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Jun 27, 2018

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Page 1: اه تیوپماک - IKIUikiu.ac.ir/public-files/profiles/items/d461c7a611e363add01562892d...Carbon (graphite) ... - Cubic born nitride ... Carbon Aramid Boron Properties of the composite

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کامپوزیت ها

Composites

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کامپوزیت های زمینه سرامیکی: فصل سوم

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Scanning electron micrograph showing the microstructure of a glass–ceramic

material. The long acicular blade-shaped particles yield a material with unusual

strength and toughness. 65,000×. (Photograph courtesy of L. R. Pinckney and

G. J. Fine of Corning Incorporated.)

Electron micrograph of kaolinite crystals. They are in the form of hexagonal plates, some of which are stacked on top of one another. 21,000. (Photograph courtesy of

Georgia Kaolin Co., Inc.)

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سرامیک ها

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.هستند غيرفلز و فلز مثل عنصر چند يا دو از حاصل شيميايي تركيبات ها سراميك•

.است وكوواالنسي يوني ها سراميك در پيوند نوع•

.هستند آمورف برخي و كريستالي ساختار دارای سراميك از برخي•

مواد دهنده تشکيل اجزای (... و Al2O3, SiC, MgO مانند) ... و كاربيدها و نيتريدها اكسيدها،• .هستند سراميکي

.باالست بسيار ها سراميك بقيه ذوب نقطه و متوسط ها شيشه ذوب نقطه•

،كششي استحکام تسليم، استحکام و (پايين نرمي و چقرمگي) هستند شکننده و ترد ها سراميك• .دارند بااليي خزشي مقاومت و االستيسيته مدول

.دارند پاييني حرارتي رسانايي و هستند الکتريکي عايق عموما•

Compounds of metals and non-metals – traditional - bricks, clay, tiles – engineered - made for specified applications such as automotive, aircraft, e.t.c.

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Glasses Clay products

Refractories Abrasives Cements Advanced ceramics

-optical - composite reinforce - containers

household

-whiteware - bricks

-bricks for high T (furnaces)

-sandpaper - cutting - polishing

-composites - structural

engine - rotors - valves - bearings

-sensors

Ceramics سرامیک ها

Rotor (Alumina)

Gears (Alumina)

Ceramic Brake Discs

bricks for high T

Cements

CNT

Ceramic Brake Discs

whiteware

containers

Armoured Glass Glass in Buildings

Single-wall

Multi-wall Buckyball structure

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• Bonding: - Pure Covalent - Almost covalent (plus Ionic or metallic or wandervalse bond) - Almost Ionic (plus covalent bond) • Mostly ionic, some covalent. • % ionic character increases with difference in

electronegativity (remember!?!).

• Large vs small ionic bond character:

SiC: small

CaF2: large

پیوند درسرامیک ها

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پیوند درسرامیک ها

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ترکیب سرامیک ها

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شکل پایدار در کریستال های یونی

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ساختار سرامیکها

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ساختار سرامیکها

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سرامیک های سیلیکاتی

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شیشه هاA glass is defined as an inorganic product of fusion, which has cooled to a rigid condition without crystallization.

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شیشه ها

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generally brittle, hard and strong, especially at high temperatures .

Maintain their strength and stiffness at high temperatures low toughness, low thermal expansion low electrical conductivity high wear resistance thermal conductivity varies in general, have lower specific gravity than metals but higher melting points

and higher elastic moduli Phase transitions, ion conduction, and symmetry, can be important for

applications Properties are the result of chemistry and structure (what makes something

piezoelectric, ferroelectric, insulating, etc( Mechanical properties Aluminum oxide strength in compression 2100 MPa, flexural strength 500 MPa Ceramics are much stronger in compression than in tension, why? Stress concentration, by grains, defects, design. High strength requires small grain size Creates opportunities for composites for some applications

خواص عمومی سرامیک ها

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مکانیزم های تغییر شکل در سرامیک ها

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oxide ceramics

Alumina (Al2O3) – spark plugs, electrical insulators, porcelain

Zirconia (ZrO2) – fake diamond, oxygen sensors (YSZ)

Used in emery clothes/paper, abrasive tool materials, heat engine components (Zirconia)

MgO – used in refractories

Calcium silicates (3CaO·SiO2, 2CaO·SiO2) – portland cement

Silica: -polymorphic material abundant in nature. Bricks, glasses, quartz.

SiO2 hard - tool materials.

non-oxide ceramics

Carbides

Nitrides

Borides

Silicides

SiAlON

Carbon (graphite)

glasses and glass ceramics

انواع زمینه های سرامیکی

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انواع زمینه های سرامیکی non-oxide ceramics

Carbides

- Metallic carbides: WC , Mo2C, TaC (Cermets)

- Ceramic carbides: SiC, B4C

- used in tools and die materials

- usually carbides of Ti, Si, Tungsten

Nitrides

- Metallic nitrides: Mo2N, TaN, VN (Cermets)

- Ceramic nitrides: Si3N4, BN

- generally also used as tool materials

- Cubic born nitride (second hardest material known)

- Titanium nitride (used as a coating material - low friction, high hardness)

- silicon nitride (cutting tools, diffusion barrier in microelectronics)

- aluminum nitride good thermal conductivity and thermal expansion match to Si

Borides: TiB2 , ZrB2

Silicides: MoSi2, Mo5Si3

SiAlON: Si3N4- Al2O3- AlN-SiO2 solid solution

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انواع زمینه های سرامیکی

Diamond •hardest known material •transparent to light •electrically insulating •highest thermal conduction of any

material known

Graphite •one of the softest materials known •opaque •electrically conductive (in basal plane) •thermally conductive (in basal plane(

Diamond •2 nd principal form of carbon

•Hardest substance known, brittle - used for tool materials, polishing, grinding, etc . •polycrystalline diamond – ornaments and abrasives •synthetic diamond - can also be made into particles -

used in abrasive cutting wheels •other uses - dies for very small diameter wire drawing ; coatings for cutting tools and dies •Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) – can be produced as a thin film for wear resistance – hard disks

Graphite •Crystalline form of carbon •lower frictional properties - used as SOLID LUBRICANT e.g. in metal forming •brittle; strength and stiffness vary with temperature •Amorphous C is used as a pigment (black soot) and rubber additive (carbon black ) •high electrical and thermal conductivity, good resistance to thermal shock at high temperatures - used in electrodes, heating elements , motor brushes, furnace parts •low resistance to chemical attack - filters for corrosive fluids •graphite fibers - used to reinforce composites

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کامپوزیت های زمینه های سرامیکی

Goal: To minimize catastrophic damage associated with the initial flaw formation and

propagation .

Common Particulates: TiB2, Zirconia

Common fibers: SiC, SI3N4

Most common matrices: Al2O3 ,SiC

Most important parameter: KIC

2-3X improvement in toughness...still low

subscripts: f, p, w

– eg SiCf, SiCp, SiCw

– fibre, particle, whisker

• reinforcement toughens matrix

– minimal or negative effect on modulus

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انواع کامپوزیت های زمینه های سرامیکی

four principal groups

– complex glass forming oxides

• reinforcement by micro-crystalline phases, e.g. Pyrex

– engineering ceramics

• SiC, Si3N4, SiMON (esp. SiAlON), Al2O3, ZrO2

– cement and concrete

• (prestressed( reinforced concrete

• pultrusions instead of rebars

• fibre-reinforced cements

– carbon/carbon composites

• aircraft and F1 braking

• rocket motor nozzle throats and exit cones

• nosetips/leading edges

• thermal protection systems

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مواد پیشرفته

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انتخاب مواد

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کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری: چهارمفصل

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Photograph of several billiard balls that are made of phenol-formaldehyde

(Bakelite). The Materials of Importance piece that follows Section 15.15

discusses the invention of phenol-formaldehyde and its replacement of

ivory for billiard balls.

Transmission electron micrograph showing the spherulite structure in a

natural rubber specimen. Chain-folded lamellar crystallites approximately 10 nm thick extend in radial directions

from the center; they appear as white lines in the micrograph. 30,000x

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پلیمرها

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زيادی تعداد پيوند از که هستند بزرگی های مولکول (ها مولکول درشت) پليمرها .شوند می تشکيل كوواالنسي پيوند با تر کوچک های مولکول

گويند می شدن پليمر را آنها پيوند و اتصال عمل و مونومر را کوچک های مولکول

تقسيم مصنوعي پليمرهای و طبيعي پليمرهای دسته دو به توان می را پليمرها :نظير آيند می دست به حيوانات و گياهان از مستقيم طور به طبيعی پليمرهای .کرد

از مصنوعی پليمرهای ولی ها، آنزيم و ها پروتئين ابريشم، پنبه، پشم، چرم، چوب، .شوند می ساخته پتروشيمی واحدهای در (مونومر) کوچک های مولکول

چمدان، و کيف ها، بندی بسته ها، بازی اسباب خانگی، وسايل ساخت :پليمرها كاربرد تزئينی، و محافظ های رنگ آب، انتقال های لوله و ها شلنگ صندلی، و ميز کفش،

.دارند غيره و اتومبيل الستيک

و بوده شفاف آنها از بعضی .دارند شيميايي مواد مقابل در خوبي پايداری پليمرها .شوند شيشه جايگزين توانند می

تا که دارند وجود نيز خاصی پليمرهای اما .هستند الکتريکي عايق پليمرها اغلب .دارند الکتريکی هدايت قابليت حدی

به دارد که پايينی اصطکاک ضريب دليل به که است پليمری مواد جمله از تفلون استفاده پز و پخت وسايل در غذايی مواد چسبيدن از جلوگيری برای پوشش عنوان

.شود می

(تفلون)بخشي از يك مولکول پليمری

Poly- means "many" and -mer means "part" or "segment". Mono means "one". So, monomers are those molecules that can join together to make a long polymer chain.

Many many many MONOmers make a POLYmer! usually a single polymer molecule is made out of hundreds of thousands (or even millions!) of monomers!

Sometimes polymers are called "macromolecules" - "macro" means "large" polymers must be very large molecules

The chemical reactions which monomers joined together to form polymer are called polymerization reactions

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مولکول و مونومر

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مولکول پلیمرها

ethylene

Polyethylene (PE)

•Simplest Plastic- Polyethylene (PE). –Saturated Hydrocarbon –approx. 1000 Carbon atoms in backbone (chain) –Length: ~0.0025 mm (if stretched out) –Comparison: Typing paper- 0.076 mm (30 PE on end) –Repeating unit- Mer –Degree of Polymerization= n •DP= 500 is PE (14,000amu’s( •DP= 9 is Paraffin wax (252 amu’s)

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انواع پلیمرهای

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معمولمولکول پلیمرهای

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معمولمولکول پلیمرهای

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Copolymersانواع

•Add two or more different monomers •Uses addition reaction •Allows for modification of polymer’s properties •Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) –75% butadiene/25% styrene mix –Used mainly for tires

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ساختار پلیمرها

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ساختار پلیمرها

•Stereoregularity –isotactic, syndiotactic and atactic –tactic structure determines ability to crystallise •Structure –linear (TP) –branched (TP) –cross-linked (TS, E) –network (TS, E) •Copolymers –polymers with different mers

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شکل پلیمرها

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آمورف یا کریستالی

•Glass transition temperature, Tg –Above Tg, polymer is rubbery and tough –Below Tg, polymer hard, stiff, and brittle •Determine where polymer will be used •What type of Tg do you want your plastic coffee cup to be?

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دمای ذوب و دمای کریستالی شدن پلیمرها

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ساختار کریستالی در پلیمرهاCrystallinity in Polymers • Both amorphous and crystalline structures are possible, although the tendency to crystallize is much less than for metals or non-glass ceramics • Not all polymers can form crystals • For those that can, the degree of crystallinity (the proportion of crystallized material in the mass) is always less than 100%

Crystallinity and Properties • As crystallinity is increased in a polymer: – Density increases – Stiffness, strength, and toughness increases – Heat resistance increases – If the polymer is transparent in the amorphous state, it becomes opaque when partially crystallized

Factors for Crystallization • Slower cooling promotes crystal formation and growth • Mechanical deformation, as in the stretching of a heated thermoplastic, tends to align the structure and increase crystallization • Plasticizers (chemicals added to a polymer to soften it) reduce the degree of crystallinity

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دسته بندی پلیمرهای صنعتی

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دسته بندی پلیمرهای صنعتی

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پالستیک ها -انواع پلیمرها

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پالستیک ها -انواع پلیمرها

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االستومرها -انواع پلیمرها

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انواع پلیمرها

Fibers

Coating

Adhesives

Films

Foams

Advanced polymeric materials

ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

Liquid crystal polymer

Thermoplastic Elastomers

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(polymerization)پلیمریزاسیون

Addition polymerization

Condensation polymerization

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پلیمرهای( additives)افزودنی های

Fillers

Plasticizers

Stabilizers

Colorants

Flame retardants

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شکل دهی پلیمرها

Compression and Transfer Molding

Injection Molding

Extrusion

Blow Molding

Casting

Techniques used in the actual fabrication of rubber parts are essentially the same as those discussed for plastics as described above—that is, compression molding, extrusion, and so on. Furthermore, most rubber materials are vulcanized (Section 15.9) and some are reinforced with carbon black (Section 16.2).

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کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری

Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) are materials that use a polymer based resin as a matrix material with some form of fibres embedded in the matrix, as reinforcement.

Both thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers can be used for the matrix material.

Common Polymer composite thermosetting matrix materials include: Polyester Vinyl ester Epoxy

Polymer composite thermoplastic matrix materials include: PEEK (Polyether etherketone) PEI (Polyether imide ) PPS (Polyphenylene sulphide ) Reinforcements include: Glass fibres Carbon fibres Aramid fibres

Some of the resins that are available include: Polyester Vinyl Ester Epoxy Bismaleimide

Polyimide Phenolic Cyanate ester Nylon Polyether imide (PEI) Polyetheretherketone

(PEEK) Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) Polyamide imide (PAI) FIBRE: The principal choices for fiber reinforcement are: Glass Carbon Aramid Boron Properties of the composite are greatly influenced by orientation and nature of those fibres.

The primary reason is because of weight saving for their relative stiffness and strength. As an example, a carbon fiber reinforced composite can be compared with its steel counterpart. The carbon fiber composite can be five times stronger than 1020 grade steel while having only one fifth the weights. Aluminum (6061 grade) is much nearer in weight to carbon fiber composite (though still somewhat heavier), but the composite can have twice the modulus and up to seven times the strength

که است مصنوعی یا طبیعی ترکیبی رزین

شرایطی تحت و است چسبناک بسیار

حل قابل الکل در معمولاً. شود می سخت

ترکیب این. شود نمی حل آب در اما است

که شود می بندی طبقه گوناگون طرق به

مصرف مورد و شیمیایی ترکیب به بستگی

هنر، در زیادی کاربردهای همچنین. دارد آن

.دارد غیره و پلیمر تولید

http://inpia.ir/shownews/6138 :در کامل متن

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کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری Glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP)

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP)

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP)

Some of the resins that are available include: Polyester Vinyl Ester Epoxy Bismaleimide

Polyimide Phenolic Cyanate ester Nylon Polyether imide (PEI) Polyetheretherketone

(PEEK) Polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) Polyamide imide (PAI) FIBRE: The principal choices for fiber reinforcement are: Glass Carbon Aramid Boron Properties of the composite are greatly influenced by orientation and nature of those fibres.

The primary reason is because of weight saving for their relative stiffness and strength. As an example, a carbon fiber reinforced composite can be compared with its steel counterpart. The carbon fiber composite can be five times stronger than 1020 grade steel while having only one fifth the weights. Aluminum (6061 grade) is much nearer in weight to carbon fiber composite (though still somewhat heavier), but the composite can have twice the modulus and up to seven times the strength

که است مصنوعی یا طبیعی ترکیبی رزین

شرایطی تحت و است چسبناک بسیار

حل قابل الکل در معمولاً. شود می سخت

ترکیب این. شود نمی حل آب در اما است

که شود می بندی طبقه گوناگون طرق به

مصرف مورد و شیمیایی ترکیب به بستگی

هنر، در زیادی کاربردهای همچنین. دارد آن

.دارد غیره و پلیمر تولید

http://inpia.ir/shownews/6138 :در کامل متن

فاز شکل دو به شيشه الياف .است شده تقويت شيشه ريز الياف توسط که است پليمری زمينه های کامپوزيت از معمولی نام يک فايبرگالس .شوند می تقويت شيشه الياف با پليمری زمينه کامپوزيتهای 90 % کلی طور به .ميشود استفاده ها کامپوزيت نوع اين زمينه در ناپيوسته و پيوسته .شود می استفاده زير خواص ايجاد علت به کننده تقويت الياف عنوان به وسيعی طور به شيشهارزان مواد و سريع و آسان دسترسی مذاب شيشه از پيوسته الياف تهيه ارزان و ساده تکنولوژی باال خوردگی به مقاومت پاسکال مگا 4100 حدود در باال کششی استحکام ها پالستيک در اثر بی شيميايی نظر از

مصنوعی يا طبيعی الياف کربونيزاسيون وسيله به که ( 90 %حدود) گرافيتی غير های کربن شامل هستند، الياف ترين قوی از يکی کربن الياف انجام کامل صورت به کربونيزاسيون عمل اگر .آيند می وجود به رزين و قير مانند آلی مواد خوردن تاب از يا و 2700 ℃ از باالتر دمای در پليمری

کربن الياف .است0/0004 قطر با کربن ناپيوسته و پيوسته الياف ی کننده تقويت فاز .يابيم می دست فوالد برابر 5 حدود در يانگی مدول به شود را بهتری های کامپوزيت که دهند می اجازه مهندسين به بنابراين کند، می ايجاد را خواص ار وسيعی محدوده الياف اين .هستند گران خيلی

:کنند می ايجاد را زير خواص شوند می استفاده کننده تقويت عنوان به پليمری زمينه يک در کربن الياف وقتی .کنند طراحیفوالد حد در باال کشسانی مدول پاسکال گيگا 7 حدود باال کششی استحکام مکعب متر بر کيلوگرم 1800 پايين چگالی باال شيميايی نظر از بودن خنثی هستند شکننده الياف اين که است اين کربن الياف اصلی معايب از

بعد و يافتند توسعه الستيک در فوالد جايگزين عنوان به ابتدا الياف اين .است (Nomex) نومکس و (Kevlar) کوالر آراميد، الياف تجاری نام دو

فشاری مدول از بزرگتر خيلی آنها در کششی مدول.ميدهند نشان باال خيلی وزن به استحکام نسبت الياف اين.کردند پيدا ديگری های کاربرد .است زياد خيلی کششی مدول بودن باال ی نتيجه در آنها ضربه به مقاومت .آنهاست

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(GFRP)

(CFRP)

(CFRP)

کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری

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روش های تولید کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری

Wet/Hand Lay-Up

Spray Lay-UpStabilizers

Vacuum Bagging

Resin TransferMoulding (RTM)

Braiding

Centrifual Casting

Pultrusion

FilamentWinding

prepreg

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روش های تولید کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری

Pultrusion

Filament Winding

prepreg

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روش های تولید کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری

Resin TransferMoulding (RTM)

Braiding

Centrifual Casting

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costs: Material costs Tooling costs Processing costs Finishing costs

Applications:

Boating Automotive and rail General Engineering Aerospace Sporting goods Civil Engineering Domestic Medical

کاربرد و هزینه تولید کامپوزیت های زمینه پلیمری