+ ADHD and Reading Fluency: Predictive Validity of Rating Scales and Computer-Based Diagnostic Tools S. Kathleen Krach, Ph.D., NCSP Troy University Michael P. McCreery, Ph.D. University of Arkansas at Little Rock W. Paul Jones, Ed.D. Scott A. Loe, Ph.D. Paul Stohlberg, M.S. Kristen Bjork, M.S. Leslie Hughes, M.S. University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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+ ADHD and Reading Fluency: Predictive Validity of Rating Scales and Computer-Based Diagnostic Tools S. Kathleen Krach, Ph.D., NCSP Troy University Michael.
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ADHD and Reading Fluency:
Predictive Validity of Rating Scales and Computer-Based Diagnostic Tools
S. Kathleen Krach, Ph.D., NCSPTroy University Michael P. McCreery, Ph.D.University of Arkansas at Little Rock W. Paul Jones, Ed.D.Scott A. Loe, Ph.D.Paul Stohlberg, M.S.Kristen Bjork, M.S.Leslie Hughes, M.S.University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Often experience a comorbid diagnosis of learning disability (Mayes, Calhoun, & Crowell, 2000).
+LaBerge & Samuels: Automaticity Theory
Theory proposes a direct link between reading fluency and attention.
As readers became more adept, they focus less attention on the specific subcomponents needed to process written language.
With increased ability comes a speed and ability to shift focus from basic word reading to reading comprehension.
+Reading Fluency: Subtypes
Accuracy: How well can you read (words correct).
Reading Speed: How quickly can you read?
Accuracy by speed: How many words can you read (and understand) within a set period of time.
Assessed by scoring correct items read in a timed situation.
A reader does not take the time to process the entire word or sentence before determining it’s meaning.
Impulsive readers will read the first phoneme and examine the length of the word.
Example: “Cat” becomes “Car” but not “carpenter.”
Assessed by examining errors made in reading.
Accuracy and Speed Reading Impulsivity
+Research Questions
Are ADHD rating scale scores an accurate predictor of reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
Are CPT scores an accurate predictor of reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
Do rating scales scores and CPT scores provide shared information useful in predicting reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
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Methods
+Participants
91 undergraduate student volunteers
General population from College of Education
Sex 17% Male 74% Female
Ages 18 – 45 (mean = 23 years, SD = 5 years)
Race / Ethnicity 4.4% Asian 9.9% African American 2.2% Native Hawaiian or
Pacific Islander 67% White Non Hispanic 5.5% Hispanic 11.0% Other
+Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)
Fake Sample Items Never Sometimes
Often Always
Other people say that I am loud.
I enjoy activities that require focus.
I have trouble staying organized.
I interrupt when others are talking.
+WJ-III: Achievement Reading Fluency
Fake sample items (timed)
Dogs moo at passing cars. Yes No
Businessmen often wear suits. Yes No
Giraffes have long necks Yes No
Computers can have a keyboard and a mouse. Yes No
•Forms: A and B (for this study)•A = group•B = individual
•Scores:•Individual standard scores(# correct - # incorrect = raw score)•Group standard scores (# correct - # incorrect = raw score)•Difference scores (individual – group)•Error scores (# of incorrect from A + # of incorrect from B)
+Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrices (ANAM): Procedural Reaction Time Example of Items
Note. ANAM = Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrices. PRT1 = Procedural Reaction Time Basic Block. PRT2 = Procedural Reaction Time - Time Uncertainty Block. Accuracy (ACC) = Percentage Correct. Efficiency (EFF) = Correct Responses Per Minute. CAARS = Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales. Inatt = Inattention. Impul = Impulsivity. Hyper = Hyperactivity. Comp = Composite. WJ-III: ACH RF = Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement, Third Edition Reading Fluency. Indiv = Individual. Diff = Difference. * = p < .05. ** = p < .01
+Correlation Statistics
Note. ANAM = Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matrices. PRT1 = Procedural Reaction Time Basic Block. PRT2 = Procedural Reaction Time - Time Uncertainty Block. Accuracy (ACC) = Percentage Correct. Efficiency (EFF) = Correct Responses Per Minute. CAARS = Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales. Inatt = Inattention. Impul = Impulsivity. Hyper = Hyperactivity. Comp = Composite. WJ-III: ACH RF = Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement, Third Edition Reading Fluency. Indiv = Individual. Diff = Difference. * = p < .05. ** = p < .01
+Regressions
ANAM CAARSWJ-III:ACH
ReadingFluency
CAARSWJ-III:ACH
ReadingFluency
ANAMWJ-III:ACH
ReadingFluency
Models 1 - 4
Models 5 - 8
Models 9 - 12
+Model 2: Regression Results(12.45% of the Variance)
ANAMPRT (All)
WJ-III:RFGroup
None others were statistically significant!
+Sobel Regression Models
ANAMWJ-III:ACH
ReadingFluency
CAARS
+Sobel Regressions
Although 64 separate Sobel regressions were run, not one
provided the statistical significance needed
to indicate the predicted mediating relationship.
+
Discussion
+Research Questions
Are ADHD rating scale scores an accurate predictor of reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
Are CPT scores an accurate predictor of reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
Do rating scales scores and CPT scores provide shared information useful in predicting reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
+Are ADHD rating scale scores an accurate predictor of reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
Rational for Question: Individuals with ADHD exhibit more academic problems
(Marshall, Hynd, Handwerk, & Hall, 1997). Individuals with ADHD often experience a comorbid
diagnosis of learning disability (Mayes, Calhoun, & Crowell, 2000).
Finding: There is NO significant relationship between any of the
ADHD rating scale scores and any of the reading fluency scores.
+Are CPT scores an accurate predictor of reading fluency and/or reading impulsivity scores?
CPT scores sometimes do predict scores on reading fluency.
Neither the inattention scores (as defined by group / individual difference scores) nor the reading impulsivity scores (as defined by the error scores) were predicted by any of the CPT scores
It appears that the CPT used in this study may be a measure of something else other than ADHD symptoms.
General neurological functioning (Alloway, et al., 2009; Preston, Fennell, & Bussing, 2005)
+Do rating scales scores and CPT scores provide shared information useful in predicting reading scores?
No.
+Rating Scale vs. CPT
At this time, rating scales are the clear frontrunner ADHD diagnostic tool (Macmann, Barnet, & Lopez, 1993; Sattler & Hoge, 2006; Sciutto &Eisenberg, 2007).
Rating scales have significant issues that should give any good diagnostic specialist pause before using them as a sole method of data collection for ADHD (Hartung, et al., 2006; Jackson & King, 2004; Pellegrini, 2011; Rosenbaum & Valsiner, 2011).
Clearly we need a direct method to add to our toolkit.
+Researcher vs. Practitioner
In the argument for whether the absence or presence of neurological symptoms is a basis for explaining symptoms associated with ADHD (Barkely, et al., 2002; Timimi, et al., 2004), CPTs should be included as a data collection tool.
As a diagnostic tool, it may more useful to assess neurological concerns linked to ADHD and less useful in evaluating inattention, impulsivity, an hyperactivity directly (Corkum & Siegel, 1993).