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Period after WWII is referred to as the Cold War: the tense
relationship between capitalism (mainly the USA) and communism
(Soviet Union) Postwar (after WWII) discussions were postponed as
long as possible. Western countries (mainly U.S. and Britain) were
uneasy about Stalins postwar intentions. Teheran conference (Nov.
1943): Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin Was decided that
Soviet Union would solely deliver Eastern Europe from Germany.
Implications: Soviet Union had strong position in East, western
powers had little to no input.
Slide 3
Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945): Germany divided into zones of
occupation: Soviets in East Germany, western countries in West
Germany Berlin, which fell in Soviet sector of Germany, was sub-
divided because it was the capital city Germany forced to pay heavy
war reparations to U.S.S.R. Soviet Union declares war on Japan once
Germany was defeated. Before the Yalta Conference: pro-Soviet
groups were forming in eastern Europe. Bulgaria and Poland
controlled by communists. Potsdam Conference (July 1945): Roosevelt
died, succeeded by Truman Truman was driven to promote the
democratic American ideal. He demanded free elections in the east.
Stalin would not allow this.
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Differences between nations were stalled during WWII; however,
with Germany beaten, Western and Eastern politics and ideology
clashed. Stalin- a suspicious man Believed free elections would
lead to hostile govt. on western border (again) Communist countries
only dependable ally struggle against capitalist imperialism
Truman- a decisive man American democratic ideals at all-time high
Millions of eastern European voters in U.S. rallied for free
elections in Soviet controlled areas View towards Communism was
containment: Communism cannot spread Three main causes of Cold War:
military developments, wartime agreements, and
political/ideological differences
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May 1945: U.S. cut off aid to U.S.S.R. October 1945: U.S.
announced it wouldnt recognize any govt. established against the
free will of the people Communist agents subversively spread
communism throughout Europe Americas answer: containment Truman
Doctrine: military aid to counties fighting communism (Greece &
Turkey) Marshall Plan: Financial and economic aid to all
Europe
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Stalin refused the Marshall Plan in Soviet occupied areas.
Communist government seized Czechoslovakia (Feb. 1948) Berlin
Airlift: U.S.S.R. blocked routes into Berlin from west. Soviets
continuously battered West Berliners with communist propaganda and
rioted against anti-communist leaders. Soviets stopped supplying
West Berlin and cut electric power to non-Soviet zones. Western
powers began flying supplies into West Berlin. Airlift lasted 324
days: Soviets backed off.
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1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Anti- Soviet
military alliance between U.S. & several other countries.
Stalin focuses on his satellite countries and in 1955 formed the
Warsaw Pact between the Soviet Union and eight other communist
countries.
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Late 1949 Chinas civil war is won by the communists. Korean War
1950 North Korean communist army invades South Korea. U.S. fights
with South Korea China backs North Korea Truman refuses to go to
war against China; truce negotiated in 1953
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Economic conditions were worst in Germany 13 million Germans
forced from lands given to Poland War reparations: factories were
seized, equipment and materials were shipped back to Soviet Union
Western allies sometimes treated Germans harshly The rest of Europe
began to heal. Period of 1945-1968 known as the Western
Renaissance
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Christian Democrats Out of the wreckage of WWII, new leaders
were emerging. Christian Democrats became leading political party.
Italy, France, and West Germany elected leaders from Christian
Democrats. Welfare measures throughout Europe Free medical
services, public housing, family allowances, nationalized industry.
Countries were willing to step outside the box France: mixed state
and private ownership of key industries. Also used national funds
for industry. West Germany: Embraced capitalism, reformed currency,
abolished rationing & price controls.
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Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Created to
help distribution of economic aid Council of Europe (1949):
dedicated to promote democratic ideals throughout Europe European
Economic Community (1957) Known as the Common Market Created by the
Treaty of Rome Due to resurgence of nationalism, countries stayed
independent in the Common Market
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Colonies fighting for self-determination and equality. Moral
views had shifted since 1914: Europe not interested in bloody
colonization. India: British socialists not fan of imperialism
Financial burden for Britain China: Civil war between Nationalists
and Communists communists headed by Mao Zedong. Nationalists
withdrew to Taiwan China under Mao: forced labor camps, mass
arrests, propaganda, kicked out foreigners.
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Middle East: Creation of Israel Violence between Jewish and
Arab populations intense in Palestine 1947 United Nations voted to
create Israel for Jewish pop. Jews were happy, Arabs not happy =
continual fighting Egypt: Nationalist revolution led by Gamal Abdel
Nasser Nationalized Suez Canal Company (which was foreign owned)
Africa: British colonies gained freedom, entered British
Commonwealth of Nations French colonies had choice of total break
w/ France or enter commonwealth w/ France All but one colony kept
ties with France Economic ties increased because of this
neocolonialism Neocolonialism: System used by Western powers to
keep economic power under the disguise of independence
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During WWII Russian nationalism grew Russians expecting
increased freedom after the war they were wrong Stalin again
started to see capitalism as the enemy 1930s all over again Purges,
labor camps, massive propaganda, censorship, no possessions, no
religion, secret police Military industry was priority Agriculture,
consumer goods, and housing were ignored Stalins main postwar goal
was to spread his Stalinist system throughout Eastern Europe. The
only country that defied Stalin: Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito
achieved independent communism in 1948
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Stalin died March 5, 1953 Nikita Khrushchev, reformer, came to
power Power of secret police was weakened and many labor camps were
closed Resources shifted from military to consumer goods and
agriculture Standard of living began to improve Foreign relations
were relaxed Some eastern European countries rebelled (Why?)
Literature and art emerged as a result Pasernaks Doctor Zhivago and
Solzhenitsyns One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
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Khrushchevs mistakes: Ordered Western Powers out of West
Berlin. When West refused, Khrushchev backed off (1958) Berlin Wall
(1961): Constructed to stop access to East and West Berlin Cuban
Missile Crisis (1962): Soviet missile base in Cuba In 1964
Khrushchev was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev. Re-Stalinization
started, but on limited scale. Party members saw de-Stalinization
weakening authority of govt.
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Stalinist leader replaced by Alexander Dubcek Wanted socialism
with personal freedom Soviet leaders intimidated Czech govt. and
U.S.S.R. invaded with 500,000 troops Reform in Czechoslovakia was
over Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Union and allies have right to
intervene in any socialist country when needed. Implication: Soviet
Union was determined to keep dominance in Eastern Europe.
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Big Science: large-scale scientific projects funded by govt.
and large corporations. Space Race: 1957 Soviets launched Sputnik I
1961 Yuri Gagarin (Russian) first person to orbit Earth 1962 John
Glenn first American to orbit Earth 1968 U.S. launched Apollo 8
1969 U.S. landed on moon
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Europe brain drain: govt. funded research attracted many
European scientists. In response, Europe pooled resources to begin
projects.
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Technological and industrial expansion created need for
management = middle class. Middle class grew and diversified. Lower
class: farm work declined, no job opportunities for working class.
Women began to work white-collar jobs Birthrate declined as women
entered workforce.
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Causes: Higher education, entering workforce, and American
civil right movement. Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex (1949)
Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique (1963) 1966 National
Organization for Women (NOW) Fought for reforms in workplace and
family matters
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Economic prosperity, mass communication and the baby boom
contributed to a radical new generation. Sexual behaviors, living
arrangements, drug use experimentation Higher education &
romanticism Rebelled against traditional views & the
establishment Student protests: against admin & govt.
Slide 28
Reason: containment of communism U.S. backed South Vietnam
against Communist North Vietnam Public bombarded with war daily
Anti-war protests Johnson does not run in 1968, Richard Nixon
elected (1968) 1972 Nixon reached peace with N. Vietnam Watergate:
illegal activities by administration Nixon resigned.
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Dtente: relaxation of Cold War tensions Chancellor Brandt:
Wanted reconciliation with Eastern Europe Treaties accepting
existing boundaries negotiated with U.S.S.R., Poland, &
Czechoslovakia. Final Act of Helsinki Conference 1975 Declaration
to improve relations between nations Promoted political freedom and
human rights Soviet Union ignored many provisions By the 80s,
dtente was wavering
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1970s: value of dollar dropped, high inflation 1973 OPEC place
oil embargo on U.S. for backing Israel. Oil prices quadrupled.
Misery Index: combined unemployment and inflation rates.
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Optimism and romanticism of postwar gave way to pessimism and
realism. Welfare programs prevented a revisit to 1920s. Govt.
forced to cut spending. Scientific projects were one of the first
to go. Environmentalism: Green party in Germany (1979) Nutrition:
awareness of responsibility for oneself. Starting families was
postponed.