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The idea that reactions occur during molecular
collisions.Collision Model
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TemperatureConcentrationSurface AreaPressure
Conditions That Affect Reaction Rates
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Factors Affecting Rate Temperature Increasing temperature always
increases the rate of a reaction. Surface Area Increasing surface
area increases the rate of a reaction Concentration Increasing
concentration USUALLY increases the rate of a reaction
PressureIncreasing the pressure on a reaction involving reacting
gases increases the rate of reaction. Changing the pressure on a
reaction which involves only solids or liquids has no effect on the
rate.
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The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.
Activation Energy
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Activation EnergyThe minimum energy required to transform
reactants into the activated complex (The minimum energy required
to produce an effective collision)Flame, spark, high temperature,
radiation are all sources of activation energy
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A substance that speeds up a reaction without being
consumed.Enzymes are catalyst inside the body.
Catalyst
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Catalysts Increase the Number of Effective Collisions
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The exact balance of two processes, one of which is opposite of
the other.
Equilibrium
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Chemical EquilibriumReversible Reactions: A chemical reaction in
which the products can react to re-form the reactantsChemical
Equilibrium: When the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate
of the reverse reaction and the concentration of products and
reactants remains unchanged2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g) Arrows going both
directions ( ) indicates equilibrium in a chemical equation
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Ozone Production
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Ozone Protection
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Ozone DepletionThe reaction that breakdown the ozone layer is
catalyzed by chlorine atoms.One chlorine atom can catalyze the
destruction of about one million ozone molecules per second.
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http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/environment/global-warming-environment/global-warming-101.html#antarctica-ozone-vin
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http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/james_balog_time_lapse_proof_of_extreme_ice_loss.html
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A dynamic state where the concentration of all reactants and
products remain constant.
Chemical Equilibrium
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Le Chateliers PrincipleWhen a system at equilibrium is placed
under stress, the system will undergo a change in such a way as to
relieve that stress.
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When you take something away from a system at equilibrium, the
system shifts in such a way as to replace what youve taken away.Le
Chatelier Translated:When you add something to a system at
equilibrium, the system shifts in such a way as to use up what
youve added.
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Le Chatelier Example #1A closed container of ice and water at
equilibrium. The temperature is raised.Ice + Energy Water The
equilibrium of the system shifts to the _______ to use up the added
energy.right
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LeChatelier Example #2A closed container of N2O4 and NO2 at
equilibrium. NO2 is added to the container.N2O4 (g) + Energy 2 NO2
(g) The equilibrium of the system shifts to the _______ to use up
the added NO2.left
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LeChatelier Example #3A closed container of water and its vapor
at equilibrium. Vapor is removed from the system.water + Energy
vaporThe equilibrium of the system shifts to the _______ to replace
the vapor.right
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LeChatelier Example #4A closed container of N2O4 and NO2 at
equilibrium. The pressure is increased.N2O4 (g) + Energy 2 NO2 (g)
The equilibrium of the system shifts to the _______ to lower the
pressure, because there are fewer moles of gas on that side of the
equation.left