-
m.masoudmand
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.
.
.
" .
.
.
.
.
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1
-1 :
( ) -- ( ) -- --
-2
.
.
-3
: : ..................
: ........................ : - 4 :
................ : ...
: ( ) -
)CNG .......................... ( : -5 :
....................
: -
................
.......... :
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2
: -6 .
: : 7 I -- . :
II . :
III
: ( )
: .
. : 8
8/37
8/37 40
................ :
: 9-1
:
...................... : ......... -- 9-2
3
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: 10
"
.
.
. HIGH FLAMMABLE 21 -11
8/37 12
FLAMMABLE LIQUID .
3/93 8/37 13
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID .
: 14
: ( ) -1
: -2
. 15
. -- 16
17
.
: 18
: -1 : -2
. 19
: 1
: 2
4
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m.masoudmand
5
-20
: (
) ( )
.
: -21
CH4 + 2O2------- CO2 + 2H20 + heat
2H2 + O2------- 2H2O + heat
: 22
CxHy + ( x + y/4 ) O2 ----- x CO2 + ( y/2 ) H2O :
C3H8 + 5O2 ---------- 3CO2 + 4H2O
23
Fuel + Oxygen ------ Heat + Water + Co2
) " O2( ( Fuel ): 24
" .
) : O ( ) H ( 25
F : Cx Hy O2
)PVC ( 26 .
. Chain Reaction 27
. : 28
: 29
" .
5
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. " -30
( ) 31
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-7 -6
: . -32
BTU : -33
.
: -34
H2 Cal./gr 33887 -- CH4 " 13265 --
C2H6 "12399 --
C3H8 "12033 -- C2H4 "12021 --
C2H2 "11930 --
: -35
.
052/94 CO+1/2O2..>CO2 EXOTHERMIC -36 .
67 CO2+C>2CO ENDOTHERMIC" " " " -- 37
.
-38
.
6
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: ) ( 39 - 4 3 -2 - 1
9 8 7 ( .. ) 6 5( )
13 12 11 10
. 18 17 16 15 14
: -40
. -1 . -2 ( ) -3
. :
-41
:
- 3 -2 -1 : -
. -5 -4
-4 - 3 -2 - 1 : -
-6 -5
-8 -7
. -9
-42 : -3 -2 -1
: -1
.
7
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: . -2
: : -3
.
: -43
( )
: -44
CONDUCTION( ) - 1-44
.
CONVECTION ( ) 44 -2
.......... RADIATION 44 - 3
:
.
45
. 8/118 1/31 .
46
73 .
. 7/49
8
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47 :
) 30 (
----------------
-------------------------------------------------------- H2 7/8
CH4 1/1 C2H6 3/1
C3H8 3/1
C4H10 C7H16 C6H6 3/1
C10H22 C10H20 C7H8 ( 2/1(
C2H6 C5H10 4/1
C6H12 6/1
C8H10 ( 1(
) : ( -48 530 5 " " 730 10
30 "843 " "
" " 927 1
" " 1010 2 " " 1093 4 " " 1260 8
. ( )
9
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49
--------------------------------------
----------------------------------------
525 = 977 -
" 700 " 1290
" 800" 1470
" 900 " 1650 --"
" 1000" 1830 "
" 1100 " 2010 --
" 1200" 2190
" 1300" 2370 -- " 1400" 2550
" 1500" 2730
) ( : -- 50 : ........................... FLAMMABLE -- :
.................................. COMBUSTIBLE -- " : ...........
EXPLOSIVE -- -- .......... " : CORROSIVE -- ............. " : TOXIC
- -- " : ........ HARMFUL -- -- ........." : OXIDANT -- " :
......... RADIOACTIVE -- -- " : ................. INFECTION --
.................." : IRRITANT --
10
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: MSDS -- 51
E= EXPLOSIVE
O = OXIDANT
F = FLAMMABLE
T = TOXIC
EF = EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE
VT = VERY TOXIC C = CORROSIVE
Xn = HARMFUL
X l = IRRITANT
52- L E L
LEL= LOWER EXPLOSION ( EXPLOSIVE ) LIMIT
53 - UEL
U E L = UPPER EXPLOSION ( EXPLOSIVE ) LIMIT
54LFL LFL = LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT
55 U F L
U F L = UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT
LEL , UEL -56 .
57 2(1 : -- " " 2(2(6(1 " " -- " " 2(2(6(2(6(1 " " -- " " 1 " "
( -- 500600 " " --
. 1400 1100 900
11
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1- 58
( )
.
.
: .
:
.
(
) .
.
15 5 15 5
)85 95 .(
12
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/ 58-2
) Backdraft) ( Flashover ( .
.
13
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59 --
) ( .
.
) (.
60
.
. (
) .
14
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:
-- 61 Flammable Liquids: Flammable liquids are classified as
Class I Liquids and are described as any liquid that has a flash
point below 100F (37.8C). Class I liquids are further classified as
follows: (a) Class IA Liquids those liquids that have flash points
below 73F (22.8C) and boiling points below 100F (37.8C); (b) Class
IB Liquids those liquids that have flash points below 73F (22.8C)
and boiling points at or above 100F (37.8C); (c) Class IC Liquids
those liquids that have flash points at or above 73F (22.8C), but
below 100F (37.8C).
- -- 62Combustible Liquids: Combustible liquids are classified
as Class II or III Liquids and are described as any liquid that has
a flash point at or above 100F (37.8C). Combustible liquids are
classified as Class II or Class III as follows: (a) Class II Liquid
any liquid that has a flash point at or above 100F (37.8C) and
below 140F (60C); (b) Class IIIA any liquid that has a flash point
at or above 140F (60C), but below 200F (93C); (c) Class IIIB any
liquid that has a flash point at or above 200F (93C).
15
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-- 63
----
.
.
. .
.
:
-- 64
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
:
.
. (
) . 430
.
. " "
.
.
--- 65 ----
.
:
:- -66 .
Incandescence . : _
. Luminescence _
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: 67
( ) -- :
--
( ) --
: : 68
................................ : -- A
: ..................................... -- B
...... : .................. -- C
: .............................. -- D
( ) : .............. -- E
: : 69
-- A
" " -- B
-- C
D
K
:: 70
A
B C
D
F
.
16
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: 71 A --- ( ABC (
B --
) (
. . CO2
C --
. D --- ) DRY POWDER . (
(
E --- ( CO2 (
. 24021211 1301 :
.
.
K wet chemical
. ) COOLING( -- 72
( )
"
" .
) SPRAY or FOG ( .
)WATER MIST . (
17
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19
( SMOTHERING ( SMOLDERING 73
0.1 9/20 78
. ..........
" 15"
8
8
. "
.
74
" .
. CO2 , BCF 75 FIRST AID BCF --
. .
-- 76 ( ) 2.5 - -5 6-12 " " 2 3.3" " 5 -8" " " 3 5 " " 3 -5 3
20" " " 1.7 7.5" " 4 -8 " 1535" " " 1.22 " " 3-5 " 320"
CO2 BCF CO2 77
8
BCF 24021211 1301BCF .
18
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20
) Dry Powder ( 78
" "
. .
79
: ---
( ) : -- 1
: ........ -- 2
,CO2 , N2) ( ) : diluent ( -- 3
: ) inhibitor ( -- 4 : ..... --- ----
H2O WATER
2000 -- 80
.
. SUFACE TENSION -- 81
. ( ) -- 82
.
( -- 83
) .
. 540 80 -- 84
( . 1700 -- 85
. ) .
34 CO2 -- 86
. CO2
12.3 CO2 810 -- 87
.
19
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21
7 -- 88
.
. -- 89
( ) - -90 .
. 6000 ) 18 ( -- 91
WETTING AGENT -- 92
: ................
SUFACTANT = SURFACE ACTIVE MATERIAL -- 93
THIN WATER LIGHT WATER
: ............
. 3000 -- 94
. 8.34 -- 95
. 231" " " " " " -- 96
. 7.5 7.481 -- 97
. 62.5" " " " -- 98
. 1728" " " " -- 99
-- 100
48.88 21.11 120 70
psi 50 psi 2500
.
psig13750 ( ) 220 "
.
. 90 75 -- 101
. 102 ) D=2) ( D2O ( -- 103
D20=2 O .
20
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: H2O2 -- 104
.
-- 105
.
)( -- 106
. .
.
1-106
:
.1 (
) .
.2 .
.3 .
.
106 - 2
( ) ( )
( )
3-106
.
.
.
21
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23
) ( .
(
) ) 24( ) 131( .
.
. 1903
.
.
.
.
4-106
. 50 80 .
.
.
. .
.
. "
.
"
.
. 5-106
. ) Atrophy( ) Oligotroph( .
2 2
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6-106 .
. : .
. Hypoliminimum : .1 .
. .
. .
. Epilimnion : .2 .
. Thermoclin : .3 .
. ) T=277 K (
T=277 K .
.
: ---
CO2 +H2 -----
-
m.masoudmand
25
9-106
. .
. .
. . .
.
:[ --
( : ( ( : ( ( : ( ( : ( 10 ( ( %
--
24
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26
10-106
-- 11-106 ............. . -1 . -2 5 . -3
. 10 .
2000 .( -4 .)
550 . -5 . 10000 10
25
.
IUPAC oxidane
() , , ,aqua
HO
-- CAS
InChI InChI=/HO/hH
g/mol
(atm ,C ) g/cm (atm ,C ) g/cm
(F ) ( K) C
( F) ( K) C
( C) (J/(gK
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27
--12-106
. -1 . -2 -3
. . -4
. -5
.( -6
) .
:*
. -- . -- . -- . -- ) 260 ( 500 ) 0.51 ( --
) . 1359( 48000
26
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28
CO2 107 5/1 -- .
: --
. CO2 -- CO2
.
.
. --
--
. Liquified Gas "
. --
. 7-8 2402-1301- 1211 -- . 15 CO2 -- . 0.56 CO2 -- . 110 CO2
--
. 110 CO2 --
) 0.03 ( --
. . ! 4 3 0.03 -- -- CO2 . 58
. --
27
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29
. 45 14 --
) . 150 ( x 5 x 10 3 1.35 --
) . 2x2x2 ( 8 --
. CAP BURST DISK CO2 --
--
: -- 108
" :
) 1 ) " " 2
" " ) 3
) " " 4
) " " 5
: -- 109
:
: . ( ) --
) CO2( ) N2 : ( --
( ) . . -- ) CO2 : ( --
. N2 CO2 : -- 110
N2 CO2 -- 111
.
.
28
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30
: -- 112
.
. : -- 113
. -- -- -- . --
: -- 114
.... :
--
( ) --
( ) --
.
: ( ) -- 115
: ( )
FACTORY TEST ) ( ) HYDROSTATIC TEST ( .
( ) : -- 116
-- .
-- ( ) : -- 117
-- 3 -- 2 -1
-6 -5 -4
-8 -7
.
)( :
. -- 118
29
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: 119
LIGHT ( LOW ) HAZARD : ) 1
) A (
. ORDINARY ( MODERATE ) HAZARD ) : ( ) 2
) B) ( A (
) . : ( .......... EXTRA ( HIGH ) HAZARD ) 3
) B) ( A ( ( ) .
: ...........
-- 120
: -
CO3NA2 , CO3K2 -- : -- ) 1
) CO3HK2 ( CO3HNa ( ) -- : -- ) 2
) . Purple k ( ) SO4 K2) ( SO4Na2 ( -- : -- ) 3 . A,B,C ( ) -- :
) 4
MONNEX -- ) 5
14) " UREA (
.
.
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32
30
. B 160 24 80B 8
16 18 5
.
0.01
. : -
) " : Dry Powder(
C S : .............
S 1
. C -- 2
_ . . DX
CHEMICAL POWDER DRY POWDER --- ( ) DRY CHEMICAL POWDER . ABC
,A,B,C
60 " --- .
-- .
. --
. --
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31
CO2 121
. -- 1 ) . 1.529 ( -- 2
.
. 15 21 -- 3
. 6
4
. . -- 5
( ) . -- 6 + 87.8 69.9 PSIG750 -- 7
87.8 ) 31 21.0556(
.
. 8 -- CO2 ( ) 79 110
. . 9
: -- - ( . -- 1 ( ) . -- 2 .3
- 1: " : --- . --- 2
32
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34
122 -- JET FIRE
.
123 -- POOL FIRE
.
.
124 -- FLASH FIRE
" ( )
Flash Fire
.
125 -- FLASH POINT
.
--- FIRE POINT
.
126 -- AUTO IGNITION --
( )
.
127 -- EXPLOSION
( ) .
128 -- EXPLOSIVE .
129 -- VAPOR CLOUD EXPLOSION
( ) :
. -- . ( ) -- " . -- . --
33
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35
130 -- SMOKE & COMBUSTION
. --
CO,CO2, HCN : --
.
( --
).
-- SO2 O2 .
) MSDS .(
-- CO .
. CO 70-80
Co has an affinity 300 times than of o2 -- VAPOR DENSITY --
131
.
VAPOR PRESSURE -- 132
.
DUST EXPLOSION -- 133
. .L.E.L
. --
--
. : -- 134
) BTU23850 ( 25157) " kg 0.45 ( -1
. 1200 -2
.
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34 -- 135
700 30-60 -1 ( ....) . . ) . 500-700 ( 930 1300 -2 ( ) .-3
. 1400 600 -4
. 1400 -5
. 49 -75 - 6
. 250) cotton ( -7 . wool ait (230 -205 ( -8 . 218 246 -9
. 190 260 - 10
: --- ***
-1
-2
. ( ) -3
. --
33 25 -- .
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37
35 : -- 136
-E - D .. - C .. -B .. - A --
-- + +
- -- + + +
-+ ----
+ +-+ + + + ---- B
+-+ + + AB
------------------ + +
------------------------------------------------------- D ()
CO2 ------ + + --------- + +
+ -------- + -- + --- ---- -
: + +
+
-- +
--
) MULTIPORPUSE CHEMICAL POWDER) ( ABC ( ---
. ---
.
PURPLEK ---
.
: 137
.
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38
36 ) F K ( -- 138
Fire Wet Chemical For Class K or F
Rate : 2A : K 6 Liters to 2.5 gal.
. 80 54 12 10
: 2007 NFPA 139
15600 2005 --
.
. 150 -- . " " " " " 1270 -- . 539 --
--
. " n : 2005 2002 :
n . 35
n .
n .
n 13 .
.
) . 4 ( -- ( ) . --
. 1400***
" :140
n " --
-- --
.
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39
37 : -- 141
Fire Extinguishers Rating ( Osha )
Class A Rating ( ) --
1-A ,2-A, 3-A ,4-A , 6-A , 10-A, 20- A , 30-A , and 40-A
2.5 A-2) 1.25 ( A-1
. .A = 50 gal 40
Class B Rating ( ) B --
1- B ,2-B, 5-B , 10-B , 20 B , 30-B, 40-B ,..,640-B ( " )
B-1
640 B 640
.
-- 142
) . ( ( ) -- ) AFFF ( " " " " . -- )CO2( ( ). " " " " -- . ( ) "
" " " -- )CO2( " " . -- ) ( ) Wetting Agent( . " --
: 143 ( ) -- 1
) (
. 10 5 . ( ) 4 : -- 2
. ( ) 4 :
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40
38 -- 3
. ) Fluore- Synthetic( -- 4
3 1.5 "
. " -- 5
.
( ) . 6 4 :
-- 144 1 -- LX = Low Expansion Foam
. . 15 1 5 1 2 -- MX = Medium Expansion Foam
150 1 75 1 500 1 50 1
. 3 -- HX = High Expansion Foam ( )
1000 1 750 1 500 1 500 1
" . .
-- 145
"
.
-- 146
Inline Inductor, Pick Up Tube .
147 -- Water + Foam Compound -------- Solution
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41
39 . " 97 3 3 148
" . 94 6 6
. 94 6 6 97 3 3
: 4 -- 149 . -- 2 . -- 1 .4 . -- 3
( ) : 4 150 ( ) --4 -- 3 -- 2 -- 1
B A NFPA 151
.
NFPA 152
-- LX 20 -- MX 200 20 -- HX 2000 200
-- 153
-- 3 -- 2 -- 1
: -- 154
. --
: -- 155
.
. 156
" -- 157
Kugelschaum .
. 120 158
4 -- 159
.
40
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42
Osha -- 160
Type of extinguishers Test interval (years)
Soda acid (soldered brass shells) (until 1/1/82) Soda acid
(stainless steel shell) Cartridge operated water and/or antifreeze
Stored pressure water and/or antifreeze Wetting agent Foam
(soldered brass shells) (until 1/1/82) Foam (stainless steel shell)
Aqueous Film Forming foam (AFFF) Loaded stream Dry chemical with
stainless steel Carbon Dioxide Dry chemical, stored pressure, with
mild steel, brazed brass or aluminum shells Dry chemical, cartridge
or cylinder operated, with mild steel shells Halon 1211 Halon 1301
Dry powder, cartridge or cylinder operated with mild steel
shells
(1) 5 5 5 5
(1) 5 5 5 5 5
12
12 12 12 12
A ( ) -- 161
" .
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43
41
B ( ) -- 162
. NFPA-10 -- 163-
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44
42
. NFPA --- 164-
.
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45
43 NFPA ( ) --165--
) PASS ( -- 166
1. PULL... Pull the pin. This will also break the tamper
seal.
2. AIM... Aim low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle (or its horn
or hose) at the base of the fire. Note: Do not touch the plastic
discharge horn on CO2 extinguishers, it gets very cold and may
damage skin.
3. SQUEEZE... Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing
agent.
4. SWEEP... Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire
until it appears to be out. Watch the area. If the fire re-ignites,
repeat steps 2 - 4.
44
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46
OSHA -- 167
Fire and extinguisher operation
Fire triangle To understand how fire extinguishers work, you
need to understand a little about fire. Fire is a very rapid
chemical reaction between oxygen and a combustible material, which
results in the release of heat, light, flames, and smoke. For fire
to exist, the following four elements must be present at the same
time:
Enough oxygen to sustain combustion, Enough heat to raise the
material to its ignition temperature, Some sort of fuel or
combustible material, and The chemical reaction that is fire.
How a fire extinguisher works Portable fire extinguishers apply
an extinguishing agent that will either cool burning fuel, displace
or remove oxygen, or stop the chemical reaction so a fire cannot
continue to burn. When the handle of an extinguisher is compressed,
agent is expelled out the nozzle. A fire extinguisher works much
like a can of hair spray.
All portable fire extinguishers must be approved by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory to verify compliance with applicable
standards [29 CFR 1910.157(c)(2)]. Equipment that passes the
laboratory's tests are labeled and given an alpha-numeric
classification based on the type and size of fire it will
extinguish. Let's take a look at the label pictured. The
classification is: 1-A:10-BC
The letters (A, B, and C) represent the type(s) of fire for
which the extinguisher has been approved. The number in front of
the A rating indicates how much water the extinguisher is equal to
and represents 1.25 gallons of water for every unit of one. For
example, a 4-A rated extinguisher would be equal to five (4 x 1.25)
gallons of water. The number in front of the B rating represents
the area in square feet of a class B fire that a non-expert user
should be able to extinguish. Using the above example, a non-expert
user should be able to put out a flammable liquid fire that is as
large as 10 square feet.
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46
OSHA -- 168
Types of fire extinguishers
Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to fight
different types of fire. The three most common types of fire
extinguishers are: air pressurized water, CO2 (carbon dioxide), and
dry chemical. The following table provides information regarding
the type of fire and which fire extinguisher should be used.
Extinguisher Type Type of Fire
Water
Ordinary Combustibles Fires in paper, cloth, wood, rubber, and
many plastics require a water type extinguisher labeled A.
CO2
Flammable Liquids Fires in oils, gasoline, some paints,
lacquers, grease, solvents, and other flammable liquids require an
extinguisher labeled B.
OR
Dry Chemical
Electrical Equipment Fires in wiring, fuse boxes, energized
electrical equipment, computers, and other electrical sources
require an extinguisher labeled C.
Multi-Purpose
Ordinary Combustibles, Flammable Liquids, or Electrical
Equipment Multi-purpose dry chemical is suitable for use on class
A, B, and C.
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Class D
Metals Fires involving powders, flakes or shavings of
combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, potassium, and
sodium require special extinguishers labeled D.
Class K
Kitchen Fires Fires involving combustible cooking fluids such as
oils and fats. Note: Your present fire extinguishing equipment may
not put out a fire involving vegetable oil in your deep fat
fryer.
Water - Air-pressurized water extinguishers (APW)
Water is one of the most commonly used extinguishing agents for
type A fires. You can recognize an APW by its large silver
container. They are filled about two-thirds of the way with
ordinary water, then pressurized with air. In some cases,
detergents are added to the water to produce a foam. They stand
about two to three feet tall and weigh approximately 25 pounds when
full. APWs extinguish fire by cooling the surface of the fuel to
remove the "heat" element of the fire triangle. APWs are designed
for Class A (wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and certain plastics)
fires only.
Important:
Never use water to extinguish flammable liquid fires. Water is
extremely ineffective at extinguishing this type of fire and may
make matters worse by the spreading the fire.
Never use water to extinguish an electrical fire. Water is a
good conductor and may lead to electrocution if used to extinguish
an electrical fire. Electrical equipment must be unplugged and/or
de-energized before using a water extinguisher on an electrical
fire.
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CO2 or Dry Chemical - Carbon dioxide extinguishers
This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a
non-flammable gas under extreme pressure. These extinguishers put
out fires by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element
of the fire triangle. Because of its high pressure, when you use
this extinguisher pieces of dry ice shoot from the horn, which also
has a cooling effect on the fire. You can recognize this type of
extinguisher by its hard horn and absent pressure gauge. CO2
cylinders are red and range in size from five to 100 pounds or
larger. CO2 extinguishers are designed for Class B and C (flammable
liquid and electrical) fires only.
Important:
CO2 is not recommended for Class A fires because they may
continue to smolder and re-ignite after the CO2 dissipates.
Never use CO2 extinguishers in a confined space while people are
present without proper respiratory protection.
Locations: Carbon dioxide extinguishers will frequently be found
in industrial vehicles, mechanical rooms, offices, computer labs,
and flammable liquid storage areas.
Multi-purpose - Dry chemical extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel
with a thin layer of fire retardant powder, separating the fuel
from the oxygen. The powder also works to interrupt the chemical
reaction, which makes these extinguishers extremely effective. Dry
chemical extinguishers are usually rated for class B and C fires
and may be marked multiple purpose for use in A, B, and C fires.
They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed,
non-flammable gas as a propellant. ABC fire extinguishers are red
in color, and range in size from five pounds to 20 pounds. Dry
Chemical extinguishers will have a label indicating they may be
used on class A, B, and/or C fires.
or
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Locations: These extinguishers will be found in a variety of
locations including: public hallways, laboratories, mechanical
rooms, break rooms, chemical storage areas, offices, commercial
vehicles, and other areas with flammable liquids. Class K - Dry and
wet chemical extinguishers for kitchen fires
Due to the higher heating rates of vegetable oils in commercial
cooking appliances NFPA 10, Portable Fire Extinguishers, now
includes a Class K rating for kitchen fires extinguishers which are
now required to be installed in all applicable restaurant kitchens.
Once a fire starts in a deep fryer, it cannot always be
extinguished by traditional range hoods or Class B
extinguishers.
Do not attempt to use a Class A extinguisher containing water or
CO2 on a deep fat fryer fire. An explosive type reaction may
result.
Place a placard near the Class K fire extinguisher which states:
"In case of appliance fire, use this extinguisher only after the
fixed fire suppression system has been actuated". Class K fire
extinguishers are only intended to be used after the activation of
a built-in hood suppression system. If no commercial cooking system
hood and fire suppression system exists, Class K extinguishers are
not required.
Extinguishing agents in many Class K extinguishers are
electrically conductive and should only be used after electrical
power to the kitchen appliance has been shut off. Class K
extinguishers use a variety of agents. Potassium bicarbonate is
used in some Class K dry chemical extinguishers, and there are also
Class K wet chemical extinguishers which spray a fine mist.
Travel distance to a Class K extinguisher shall not exceed 30
feet.
Install a 2-A water-type extinguisher or 6L wet chemical fire
extinguisher for solid fuel cooking appliances with fire boxes.
Inspect, test and maintain Class K fire extinguishers
yearly.
Locations: These extinguishers will be found in commercial
cooking operations such as restaurants, cafeterias, and other
locations where food would be served. Accessibility Assistance:
Contact the OSHA Directorate of Science, Technology and Medicine at
202-693-2300 for assistance accessing PDF materials.
50
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NFPA -- 169 ---
--170--
51
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NFPA FFFP AFFF --171--
) NFPA ( --172--
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) NFPA( 1301 1211 -- 173 ---
) NFPA ( ) ( -- 174 ---
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) NFPA ( ) ( -- 175 ---
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) K or F ( -- 177 ---
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. -- 178 ---
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) B ( -- 180 -- --
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) NFPA ( -- 181---
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---
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: -- 184- 12 ( ) . -- 1
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) A B C )Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical -- 186---
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OSHA - --190-
Extinguisher Placement and Spacing
Portable fire extinguishers can be an effective early response
to a developing fire, if they are installed
and used properly. In this section, we are going to review
general information about the placement
and spacing of portable fire extinguishers.
If employees use portable fire extinguishers to fight small
fires, they must be installed in all areas of the workplace. To
ensure each area is protected
properly, ask yourself the following questions:
Is the extinguisher readily accessible in the event of a
fire?
Is the extinguisher fully charged and working properly?
Is the extinguisher readily accessible in the event of a
fire?
To avoid putting workers in danger, fire extinguishers should be
located throughout the workplace and readily accessible in the
event of a fire . You can usually find them in hallways, laundry
rooms, meeting
rooms, kitchens, mechanical/electrical rooms, and near exit
doors.
Selection and placement
If employees use portable fire extinguishers, they must be
selected and positioned based on the potential type and size of
fire that can occur . The following guidelines will help you
identify the number
and types of portable fire extinguishers you should have.
Type of Fire
Size and Spacing
Class A The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
recommends that locations such as offices, classrooms, and assembly
halls that contain mainly Class A combustible materials have one
2-A extinguisher for every 3,000 square feet. [Standard for
Portable Fire Extinguishers (NFPA 10/2007), Table 6.2.1.1, Fire
Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class A Hazards)].
OSHA requires that all employees have access to an extinguisher
within 75 feet
travel-distance.
Note: Uniformly spaced standpipe systems or hose stations
connected to a sprinkler system for emergency use can be used
instead of Class A portable fire extinguishers, if they meet the
respective requirements of , provide total coverage of the area to
be
protected, and employees are trained at least annually in their
use.
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Class B Locations that contain Class B flammables, such as
workshops, storage areas,
research operations, garages, warehouses, or service and
manufacturing areas requires that all employees have access to an
extinguisher within 50 feet travel-
distance .
Hazard Extinguisher Spacing
Light (Low) - Small amounts of flammable liquids used for copy
machines,
art departments, etc., that are stored safely and kept in closed
containers.
5-B 30' 10-B 50'
Ordinary (Moderate) - The total amount of flammable liquids are
present in greater amounts than expected under low-hazard
locations. This can include garages, workshops, or support
service areas.
10-B 30' 20-B 50'
Extra (High) - Locations where flammable liquids are present and
used in large quantities. This includes areas used
for storage, production, woodworking (finishing), vehicle
repair, aircraft and boat
servicing, or where painting, dipping, and coating, operations
are performed with
flammable liquids.
40-B 30' 80-B 50'
(2007), Table NFPA 10d for Portable Fire Extinguishers, (Adapted
from Standar6.3.1.1, Fire Extinguisher Size and Placement for Class
B Hazards)
Class C Class C extinguishers are required where energized
electrical equipment is used. The
extinguisher size and spacing is based on its Class A or B
hazard.
Class D Locations where combustible metal powders, flakes,
shavings, or similarly sized
materials are generated at least once every two weeks must
install Class D portable fire extinguishers not more then 75 feet
from the hazard.
Class K Locations where potential fire hazards from combustible
cooking media (vegetable or
animal oils and fats) exist must install Class K extinguishers
at a maximum travel ].Installations for Class K Hazards. See
Section 6.6, 10 NFPAdistance of 30 feet. [
.
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Installation
To prevent fire extinguishers from being moved or damaged, they
should be mounted on brackets or in wall cabinets with the
carrying
handle placed 3-1/2 to 5 feet above the floor. Larger fire
extinguishers need to be mounted at lower heights with the
carrying
handle about 3 feet from the floor.
Before installing any portable fire extinguisher, check the
label to be sure it is approved by a nationally recognized testing
laboratory .
Prohibited fire extinguishers
The following types of portable fire extinguishers are
considered
dangerous and should not be used:
1. Any extinguisher having a shell construction of copper or
brass joined by soft solder and/or rivets;
2. Any extinguisher that must be turned upside down to rupture a
cartridge or to start an uncontrollable pressure generating
chemical reaction to expel the
agen. This includes:
Soda acid Foam Water-cartridge Loaded stream cartridge
3. Extinguishers that use chlorobromomethane (Halon 1011) or
carbon tetrachloride as an extinguishing agent. These agents are
toxic and carbon tetrachloride may cause cancer and can produce
phosgene gas (used as a
chemical weapon during World War I) when used on electrical
fires.
Is the extinguisher fully charged and working properly?
Regular maintenance and inspections of your portable fire
extinguishers will provide assurance that they will operate
effectively and safely if they are needed.
Inspect all extinguishers at least once a month. Use the
following checklist as a guide.
1. Is each extinguisher in its designated place, clearly
visible, and not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects that
could interfere with
access during an emergency? 2. Is the nameplate with operating
instructions
legible and facing outward? 3. Is the pressure gauge showing
that the
extinguisher is fully charged (the needle should be in the green
zone)?
4. Is the pin and tamper seal intact? 5. Is the extinguisher in
good condition and showing
no signs of physical damage, corrosion, or leakage?
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6. Have all dry powder extinguishers been gently rocked top to
bottom to make sure the powder is
not packing?
67 : OSHA --191--
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Hydrostatic Test Intervals Depending on the type(s) of
extinguishers you have, they must be emptied and hydrostatically
tested at the intervals specified in Table L-1. Extinguisher
shells, cylinders, or cartridges that fail a hydrostatic pressure
test, or which are not fit for testing, shall be removed from
service and the workplace [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(14)].
Testing Intervals (Table L-1)
Type of Extinguishers Special Requirements Test Interval
(years)
Foam (soldered brass shells)
Soda acid (soldered brass shells)
Must be removed
from service
*Soda acid (stainless steel shell) Foam (stainless steel
shell)
Note: Test self-generating type soda acid and foam extinguishers
at 350 psi (2,410 kPa) [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(12)].
5 Years
*Cartridge operated water and/or antifreeze Stored pressure
water and/or antifreeze Wetting agent Aqueous Film Forming Foam
(AFFF) Loaded stream Dry chemical with stainless steel
5 Years
Carbon Dioxide
Note: (C02 extinguishers that have a hose assembly equipped with
a shut-off nozzle must be tested at 1,250 psi (8,620 kPa) [29 CFR
1910.157(f)(6)]. Hose assemblies must also be tested within a
protective cage device [29 CFR 1910.157(f)(9)].
5 Years
68 -- 192
) PRESSURE SERVICE) ( WORKING PRESSURE ( --
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--202-- Low Pressure Storage Tank 3.5 Kpa(gauge)
100Kpa(gauge) . --203- Pressure Vessel 100 Kpa(gauge) .
Storage Tank--204 . 230
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--
16
The Fire Triangle There are three things necessary to have
a fire: fuel, oxygen (or an oxidizer), and heat (or energy).
FuelFuel
Oxidize
r
Oxidize
r EnergyEnergy
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23
The Tetrahedron Theory
Of Bu
rning
Of Bu
rning
Chain Reaction
Chain Reaction
Energy
Energy
Oxidizer
Oxidizer
(Fuel(Fuel))
DiffusionalDiffusional & continuous re& continuous
re--ignition automatically obtained at flame ignition automatically
obtained at flame temperature levels.temperature levels.Fuel is in
form of vapor and/or gas.Fuel is in form of vapor and/or gas.
( ) --
76
27
The Life Cycle Theory
Input heatInput heat
Ignition continuingIgnition continuing
FuelFuel
ProportioningProportioningMixingMixing
OxygenOxygen
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( ) --
25
The Life Cycle Theory The input heat, which is defined as the
amount of
heat required to produce the evolution of vapors from the solid
or liquid. The input heat will also be the ignition source and must
be high enough to reach the ignition temperature of the fuel;
The fuel part: the fuel must be in the proper form to bum;
The fourth part of the theory is proportioning, or the
occurrence of intermolecular collisions between oxygen and the
hydrocarbon molecule (the "touching" together of the oxidizer leg
and the fuel leg of the fire triangle).
--
26
The Life Cycle Theory The fifth step is mixing; that is, the
ratio of
fuel to oxygen must be right before ignition can occur
(flammable range).
The sixth step is ignition continuity, which is provided by the
heat being radiated from the flame back to the surface of the
fuel
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--
28
Products of Combustion Heat and combustible gases (inviscible)
e.g.
Carbon dioxide CO2 Carbon monoxide CO Sulfur dioxide SO2
Acrolein CH2CHCHO Hydrochloric acid HCl Hydrofluoric acid HF
Hydrogen cyanide HCN Oxides of Nitrogen NOx
Flame and smoke
--
5
Stages of a natural fire - and the standard fire test curve
Cooling .
ISO834 standard fire curve
Ignition - Smouldering
Pre-Flashover
Heating
Post-Flashover1000-1200C
Natural fire curve
Time
Temperature
Flashover
78
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