© K.Fedra 2000 1 Integrating GIS Integrating GIS and environmental and environmental models models integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis
Dec 22, 2015
© K.Fedra 2000
1
Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models
Integrating GIS and Integrating GIS and environmental modelsenvironmental models
integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis
integrated tools for spatial environmental analysis
© K.Fedra 2000
Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems• capture, manipulate, capture, manipulate,
process, analyze, displayprocess, analyze, display geo-referenced information.geo-referenced information.• Spatial objects (point, lines, Spatial objects (point, lines,
polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially are essentially staticstatic..
Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems• capture, manipulate, capture, manipulate,
process, analyze, displayprocess, analyze, display geo-referenced information.geo-referenced information.• Spatial objects (point, lines, Spatial objects (point, lines,
polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) polygons, cell-grids, DEMs) are essentially are essentially staticstatic..
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
© K.Fedra 2000
3
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
Geographic information systems combine Geographic information systems combine • geometry data (coordinates and geometry data (coordinates and
topological information) and topological information) and • attribute data, describing the properties attribute data, describing the properties
of geometrical objects (points, lines, of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)areas)
• with tools for spatial (geometric) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.analysis.
Geographic information systems combine Geographic information systems combine • geometry data (coordinates and geometry data (coordinates and
topological information) and topological information) and • attribute data, describing the properties attribute data, describing the properties
of geometrical objects (points, lines, of geometrical objects (points, lines, areas)areas)
• with tools for spatial (geometric) with tools for spatial (geometric) analysis.analysis.
© K.Fedra 2000
4
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship
Basic elements:Basic elements:
• spatial objectsspatial objects
Basic concepts in GIS are:Basic concepts in GIS are:• locationlocation• spatial distributionspatial distribution• spatial relationshipspatial relationship
Basic elements:Basic elements:
• spatial objectsspatial objects
© K.Fedra 2000
5
GIS and spatial DSSGIS and spatial DSSGIS and spatial DSSGIS and spatial DSS
Basic spatial decision that can be Basic spatial decision that can be supported by GIS are:supported by GIS are:
• Location (site selection)Location (site selection)• Zoning (allocation of space)Zoning (allocation of space)• Routing (path generation)Routing (path generation)
Basic spatial decision that can be Basic spatial decision that can be supported by GIS are:supported by GIS are:
• Location (site selection)Location (site selection)• Zoning (allocation of space)Zoning (allocation of space)• Routing (path generation)Routing (path generation)
© K.Fedra 2000
6
© K.Fedra 2000
7
© K.Fedra 2000
8
© K.Fedra 2000
9
© K.Fedra 2000
10
© K.Fedra 2000
11
© K.Fedra 2000
12
© K.Fedra 2000
13
© K.Fedra 2000
14
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:
• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction
Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes
Basic concepts in environmental Basic concepts in environmental modeling are:modeling are:
• systems statesystems state• systems dynamicssystems dynamics• interactioninteraction
Basic elements:Basic elements:• functional objects and processesfunctional objects and processes
© K.Fedra 2000
Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:shallow coupling uses the GIS as shallow coupling uses the GIS as
model pre- and post-processormodel pre- and post-processor
Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:shallow coupling uses the GIS as shallow coupling uses the GIS as
model pre- and post-processormodel pre- and post-processor
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
Shared data base and filesShared data base and files
MODELMODELGISGIS
© K.Fedra 2000
Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:deep coupling links GIS and model deep coupling links GIS and model
into a single tool into a single tool
Integrating Models and GIS:Integrating Models and GIS:deep coupling links GIS and model deep coupling links GIS and model
into a single tool into a single tool
GIS and ModelingGIS and ModelingGIS and ModelingGIS and Modeling
Shared data base and filesShared data base and files
MODELMODELGISGIS
Common user interfaceCommon user interface
© K.Fedra 2000
Distributed Simulation ModelsDistributed Simulation Models
• describe the evolution of describe the evolution of systems in terms of state systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space chemical species) in space and time and are inherently and time and are inherently dynamicdynamic..
Distributed Simulation ModelsDistributed Simulation Models
• describe the evolution of describe the evolution of systems in terms of state systems in terms of state variables (mass, energy, variables (mass, energy, chemical species) in space chemical species) in space and time and are inherently and time and are inherently dynamicdynamic..
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
© K.Fedra 2000
GIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modelingGIS and modeling
Primary role of the GIS:Primary role of the GIS:• preprocess model input datapreprocess model input data• display model output display model output (topical maps)(topical maps)• analyze model output analyze model output (overlay and buffer analysis)(overlay and buffer analysis)Power of GIS in Power of GIS in visualization visualization using using
the familiar paradigm of the mapthe familiar paradigm of the map
© K.Fedra 2000
Now you see it ...Now you see it ...Now you see it ...Now you see it ...
Now you see it ….Now you see it ….
© K.Fedra 2000
Now you don’t ...Now you don’t ...Now you don’t ...Now you don’t ...
0000000 043511 043070 033541 177404 177403 173000 000377 1777770000000 043511 043070 033541 177404 177403 173000 000377 177777
0000020 165352 012577 177577 112677 037552 065025 012752 1650250000020 165352 012577 177577 112677 037552 065025 012752 165025
0000040 037552 112625 037425 037625 112625 112752 065025 0652250000040 037552 112625 037425 037625 112625 112752 065025 065225
0000060 037625 037477 112477 065025 065277 012552 165077 1376250000060 037625 037477 112477 065025 065277 012552 165077 137625
0000100 000377 177677 065025 037625 037552 165352 037625 0651520000100 000377 177677 065025 037625 037552 165352 037625 065152
0000120 037477 037625 112552 037552 065077 112677 137477 0650250000120 037477 037625 112552 037552 065077 112677 137477 065025
0000140 065277 137552 037752 165077 037477 037477 065277 1124770000140 065277 137552 037752 165077 037477 037477 065277 112477
0000160 037477 112752 165352 000177 177552 065352 037425 0652250000160 037477 112752 165352 000177 177552 065352 037425 065225
0000200 112425 000077 177425 012425 037552 137552 112425 1124770000200 112425 000077 177425 012425 037552 137552 112425 112477
0000220 012425 065225 112425 012752 137425 177400 177777 0000000000220 012425 065225 112425 012752 137425 177400 177777 000000
0000240 065077 012752 112425 112552 037625 065152 065025 0126770000240 065077 012752 112425 112552 037625 065152 065025 012677
0000260 137425 012625 137425 112752 165352 065277 112425 0651520000260 137425 012625 137425 112752 165352 065277 112425 065152
0000300 037552 065152 012752 012425 037677 165025 012677 1650770000300 037552 065152 012752 012425 037677 165025 012677 165077
0000320 137477 012425 012677 037552 037425 012752 037552 0653770000320 137477 012425 012677 037552 037425 012752 037552 065377
0000340 177400 037777 137477 065225 177677 000077 137677 0376770000340 177400 037777 137477 065225 177677 000077 137677 037677
0000360 165277 065077 037625 137477 112752 177577 000225 0650250000360 165277 065077 037625 137477 112752 177577 000225 065025
0000400 137677 137777 037400 000000 1774000000400 137677 137777 037400 000000 177400 000000 000000 000000000000 000000 000000
0000420 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 0000000000420 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000 000000
© K.Fedra 2000
21
© K.Fedra 2000
22
© K.Fedra 2000
23
© K.Fedra 2000
24
© K.Fedra 2000
25
© K.Fedra 2000
26
© K.Fedra 2000
27
© K.Fedra 2000
28
© K.Fedra 2000
29
© K.Fedra 2000
30
© K.Fedra 2000
31
Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...Integrating GIS ...
Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.
GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for
environmental analysis.environmental analysis.
Environmental problems are spatial Environmental problems are spatial problems, environmental data can problems, environmental data can almost always be georeferenced.almost always be georeferenced.
GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for GIS is therefor an appropriate tool for
environmental analysis.environmental analysis.
© K.Fedra 2000
32
Merging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging Paradigms
Overlap and relationship between Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.an obvious and promising idea.
Overlap and relationship between Overlap and relationship between GIS and environmental models is GIS and environmental models is apparent, so the merging of the two apparent, so the merging of the two fields of research, technologies, or fields of research, technologies, or sets of methods, their paradigms, is sets of methods, their paradigms, is an obvious and promising idea.an obvious and promising idea.
© K.Fedra 2000
33
Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:Environmental Modeling:
a mathematical representation a mathematical representation of environmental processes, of environmental processes, and relationships.and relationships.
Digital (numerical)Digital (numerical)
Analog computersAnalog computers
Scale modelsScale models
a mathematical representation a mathematical representation of environmental processes, of environmental processes, and relationships.and relationships.
Digital (numerical)Digital (numerical)
Analog computersAnalog computers
Scale modelsScale models
© K.Fedra 2000
34
Types of ModelsTypes of ModelsTypes of ModelsTypes of Models
• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed• model is assumed to be model is assumed to be
independent of spatial locationindependent of spatial location• models uses average (lumped) models uses average (lumped)
values to describe a larger areavalues to describe a larger area• inputs, parameters or the transfer inputs, parameters or the transfer
function vary with location, state is function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactspatial elements interact
• spatially aggregated or distributedspatially aggregated or distributed• model is assumed to be model is assumed to be
independent of spatial locationindependent of spatial location• models uses average (lumped) models uses average (lumped)
values to describe a larger areavalues to describe a larger area• inputs, parameters or the transfer inputs, parameters or the transfer
function vary with location, state is function vary with location, state is defined for more than one location, defined for more than one location, spatial elements interactspatial elements interact
© K.Fedra 2000
35
Modeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling Domains
• Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems
• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems
• Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface
• Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems
• Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards
• Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models
• Atmospheric systemsAtmospheric systems
• Hydrologic systemsHydrologic systems
• Land surface and subsurfaceLand surface and subsurface
• Biological and ecological systemsBiological and ecological systems
• Risks and hazardsRisks and hazards
• Management and policy modelsManagement and policy models
© K.Fedra 2000
36
Modeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling DomainsModeling Domains
All environmental model domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension.have an obvious spatial dimension.
Most recent environmental models Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space)state are functions of space)
XX (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t)
All environmental model domains All environmental model domains have an obvious spatial dimension.have an obvious spatial dimension.
Most recent environmental models Most recent environmental models are spatially explicit (inputs and are spatially explicit (inputs and state are functions of space)state are functions of space)
XX (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z,t)
© K.Fedra 2000
37
Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models
are based on partial differential are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other functions of two or more other variables:variables:
dQ dQ
dx dy(continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow)
are based on partial differential are based on partial differential equations; dependent variables are equations; dependent variables are functions of two or more other functions of two or more other variables:variables:
dQ dQ
dx dy(continuity equation for 2D groundwater flow)
+ = 0
© K.Fedra 2000
38
Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models
and the partial differentialsand the partial differentials
ddQQ/d/dx x and and d dQQ/dy/dy
describe the gradient of discharge describe the gradient of discharge QQ in the horizontal in the horizontal xx and and yy directions. directions.
and the partial differentialsand the partial differentials
ddQQ/d/dx x and and d dQQ/dy/dy
describe the gradient of discharge describe the gradient of discharge QQ in the horizontal in the horizontal xx and and yy directions. directions.
© K.Fedra 2000
39
Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models
The partial differential equations are The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements like finite elements
or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized.be discretized.
The partial differential equations are The partial differential equations are solved with a numerical scheme solved with a numerical scheme like finite elements like finite elements
or finite differences. or finite differences. This requires the This requires the solution domain to solution domain to be discretized.be discretized.
© K.Fedra 2000
40
Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models
Process equations
are solved for each of thediscrete unitsin the modeldomain.
Process equations
are solved for each of thediscrete unitsin the modeldomain.
© K.Fedra 2000
41
Distributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed ModelsDistributed Models
couplingcouplingof cells isof cells isachieved achieved throughthroughtransfertransferprocessesprocessessuch assuch asadvectionadvectionandanddiffusion.diffusion.
couplingcouplingof cells isof cells isachieved achieved throughthroughtransfertransferprocessesprocessessuch assuch asadvectionadvectionandanddiffusion.diffusion.
© K.Fedra 2000
42
Merging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging ParadigmsMerging Paradigms
Use GIS functionality for data Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display;capture, processing and display;
Use GIS functionality for static, Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis;geometric analysis;
Use model functionality for dynamic Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.processes and complex analysis.
Use GIS functionality for data Use GIS functionality for data capture, processing and display;capture, processing and display;
Use GIS functionality for static, Use GIS functionality for static, geometric analysis;geometric analysis;
Use model functionality for dynamic Use model functionality for dynamic processes and complex analysis.processes and complex analysis.
© K.Fedra 2000
43
GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling
• data exchange between two data exchange between two separate systemsseparate systems
• common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data
• common interface, fully integrated common interface, fully integrated functionalityfunctionality
• data exchange between two data exchange between two separate systemsseparate systems
• common interface, shared datacommon interface, shared data
• common interface, fully integrated common interface, fully integrated functionalityfunctionality
© K.Fedra 2000
44
GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling
• data exchange between two separate systems:
• GIS acts as a pre- and post-processor for a dynamic environmental model.
• data exchange between two separate systems:
• GIS acts as a pre- and post-processor for a dynamic environmental model.
© K.Fedra 2000
45
GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling
separate user interfaces,separate user interfaces,shared filesshared filesseparate user interfaces,separate user interfaces,shared filesshared files
user interface user interface
GIS MODELshared files
© K.Fedra 2000
46
GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling
common user interface,common user interface,shared files and memoryshared files and memorycommon user interface,common user interface,shared files and memoryshared files and memory
common user interface
GIS MODEL
shared files andmemory
© K.Fedra 2000
47
GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling
full integration of full integration of GIS and modelsGIS and modelstogether with atogether with aDSS componentDSS componentrepresenting arepresenting aproblem-orientedproblem-orienteduser interface.user interface.
full integration of full integration of GIS and modelsGIS and modelstogether with atogether with aDSS componentDSS componentrepresenting arepresenting aproblem-orientedproblem-orienteduser interface.user interface.
GIS
DSS
MODELS
© K.Fedra 2000
48
GIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model couplingGIS-Model coupling
GIS
MODELS
KBDBMSdata files rule base
pre-processor
post-processor
interactive user interfacehelp/explain visualization scenario manager
© K.Fedra 2000
49
Example: groundwater modelingExample: groundwater modeling Example: groundwater modelingExample: groundwater modeling
Spatially distributed aquifer Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps;derived from appropriate maps;
Model output is displayed as Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.(animated) map overlays.
Spatially distributed aquifer Spatially distributed aquifer characteristics (conductivity, characteristics (conductivity, porosity) and inputs (recharge) are porosity) and inputs (recharge) are derived from appropriate maps;derived from appropriate maps;
Model output is displayed as Model output is displayed as (animated) map overlays.(animated) map overlays.
© K.Fedra 2000
50 from a digitized geological map …...from a digitized geological map …... from a digitized geological map …...from a digitized geological map …...
© K.Fedra 2000
51a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...a rasterized data set of aquifer properties is derived ...
© K.Fedra 2000
52The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...The map is background and input to the model ...
© K.Fedra 2000
53The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.The model output is yet another map layer.
© K.Fedra 2000
54Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...Different display styles are supported ...
© K.Fedra 2000
55… … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.including pseudo 3D display of functional values.… … including pseudo 3D display of functional values.including pseudo 3D display of functional values.