Partner Discussion 1. WWII was much more economically devastating than WWI…… WHY??? 2. Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe (pg179) According to him, how were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII? 3. Describe the political/territorial changes in Europe post-WWII. 4. How did WWII affect European empires and colonies? 5. Hitler and Stalin were personally responsible for the removal of ___________ people. How & why did they do this?
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Partner Discussion 1.WWII was much more economically devastating than WWI…… WHY??? 2.Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe (pg179)
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Partner Discussion1. WWII was much more economically devastating than WWI……
WHY???2. Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe (pg179)
According to him, how were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII?
3. Describe the political/territorial changes in Europe post-WWII.4. How did WWII affect European empires and colonies? 5. Hitler and Stalin were personally responsible for the removal of
___________ people. How & why did they do this?
Effects of WWII
Social, Political, Economic and Military Effects of WWII in Europe & Asia.
Effects in post-WWII Germany• Germany was totally defeated,
and the Nazi regime brought down. Its leaders were tried for crimes against humanity at Nuremberg.
• German cities were in ruins from a massive bombing campaign.
• Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation by the victorious powers
Effects in post-WWII England• England was devastated by the
war, having experienced extensive bombing during the 1940 blitz by the Germans.
• The economy depended on recovery & aid from the United States.
• England rapidly phased out most of its remaining colonies in the years immediately following the war.
Effects in post-WWII France• France had not experienced the
enormous human losses sustained in the First World War, but would have to recover from the effects of Nazi occupation.
• Like England, France would be compelled to dismantle its colonial empire in the years following the war. This was a particularly traumatic and drawn out process for the French, in Algeria and in Vietnam where they fought prolonged and bitter wars in an attempt to maintain their colonial control.
• England and France no longer held a status of power comparable to the United States or the Soviet Union.
Effects in post-WWII Soviet Union• The Soviets had suffered
immeasurably during the war, and western SU was devastated by the land warfare which was primarily on Soviet territory.
• But, in the process of defeating the Germans, the Russians had built a large and powerful army, which occupied most of Eastern Europe at the end of the war.
• WWII was seen as a triumph of communism over fascism
• The great resources and population of USSR assured that the Soviet Union would be, along with the United States, one of two super-powers.
Effects in post-WWII United States• The United States economy was greatly
stimulated by the war, even more so than in World War I.
• The depression was brought to an end, and new industrial centers were built all over the United States.
• By avoiding the physical destruction of war, the U.S. economy dominated the world economy.
• After 4 years of military buildup, the U.S. had also become the leading military power.
• US could no longer be isolationist since all of Western Europe depended on strength of democracy.
• The position of the United States as world leader was now more obvious than ever.
Economic Cost• WWII was much more economically devastating than
WWI……. WHY???• Fighting all over Europe• Aerial bombing left millions dead, destroyed
transportation, communication, industry and farmland• Victors emerged from the conflict almost as devastated
as the losers (Britain & USSR)
Economic CostCountry Cost ($ in 2000)
United States $288 billion
Great Britain $117 billion
France $111 billion
USSR $93 billion
Germany $212 billion
Japan $41 billion
Manila, Philippines
Discussion• Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A
History of Europe (pg179) According to him, how were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII?
Political Consequences• Describe the political/territorial changes in Europe post-WWII.• All the countries the Red Army liberated – Poland, Hungary,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Romania – became one-party regimes under Stalin’s control
• Growing hostility between the Western Allies and USSR, led to a permanent division of Germany in 1949
• How did WWII affect European empires and colonies? • European countries could not maintain control of oversea
empires
Effects of WWII in Asia
Discuss: List three changes implemented by the Allies in Japan post-WWII.
Effects of WWII in Asia• List three changes implemented by the Allies in Japan post-WWII• Japan was eliminated as a major power• Allied occupation of Japan; MacArthur was appointed Supreme
Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP)• Removal of Japanese troops in China
– In 1949, China falls to communism under Zedong • Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided), Pacific Islands • SU gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands• The Emperor would help maintain political stability and facilitate
reform• Japan was turned into a democratic state with a new constitution
Treaty of San Francisco
• What did this treaty rule? Who was left out? Why?
Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941–45Country Amount in US$ Date of treatyBurma 200,000,000 November 5, 1955Philippines 550,000,000 May 9, 1956Indonesia 223,080,000 January 20, 1958Vietnam 38,000,000 May 13, 1959Total US$1,012,080,000 N/A
In accordance with Clause 14 of the Treaty, Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government, firms, organization and
private citizens, in all colonized or occupied
countries
Japanese overseas assets in 1945 (¥15=1US$)Country/region Value (US Dollars)Korea 468,370,000Taiwan 2,846,100,000North East China 9,768,800,000North China 3,695,800,000Central South China 2,447,900,000Others 1,867,600,000Total $25,300,000,000
Establishment of War Tribunals• Nuremburg Trials: November 1945-October 1946– 21 leading Nazis charged with war crimes and crimes
against humanity• International Tribunal in Tokyo: 1945 (three-year
period)– 5,700 Japanese war criminals tried & about 1,000
executed
Defendants in the Nuremburg Trials. The main target of the prosecution was Hermann Göring (left, front) considered to be the most important surviving official in the Third Reich after Hitler's death.***Not included were Adolf Hitler, Heinrich Himmler, and Joseph Goebbels, all of whom had committed suicide several months before the indictment
Outcome of Nuremburg Trials• Out of the 21 Nazis
tried, 12 were sentenced to death.
• 2 committed suicide prior to execution date
• Remaining 10 were hanged Chief American prosecutor Robert H.
Jackson addresses the Nuremberg court.
Nazi Escape through Ratlines• Ratlines: system of escape routes for Fascists• These escape routes mainly led toward havens
in South America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia.
• Other destinations included the United States, Great Britain, Canada and the Middle East.
• There were two primary routes: the first went from Germany to Spain, then Argentina; the second from Germany to Rome to Genoa, then South America
• 13 top ranking Nazis escaped to South America– Joseph Mengele, head doctor at Auschwitz lived
rest of his life in Brazil– Gustav Wagner, Staff Sargent of SS lived rest of life
in Argentina– Other “missing” officials were assumed to escape,
but never found
War Tribunal in Tokyo• Trials were carried out
by General MacArthur and an appointed 11 judges (Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, UK, US & USSR)
Defendants were charged with conventional war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity.
The trial continued for more than two and a half years, hearing testimony from 419 witnesses and admitting 4,336 exhibits of evidence, including depositions and affidavits from 779 other individuals.