* Our Design: DNA Killer * Our Design: DNA Killer Automata Automata Existing Cancer Therapies • Expensive • Inefficient • Inaccurate • Serious Side Effects 1. DKA enter cells through injection 2. DKA detect the presence of cancer in the cell 3. DKA releases GCVTPs if all cancer indicators are detected 4. GCVTPs propagate to nearby cancer cells through homologous GJIC 5. After propagation, GCVTPs hav entered over 90% of all canc DNA Killer Automaton (DKA) DNA Killer Automaton (DKA) The Intelligent Nanomedicine The Intelligent Nanomedicine Shaoshan Liu and Jean-Luc Gaudiot Shaoshan Liu and Jean-Luc Gaudiot Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Dept., The Henry Electrical Engineering & Computer Science Dept., The Henry Samueli School of Engineering Samueli School of Engineering University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine Using nanotechnology to build an automaton that cures cancer at Using nanotechnology to build an automaton that cures cancer at the molecular level. the molecular level. * Simulation: a discrete cellular automaton * Simulation: a discrete cellular automaton model model Experiment Experiment DKA DKA Cytotoxin Cytotoxin Enzyme Enzyme Cell Cell mRNA mRNA GJIC GJIC Object Oriented Object Oriented Simulation Simulation Level Level 1 1 Level Level 2 2 Level Level 3 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.25 0.8 1.3 2.05 8.3 14.25 18.9 59 Percentage ofC ancer C ells Entered by D K As P ercen tag e o f C an ce r C e lls K 10% cancercells 50% cancercells 100% cancercells 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Num berofDKAs Used P e rc e n ta g e o f C a n c e r C e 10% cancercells 50% cancercells 100% cancercells Yes Start DKA No Positive diagnosis Release cytotoxin Negative diagnosis Cytotoxin propagation DKA term ination Cancerindicator present Cancerindicator absent DKA DKA Algorithm Algorithm * Conclusion * Conclusion Our software Our software simulation model suggests simulation model suggests that the that the bystander bystander effect effect facilitates the facilitates the propagation of DKA. Also, propagation of DKA. Also, our simulation results our simulation results suggest imply that the suggest imply that the efficacy of DKA is efficacy of DKA is linearly dependent on its linearly dependent on its dose and the degree of dose and the degree of connectivity between connectivity between cancer cells. cancer cells. Efficacy of cancer cell killing Efficacy of cancer cell killing DKA efficacy Vs. DKA DKA efficacy Vs. DKA dose dose DKA efficacy Vs. number of cells hit DKA efficacy Vs. number of cells hit 3-Stage 3-Stage Simulation Simulation • Distributio Distributio n of DKA n of DKA • Cancer Cancer detection detection • Cytotoxin Cytotoxin propagation propagation