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Liver Gallbladder Stomach
(a) (b)
Jejunum Mesentery
Mesocolon
Ascending colon
Small intestine
Lesser omentum
Greater omentum
Greater omentum (retracted)
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
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Epiglottis
Root
Body
Hyoid bone Mylohyoid m.
Sublingual gland
Submandibular gland
Mandible Genioglossus m. Hyoglossus m.
Styloglossus m. 1st molar Buccinator m. Intrinsic muscles of the
tongue
(a) Superior view (b) Frontal section, anterior view
Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsil Terminal sulcus Vallate papillae
Foliate papillae
Fungiform papillae
11
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Names of teeth
2nd molar
1st molar
Canine Lateral incisor
Central incisor 6–9
16–20
12–16
20–26
Names of teeth
(a) Deciduous (baby) teeth
(b) Permanent teeth
Central incisor Lateral incisor
1st premolar 2nd premolar
1st molar
Canine
2nd molar
6–8 7–9
9–12 10–12
10–12
6–7
1 1–13 17–25
Age at eruption (months)
7– 11
Age at eruption (years)
3rd molar (wisdom tooth)
12
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0 +
+
+
0
Vagus nerve Vagus nerve Vagus nerve
Long (vagovagal) reflex: Sensory fibers Motor fibers
Gastrin Histamine Intestinal gastrin
Sympathetic nerve
1 2 3
Stimulation Inhibition Reduced or no effect
Key +
Sensory and mental input
Secretin and CCK
Intestinal phase Intestinal gastrin briefly stimulates the
stomach, but then secretin, CCK, and the enterogastric reflex
inhibit gastric secretion and motility while the duodenum processes
the chyme already in it. Sympathetic nerve fibers suppress gastric
activity, while vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation of the stomach
is now inhibited.
Gastric phase Food stretches the stomach and activates myenteric
and vagovagal reflexes. These reflexes stimulate gastric secretion.
Histamine and gastrin also stimulate acid and enzyme
Cephalic phase Vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion even
before food is swallowed.
–
+ + – –
–
Enterogastric reflex
Short (myenteric) reflex
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Pyloric gland Gastric gland
G cells secrete gastrin
G cell
Partially digested protein Pepsin (active enzyme)
Mucous cell Parietal cell Chief cell
HCI Pepsinogen (zymogen)
HCI converts pepsinogen to pepsin
Pepsin digests dietary protein
Oligopeptides and amino acids buffer stomach acid
Oligopeptides directly stimulate G cells
Elevated pH stimulates G cells
Ingested food buffers stomach acid
Chief cells secrete pepsinogen
Parietal cells secrete HCI
Gastrin stimulates chief cells and parietal cells
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