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Transcript
٤٠
مرتبطة بشكل معني وتكون ركناهى جمموعة من الذرات على تغلبها املركب ولكن فعاليتها ووظيفتجزئ من
اجلزئ بأكمله خواص
R―OH CH3OH
OH― Ar―OH
―O―
R―O―R CH3OCH3
― C═O
CH3CHO
―C═O
CH3 CO CH3
C―OH―
CH3COOH
R―C―OR
CH3COOC2H5
―NH2 R―NH2 C2H5NH2
R―C―OR
O
R―C―OH
O
R―C―H
O
R―C―R
O
O
OH
O
٤١
أو أكثر يئاا على جمموعة هى مركبات عضوية حتتوى جز جمموعات اهليدروكسيل من
OHR─OH
OHAr─OH
R―OH H―OH
Ar―OH H―OH
― C ―OH
- H
+ R
- H
+ Ar
H
R―OHR―H
Ar―OHAr―H
- H
+ OH
- H
+ OH
CH3─OH
CH2―CH2
C2H4(OH)2
│ │ OH OH
CH2―CH─CH2
C3H5(OH)3
│ │ │ OH OH OH
CH2―(CHOH)4―CH2
C6H8(OH)6
│ │ OH OH
R―OH Ar―OH
CH3OH
OH
٤٢
++ """ ="
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3 – C – CH2CH3
OH
H * C2H5OH
R – C – OH H
H
H
*
-
CH3 – C – OH H
H
R – C – OH R
H
CH3 – C – OH CH3
H
H
*
- - -
R – C – OH R
R
CH3 – C – OH CH3
CH3
CH3 –CH2– CH – CH3 OH
CH– CH2 – OH
CH3
CH3
CH3 –CH2– C – OH
CH3
CH3 C2H4(OH)2
CH3 –CH2– C – OH
CH3
CH3
H I
٤٣
OH
CH3―CH2―CH2―CH2―CH2―OH -
CH3―CH2―CH2―CH―CH3 - - -
CH3―CH2―CH―CH2―CH3
CH3―CH2―CH― CH3
CH3 ―CH ―CH3 – –––
–
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 C6H12O6
–
C2H4
CH2═CH2 + HOH CH3CH2OH
OH
OH
H2SO4
OH
OH
CH3
٤٤
CH3CH═CH2 + HOH CH3―C―CH3
-
CH3―C―C―CH3 + HOH CH3―C ═ C―CH3
٢ - -٢-
- -
RX + KOH R―OH + KX
CH3Cl + KOH(aq) CH3OH + KCl
CH3―CH2―Br + K OH(aq) CH3―CH2―OH + KBr
CH3―CH―Br + K OH(aq) CH3―CH―OH + KBr
- -
OH
CH3 CH3
OH
H2SO4
H2SO4
CH3 CH3
H I
H I
H I
I H
٤٥
CH3―C―Cl + K OH(aq) CH3―C―OH + KCl
<<
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
––––
بيوتانول– ٢
CH3 CH2─C─CH3 + KOH CH3 CH2─C─CH3 + KBr
تانول بن– ٢ – میثیل – ٢
CH3 CH2 CH2─C─CH3 + KOH CH3 CH2 CH2─C─CH3 + KCl
–
CH3
CH3
H │
│ OH
H │
│ Br
│ Cl
CH3 │
CH3 │
│ OH
CH3
CH3
H
H H
H
مائیةR
H
مائیة
R
H R R
مائیة
R R
٤٦
–
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
O─H
C2H5O Na + HO H C2H5OH + NaOH
R ― C ― O H
H │
│ H
HCl , HBr , HI
H2SO4
١٤٠عند ) ب ١٨٠عند ) أ
R─ O H
٤٧
–
CH3CO OH + H OC2H5 CH3COOC2H5 +H2O
:OHH O18O16
OH ZnCl2
C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O
HOH
"على أن تكون كل منهما حممضة حبمض الكربيتيك املركز" – H
CH3―C―OH + [O] CH3―C―OH CH3―C═O
H2SO4
ZnCl2
H
H
H
OH
H
─ C─OH
أكسدة أكسدة
یستقر بفقد H2O–جزىء
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
٤٨
CH3CHO + [O] CH3COOH +H2
– H
CH3―C―OH + [O] CH3―C―OH CH3―C― CH3
–
– H
–––
–––
:
CH3
H
CH3
OH
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
أكسدة
O
یستقر بفقد H2O–جزىء
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
٤٩
–
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
–
2 C2H5OH C2H5 O C2H5 + H2O
C2H4 + H2O + [O]
H2SO4 180C
CH2 – CH2 OH OH
–
٫
KMnO4
H2SO4 140C
CH2 – CH2
OH OH
٥٠
H―C―C―C―H
CH2―O―NO2 CH2―OH
CH―OH + 3HONO2 CH―O―NO2 + 3H2O CH2―OH CH2―O―NO2
OH
– OH
–
OH
H2SO4
––
PEG
– – –
!!!
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
٥١
–
–
CH2OH
C=O CHOH)3(
CH2OH
H │ H―C―OH │ C ═ O │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H
CHO
( CHOH)4
CH2OH
CHO │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H