AP US History Mr. Long. The Presidential Election of 1800 was critical (1 st official with 2 parties) o NE John Adams (Federalist) o S: Thomas Jefferson.

AP US History

Mr. Long

The Presidential Election of 1800 was critical (1st official with 2 parties)

o NE John Adams (Federalist)o S: Thomas Jefferson (Dem-Rep)

Jefferson takes power but is immediately faced with opportunities and crises which require federal power.

Election of 1800 has issues: “Bloodless Revolution”

o Jefferson wins majority over Adams (73-65) but he receives the same number of votes as Aaron Burr (his running mate)

• Ties are broken by the House of Representatives (controlled by Federalists)• Jefferson is chosen after 35 votes as “lesser of two evils”

Jefferson stands for the common people where he gets lots of support in the South (back country, farmers, etc)o Jefferson declares an era of “simplicity

and frugality”

PLANS:1. Reduce Gov spending and pay off debt2. Restrain military buildup3. Guard the Bill of Rights4. Create smaller central government5. Abolish excise tax6. Foreign Policy: Friendship with all nations,

alliance with none

Jefferson’s focus is inward and west

Jefferson wants to undo the Federalist abuses from the French hysteria during Washington’s administration.

1. Pardoned those thrown in prison and forgave the fines from Alien and Sedition Act

2. New Naturalization Act of 1802 • Back to 5yrs from 14yrs

3. Congress agreed to repeal excise tax 4. KEY: Left framework of Hamilton’s plan intact other

then excise tax.• By absorbing major Federalist programs Jefferson proved a

change in regime could be peaceful and not disastrous for losing party.

Crisis 1: “death clutch” of Judiciary

o Judiciary Act of 1801• Increased the size of judiciary (16 new federal judges/offices)• Midnight Judges- Adams appointed positions late on last

night of presidency (Causes resentment from Dem-Rep)

• Chief Justice John Marshall (Federalist)• Furthered the Federalist cause for years, even after its demise

• Act repealed in 1802 and positions began to be removed

• Marbury v. Madison• Marshall ruled that the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 Marbury

based his appeal was unconstitutional. • Key: Gives the Supreme Court power to interpret the Constitution

and have the final say on constitutionality: Judicial Review

Crisis 4: Louisiana Godsendo In 1800 Spain signs a secret pact w/ France that gives France back

Louisiana (Control mouth of Mississippi)• 1802 French bar American entry/warehouse use in New Orleans

(Southern/Frontier farmers need this to thrive)

o Problem: Now Southern Farmers need protection from hostile French

o Napoleon’s willing to sell• Reasons he will sell:

1. They stopped revolt but disease (yellow fever) wiped out to many troops. Louisiana was going to provide foodstuffs for Santa Domingo but it would cost to many troops to overtake Santa Domingo so Louisiana is not necessary.

2. Napoleon needs money for upcoming war with Britain he wants to mount3. He believes that the land could help US later control British

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson sent James Monroe to help Robert

Livingston buy land from France. o Instructions:

• Buy New Orleans and as much land to the east as they can for $10 Million.

o Outcome:• Napoleon offers all of Louisiana (no longer needed) for $15

Million

o Results:1. Doubles the size of US (828,000 sq mi for 3 cents/acre)2. Jefferson reluctant b/c he says its unconstitutional “strict” but

Senate passes treaties. Land = Money in agrarian society3. Commissions Lewis and Clark Expedition

Conspiracies of Secession

Crisis 5: Conspiracies of Secessiono Aaron Burr joins a group of Federalist extremists

(secession)• Alexander Hamilton exposed the plan (Burr challenges him

to a dual)

• Burr flees to West and begins to plot with Louisiana military general Wilkinson to secede from the US. (Plan fails when Wilkerson finds out Jefferson knows of plan)

Precarious Neutrality Crisis 6: A Precarious Neutrality

o The US has blossomed into the leading neutral carrier on the sea

o Britain and France both controlled different areas but look to hurt each other indirectly• Britain = sea power• France = Land power

o Order of Council (1806 and 1807)- British closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping (US) unless they stopped at British ports first

o French ordered seizures of all merchant ships that entered British ports

o Problem: No way to trade with either nation w/o facing the others guns

Precarious Neutrality Essex Decision (1805): Britain says European

countries can’t trade w/ US during war.

1. US can’t go to French West Indies and stay neutral2. Britain starts taking American ships and ex-British

shippers back3. Impressments- forcible enlistment of sailors into British

navy (they need men). o 6,000 US citizens from 1808-1811

Precarious Neutrality Chesapeake Affair (1807): British war ships find 4

ex-British sailors on US ship USS Chesapeake and demand they are returned. American captain refuses so British ship fires on them (kill 3, wound 18 and take 4 deserters captive)

o American people are in an uproar and want war! (Jefferson does not)

o Problem:• National honor would not allow America to be enslaved this way to

Britain/France but they desired politically to stay out of foreign war• Navy/Army is still very weak (Jefferson) • Defeat would hinder the nation even more

Precarious Neutrality US response to Chesapeake issue

o Embargo Act of 1807:• Theory: Jefferson thought that if Americans shut them out

it would force the two nations to respect their rights b/c they needed raw materials and foodstuffs from America.

• Hurts the US economy more then British/France• Brings about illegal trade/smuggling

• Force Act 1808: Jefferson’s response to smuggling. Troops sent to Canada to enforce the embargo.

• Revived the Federalist party• Revived talk of secession in NE

• Repealed March 1, 1809 (people pressure Congress)

Precarious Neutrality Non-intercourse Act re-opened trade around the world

w/ everyone except Britain and France.

Why did the Embargo Fail?1. Jefferson underestimated the determination of Britain/France2. Overestimated the dependence on American goods

o British isles grain surplus/other nations supply goodso Napoleon didn’t need them b/c he controlled much of Europe

3. French stole American ships/cargo4. Unpopular at home (both N and S were hurt economically)

o Positives:o Promotes manufacturing in N.E. instead of relying on other

nations