hp[phfZ, L$p°g°S> _y¨ ıhpı\e AÊepk ‚–e°_u Ly$im[p , L$p°g°S>_p rinL$p°

A_° rh^p\uÆAp°_p k¨b¨^p°rhj° `Z L$fu iL$pe.

k¨]$cÆ k|r√p

] A_¨[ A°d .hkpZu ,1998 :-† "" S>°[`yf il°f_p kpX$u D^p°Ndp¨ L$pd

L$f[p L$dÆQpfu_p kdpep°S>_ ,dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A_° L$peÆk¨[p°j_p°

AÊepk''- dlpip°^ r_b¨^, k•p.ey.fpS>L$p°V$.

] AÎL$p A°d.d¨pL$X$ ,1995 :-""dp°fbu il°f_u L$p°g°S>_p rh^p\wAp°_p

dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk''A¡epfdu L$p°fiaffik ,NyS>fp[

d_p°rhop_ d¨X$m

] Ad©©[cpB ‚S>për[ ,2001:- ""ÏeqL$[–h rhL$pk'' ‚rhZ ‚L$pi_

,‚\dAph©r—

] A°k.ku.L$p_phpgp,1973:- "" dp_h kb¨^p°_y ¨ Nq[ip˜''

eyr_. N∞¨\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ$ ,Ad]$php]$,NyS>fp[ fpS>e.

] A°rgTpb°\ lfgp°L$ ,1975 :-"" rhL$pkgnu d_p°rhop_ ''

] L$°.∆. ]°$kpB ,A°Q.∆. ]°$kpB ,1978 :- ""d_p°h•opr_L$ dp`_ ''

] L$°$.∆.]°$kpB ,1974 :- ""‚pf¨qcL$ Ap¨L$X$pip˜''

] X$p°. L.°$∆. ]°$kpB ,X$p°.ku.V$u. cp°V$L$f ,1981 :- ""d_p° h•opr_L$ qfcpjp

A_° rhcph_p''

] X$p°.Q¨]$≤L$pfi[r”h°]$u,1989:-""dp_rkL$ M¢Q A°L$ Ap^yr_L$ ed]|$[ ''

eyyr_.N∞¨\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ$ ,Ad]$php]$,NyS>fp[ fpS>e.

] X$p°.bu.A°. ëfuM ,1966:- ""i•nrZL$ dp_k ip˜ ''`p°‡eygfbyL

`ÂguivN lpDk kyf[$

] X$p°.bu.A°. ëfuM ,‚p°.ku.bu.]$h° ""‚ep°rNL$ dp_k ip˜ ''`p°‡eygfbyL

`ÂguivN lpDk kyf[$

] X$p °.bu.A° .ëfuM , `∞p ° A°.A°Q.ApB hp°fp ,""dp_kip˜

`rfQe''`p°‡eygfbyL `ÂguivN lpDk kyf[$.

] X$p°. A°d.A°d. r”h°]$u ,1934 :- ""d_p° rhÔg°ÛZ ip˜''

] X$p°.kfe|‚kp]$ Ny·p , A_yhp]$L$ X$p°.bu.S>.°_peL$ ,1979 :- ""rhop_

V°$L$_p°gp°∆ A_° kdpS> (Ap^yr_L$ eyNdp¨ )''eyyr_.N∞¨\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ$

,Ad]$php]$,NyS>fp[ fpS>e.

] r”h°]$u A°d.X$u. ,1972 :-""rinZdp¨ Ap¨L$X$p ip˜''

] ]°kpB A°d.∆. ,]°$kpB L°$.∆. ,1992 :-""kïp°^_ `¬^r[Ap° A_°

‚rhrÂp° '' eyyr_.N∞¨\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ$ ,Ad]$php]$,NyS>fp[ fpS>e.

] ]° $kpB ep°N°fi]$ ≤ L$ °.,1975 :-""rhL$pkgnu d_p°rhop_ ''


] r_f¨S>_cpB q”h°]$u A_° Afie,""i•nrZL$ d_p°rhop_''cpf[ ‚L$pi_

Ad]$php]$.

] r_gd A°_. _Ly$d ,1995 :-"" fpSL$p°V$ il°f_u L°$fikflp°sı`V$g_p¨

]$]$wAp°_p dp_rkL$ ıhpı’e A¨N°_p° AÊepk '' g^yip°^ r_b¨^,

k•p.ey.fpS>L$p°V$.

] `fuM bu.A°. ,""kpdpfie d_p°rhop_''ey yr_.N∞ ¨\r_dpÆZbp°X Æ $


] `V° $g da[gpg ,1982:-""Akp^pfZ d_p°rhop_''


] `V° $g kp°dpcpB X$u. , 1980 :-""kgpl d_p°rhop_ ''


] `pf°M ]uqn[ ,1995 :- ""d_p°h•opr_L$ kïp°^_dp¨ Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue

`funZ ''

] `°°ı[d∆ X$u. A°d.,1986 "" [pfyŒe_y¨ d_p°rho$p_>'' eyyr_.N∞¨\r_dpÆZ

bp°XÆ$ ,Ad]$php]$,NyS>fp[ fpS>e.

] ‚p°. BÔhfgpg X$u.NyS>fp[u ,1990 :-"" L$[Æ©–h `¬^r[ ‹pfp ıh-rhj°_p

øepg_p° AÊepk''

] ‚p°. DTd tkl A°. L$p`X$uep ,1967 :-"" ÏehplpfuL$ dpNÆ]$iÆÆ_ A_°

d_p°rhop_ ''

] `∞p°. Ly$kydby_ L°$. cV$ ,1981 :- ""ÏeqL$[–h_p rk¬^p¨[p° ''

] `∞p°. bpgdyLy$fi]$ i°X$ ,1973 :- ""Ïehlpfgnu d_p°rhop_ ''

] `∞p°.A°k.ku.L$p_phpgp ,1979 :-""`∞pep°rNL$ dp_p° rhop_ ''

] cV$ Ly$kyd L°$. ,1993 :-""rQqL$–kp d_p°rhop_''eyyr_.N∞¨\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ$


] cp°ëV$L$f ,L$p`X$uep,r”h°]$u ,d_kyfu A_° ]$h° ,1979 :- ""d_p°rhop_

A_° Akf L$pfL$ h[Æ_ '' eyyr_.N∞\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ$ ,Ad]$php]$,NyS>fp[ fpS>e.

] ipl rhdg ù. ,""kïp°^_ Al°hpg '' ey yr_.N∞ ¨\r_dpÆZbp°XÆ $


] kyf°i ku. `pf°M A_° A°k .L°$. ]$unu[ ,1995 :- "" d_prhopr_L$

kïp° _p°dp¨ Ap¨L$X$pip˜ue `funZ''

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