- IBERO-CAUCASIAN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE , II
Caucasiological Series, II
Giorgi Leon Kavtaradze
( )
THE PROBLEMS OF STATE DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA (from the earliest
times)
Tbilisi 2006
. . . II-I - - - , , .
, , ( ) . , , .
: : , ,
. ( ). , 2006. - , , II.
. , 2006 , 2006 , 0128, . . 1, .: 29 09 60, 8(99) 17 22
30E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 99940-61-85-2
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Problems of the Development of State in Georgia (Summary)..
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[. 3] , , , . , , , ,
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[. 10] , (, , ) . , .[18] , . , , , . , ; : , , , , . , , , , . , :
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.[21] . . , , , : () / ; () , ; () ; () . . , , , . , , , _ " ". ,
. , , .[22] , , , . ,
.[23] , [. 12] : .[24] . , , . , , , . , .[25] . . , ( ) , ; ,
.[26] : inchoate (), typical () transitional (). .[27] . , " "
.[28] , , . , .[29] , , . . IV 30- [. 13] , . , , .[30] , () , . (
) - /. ,
, , , , , ; , -, . [. 14]
/ ?
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. [. 15] , . . I , - - , . " " , : "...
, : , , , , . , " (I, 16, 21-23).[34] , . . melting pot- . -
, . . II , , , . , . . , ,[35] ,[36] [37] , , , . . XII - .[38]
, . , / , [. 16] , , , .[39] / , , "" , , . . . . ,
. . . . IX , , , ; " " , .[40] , .[41] , . [. 17] , . , , , . ,
, . . II - . , ; , , .[42] . . , , , . . , , , , . .[43]
; , , , . , [. 18] .[44] , - , , ; , , , , .[45] . , , .[46] - /
; - (Xen., Anab., VI, VII, 1). , / - , - . . . / , "", -, , .
, [. 19] / . . XII-VIII . , "" (chiefdom) - .[47] , : -, "",
.[48] , . , .[49] Daiaeni Daiani- , Diau i Diaue i .[50] / / "" . .
, . , . . , [. 20] / . - . .[51] . , , -.[52] d- > t- . , , , --
di-a-u-i : aoi (), (, ayk : , ).[53]
"", , "", "".[54] , [55] , ""- : "" "".[56] , / . (-) [57] ( )
.[58] : , I- (. . 1114-1076 .) , . . 1112 . , [. 21] , "" .[59]
III- (. . 858-824 .) . . 856 , . (-, ) ;[60] "//" - .[61] , III- "
" . : "
, , , , . , . , . , , , , , , ".[62] . . 844 , . . 40 - , , , ,
, , .[63]
. , III- , - () .[64] .[65] [. 22] , . , (. . ), , . . - .[66] ,
, " ", , , , , : , . : "... ,
, , , ..." ( , ).[67] , . , , " " . , , " " , , . , . , ( , -) ,
, , .
XIX . , -, .[68] . - [. 23] .[69] 1843 , , , , ;[70] . () . ,
2090 . , . . . - (-) - (-) , . [71] - - . - - "" .[72] , - - ; -
.[73] , . , Pyxurates- (n. h., V, 83). (Mt. Abus) (XI, XIV, 2). ( .
. 63 . ); ( ), . , 12 , (n. h., V, 83).[74] .[75] , , , [. 24] - .
- - - , .
, , -, - .[76] , , - - III- , , , (, - - ) , , -, , - - . ,
(Purattu) ( -, ) , .[77] - . , . .[78] [. 25] , III- . . . , .[79]
, . III- , - .[80] , , , . , ,
; . , . . . , , - , , , .[81] , , . 1,5 x 0,7 , , I- [. 26] , "
" .[82] , , ,[83] III- , , . . , [84] . , - , , , . , (. . 810 .
785/80 .) , . . IX VIII ( ) (URUailu(ni)). , III- , , . . , , "" .
, - V- (. .
823-811 .) III- (. . 810-782 .) , . . . IX , , , , , . . . IX .
[. 27] : " (?), () , () (?)",[85] , "", , .[86] , , , , , "" . , ,
.[87] ( , , . . 40 - ) : " ,
, , , - (). (?) , . ... , , ".[88] (- , . . 20 - ) , , :
" : : , ".[89] ( ), 18 - , . ( ) 2 - , 50 x 75 . . , . , . . IX
VIII (. . . 825 . 810 .) , , VIII - " " [. 28] .[90] , .[91]
, " " , , . , , , " " ,[92] , , , . . .[93] 1961 , (. ), . , , ,
, . , , -.[94] . . . . , - , -- ---- , (, , ).[95] /()-
(URUZuaina-Zua(ni)), (. Sngta, . 35 . ) , /() I- (. . 785/80-. 760
.) , . , , /() [. 29] , , . . , , , .[96] ( / ) () , - .[97]
, , , . , III- . . 844 , , , ( . 40 ) . 160-170 - . 90 - . . , -
- (, . 40-20 ) . , , / . . , " " ( ) , I- , " " /().[98] / [99] .
I- () , /() [. 30] ,[100] , , , , , /() . , (/()) () , .[101] /() (
) ;[102] ""- ""- - (. ). I- - , /() ""- (. , ""-) .[103]
""- ( ""-) , , , , I- [. 31] , .[104] /() , /() [105], - , , , .
. /() . " , " , . , . . . , [. 32] (URUUu ai asuni) "/"-, . .
"Uhta"- .[106] , . ""- - "/"- .[107] "" "VII ".[108] - - (. ). - -
/()? /() , ? . , , , , - , ,[109] .
, . ; , , .[110] , .[111] [. 33] , /() , , , , /() . , , . . , ,
, , . "" , . (-) , - ( , ) . 2030 - - , -, - (. Tortum-ay) (.
Tortum-kale) . : " ( . .) ,
, , , . ". : "... , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , ".[112], - ,
1917 . .[113] [. 34] ; :
"... , , , . ",[114] - , ; - , - . , , 1923 - " " , "" .[115] ,
- , ,[116] , , , (-, ), . , .[117] , III- , / , , . : s , r l, o u
,[118] - s- u- o [. 35] ,[119] "" , "" "". . ""- .[120] , (. Sar
"", . Esendurak- " ", ", , --"), "",[121] ""-. , "" "" ,
""-" "". -- --[122] ( , . , "--"-, "--"- ).[123] , "- -" , : ,
"" , "" , , : "", " ", " ", "" .[124] makie i, ailu , ;[125] I-
(B1), , (KURQada) (KURAqalai) , (mArdaraki i), (mBaltul i) (mQabilu
i) .[126] (. . ) , , [. 36] (" ") , . . - , , , . - . , . , XV - -
;[127] 1549 . I- - " " .[128] , XIII . , , "... () ..." (II, 310,
17-19, 311, 9-11).[129] . . , - " ", " ", " " .[130]
, . , , , , "" (., ). , , . , X , , .[131] . . , / .[132] [. 37]
, / , .[133] . ailuni aki, "a" , , . .[134] III i-i-ilki-,
i-il-i-ilki- . - I- (. . 1243-1207 .) , URU-i-la-sa- URUi-i-lu-
.[135] , a-i-il-la-ni, - - - .[136] , , [137] . ""- , ;[138] "" " "
. "" - .[139] (, . -) "".[140] [. 38] . *- - .[141] "-" "" : -; ---
"".[142] ,
"/" (, , ), , .[143] , . , . , . - (-) - (-) Kargapazarl dalar "
", , - Ku-kularn ba- " ".[144] , , ; , , . "-/-" , .[145] [. 39] ,
, - a- "/" .[146] , , - , (Xen., Anab., IV, VIII, 22; V, II, 1; V,
III, 2; ., Diod., XIV, 30, 3), / . , (. //[147] l i ) .[148]
( . . ), (-, -) "" ,[149] [150] . . - (. /, /, /, /, /, /, [.
40]/, / . ., /, / [151] /[152]). - , - ( ) ,[153] , , . , , / [.
41], . . - .[154] / "", "||" "" "" .[155] , , , , . . -et - ""
,[156] , - s- , , "".[157] I- , , , ,
/(), . , I- , , " " ,[158] , ; , . .[159] , , , [. 42] .[160] "
" : " . , ".[161] , "" "" ""- "" ""-, -et .[162] /() , ""- -, ---,
" ".[163] - : ", (-)".[164] "-", , : " " ( , 15,).[165] , I- , II-
(URUudala), . "-"- "(a)la"- .[166] / . , , , , . . IX - . .[167] ,
- [. 43] .[168] , " " , " " " " ,
- , , .[169] , - . , (- ) I- . (KURTariuni) .[170] - , "" .[171]
, , . , - - .[172] , - , , "" (KURQula) , . "".[173] [. 44] -. , .
. VII , - , , "" .[174] , , , , . ,
, , , . , / , , - . [. 45]
" " Pax Achaemenia- Pax Macedonica- . , .[175] - , - () - . " "
(raison d'tre) -, , . , , (, ), (, ), . , ,
(Plinius Magnus), ( ) (n. h., VI, 30). XIII , : (Opus majus, 1,
301). . , , , , (Roman Limes). . , , . [. 46] . . . . , , - ,
.[176] , , , .[177] -, - , , , , , , , . , - - , , .[178] , , , ""
. .. VI-V , . , . . . -, , ,
( , -- " ", ) (I, 103; IV, 1),[179] , " " " " . , , [. 47] (n.
h., VI, 30: Ab his sunt Portae Caucasiae, magno errore multis
Caspiae dictae) , , , , , , . . ,[180] , . . I ( ) , .[181] , , , .
. VI , . . V . , , . ; . . 32-37 . , 109 , , , , , , (VI, 33). ,
(531-579 .) . , - . II- (408-450 .) . [. 48]
, .[182] - , . , " " . . IVV , IV .[183] . , VI . , VI . 563 , ,
, , .[184] , - - ; . ( , ) , .[185] . . . 750-250 ., . . 250 - . .
250 . . . . IV . VII , .[186] [. 49] , (V.9.11.15) , (XI, III, 3),
, , ,
. - , .[187] , - .[188] . . I , , . . . . 35 , ; , Portae
Caucasiae, , (Tac. hist., 1, 6,2).[189] . . 290 . 317 . , II- . IV
, , , . , . .[190] [. 50] , - ( -) . , ( ) ( ). - , , , ( ) .
, , , , , , .[191] , , , -, , . . . . , . , , , . , , , , , , .
- , .[192] , (-) .[193] [. 51]
. , corpus historicum- ,[194] .[195] , .[196] , VI- .[197] ,
. , , , , . . , , , , .[198]
, , , , - (1479 1495 ), - (1638 1645 [. 52] ) .[199] . . . , (
),[200] , , , , .[201] 1125 1270 , ( , IV, , 1125 ) . , , . , ,
1187 .[202]
, 1279 1311 . .[203] , .[204] . , , , .[205]
. , , , - , , [. 53] , , .[206] : , : , , , ; , .[207] . , , 800
, , . , , , .[208] , , , 1066 , , , .[209]
, , : " . , (I, 248)".[210] , . , : " ... (I, 248)". [. 54] . ,
(Patmut'iwn Vrac'), . 1884 .. " " , I- ,
, - .[211] , , , ( ) , (104).[212] , , (), , , . , . , , -
.[213]
: 1. , , , Tabula Popularum- ;[214] 2. ; 3. . - . - , .[215] [.
55]
, . , , , .[216] , ( ) 795 813 . , 800 . .[217] , . , , ,
(interregnum-), . 580-888 . . .[218]
, , . , ; , .[219] - .[220] , , [. 56] , , .[221] , , . .[222] -
, , 1888 . 1903 ., , , , (973 .) - . , - , , , , , , . - (. ). , ,
, , .[223] - . , -
. , , . ; , , [. 57] . , . , . , - , , , .[224] - , , [225] . :
, (663 .), II , , . . - . - , ; . , , . .[226] , - , ( ), , , -
.[227] - ,
, , [. 58] ( ), . , ; . , , , .[228] , - , , , .[229] - , ,
.[230] . . , , :
, , , .[231] , , . . , , .[232] , [. 59] - .[233] , .[234]
- , . , , . . . . , , , , , , (. 500-562 .) , . ,
. . . , , , . , , .[235] . .[236] , , .[237]
- , , - . , - , [. 60] , - , . , , , , - , , . , , , .[238] , ,
() .
. - , .
: "... -, [. : " "][239] ,
- - , , - ..." (320)[240] - - . - , -. :
" - , , ."[241] , - ,[242] [. 61] . , , , , , (. - ) , (I,
23)[243], - -, , , - .[244] .[245] , , . . , , / . . , , () ( ) ;
.. III . - .[246] , I , (Plin., n. h., VI, 12, 31) . . 283/282 .
(Strabo II, I, 2-7; Plin., n. h., II, 67, 167-168; VI, 21, 58), . ,
, .[247] . [. 62] , ,
, , .[248] , - , ,[249] : " ...
, , , , . , . , . , , " (I, 18). , " () , '', , (p'rotitosik), .
. "(20).[250]
-, , , , , , - , (320).[251] , : , , "... ,
, . , [. 63] [] . : , , , [] , , . [] " (II, 8).[252] , II- , .
. VI . , () ( )
, (. . 304297/293 ., , I- )[253] (Euseb., Praep. Evang., IX, 41,
I; Chron., I; . Josephus, Con. Apion., I; Strabo XV, I, 6).[254] ,
, () , . , ,
" , ; , , , [] [] . [ ] " (II, 11).[255] , ( ) I- (. . 189-161
.), - VI, (. . 111-63 .), II- (. . 95-55 .) . . , / .[256] , VI, ,
[. 64] .[257] VI, , , , - .[258] , , () .[259] , , , , , . - ,
(Historia Alexandri Magni), ( . . IV .) , , , (. )[260] .[261]
, (Cl. Ptol., V,III,16; Euseb. Hier., Epist., 77,8). , . . IV-
III . . , .[262] , , [. 65] I, III (. . IV . ), , .[263] , , . ,
.[264] (. . . 63 - . . 19 .) , , , (XI, XIV, 9), , , , , (XI, II,
19), , , - , ( ). , , , , ( ) . , , IV, , . , , . . , , , . , . .
329-328 . "" ( ) ,
, ( ) (XV, IV, 14, 15). , , [. 66] .[265] , , , , , . , ( - ) -
, , /, , , , , -, , . , , (XI, XIV, 5).[266] , , , , , , , ; , - -
, , . , . . IV III . , . ; [. 67] . . , - ;
, Pax Achaemenia- Pax Macedonica- , - .[267]
- , , ( ) , "" , -, " " (. I, 18). . , (=, ) , , , , .[268] ,
(?! - ..) , (I, 25), - , , ,[269] ""? (I, 18), . , "", , " " ? (.,
, ). . , "" -, , [. 68] , .[270] , , "" : -, -, .[271] , "" , - , ,
: , "".
, , II- . , , " ", " , ",[272] . , , , , -, , , . , "", (. ), ,
. , , raison d'tre ( ), , , , , , .[273] , (I, 17), [. 69] :
"...
, ... ". , , (I, 18).[274] , , , , . , ( Challenge-), , - -
.
. ; , . ( ) , , "-" "" . , . , . . -, , , ", ", , "" , . , , - ,
(I, 18).[275] , [. 70] - , ( )[276] , . , . , , , - , (I, 11-13,
27, 63, 65-66), - , .
, , , . , , , : "
... . , . , , . , . -, . , , , ..." (I, 11-12)., , , () . , (
--, ) [. 71] . , :
" . . , . . , , " (I, 151). , , ; . , ( ):
" , . , , . . . , " (I, 336). , , , : " . " (I, 13). - ,
, .
, , , , : " , -, " (I, 14).[277] , , ( , ) :
"... , . [. 72] ; ". , , , " . " . , , " , . [] [] . [] [ ] . ,
" (II, 65).[278] , , , ( 19), , , ( -) , , , : "
. , , , ". , : " [] , . . , , ; ".[279]
: "
. , , , , , . , . , ... , ; " (I, 59-60). [. 73], , . , , , , .
: "
; ... ... , . , , ..." (II, 85).[280] . , , - : "...
. - , , , , . " (I, 136). - , , , .[281] , , , - . , , , . "...
,
:
, ; , , . . . , , . , [. 74] : , " (I, 66). , : "
, " (I, 67). , , : "
, , - , ... , , " (I, 145-146). , : ", , , , , , , " (III,
12).[282] , , "
, , . . [- , , , . - . .] , , " (II, 9).[283] , - - , . , ", ",
, - - . , , : "...
, ;
, , , . [. 75] [] , , , ..." (II,6).[284] , . (II, 6) ( ) , ; (
) . , . , , , (II, 8, 11), , , - , " " ( ) . , ( ) , , , . (Porta
Caucasi, , ), , (. ). ( ) , (n. h., VI, 30). , - , , . , , -, , , ,
, , , [. 76]
. , , (n. h., VI, 30). , , , , . , , , (-) ,[285] , . . ( ) ,
().[286] , , , . . , (. . . I .)[287] , . : " -, , " " (I, 13). (
-, " ") , , . . VI , . , , , .[288] , , - [. 77] . , : " [ - . .]
,
, , . ,
, , (I, 13-14). , ( - ) (n. h., VI, 29). - , ( ), ; . . . . , ,
.[289] II- "", [290] , - ( ) - . .[291] . , "" ; , - .[292] . , (-)
.[293] [. 78] , , , . - , , , , . , - .
Orbis Terarrum-. , , , .[294] , , . , , () . (. ). , , , , ( ) ,
, , ; , "". "", , p'rotitosik () = " ". . . , -, 1884 [. 79] . , p'
-, - ( patrik-, . ).[295] . - , ", " , : , , -, , -, , p'rotitosik
() p'roiritosik- (), "" .[296] , , , (. ), , , . , .
, VI , II- . . 66 . , . , , , , . , ( ), , ; : ",
, [ ..] , [, ..]... [ - ..] , . [ ..] ... [ - ..]" [. 80] (XI,
III, 5).[297] - . (. . 155-235 .) , - () [ ..] , , (Cyrus) , (Dio
XXXVII, 1, 4).[298] , , , , , , , . , ( , . . 106-48 .) (. . 65 .)
, (. . 116-27 .) , , , , (n. h., VI, 51f.). , .[299] , , , (Plut.,
Pomp. 36).
, , .[300] , , , , , (Dio XXXVII, 3). , ( ) , . , , [. 81] ,
(XXXVII, 1). () , " " (Plut. Pomp. 34; Dio XXXVIIff.; Strabo XI,
III, 5). "" - . . 36 ., (. . 83-30 .) , ( ) [301] [302] . , (
II-..) (Dio XLIX, 24f.). , (, ) .[303] , (. ). . ,
. , (. . 14-37 .) , , , , . I- ( I - ..) , , (. . 35-52 .) , [.
82] , (Tac., Ann. VI, 31-6; XI, 8-9; XII, 44-51; XIII, 5-6, 37;
XIV, 26; Plin., n. h., XV, 83; Dio LVIII, 26, 3; LX, 8; Jos., Ant.,
18, 97).[304] (. . 54-68 ) (66-67 .) (Plin., n. h., VI, 15, 40). ,
.[305] , , , - , , (quos idem Nero electos praemissosque ad
claustra Caspiarum et bellum quod in Albanos parabat) (Hist.
1,6,2)[306]. , ; , .[307] , , . , , .[308] , I- , . . I (Ann. 12,
45). , , - . [. 83] , , , , , , . , , , , , -
.[309] ( , . . 39-65 .) (Parsalia, VIII, 222-225)[310]:
" , , () , , , , , "., , .[311] , , ; (. . 37 . 93 . ), , , : "
[ ..]
. ; , . [ ..] [ ..] ; , ... [. 84] ... , . , , ; , . , " ( , 7,
7, 4).[312] , , , , (. . 69-79 .)
, .[313] , , ,[314] . , : .[315] , , , , .[316] , [. 85] , , , .
, .[317] , , , : , ; , , . - status quo. Pax Romana- . . , , , ,
.[318] , , , . , .
, , . , . [. 86] . . , , -, . . . 77 ., , Legio XVI Flavia
Firma-, , ,[319] Legio XII Fulminata-, . , . ( ),[320] , . . 75 . ,
, .[321] , , . . 75 . .[322] , , , : " ,
, , (), , , , , , , [. 87] , , , , , , () , , "[323]. , ,
: " . [ ..]
, , , " (I, 44). , , , , : " : , " (I, 164). , 7 , , , , .
.[324] . , , ( 1779 .), , - - ( ..) , , , (Acroftopolis). . ,
.[325] , (), . . , , , . , , XII Fulminata- XVI Flavia- [. 88] ,
.[326] , ( , , ) : leg(atus) pr(o) pr(aetore) [imp(eratoris)
Caesaris Vespasiani Aug(usti) exercit]us qui in A[---]. :
"exercitus qui in... est" : "exercitus qui est in...", . ,
exercitus- . ,
, , . . 75 . ( ), , : leg(atus) pr(o) pr(aetore)
[imp(eratoris) Caesaris Vespasiani Aug(usti) exercit]us qui in
A[rmeniam Maiorem an in A[lanos anda in A[lbanos missus
est---].[327] , , , . , II, , , , . . , , , , .[328] - , , , . , ,
( - ), , [. 89] ( ?) / (II, 8, 11). . , , "", , , . . 370-378 ., ,
, , . . .[329] . . : " [, ..] , " (I, 35) : " ,
.
: , , - , , , , . " (I,43).[330] [. 90] , ( ). , : "
. ... , , , , . . . . , . , , , , ... , , " (I, 4546).[331] , .
(Hist., Fr. 47) (De Mag., 3, 52) , - - ,[332] , , , . ( [. 91] ), -
, , , , I- (. 430-518 .) , . , - 502 . (1, 10, 9ff.). "" .
, , . . , , (., , ) : " ,
-. , . , . [] ; [] " (II, 50).[333] . , ( ) .[334] , , , [. 92]
: " ,
, , , , , , , ; , ; - - " (I, 342). , ( , 7, 7, 4) : " , [ ..],
,
; , .
, ". - - , : "
; . , [] ... , , , , [] , . , . [ ] , [ ], , , , , -. [] [. 93]
, . ..." (II, 85).[335] , , :
"... , . [ - ..] , , ; , ... , , , ..." (I, 47)., - . . I . , ,
. , ,
,[336] -- .[337] , , II- - , , ;[338] . , , .[339] . , , - , , ,
[. 94] . , . . 76 . . , , , I- .[340] , , , . . . 95 . (. . 45-96
.) "" (Silv., 4, 4, 63f.).[341] , . , : "Imp(eratore) Domitiano
Caesare Aug(usto) Germanic(o) L(ucius) Iulius Maximus (centurio)
leg(ionis) XII Ful(minatae)". (" ") . . 84 . , Germanicus- .[342] .
, . , XII , , .[343] , , , - . , , . , , ( ) : , , [ I- - ..],
.[344]
XII Fulminata . , ( ) .[345] , [. 95] . . .[346] . , . , , , . ,
, . , , , . , Legio XII Fulminata- , , , .[347] , . . II - , , . (
) : " ,
, , - , . ... , , 21 ",[348] - : ", ,
, , , 21 , [. 96] ".[349] , . , , .
- , , , "" .[350] - . - : " ". " " , "".[351] , . , . . 251 . ,
, . . .[352] (. . 98-117 .) , . . 115 . , III- , : "
, , , , , . , , () ( ) , , () , - ".[353] , .[354] [. 97]
. - , (. 138-161 .) , : " [ II - ..], ,
, , , . , , " (LXIX, 15, 3).[355]
() , ( ). , I (. . II . ) , II (. . III . ) - . , , , . IV .
.[356] , , . , - . . , - , , . . 35 ., I- .[357] , , [. 98] , " ".
, , , , , , - . . , , , ..
(70 x 70 , - 32 ). . . . , . , (, ) , , .[358] , . , (Hermozika)
(Horum Zighe) ; , ( , .. " " ..), , . .[359] [. 99] , (I, 18) . , ,
. . . I , , - , . , "" (I, 18) - , -, - (. ), "", - , , . (. ); , .
, , , , , .[360] ,
"" ( ) , , , " " (. ).[361] , "" (I, 18), "" (patrician),[362]
adlectio inter patricios [. 100] , . . 73/74 . ,[363] . Legio XII
Fulminata- , (Saepinum) ,[364] , exercit]us qui in A[rmeniam
maiorem, : exercit]us qui in A[lbanos.[365] - , , , , , -, Juppiter
Optimus Maximus Dolichenus. "" : "
: , . , . " (I, 25).[366] . , , . xarenahvant, "", ""[367] [.
101] , . ,[368] , , , , .[369]
, , , : "... , , , , , , ... ; , , - " (I, 89-90). : "... , , ,
. ... , - " (47)." ", "", "" (- ""), , ( ) , Iuppiter Optimus
Maximus Dolichenus- , , , . Iuppiter Dolichenus-, Hadad- ( , , - ),
, , . . 64 ., . Iuppiter Optimus Maximus- , . Iuppiter Dolichenus-
, [. 102] , , .[370] , (I, 89). "" " " , "" () "" , , . , ( - - ),
, , Apollo Citharoedus- Diana Lucifera- . , Diana
Apollo- Iuppiter Dolichenus- .[371] Iuppiter Dolichenus- ,
Iuppiter Dolichenus- (., , I, 18). Appolo- Diana-, Iuppiter
Dolichenus Hercules- Minerva-, Isis- Serapis-, , Dioscur-, Castor-
Pollux-, Juno Dolichena- Asclepius- .. - .[372] , () , Attis-
Kibela-, , , anda/anta, .[373] , [. 103] . . , / , , IV - III , ()
- . - , () -. , , , , , , , ,
( - . . 69-96 .) . - - Pax Romana- - . , , . , . , , , - . . [.
104] , . , , - (), , , . ( , orbis terarrum) . , ( , ), , , (, ) .
, orbis terarrum- , , .
, . , . ( ) , : " [ - ..] ,
. ... . " (I, 63). . [. 105] . . VII , . - , . : "
, , . - , , , " (I, 15). , , - , - . , / .
.
. . . V . , VII . . , , ()[374] ; . , [. 106] . II , (438457 .)
. , II- . 417-457 . .[375] , , . . , , .[376] , . , , V . , ,[377]
, ( ' ), , , .[378] , -19 ( ). , ,
[C]CC [. 107] C . , , . , . , , . , . : . : ,[379] . : - (
),[380] . : , -. . : .[381] . , , . . , , .[382] , . . .[383] , .
.[384] . . , , . ; : , [. 108] ( ) ( ).[385] . , . , . , ( ,
people, ) ( /, principality, ) (
. , ; . : the people of the Kark'edovmayets'i principality), , ,
, ( kingdom, ) ( . .) () . , , ( ) , , , : 1. ; 2. . , , . , . , ,
. , , ., - .[386] , , ( III-) [. 109] , , , (. ., II, 8, 11). . , ,
() . , () (. ., II, 8), , . ,
II- (. . 605-562 .) . . IV-III . , (Euseb., Praep. Evang., IX,
41, 1).[387] II- () () , .[388] , . , - - () .[389] [. 110] - .
,[390] , , . - . . . IV - , . . . , -? , Kart H dat kart , ,[391] ,
- ( - - ), , , -, , , . , / -, (. ). , karta, , - ard- ( ,
), , karta ard- . , , [. 111] , - ard : /, , . , , - ; , - ` ( /
), , birt.[392] , birtha , . kart- , ; , , , (), (). , , , (), ()
() .[393] [. 112]
- ,
, . XX , (Pivot Area, , . ), , - ; , - , , , (Inner or Marginal
Crescent, . ), (Outer or Insular Crescent), , , , , ( . , .,
).[394] , . , [. 113] , , -, .[395] , - , , , - , :
" , , . ,
, , . , .... , ..."[396] , , . , , , (Roman Limes), , () . . -
orbis terarrum- , , [. 114] , " " .[397] , , , , - , - - , , . , ,
.[398] ,
(marches) , , , . , , , , , , , , , , -. , , , , . , , . - , , ,
. , , , , ( ) ( ) , , , [. 115] . . [399] , . , , (" ", "" ..) . .
, ( ) , ,
, - .[400] , , - , . ( - ) , . , , , . , , , , [. 116] , , - . -
, , , , . , , , , (fault line). , , , , , , , . , ,
. . , , .[401] . . IV Pax Achaemenia- Pax Macedonica- ,
translatio imperii, , . "" , , - .[402] . [. 117] , , , . , , . - "
" , .[403] , - . , .[404] - , : " ,
, . , . .[405] . , " " :
" , , , ... , ? ..."[406][. 118] , , - , . , - . - , . . . , , ,
(Challenge) . . (Response), . , , . (raison d'tre-) , (, orbis
terarrum) ,
. , , . , , . , , , . [. 119]
- , .[407] , , , : , , (). , . , , , , .[408] , , . , . . V , ,
- - .
, , . . [. 120] : "
, ...[409] , . . , , , . , ... , , , ..." (I, 63-64). , , , . ,
VI . , , , (), () (6, 1, 278-280).[410] VI . , (De origine
actibusque Getarum) , . , ( - ..) (VII, 50).[411] , () , , , (, ) (
) . , 523-542 . [. 121] II- . , ()
.[412] , . . VI . .[413] . . , , : "
, , . , , " (I, 234). : " [ , ..] , ,
. , , . - , , , , , , " (I, 256-257). , [. 122] , " ", . , , , ,
. , , " " "" (Ann., VI, 33). . . IV . , , .[414] , , , .
, . , .[415] VII - , , , ( ), , , - XI , .[416] , , . , .[417] ,
[. 123] , , , , .[418] IV . 450-451 - , , . , . , .[419] . (459-484
.) , . 60- (, ) ,[420] V . . , [. 124] .[421]
. , , . , .[422] , , , , , "
, , - , ". , , (I, 145-146).[423] . , , .[424] . , , . , .[425]
. , . . "
, ".[426] , , , [. 125] . , , , , .[427] , . , , , . , , , "" ,
.[428]
483 . . , , , . , , . , .[429] , , , . : , . , , . , , , . , , ,
. [. 126] . , .[430] . VI . 30- 40- , , . , "
, . ". . , .
. "
, , ", . 627 . .[431]
VII . , , , , X . , , . , , "" .[432] , , , .[433] [. 127] ,
VIII - . , . (724-743 .) --. ( ) , 728-729 . --- . . , . 732-733 (
) - ( ). 737 , , . .[434] , , . VIII .
. , , .[435] , . VIII . , , . [. 128] "" .[436] VIII ( , I,
252-253). , , . .[437] IX 80- - . , - , , , , .[438] . , . ( ), " "
( ), (), (), . " " , ( , .) () , .[439]
; IV- , . , . ; " , " ( , I, 313).[440] [. 129] , , 1118 "
" ( , I, 336). , . , " , , ", " , ".[441] - . , . , .[442] , , ,
.[443] , , .[444] . 1125 , , , - -. , , , , , , , . , , [. 130]
, XIII . - , - - .[445] , , - . , 1119-1126 . (Galterius) , , -
, , , .[446] , - -, , , . ,
. , , ... ( ), . "" , ....[447] " " , : " , , , , ", : "
, , , , ; , , -, , ; [. 131] , , , . , , " ( , II, 158). ,
, . - , . , " , " "
, , " ( , II, 182-183). , -.[448] VII- (1393-1407 .) ; , " ", .
. , .[449] , 1264 , ( , II, 246-248), : (" "...), , , , . , .[450]
XV , I- (14121442 .) [. 132] " " , , ,[451] , .[452] 1453 . ,
.[453]
XV . , , , .[454] V (16581676 .) , , - , , _ .[455] [. 133]
, . - , , . , . . , , III- , , .[456] , , .[457] "-" " ", "
"
" ", ( ) . , , . " ". , , " " ( ) . . , " ( ) " , " ". , - [.
134] .[458] - ( ) . , , - - . ... , , , , , .[459] . , - , , . : ,
/ , , , . 1555 - -. , ,
, , . , , "" , [. 135] , " ".[460] XVI , . , , XVII .[461] XVI ,
, , , .[462] , 40 , 1564-1605 . , 17 .[463] ( ) XVI XVII ; I- 1723
.
. , , XVI [. 136] .[464] . . , . (., ). - , , .[465] , XVI , ,
I- , , . 1713-1716 , ; 1722 , VI- XIII- VI-. I- , , VI . , I- . ,
.[466] . . . VI-
[. 137] , 1724 . , , 1724 . : , , . , , . . , VI- , , , , . ,
1725 .[467] I-, , VI- .[468] , ; . VI- . , . II 1783 . VI- 1200 ,
1762 - , , . . [. 138] , 1801 , .[469]
- , "
".[470] , VI- , II . : "...
? , , , , ... , ? ".[471] I- , , II- , . . , I- , . . , , ,
.[472] XVIII , . , , , , [. 139] , . . , , ,
"" .[473]
-
XIX . , , , . . , , , , . .[474] , , .[475] , . , VI- . , " ,
".[476] , II .[477] [. 140] , .[478] , , - . 1770 . , : ... ,
, , ....[479] - . , -. . . .
.[480] II- -. 1781 . . , 1782 , , . - ; , . 1783 , .[481] II- ,
, , , : ...
, , , . : , , , . [. 141] 1782 18 .[482] , . 1783 16 , , ; :
,
, , .[483] , . 3 : . , 6 ,
". 1783 18
. . .[484] , , , , . - II- 1782 . . , , [. 142] . , II- . :
, , .[485] XVI . . . , , , .[486] II- I , . . . II- .[487] , , .
, ... ,
[488] , . . II- : - . -
? , . , , , . 1783 . 23 : [. 143] , , .[489] , . , , ; , , . , ,
- , , , . , , XVIII , , .[490] , , , , ( , ), . . , , .[491] , 1792
, , -- , 1783 , , , ,
.[492] , , , . [. 144] , . . , , , , . , , . : , , , , , , , , ,
.[493] II- , , I- , , .[494] XVIII , , , . . . , : , , , , ,
, .[495] , [. 145] , , .[496] . , , , , () , . , . II- II- VI- ,
. , , VI- . II- II- . , , . - ; , . - , , , , , , . - ; . - , , ,
.[497] , [. 146] , , , , .[498]
. - , II- , 1765 . . ; - - , : - , .[499] , , , II (1711-1786 .)
: Moi en Europa, et en Asie linvinsible.[500] , 1799 . 18 , :
, ...[501] II- , , - , , .[502] , , , , , , .[503] , , XII ,
1799 . [. 147] , .[504] . , . , 1782 . , - ; II- , , , ,
, .[505] , , , , , , .[506] 1783 . II- VI- II - .[507] , II- , -
. . . , . . , II- II- , , 1783 . 24 ( 3 ) -, .[508] [. 148] , . . .
1786 , , , " ( _ ..) ".[509] , ( - ..) , , , 12 . . ,
, , .[510] , ( ), , .[511] 1782 II - . . , ( ) , , . . , , , , .
, , .[512] . , , [. 149] , . , .[513] , . , , , , - , , , XIX
.[514] , , , , , XIX ,
, , , , - . , , , . , . ; -, . , , . XIX [. 150] . " " , -. , .
.[515] VI- , II, , . , XVIII , . , ; ,
.[516] , .[517] , , , , . . , , .[518] 1783 - . . , [. 151] , ,
, , .[519] II- . .[520] . ; .[521] , 1787 . . , , , , :
, , , ,
. - , . , .[522] . 1790 . 6 . :
, , , [. 152] .[523] . , , .[524] - , , , , . . . , , .[525] .
1783 , . . , 1800 : , .[526] . 1794 . 6 , . . . 10 , 80 . , , , II-
2 , 5 , 1500 ( 2500- 3000-). .[527] . II , 1798 11 . 1795 ,
. II [. 153] - - 3 . 28 . , , . . , , .[528] , , II , , . .[529]
, . . 1 - 11 18 - 1795 . .[530] , 1795 11 , .[531] . . . , II- , ,
[. 154] - .[532] XII . : ( - ..) ; ( II- ..) ,
, . I- XII : , ,
( . - ..), - , - , : ... , , ( , - ..), .[533] , . , . , 1792
II- , : .[534] 1787 () , , , 1783 , 1799 , , . . , [. 155] 1783
.[535] . , 1787 , 1795 . 1797 I- , .[536] , , 1795 . 15 , ; :
, , , ,
, , ( - ..), , -- , .[537] , . , . , , -- , .[538] , , , - . ,
XVI , .[539] . II , [. 156] .[540] . , II- 1796 . , , .[541] II . ,
1783 . ,
.[542] 1798 - XII- , .[543] I- XII- , , " ".[544] , . , 1800 .
18 , . _ " " (1800 . 24 ), I- XII [. 157] .[545] 18 . . . , - . .
"" .[546] 1800 1783 . . . , , , .[547] . , . , "" ; - . 18 1801 .
16 , . , , , , ,
, -,[548] - .[549] , 21 , . . , , , , . : ..., , , , , .[550] [.
158] I- . 1801 . 20 , - , . , , , , , , , -. - . .[551] , I- , , .
, , , . , .[552] , , , , .[553] , . , - , , XII- , , , . XII
, . I, , - . 1799 . 8 [. 159] , , , XII- , 12 20 - . .[554] XII-
- XII , I- . I- XII- - , "" . 1800 . 22 - 18 , , 28 , XII ( 1801 .
9 ).[555] XII , . , XII- , .[556] , . "" . . . , . 1801 . 5 , 18 ,
"
". , " ", .[557] , 1801 18 I- , 20 . , [. 160] , .[558]
, , , - . 1783 . . , - XVIII 700 , 500 , . 18%- . - 350 200
.[559] . 1801 . 28 - , 61 35 -- .[560] : , , , ; , , ; , , , , . ,
, , , , , , , , [. 161] , .[561] 1801 12 , I , I-, , , , .
; XII- , 1801 . 27 , , , , .[562] ,
, 1783 . , , ".[563] , , . , , , , , , , I . , , , , . :
800 , , ; ?[564] [. 162] - , . , , 1784 ., . 1770 . 16 . . , . -
, . , .[565]
, , - ( ) , . , I-, , , 1801 . 12 , . , 8 . , . .[566] , .[567]
I- , 1783 " ", 1801 12 18 . . [. 163] , I- , - , . , , .[568] , , ,
.[569] . , , 1801 I , , 1806 , , "
". - , "" . . , , ,
.[570] . , "" . . , 1830 .[571] 1828 . . , . . , [. 164] .[572]
( 1810 ), , , 1811 ; II , ; 140 ; .[573] . , .[574] I- . , , , ( -
1783 - ..) .
.[575] . , - . 1817 ; ; - [. 165] . ; ,[576] . ; , . . . ,
.[577] , . , .[578] XVIII . (), , - () , ,[579] . , , . (, ) , . ,
-, , , , -. , 1816 , - , . :
,
, , , , , . , [. 166] , , ....[580] , , . , , , , . 1800 . ,
43,0% , 1783 . , ; 1832 . , 38,4%- , 1865 . - 35,6%, 1886 . 30,7%,
1897 . - 28,8%-. XX , 1926 . 31,2% , , 1917 . , : 1959 . 27,3%,
1970 . 25,5%.[581] 1988 . , , . , , , , , , . . , , , , .
, - , [. 167] . - : ![582] , , . , ; : , .[583] . 1804 1812 ,
1832 . . , , . , , .[584] - , . XIX . , . , 1801 - , . , , .[585]
1802 . 21 , , , , , , .[586] , , [. 168] , .[587]
I-, I-, , , . , . , , , () , .[588] 1812 31 ; . . . , "" . , , ,
. , . , , -; , . . 1812 1 . .[589] 1815 , , , . [. 169] , .[590]
1830-32 -, , . , - . - .
, [591] , .[592] . , . .[593] 1957 " , 1658-1832 ." , , , .[594]
[. 170] . 1839 , - I , 1783 .[595] [. 171]
XIX - , , (1844-1854 .) . . , , 100 000 1 800 000 .[596] , , , ,
, , .[597] . , ,
. , , .[598] , , , . , , XIX , , , .[599] . , , , , , , . [.
172] . , , , . - . , . .[600] . , , .[601] - , , , - , . . , , ,
.[602] , - . ,
- .[603] , , . 1897 , 1912 .[604] . , 1917 [. 173] , : " ,
!".[605] . 1915 , - . , , 52 000 7 000 .[606] XIX - ; , , . XX .
1907 1801 . II , . , . , 1783 20 II- II- .
, , , , , . 30 21 . 12 [. 174] . 15 - XII- I- , , - , XII- I-,
I- 1801 12 . , . : 1804 , 1812 . , . . (. 2 400 000 ) . , 47% .
1783 , .[607] , (Ernest Nys) 1906 24 , , . , , , , ; ;
, [. 175] . .[608] 1914 . , - . , -, , . , . , 1783 . , de jure
, , .[609] 320 , , 160 , . , , ;[610] 1921 . , , 1795 . 750 . !
1918 . 26 . . 1918 13 , , [. 176] .[611] . ,
"" . , . . , , , . .[612] . , , , . . . , , . II , . , .[613] .
1918 . , .[614] 27 - , . 13 , [. 177] , 14 , , .[615] . . , , , ,
,
, .[616] , , , , 1918 , .[617] , , .[618] , 1918 . 1921 . , , ,
, . , , . , , , , .[619] :
, [. 178] .[620] . , .. , . , , .[621] , . . ; : ,
; . , .[622]
, .[623] . , 1919 . , , . , , . . , , , .[624] 1919 . . , "", ,
: " ,
, , [. 179] ".[625] , , , , .[626] . , , , - ( -) , . . , , ,
.[627] ,
, .[628] , , , , . , , ; , , .[629] , , , . . , [. 180] . , .
1918 , , , 1919 18 1920 21 .[630] 1918 14 ; 31 .[631] . , : , , . ,
, , , . , . . , ,
"" . , .[632] , , , . , , .[633] [. 181] , , .[634] . , , , , ,
.[635] . , , , . , , . , , - .[636] , 1920 16 , , , , , .[637]
. . , , , , [. 182] , , .[638] . , , , , , . :
. , .[639] , , , , . . 1920 . 7 . , 1920 7 , . 1922 1 , , , . ,
, . . .[640] " " , , .[641] , , [. 183]
. , , de jure , . 1920 7 . , , .[642] . 1920 7 . , .[643] , , ,
, , , , 1920 . 1783 . , .[644] . . , , , - 1920 1783 II- II- , . ,
, 1920 , , .[645] . , 1920 7 [. 184] . . , ; : " ". . , .[646]
,
, . 1920 .[647] , , , .[648] , , 1920 , , " " . . . , "
... . . ".[649] . , , , .[650] [. 185] 1920 . , , , 1921 . :
, , . , . .[651] , , . , , ,
.[652] , 1906 - , , , .[653] , - , , , . , , " " , , .[654] 1907
29 [. 186] . . : , .
, , . -. , .[655] "" " " , . , - , , 1918 .[656] , , , , , ; , ,
,
.[657] , "" "" , .[658] . , , , 1920 . 7 . . [. 187] .[659] . .
, , , , .[660] , 1920 , , , , , .[661] . , . , " ". "".[662] 1920 .
. , , . , . , , , - .
, .[663] , , 1921 23 , , [. 188] , .[664] , 1920 - , , 1921 27
de jure , .[665] 7 . , . .[666] , , , de jure . , 1921 25 , , , . ,
...[667] , , , . - , , , , , [. 189] .[668]
1921 . 25 , 1920 7 , , , , , XI . . : .[669] . . , , [670]. . ,
1920 . , , , , [671] , .[672] 1920 7 . , , . , , .[673] , - [. 190]
, , , , , . .[674] ,
, , , .[675] , , , -, , ,[676] . , , , , . . , , . . , - .[677]
- , () . , , , .[678] . , 1921 . - , .[679] [. 191] 1921 17 , , . .
, , , 16 , , , . , ,
, . .[680] XII , .[681] , , .[682] , , . , .[683] . , , 1921 ; ,
.[684] [. 192] . . - , , . , , , - . , .[685] , . 20- , , " . . .
_
, . ."[686] - , 1923 . . - , , .[687] . . , , - - , " ".[688] ,
1923 25 , [. 193] , , .[689] , , . , , , . . , , . , "" " " " " .
.
. , . , , "", " " .[690] , , , .[691] , . , , [. 194] , .[692] .
, , .[693] , , . - ; , . , , . , - , . , , , , , - .[694] . ,
, .[695] , I , " " . , . , , [. 195] , - , , .[696] , , . . , -
. , . , , , , , 1918 1921 , . , , , , , .[697] [. 196]
- :
1. ""- ( ) ; 2. ; 3. - .
"" ( ) , . , , , . , , . ( ), , . , , , , ( ) . : , , . , , , -
, . , , [. 197] [698] ; , ,
(., ., "- " "- "). "", "Transcaucasia/Transkaukasien", . , "" ,
. , , , , - , "" . , , "" ( ) " " . 5 : 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. - -
;[699] , , , , , , , , . , - , , . , [. 198] ? , , motto? , , , , ,
, ? , .
, , , , , . , . ; ? , ? . , , . , . , . , . ( ) ; . , , , [.
199] . , , ; , . , - , .. . , , ,
- , . . , , , , , . , , , , , ; , - , . . . , , ( ) . [. 200] ,
. , , , . , , 1921 -, , ; .
. , , , . , 1905 . ( 1943 . ) , , 1. (Pivot Area, ), , 2. (Inner
or Marginal Crescent) , , , 3. (Outer or Insular Crescent), , , , .
. , ( - ..) , , . , . "" . [. 201] , . (1861-1947), 1919 , , , , ,
, - , , , ; ( , , ), , , , , , , , , 1905 . .[700]
, . , , 1905 . , , , , 1919 . , . , 1919 . , , . . , , , , . , ,
, . , .[701] [. 202] . , , ( - ) . , , " " . . , ( - , - )[702] (,
) .[703] " ", . , - , - , . , , , ,
, " " . " ", , , , - . " " , . , , , , " ".[704] [. 203] .
(1893-1943) , (Rimland), . , (1840-1914) , . - . . , ( ) , - , "" (
"") . . , , , , . . : " .
; . () ".[705] , , ,
, . , , - , , , , . , , [. 204] , . . , , , . , , , .[706] , , ,
, , , , , . . , . , , ` ~ , , ; ,
. - , , , [. 205] . , , . , , . . , , , , , "" . , . , , ,
.[707] , , , , , , .[708] , , , , .[709] , 1997 . , " " , - . . - ,
[. 206] . ,
, , - (fault line).[710] , , - , , , , . - : , , - .[711] , , .
, . ; `~ , . , , , ; . , , [. 207] .[712] , , .
, , , , : . . , , , . , .[713] . , , " ".[714] , , . , , , - . .
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, - , . - : , .
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- , ".[717] , . . : " , ..." , , . , , , . . . , , ? , ? [. 209]
, , . ` 11 ~ . , .[718] . , , , , .[719] , , ,
. , ( ) , ., " " ( ). , , , , . , , , , , . , .. - , , . [. 210]
, .. . , , . , . , , . , , . ! . , 1816 , - . , .[720] , ,
, , . . , , , , - . , . . , - [. 211] , , . - 1993 "" . . , , ,
, . , ; , . , , ; , . , , , . , , , , , .
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;
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, , "" ( ) " ", , "" ( ) . 1920 , . . . . , . , , (, , , " - ". ,
), . , , , .[721] , , . ,
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, . , , . ....[722] , . . . , . . , , . ,
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, ? [. 216] ! - . . , , , . , , - , . . , . , , , , . , , , , ,
, , , . - . , . , , . [. 217] .
. , ` ~ . . , . , , . . , , . , . , ( ) , , . ; , , . , , - . ,
, . , , , (challenge), , , (response). , -, (raison d'tre). , , [.
218] ,
. ( ) , , , . , - , , , , . . , , , ; , . , , , . ; , . , , , .
, , , , - - , , , , - . , , - , . [. 219]
Back:
http://www.geocities.com/komblege/publications2.htm
orhttp://www.geocities.com/komblege/kavta.html
Giorgi L. Kavtaradze THE PROBLEMS OF STATE DEVELOPMENT OF
GEORGIA (from the earliest times) (Summary) If we throw a glance
through the main - Eurasian - part of the Eastern Hemisphere we can
easily find Transcaucasia, located between two seas. It has quite
an extraordinary, I dare say, even central position on the
Hemisphere. In the north of it, across the Great Caucasian Range,
is situated typical northern country - Russia, in the south -
genuine Middle Eastern Turkey and Iran, in the west the Black Sea
divides it from Eastern Europe, and in the east - the Caspian Sea
from Central Asia. Such an intermediate location of the Caucasus
should be the reason of its ethno-cultural diversity noticed
already by Greco-Roman authors. Georgia (ancient Colchis and
Iberia) - the country of the Golden Fleece of Classical Greek
mythology is located in the central and western parts of
Transcaucasia. It is chained to the Caucasus like Prometheus who
found his last abode in the same mountains. Even on the former
state emblem of Georgia, under the hoofs of the horse of Tetri
(White) Giorgi (the image of Georgia) the Caucasian mountains are
depicted - instead of the dragon of St. Georges icon - a symbol of
natural challenge of the country, representing the link of its
destiny with one of the main markers of the geographical,
ethno-cultural and political division of the world. Georgia, and
Transcaucasia generally, lies not only at the crossroads of all
four sides of world, but at the cross-roads also from the temporal
standpoint between the old and new worlds - the old world of
totalitarianism and the new world of democratic society. Both these
cross-roads are at the same time intertwined with each other. The
areas north and east of the Caucasus are still embodiments of
totalitarian societies, the areas west and south - of societies
with a democratic way of life, or on the path of democratic
transformation. The beginnings of Georgian statehood is one of the
most controversial problems of the Georgian historiography. Some
scholars are connecting the beginnings of Georgian statehood with
Colchis of the legendary king Ayetes.
At the same time the very beginning of Georgian statehood by the
indication of ancient Georgian historical tradition should be
searched in the south-western part of ancient Georgia, where the
land of Daiaeni/Diaukhi of Assyrian and Urartian cuneiform
inscriptions existed from the late second millennium BC. By the
information of the inscription of [. 220] the Assyrian king,
Shalmanasar III, which was dated to 844 B.C., the land of Daiaeni
was located near the source of the Euphrates (i. e. the Western
Euphrates or the Karasu) in the territory which is known by
Georgian and Armenian tradton as Tao or Taik. Except for the
obvious similarity between the archaeological material of the Early
Iron Age of the central and south-western parts of Transcaucasia
(i. e. central part of eastern Georgia and south-western part of
hstorcal Georgia), some toponyms characteristical of
Daiaeni/Diaukhi are also often considered of Kartvelian origin. An
additional evidence in this connection might be provided by the
name of the "Royal city" of Diaukhi "ailu", mentioned nearly half a
century after the Shalmanasars campaign in the inscription of
Urartian king Menua which possibly was situated on the place of the
Medieval Georgian village of Sasire (immediately west of the well
known castle of Tortomi or Tortum-kale, ca 20-30 km north-west of
the Dumlu-su, the source river of the Euphrates) which means in the
old Georgian the "place of birds" (sasire). When identifying ailu
as Sasire we take into account the fact that in Urartian cuneiform
script it is impossible to distinguish from each other the sounds
and s, l and r, u and o and the information of the above
inscription of Shalmanasar III that he erected his statue in the
anonymous city of Asia when the latter came to him exactly to the
source of the Euphrates. The period of replacement of the Pax
Achaemenia by the Pax Macedonica marks out the emergence of Iberian
(East Georgian) kingdom and the beginning of unbroken state
tradition of Georgian monarchy which has lasted till the beginning
of 19th century. Numerous states were created in all parts of the
world after the First and Second World War and the collapse of
Communistic system. In our days this process takes place mainly in
new countries of the post-Soviet space, among them in Georgia,
where an analogous situation was known already after the
annihilation of the Russian Empire and the three year period of the
time of existence of the Georgian Democratic Republic, occupied by
Soviet Russia in February-March 1921. Though the tradition of
statehood in Georgia counts thousands of years. It seems that the
factors of geopolitical character caused not only the emergence of
statehood in Central Transcaucasia in the Classical period but also
determined its historical development in Medieval, New and Newest
times. The main purpose of the future studies is to outline the
possible trends in Georgias political orientation against the
background of existing tendencies in the political life of Georgia
itself, of Transcaucasia generally, and of a more wide area
adjacent to the basins of the Black and Caspian seas. [. 221]
Discussions under way among Georgian politicians and public of
how to solve the triple choice which faces the country: 1. to join
the security system of the CIS (i.e. Russia), 2. declare
neutrality, 3. integrate with the Euro-Atlantic democratic
societies. Pro-Russian trend actually means turning back from the
process of state creation to final dissolution (though gradual) in
the Russian maw the age-long dream of Russian political circles. In
spite of the decisions of various summits Russia tries to retain by
all means its military presence in Georgia and at the same time to
widen its economic and political positions in the country. Neutral
status is irrelevant for a country lying on the highway of
political processes and surrounded by aggressive neighbours -
primarily by Russia; Turkey and Iran to some extent, during the
reinterpretation of their Caucasian policy after the breakdown of
the Soviet Empire, are trying to ensure peace and security of the
region different with their old historical traditions. At the same
time, Turkey could be considered itself as a member of the
Transcaucasian family. We have in mind the fact that Transcaucasian
southern boundary is confined by the flow of the Araxes River. The
upper reaches of it form a boundary between Transcaucasia and
Anatolia, going west from the same river along the Palandken and
Kop ranges; and further to the north, the presumable border runs
along the middle and lower flow of the oruh River. We could use the
term Turkish Transcaucasia as the manifestation of a widening
interpretation of Transcaucasia. The pro-Western trend seems the
only option, which can secure the independent development of
Georgia. But can we be sure that this choice answers the national
interests of the country? Why the pro-Western orientation becomes a
motto of Georgian society? How trustworthy are the fears spreading
among a part of Georgian public that because of their pro-Western
orientation the country and its population are under the
unforeseeable and imminent threat of punishment coming from rivals
of the Western democratic societies and, therefore, in the opinion
of this part of public, the political orientation of the country
should be changed? These questions show how tense and uncertain the
political situation in Georgia is today. I dont think that there
exists an easy answer to all questions that are facing Georgian
public today, but historians could try to make the situation more
understandable from the standpoint of the historical development of
this country. Therefore, we need to throw a glance from the
historical perspective to gain an insight into the character of
developments underlying modern processes. The pointer of Georgias
political compass was directed at various sides of the world in
different times, but what kind of mechanism caused [. 222] such a
shift of orientation? Which point, having strong magnetic power,
was most determinative for the Georgian pointer throughout the
history? These are the questions that should be answered.
Unfortunately nobody paid attention in the special literature to
the interconnection between the existence of state power in Central
Transcaucasia and the necessity to control the passes through the
Caucasus, indicated by the historical development of the area. This
must be mainly due to the fact that during the last two hundred
years Transcaucasia was incorporated in the Russian and Soviet
empires and no governmental employee in charge of these
totalitarian states would allow, or will encourage even now in a
much more democratic Georgia, to carry out such a study. Both these
countries (the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union) succeeded in
total subjection of the Transcaucasian territory which was of vital
importance for their expansionistic plans against the entire East
Mediterranean-Middle Eastern area. On the other hand, the fact that
no Caucasian nation was represented on the political map of the
world over the last two centuries, with the above-mentioned short
exception, is the main reason why Caucasian history was actually
neglected by Western specialists even when studying the areas
adjacent to it. The breakdown of the Communist system gave
specialists of countries belonging to this system the possibility
of using such methodological principles that are far removed from
the dogmas of Marxism-Leninism and that were sometimes already
obsolete in other parts of the world. In connection with the early
Caucasian political history the use of Arnold Toynbees
Challenge-andResponse model seems preferable, as the emergence and
development of the idea of statehood in the Caucasus finds its
stimulus (Challenge) in the reaction (Response) of the local
natural and social environment. The political history of Georgia,
like other Transcaucasian countries, was mainly dominated by the
fact of the geographical location of Transcaucasia south of the
Great Caucasian mountainous chain, one of the most important
watershed systems of the world. These mountains form a fracture
(something like a geological fault-line) not only from the
geographical and ethno-cultural points of view, but also from the
geopolitical division of the world. The key importance of the
location of the Caucasus was picturesquely stated by Pliny the
Elder (Plinius Magnus), already two thousand years ago, namely that
the Caucasian Gate (i.e. the Darial Pass, crossing the central part
of the Great Caucasian Range), divides the world in two parts (n.
h., VI, 30). There was always a need for a barrier to be erected by
the world of reasonable men against the world of barbarians, such
as the Great Wall of China or Hadrians Wall (Roman Limes). The
Caucasian Gate had the same function for the Middle East. From
times immemorial it barred the descent of the Eurasian nomads into
the civilised world of common interest - the Mediterranean-Middle
Eastern oikoumene. [. 223] The Caucasian Gate is frequently called
the Pillars, Stronghold or Iron Gate of Alexander the Great by the
Classical (Greco-Roman) authors. The linkage of Alexanders name of
the legend with the emergence of the Iberian statehood, known from
the evidence of old Armenian and Georgian chronicles, indicates the
raison dtre of this state, namely to be the outpost of the
civilised world in its
struggle with the realm of Gog and Magog lying beyond the
Caucasian Gate. The above-mentioned emblem of Georgia, bears the
sun, the moon and the five stars, supposedly bestowed on the
Georgians by the legendary image of Alexander of old Georgian
chronicles as an ideological basis of their state religion. Thus
the concept of Alexanders Iron Gate was the reflection of the
concrete political function of the Georgian State - the control of
one of the most important strategic passes of the world. This
function of the state seems to have been one of the main decisive
factors that challenged the emergence of the Georgian State in the
central part of Transcaucasia in the Early Hellenistic period. The
location of Georgia, south of the Great Caucasian Range, in the
contact zone of the Eurasian nomads and the Middle Eastern
civilised societies, had predetermined the continual external
pressure from the north, a Challenge, which for its part caused a
Response - the creation of a state (i.e. the Iberian Kingdom) in
Central Transcaucasia. The raison dtre not only of Iberia, but also
of other new states of the Classical period, Albania and Lazica
(the successive state of Colchis), were to become strongholds of
the civilised world (Greek oikoumene or Roman orbis terarrum) in
its struggle with the barbarian Realm of Darkness beyond the
Caucasian Gate. However, there was undoubtedly a difference between
the western political orientation (the Greek states, Roman and
Byzantine empires) of Iberia and also to a certain degree of
Lazica, on the one hand, and the eastern orientation (Persia,
Parthia) of Albania (together with Armenia), on the other. The
control of the Caucasian passes could create the most favourable
opportunity for the preservation of Pax Romana in the Middle East.
The Iberians (eastern Georgians) were the most important allies of
the Romans in the region, having supremacy over the Caucasian Gate.
The close collaboration between the Romans and the Iberians, based
on their joint strategic interests as parts of one and the same
orbis terarrum was the leit-motif of their interrelations. At the
same time, the rulers of the Iberian Kingdom successfully used the
favourable strategic location of their country to balance the
pressure of the powers coming from all sides of the world, often
changing the direction of their orientation. Already Tacitus noted
that the Iberians were masters of various positions and could
suddenly pour mercenaries from across the Caucasus against their
southern enemies (Ann. 6, 33). [. 224] The long-term aspiration of
the medieval Georgian monarchy, going back presumably to the times
of the Roman Empire, to bring under its sovereignty not only the
Caucasian Gate, but all existing Caucasian passes from the Black to
the Caspian Sea, is expressed by the formula of its territorial
integrity in the Georgian chronicle of the eleventh century the
Life of Georgia: from Nikopsia to Daruband, i.e. from the
northeastern Black Sea littoral to the Derbent gateway (the second
important pass of the Caucasus), on the western shore of the
Caspian Sea. This f