အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၃)

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23


wdk@wGif oHk;}udrfwdkif ckcHppfrsm; qifE$JcJh&m oHk;}udrfpvHk;yif jrefrmwdk@ ta&;edrfhcJh&ojzifh 1885ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 28 &ufae@wGif wwd, t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ppfyGJt+yD;wGif rif;ESifhrdbk&m;wdk@ygawmfrl+yD;aemuf jrefrmEkdifiH. ukef;abmifrif;quf jywfcJh&avonf? 1886 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 1 &ufae@rS pI jrefrmEdkifiHudk +AdwdoSstifyg,mtwGif; oGwfoGif;cH&csdefrSpIjynfolvlxk w&yfvHk; ol@uíefb0odk@ usa&mufcJh&avonf?

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&&mvufeuf/ vlolpk¶kH;I e,fcsJ@wdk@tm; 1885 ckESpf rS 1895 ckESpf txd ae&mtoD;oD;rStHk=uGwGef;vSef wdkufcdkufcJh=uonf? e,fcsJŒ+AdwdoSswdk@onf 10 ESpfvHk;vHk; ajcrudkifrdvufrudkifrd jzpfcJh&onf? w&m;aomppfudk qifE$Jaeol wkdif;&if;om;taygif;wdk@udkvnf;&ufpufpGm +zdKcGif;ESdrfeif;cJhonf?

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24


uvsm%,k0 ac: 0dkiftrfbDat toif;}uD;udk udkb&if/ udkbab/ udkarmif}uD;wdk@. OD;aqmifr_jzifh zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifEdkifcJhavonf? trsdK;/ bmom/ omoem/ pmay/ynmudk cspfjrwfEdk;pdwfjzifh ysdK;axmifay;&if; 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;v_yf¶Sm;r_rsm;udk aqmif¶GufcJh=uonf?

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xdk@aemuf ocifbaomif;OD;aqmifaom EdkifiHa&;Edk;=um;wufºuGaom acwfynmwwf vli,fwpfpku 1930 jynfhESpf arv (30) &ufae@wGif A[ef;&yfY wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;}uD;udk zGJŒpnf;wnfaxmifcJhonf? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;. &nfrSef;csufrSm e,fcsJŒqefusifa&;ESifh vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;jzpfonf? wdkŒArm tpnf;t¶kH;0ifrsm;onf "ocif" trnfcH=uojzifhwdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;udk "ocifygwD" [kvnf; ac:cJh=uonf? wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;.aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;/ wdkufwGef;csufrsm;/ aqmifyk'frsm;onf vlxktm; ZmwdaoG; ZmwdrmefwufºuGapcJhonf?

1936 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufae@wGif 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;jzifhe,fcsJŒudk qef@usifcJh=ujyefonf? 1938 ckESpfwGifum; 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk}uD;ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHkum; tvkyform;/ v,form;/ausmif;om;tm;vHk;yg0ifaom vlxktkHºuGawmfvSefr_jzpfonf? jzpfyGm;&jcif;rSm jynfolvlxkw&yfvHk; qif;&Jusyfwnf;r_/ udk,fusdK;&SmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh e,fcsJŒwdk@ yl;aygif;+yD;zdESdyftkyfcsKyfr_ ponfh ta=umif;w&m;rsm;a=umifhyif jzpfonf? xdkv_yf¶Sm;r_}uD;onfe,fcsJŒwdk@udk rsm;pGm wkefv_yfacsmufcsm;oGm;apcJhonf?

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25


wdkŒArmtpnf;t¶kH;tzGJŒ0ifrsm;/ a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom; 0HomEktzGJŒ0ifrsm;/ OD;babOD;aqmifaom ig;yGifhqkdiftzGJŒESifh woD;yk*~v yk*~dKvfrsm;jzifh ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;udk wnfaxmifcJhonf? ArmhxGuf&yf*dk%f;udk wnfaxmif+yD;aemuf rsm;r=umrDrSmyif ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vSsdKŒ0SuftzGJŒrsm; jzpfonfh uGefjrLepfygwD/ jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwD wdk@udk wnfaxmifcJh=uonf?

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vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;odk@xdk@aemuf jrefrmjynfolvlxkw&yfvHk;onf 1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufae@wGif

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e,fcsJŒ+AdwdoSswdk@onf vGwfvyfa&;udk tomw=unfay;vdkjcif; tvsOf;r&Sday?wkdif;&if;om;wdk@. pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_udk +zdKcGJ&ef ajcvSrf;rsm; jyifvmcJhonf? xdkta&;udkAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;u tajrmftjrif¶Sd¶Sd tcsdefrDumuG,fcJh&.?&v'fum; awmifwef;jynfr rcGJjcm;bJ wkdif;&if;om;aygif;pHkyg0ifonfh jynfaxmifpk}uD;zGJŒEkdifa&;twGuf yifvHkpmcsKyfudk 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufae@wGif ¶Srf;jynfe,fyifvHk+rdKŒuav;wGif wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif 22 OD;ESifhtwl AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onfvufrSwfa&;xdk; csKyfqdkEdkifcJhonf?

26


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vGwfvyfa&;&¶SdcJhaom 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif pwiftkwfjrpfcspdkufxlcJhaom vGwfvyfa&; ausmufpmwdkifY Todk@ urŠnf;wifcJhavonf....

"1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4&uf/ aumif;jrwfaom oef@pif r*Fvmtaygif;ESifhjynfhpHkaomtcgY T igwdk@jrefrmjynfonf vHk;0vGwfvyfaomtcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifjynfaxmifpkorRw jrefrmEd kifiHawmf}uD; tjzpfodk@a&muf+yD" [lI xdkae@&ufudkvGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf;Y a&;xdk;xm;cJhonf?

xdk@tjyif tqdkyg vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwdkif}uD;Y a&;xdk;xm;aom vGwfvyfa&;a=unm pmwrf;Y -

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27


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"jrefrmEdkifiH[m tjcm;urBmhEdkifiHrsm;eJ@ Ed_if;,SOfygu oH,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;trsm;}uD; ºuG,f0aom wkdif;jynfwpfckjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh wkdif;jynfqif;&Jjcif;r[kwfbJwkdif;jynftwGif; rSm aexdkif=uaom jynfolawG qif;&Jjcif;omjzpfa=umif;/ jyKef;wD;oGm;aom tzdk;wefuíef;opfawmfrsm; tygt0if ajray:ajratmuf oH,HZmwypPnf;rsm;tcsnf;tESD;jzpfcJ hr_tay: wm0efrJ hjyKvkyfcJ haom tm%m¶Sdol/ ae&m&¶Sdolrsm;udk4if;wdk@ rdbrsm;u rnfodk@oGefoifqHk;rcJhovJ [k pOf;pm;rda=umif;" a':atmifqef;pk=unfuaxmufjyajymqdk oGm;onf?

rnfodk@qdkap vGwfvyfa&; txdrf;trSwf ausmufwdkifY a&;xdk;xm;cJhaomvGwfvyfa&;a=unmpmwrf;yg vGwfvyfa&;. toD;tyGifhrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk}uD;twGif;rDSwif;aexdkif=uolrsm;tm;vHk; cHpm;Edkif&ef vlwdkif;Y wm0ef&Sdovdk ppftm%m¶SifpepfudktjrpfrS +zdKzsufI 'drkdua&pD EdkifiHawmfopf}uD; udk ZGJvHkŒv0D&d,jzifh }udK;pm;tm;xkwfInDnmzszs wnfaqmufEdkiffrSomvSsif jynfolvlxktm;vHk; ºuG,f0csrf;omayrnf? jynfoltm;vHk; ºuG,f0csrf;omrSvnf; EdkifiHaumif;EdkifiHjrwftjzpf urBmhtv,fwGif 0HhºuGm;xnf0gpGm &yfwnfEdkifrnf jzpfa=umif; qENjyKvkduf&ygonf?

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

oef;0i f;v_di f'DZi fbm 20/ 2012

28


a&SŒwef; (0JrS,m) OD;btkef;/ OD;apm/ qmbmh*sfydkif/ OD;boef;/ OD;xGef;atmifausmf/ aemufwef;(0JrS,m) OD;ausmfrif;/ rpPwm0gemoH/ rpPwm abmhZfrif;/ OD;wifxGÉf

OD;wifxGÉfonf udkvdkeDacwfY jrefrmvlrsKd;xJrS yxrqHk; tdENd,yÉd^mOfcH0efxrf;(tdkifpDtufpf)udk a&G; cs,fcef@xm;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf? OD;wifxGÉfudk tz ta&;ydkif OD;zdef;(K.S.M., A.T.M) trd a':rdrdwdk@rS jrif;jcH+rdKŒwGif 1895 ckESpf azaz:0g&Dv 1 &uf ae@YzGm;jrifcJhonf? arG;csif; (7)a,ufteuf t}uD;qHk;jzpfonf? nDtpfudk 4 OD;p vHk;rSm t*FvefrSbm;tufavm (Bar.at. Law) 0wfvHkbGJŒrsm;&I xl;csGefxufjruf xif&Sm;olrsm;jzpfonf?OD;wifxGÉf. nDESifhnDrrsm;rSm w&m;ol}uD;ESifh Oya'ygarmuQ OD;ausmfjrifh/ oHtrwf}uD; ESifhA[dkw&m;&Hk;csKyftusKd;aqmif OD;jrifhodef;/ jrefrmpmay r[m0dZ…mbGJŒ&ESifh &efukefwuUodkvfausmufpmzwf a':cifjrrl/ &efukefwuUodkvf ygarmuQcsKyfESifh urBmod jrefrmpmayynm&Sifa'gufwmxifatmif/ 0dZ…m*k%fxl;ESif h bDtD;'DbG JŒ& acwfprf;pmqdk a':cifapmrl/&efukefwuUodkvf t*FvdyfpmXmerSL; a':wifapmrlwdk@ jzpf=uonf?

OD;wifxGÉfonf i,fpOfu &efukef+rdKŒ pdef@aygvftxufwef;ausmif;/ yJcl;+rdKŒtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/ &efukefaumvdyfwdk@wGif ynmoif=um;cJhonf? &efukefaumvdyfwGif vydkif;rSsomaeI 1911 ckESpfwGif t*Fvef*sL; 0pfaumvdyf/ 1914 ckESpfwGifudef;b&pfwuUodkvf uGif;efaumvdyf/ 1914 ckESpfwGif tdkif,mvef'AŠvifx&DewD

ordkif;wauGŒrS tdkifpDtufpf OD;wifxGÉf

oef;0i f;vd_i f

29


aumvdyfwdk@wGif qufvufynmoif=um;cJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif rufpfopfx&pfydkpmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif;/ 1917 ckESpf tDaumaemfrpfx&pfydk pmar;yGJudkvnf;aumif;atmifjrifcJhonf? 1916 ckESpfwGif t*Fvdyftufaq; +ydKifyGJY [l;pfy&dkufqk &&SdcJhonf? 1917ckESpfwGif udef;b&pfwuUodkvf bDatbGJŒ (0dZ…mbGJŒ )udk ocsFm/ abm*aA' *k%fxl;wdk@jzifh&&SdcJhonf? 1920 jynfhESpfwGif 'AŠvifx&DewD aumvdyfrS bDat (wD/pD/'D)ESifh trfat(r[m0dZ…m) bGJŒrsm; &&Sdonf? xdk@aemuf 1921 ckESpfwGif t*Fvefrpf',fwefy,fvf Oya'ausmif;rS bm&pfpwm (Barrister at Law) 0wfvHkbGJŒ &&SdcJhonf?

t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aepOf tm;upm;bufYvnf; xl;csGefonf?'g;vf0pfaumvdyf (Dulwich college) &wfbDtm;upm; vufa&G;pif (ywfbvpfpul;vufa0SŒcsefyD,H)/ udef;b&pfwuUodkvf &wfbDtoif; acgif;aqmifESifh avSavSmftoif;OuUÏtjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf?

1917 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS tdEdN d,ppfwyfaumfr&Sif t&m&Sdtjzpfcef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1919 ckESpfwGif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk; tdENd,yÉd^mOfcH0efxrf; (I.C.S) tjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf? 1919 rS 1921 txd atmufpfzdk@'f wuUodkvfYtvkyfoiftjzpf ynmoifcJhonf?

1921 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 12 &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfodk@ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdonf?1922 wGif yJcl;wdkif; urm0J rS OD;bdk;rif;.orD; roef;wif ESifh vufxyfcJhonf?

,if;aemuf 1922 ckESpfwGif yJcl;0efaxmuf/ 1924 wGif opfawmXmetwGif;0efaxmuf/ opfawmfaumf rwD twGif;a&;rSL;/ 1925 wGif b¾ma&;twGif;0efaxmuf/ 1926 wGif tcGefawmfESifh o\ar"pHkprf;a&;aumf rwD twGif;a&;rSL;/1927 wGif or0g,r wGJzuf &DZpP=wm 0efaxmuftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1928 ckESpf{+yDv 10 &ufae@rS 1933 ckESpf {+yDv 17 &ufae@txd tdENd,EdkifiH a'vD+rdKŒESifhqif;rvm;+rd K ŒwGif tdEN d,tpd k;&pufr_ESi f h tvkyform;Xme twGif;0efaxmuf/'kwd,twGif;0ef wGJzuftwGif;0eftjzpf tr_xrf;cJ honf? xdkrSwzef 1933 wGifjynfta&;ydkiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1935 wGif twGif;0efrsm;&Hk; (aemif0ef}uD;rsm;&Hk;)b¾ma&;Xme 'kwd, twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&GufcJhonf? wzufrSvnf; 1939rS 1942 ckESpfwdkif &efukefwuUodkvf 'kwd, t"dywdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?

1941 ckESpf pufwifbmv 23 &ufae@wGif eef;&if;0ef *VKefOD;apm.twGif;0eftjzpf *VKefOD;apmESifhtwl jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; ta&;qdk&ef t*Fvefjynfokd@ava=umif;c&D;jzifh xGufcGmcJhonf? atmufwdkbmv 10 &ufae@ vef'ef+rdKŒodk@ a&muf&Sd+yD;atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufae@wGif +AdwdoSseef;&if;0ef qm0ifpwefcsmcsDESifh OD;apmawGŒqHk

30


aqG;aEG;&mwGif twlwufa&mufcJhonf? csmcsDESifh OD;apmwdk@ ESpfem&D=um awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;cJhaomfvnf; jrefrmhta&; ESifhywfoufI +AdwdoSswdk@bufrS rnfonfhuwdudkrS ray;cJhacs?csmcsD. wif;rmaomoabmxm;ESifh tjcm;+AdwdoSs acgif;aqmifrsm;² ra&r&majymqkdr_rsm;onf OD;apmudk pdwftaESmift,Suf jzpfapcJhonf?

OD;apmonf +AdwdefrS tar&duefjynfaxmifpkodk@0ifI orRw z&efuvif'D&l;pAJh tm; 0ifawGŒ&mwGifvnf; OD;wifxGÉfonf twlvdkufygcJh &onf? tar&dueforRwu+AdwdoSsudkvdkeDe,fwpfck. ta&;t&mrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf&ef vufwGef@aeonfhoabmxm;udk od&+yD;aemuf OD;apmonf OD;wifxGÉftm;csefxm;I tar&duef&Sd *syefoH&Hk;rSaumifppf0eftm; wudk,fawmf 0ifa&mufawGŒqHk aqG;aEG;cJhonf? OD;apmonf tar&duefrStjyef ay:wl*DEdkifiH vpfpuGef+rdKŒ&Sd *syefoH&Hk;rS aumifppf0efudk wOD;wnf;awGŒqHkcJhjyefonf?OD;apmESifh *syefaumifppf0efwdk@ ajymqkdcJhorSs +AdwdoSs awmfvSefa&;u =um;jzwfzrf;,l+yD;pum;0Sufrsm;azmfxkwfI vef'eftpdk;&xH jyefydk@cJhonf? OD;apmESifh *syefaumif ppf0efwdk@ajymqdkcsuftusOf;csKyfrSm *syefu jrefrmEdkifiHudk usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvSsif jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdk@u +Adwd oSswdk@udk *syefwdk@ESifhyl;aygif;I x=uGykefuefvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh olŒtaejzifh*syefudk wwfEdkiforSs tultnDay; rnf[lI jzpfonf? +AdwdoSsEdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u OD;apmESifhOD;wifxGÉf ESpfOD;udk zrf;&ef qHk;jzwfvdkuf+yD; OD;apmwdk@pD; vmaomav,mOf ygvufpwdkif;jynf(,cktpPa&;EdkifiH) [dkifzm+rdKŒodk@ 1942 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 18 &ufae@wGif av,mOfqif;onfESifh zrf;qD;xdef;odrf; vdkufavonf? xdk@aemuf OD;apmtm; tmz&duwdkuf ,l*ef'gEdkifiHodk@ydk@vkduf+yD; OD;apmonf ppftwGif;umvwpfavSsmuf 1946 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 25 &ufae@txdtxdef;odrf;cHcJh&onf?

OD;wifxGÉfudkrl +AdwdoSswdk@u jyefv$wfay;+yD; 1942 ckESpf arv 20 &ufae@wGifjrefrmEdkifiHrS qkwfcGmvSsuf tdENd,EdkifiH qif;rvm;+rdKŒ Y zGJŒpnf;xm;aom qma':refprpf.ppfajy;tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y oGm;a&mufyl;aygif;aponf? odk@jzifh OD;wifxGÉfonf 1942 ckESpfrS 1946ckESpftxd jrefrmjynf ppfajy;qif;rvm;tpdk;&tzGJŒ. jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qdkif&mt=uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@rS 7&ufae@txd oD&dvuFmEdkifiH uEND+rdKŒ Y ta&SŒwmiftm&Sqdkif&m r[mrdwfwyfrsm;.ppfaoemywdcsKyf avmh'fvl0DarmifhbufwefESifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒudk awGŒqHkaqG;aEG;&mwGif ppfajy;tpdk;& t=uHay;yk*~dKvfOD;wifxGÉfvnf; wufa&mufcJhonf?

1945 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 25 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcHqma':refprpfonf jrefrmjynftpdk;&. t =uHay;t&m&Sd OD;wifxGÉfudk zqyvtzGJŒcsKyfodk@ apv$wf+yD;bk&ifcHtr_aqmifaumifpDwGif tzGJŒ0if (15) OD;tpm; (11) OD;om cef@xm;rnfjzpfa=umif;

31


ajym=um;aponf?1946 ckESpf Zefe0g&D 1 &ufae@u +AdwdoSstpdk;&u OD;wifxGÉftm; Order of

British Emperor (O.B.E) csD; jrSifhcJhonf? 1946 ckESpfwGif tdkifpDtufpf 0efxrf;b0rSE_wfxGufI The Burma Review *sme,fESifh New Time of Burma owif;pmudkt*Fvdyfbmomjzifh xkwfa0cJhonf?

xdk@aemuf 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif zqyvtzGJŒacgif;aqmifAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifI bk&ifcHtr_aqmifaumifpD zGJŒpnf;aomtcg OD;wifxGÉfonfbk&ifcHcef@ b¾ma&;ESifh tcGefawmfXmeY 0ef}uD;jzpfvmcJhhonf?

1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (2) &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifonfhjrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ +AdwdoSstpdk;&ESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udp PaqG;aEG;&ef oGm;a&mufaomtcg OD;wifxGÉfonf tzGJŒ0iftjzpf vdkufygoGm; cJhonf?

1947 ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdka&;twGuf jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf wufa&mufcJh onf? xdkESpfrSmyif awmifwef;a'o pHkprf;a&;aumfrwD (Fron-

tier Area Enquiry Committee) wGif jrefrmudk,fpm; vS,ftjzpf ocifEk/ Adkvfcifarmifuav;/ OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf?

1947 ckESpf {+yDv 9 &ufae@wGif wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJwGif[oFmw+rdKŒrS 0ifa&muf,SOf +ydKif&m tEdkif&&SdcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf ZGefvwGif zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;a&;qGJa&; aumfrwDtzGJŒ0if/ tajccH Oya'tacsmudkif aumfrwDtjzpf0iftzGJŒaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &ufae@wGif vef'ef jrefrmjynf qdkif&maumfr&Sifrif;}uD;tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?

xdk@aemuf 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 28 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifcHqm[l;bwfpf&ef. tr_aqmifaumifpD (0ef}uD;tzGJŒ )Y Xmevufudkifr&Sd 0ef}uD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1947 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif ocifEk OD;aqmifaom =um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ 1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufae@wGif jynf axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHtpkd;&. EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhonf?

1948 =o*kwfv EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpfrS E_wfxGufI AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mxl;jzifht&efvufeufwyfrsm;. ppf OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf? OD;wifxGÉfuJhodk@ xdyfwef;EkdifiHh0efxrf;wpfOD;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJŒ0if0ef}uD;wpfOD;tm; ppfwyf.jrifhrm;vSaom &mxl;wpfckay;tyfcH&jcif;rSm xl;qef;aumif; xl;qef;ayvdrfhrnf? odk@aomf ol@b0onf i,fpOfuyifppfr_xrf;b0u pwifcJhonf? OD;wifxGÉfonf tif'dkppfwuUodkvfrS bGJŒ&cJh+yD; tdENd,yÉd^mOfcHb0odk@ 0ifa&muf&eftwGuf ppfwyft&m&Sd&mxl;udk pGef@v$wfcJhjcifjzpfonf?jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;&SdcJh+yD; r=umrDrSmyif jynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufaecsdefwGif ppfr_xrf;

32


a[mif;rsm;udk &Edkifoavmuf jyefvnfpkpnf;I cdkifrmonfh jynfaxmifpkt&H wyfrawmf(Union Auxiliary Force) zGJŒpnf;a&;wm0efudk ol@zmomol urf;vSrf;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?

olonf EkdifiHawmfvkyf=uHr_w&m;cH *VKefOD;apmESifh aemufvdkufrsm;udk ppfaq;pD&ifaeaom w&m;ol}uD; OD;ausmfjrifh. tpfudk vnf; wdkufwkdufqkdifqdkif jzpfaecJhonf?xdk@tjyif ol@owif;pmwGif toHk;jyK&eftwGuf *VKefOD;apmtr_udk xdktcsdefuyif tdENd,yÉd^mOfcHonf pl;prf;avhvmcJhonf? ol. The New Times of Burma owif;pmt,f'DwmtzGJŒ0ifrsm; tm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf=uHr_ESifh ywfouforSs oJvGefprsm;udkpkaqmif;&ef apcdkif;cJhonf?

,if;aemuf e,l;wdkif;atmhzfbm;rm; owif;pmwdkufrS tdrfodk@tjyef 1948 ckESpfpufwifbmv (17) &uf ae@ n 9;30 em&DwGif vlowform;wpfODu vufypfAHk;jzifhypfcwfvkyf=uHr_a=umifh um;a&SŒcef;wGif xdkifaeol OD;wifxGÉf.ajc&if;wGif usa&mufaygufuGJum ezl;/ b,fbufar;/ b,fbufaygif/ b,fbuf'l;/ b,fbufajc rsufpdtygt0if pkpkaygif; '%f&m (8) csufxdum arhajrmoGm;cJh&onf? OD;wifxGÉfESifh,SOfumxdkifaeol Armhudk,f&HawmfwyfrS t&m&SdwpfOD;ESifh ,mOfarmif; armifat;azwdk@rSm '%f&mtenf;i,f&&SdcJ honf? odk@aomfvnf; um;aemufrS vdkufygol a*:&cg;udk,f&HawmfoDb[m'l;ESifh yDb[m'l;wdk@rSm '%f&mjyif;xefpGm &&SdcJh=uonf?

'%f&mjyif;xefpGm&&SdI arhajrmaeaom OD;wifxGÉftm; aq;&Hkodk@ tjrefwifydk@cJh=uonf? odk@aomf q&m0ef rsm;tm;vHk;u toufvk ukoaomfvnf; 1948 ckESpfpufwifbmv (18) &uf n 7 em&D 35 rdepfwGif uG,fvGef oGm;cJhonf?

OD;wifxGÉf. =uGif;usefaom &kyfuvmyfudk tmZmenfukef; (,ck tnw&ppfonfAdrmefae&m)Y AdkvfpdefrSef/ AdkvfyDwm wdk@ESifhtwl ,SOfvsuf *loGif;o+*õK[fxm;onf?,cktcg e0wtpdk;&vufxufY tmZmenfukef;Y tnw&ppfonfAdrmef wnfaqmufvdkufaomta=umifh OD;wifxGÉf. tkwf*lvnf; zsufqD;cHvdkuf&onf? uG,fvGefcsdefYZeD;a':oef;wifESifh orD; (3)OD; usef&pfcJhonf?

oef;0i f;vd_i fatmufwkdbm 26/ 2012

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urBmausmf yef;csDq&m}uD; vD,kdem'kd 'gAifcsDu ol@&JŒtEkynm atmifjrifr_tjzpf"rkdemvDZm tjyHK;" vkd@ vlawGac:=uwJh yef;csDum;ukd azmfjyEkdifygw,f? urBmausmf¶k&Sm;pma&;q&m}uD; vD,kdawmfvfpwGdKif; u ola&;om;cJhwJh ppfeJ@+idrf;csrf;a&; 0wK}uD;ukdvufnSKd;xkd;jy+yD; "a[m'gu igh&JŒtEkynm atmifjrifr_uG" vkd@ &J&Jwif;wif; ajymEkdifwJhtajctaerSm &SdcJhw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifh(okd hr[kwf)

&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; oHr%dEkdifiHa&;orm;

0if;xGÉfaZmf

odyHynmausmf tkdif;pwkdif;u &DavwDADwD oDtkd&D pmtkyf}uD;ukd axmifjy+yD; "a[m'guawmh igh&JŒatmifjrifr_yJuG" vkd@ vufraxmif+yD;ajymr,fqkd&if ajymEkdifygw,f?

ok d @ayrJ h acwfajymif;awmfvSefa&;wpf&yfukd ,Hk=unfcsuf ckdifckdifrmrmeJ@ qifE$JaewJhawmfvSefa&;orm; wpfa,muf tzkd@uawmhawmfvSe fa&; }uD; wpfc k atmif jri fc J honf hwkdifatmif "'g[m igh&JŒpGrf;aqmifr_a=umifh jzpfwmuG" vkd@ rajymEkdifygbl;? awmfvSefa&;}uD;wpf&yfatmifjrifjcif;[m xkdEkdifiH&Sd jynfolawG&JŒ atmifjrifr_om jzpfygw,f?

wu,fvkd@om rdrd yg0ifqifE$JaewJhawmfvSefa&;}uD; us¶_H;oGm;cJhr,f qkd&ifawmhxkdawmfvSefa&;orm;twGuf jyp&m atmifjrifr_qkdvkd@ ol@&JŒESvHk;om;eJ@ ol@&JŒb0rSm xifusefcJhwJhao&myg '%f&m'%fcsufawGom jzpfrSmyg?

uíefawmf oduírf;cJhwJh xkdolrsKd;awGxJu

wpfOD;uawmh jynfol@wkd;wufa&;ygwD&JŒ OuUÏjzpfcJhol OD;cifarmifjrifh ygyJ?uíefawmf OD;cifarmifjrif hukd yxrqHk; teD;uyf awG@qHkzl;cJ hwmuawmh

ql;avbk&m;vrf;axmifheJ@ taemf&xmvrf;axmifhrSm &SdcJhwJh (xkdtaqmuftODukd r=umrDuzsufypfcJh+yD; taqmuftODopf jyefaqmufzkd@ pDpOfaeygw,f) taqmuftODrSm&SdcJhzl;wJhjynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyf¶Hk;rSmyg?

EkdifiHa&;ygwD tzJG@tpnf;aygif; wpfq,fhav;zJG@avmufxJu jynfol@vli,ftzJG@csKyfqkdwmuawmh yrnw wyfaygif;pk0if vli,f tzJG@wpfzJG@yg?

xkdtcsdefwkef;u uíefawmf[m &efukefaq;¶Hk}uD;a&SŒ [kdufpul;rSm ausmif;wufaecJhwmyg? yxr ckESpfwef; ausmif;om;/ aemuf &Spfwef;/ q,fwef;ausmif;om; b0

34


wpfavSsmufrSm jynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyf¶Hk;ukd wpf&ufjcm; wpfcg ESpf&ufjcm;wpfcgwpfcgwpfavrSmvnf; ae@pOfvkdvkd ausmif;oGm; ausmif;jyef a&mufcJhygw,f?

uíefawmf[m jynfol@vli,ftzJG@csKyfukd a&mufavwkdif;rSm ukdoef; (tif;pdef)/ukdcsefxGef;/ ukdwifat; (wuo OuUÏa[mif; uG,fvGef)/ ukdat;armif/ ukd&Jjrifh/ ukdoef;jrifh(aemif Akdvfwaxmifowif;pm t,f'Dwma[mif;) wkd@eJ@ r=umc% qHkjzpfcJh pum;0kdif;zJG@jzpfcJhygw,f?

wpfcgwpf&HrSmvnf; ukdatmifAef; (xkdtcsdefu jynfol@vli,ftzJG@csKyf OuUÏ)/ukdodef;vGif ( pma&;q&m armifom&) eJ@ OD;cifarmifaxG; (cifarmifaxG;/ ysOf;rem;) wkd@ukdtzJG@csKyfrSm awG@&avh&Sdygw,f? wu,fawmh xkdvl}uD;awG[m touft&G,ftm;jzifhusGefawmhxuf rsm;pGm}uD;olawGyg? okd@ayrJh xkdtcsdefwkef;u uíefawmf tygt0ifuíefawmfeJ@ oufwl&G,fwl vli,fawGu olwkd@emrnfawG a&SŒrSm "ukd" wyf+yD; ac:a0:qufqHcJh=uygw,f?

ukdatmifAef;/ ukdwifat;/ ukdoef;jrifh ponfjzifh w&if;wESD; ac:a0:cJh=uw,f?xkdpOfu qkd&if uíefawmfwkd@[m touft}uD;qHk;jzpfwJh a'gufwm armifarmifausmfukdyifukdarmifarmifausmfvkd@ w&if;wESD; ac:a0:cJh=uw,f? xkdvl}uD;awGuvnf; uíefawmfwkd@csmwdwfawGukd wjyHK;jyHK;eJ@ wkH@jyefqufqHcJh=uygw,f?

jynfol@vli,f tzJG@csKyfrSm awG@qHkcJhwpfae@om;rSmawmh uíefawmfwkd@ vli,fawG jynfol@vli,ftzJG@csKyf¶Hk;rSm

pka0;a&muf&SdaecsdefrSm tzJG@csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; ukdoef;jrifheJ@ oleJ@&G,fwlvlwpfa,muf ¶Hk;cef;xJukd 0ifvm=uw,f? olwkd@ESpfOD;[m wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; ycHk;zuf+yD;0ifvm=uwmyg?

xkdol[m tom;ndKndK rsufESmoG,foG,feJ@ ukd,fvHk;ukd,f[ef cyfydefydefyg?uíefawmfhtem;rSmxkdifaewJh oli,fcsif;u "ol b,folvJuG " vkd@ cyfwkd;wkd;ar;vmygw,f? uíefawmfu ol@trnfukd cyfwkd;wkd;yJ jyefajymvkdufw,f?

"ukdcifarmifjrifhqkdwm olayghuG/ yDusL (P3) uav" uíefawmf[m ol@ukd'Dt&ifuwnf;u wpfcgESpfcg awG@jrifzl;aecJhwmyg?

xkdae@u ukdoef;jrifhu ol@ukd uíefawmfwkd@ csmwdwfawGeJ@vnf; rdwfqufay;cJhygw,f? uíefawmf[m xkdtcsdefup+yD; ol@ukd wpfcgwpf&HrSm eD;eD;uyfuyf wpfcgwpf&HrSmcyfa0;a0;u awG@jrifcJh&w,f?

q&m}uD;r_dif; OD;aqmifwJh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; vlxk qENjyyJGawGrSm tpnf;ta0;tcsKdŒrSm ol@udk awG@cJh&w,f? wpfcguvnf; (uefawmfrif yef;jcHrSm xifygw,f) vlxktpnf;ta0;wpfckeJ@ pifjrifhay:rSm pdwfygvufyg a[majymaewJh ol@ukd awG@cJh&ygw,f?

35


oHr%dEdki fiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufwu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m ol@&JŒb0wm wpfckvHk;udk ol@&JŒEdkifiHa&;

,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf ay;qyfcJhwJh oHr%d EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufyJ jzpfygw,f?OD;cifarmifjrifh[m 1929 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 11 &ufrSm a';'&J+rdKŒ tbOD;a&$vif; /

trda':pmOwdk@rS arG;zGm;cJhol jzpfw,f? ol[m om;orD;ig;a,mufxJu pwkwom;jzpf+yD;ol@atmufunDjzpfoluawmh uíefawmfwdk@ q,fausmfouft&G,fu wrf;wrf;wwjzpfcJh&wJh " =uifemjcif;wpf0uf ¶_yfaxG;jcif;wpf0uf" "wpfaqmif;opfjyef+yD" pwJhoDcsif;awGeJ@ atmifjrifausmf=um;cJhwJh EdkifiHausmftqdkawmf}uD; udkoef;vd_if (uG,fvGef) yJjzpfygw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒ rdbawG[m a';'&J+rdKŒ oJukef;av; aus;&Gmu csrf;omwJhv,form;awG jzpfw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒrdbawG[m &efukef+rdKŒudk ajymif;a&$ŒvmcJh+yD;aemuf 1937 ckESpfrSmOD;cifarmifjrif hud k rufo'pf trsK d;orD;ausmif;rSm pwif ynmoifapcJ hygw,f?OD;cifarmifjrifh[m 1946 ckESpfrSm pdef*íef;ausmif;udk a&muf&SdcsdefrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifhausmif;trnf[m "a*smha&$vif;" jzpfvmcJhygw,f? ol[m 1949 ckESpfrSm 'orwef;atmifcJh+yD;aemuf &efukefwuUodkvfrSm wufa&mufynmoifcJhygw,f? &efukefwuUodkvfudka&mufcJhcsdefrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒESvHk;om;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf[m oaE<wnfvmcJhw,f?

ol[m 1949 ckESpfrSm &efukefc¶dkif ausmif;om;rsm;or*~ (&uo) tr_aqmifwpfOD; jzpfvmcJhw,f? 1950 ckESpfrS 1951 ckESpftxd topfjyefzGJ@cJhwJh ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ@csKyf (Auorsm;/ tzGJ@csKyf) &JŒ tr_aqmifjzpfcJh+yD; 1952-53 ckeSpf&efukefwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~ (wuo)&JŒ tr_aqmifwpfOD; jzpfcJhygw,f?

awmfvSefa&; qufom;uav;wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒ Ed kifiHa&;pdwf"mwf[m *syefawmfvSefa&;

umvuwnf;u pwifcJhoaE<wnfcJhcJhvdk@ qdk&rSmyg?*syefawmfvSefa&;umvwkef;u a';'&J/ oJukef;av;aus;&GmrSm&SdwhJ OD;a&$vif;

a':pmOwdk@&JŒ aetdrf[m *syefawmfvSefa&; wdkif; (2) &JŒ XmecsKyfjzpfcJhygw,f? wdkif; (2)XmecsKyf&JŒ EdkifiHa&;rSL;u ocifpdk;jzpf+yD; ppfa&;wm0efcHuawmh AdkvfrSL;}uD;ae0if;yg? xdktcsdefwkef;u toufq,fhav;ig;ESpf t&G,fom&Sdao;wJh udkcifarmifjrifh[m ocifpdk;/AdkvfrSL;ae0if;eJ@ tjcm;acgif;aqmift=um;rSm qufom;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJh&olyg?

xdkpOfu wa,mxdk;0goem}uD;+yD; uírf;usifr_vnf;&SdwJh ocifpdk; wa,mxdk;csifwJhqENjyif;jyvmtcgrsKd;rSm (ab;ywf0ef;usifu vlawGu ocifpdk;&SdrSef; r&dyfrdatmif)xdke,frSm&SdwJh emrnfausmf wa,mq&m}uD; OD;vpf qdkoludk tdrfodk@zdwfac: xrif;auí;+yD;

36


tdyfcdkif;um ocifpdk;u OD;vpfwa,mxdk;wJh ykHpHeJ@ wa,mxkd;avh&SdcJhygw,f? xdktcsdefrsKd;awGrSm udkcifarmifjrifhu OD;vpfudk oGm;ac:ay;cJh&ygw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifh[m bDtufpD aemufqHk;ESpfa&mufwJh 1952 ckESpfrSm OD;xGef;az/a':usif&Dwdk@&JŒorD; a':wifwife@J tdrfaxmifuscJhw,f? xdk@aemufrSmawmh pmar;yGJrajzawmhbJ ausmif;u xGufcGmvmcJhw,f?

yDoHk;vHk;ygwD A[dkaumfrwDtdrfaxmifus+yD;aemufrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m b0&yfwnfr_twGuf

ausmif;q&mtvkyfudk vkyfcJh&ygw,f? 1953 ckESpftxd yJcl;tpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;rSmtxufwef;jyq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygw,f? 1955 ckESpfrS 1960 ckESpftjynfhtxdyJcl;+rdKŒrSm tvGwfynmoifausmif;q&mtjzpf vkyfudkifcJhygw,f?

ocsFmbmomuírf;usifwJh tvkyfvkyfaepOfrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m yJcl;c¶dkify²r²n²w &JŒ obmywdtzGJ@0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhygw,f?

'Daemuf 1958 ckESpfrSm ig;c¶dkif jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJudk &efukefrSmusif;y&mrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m yJcl;+rdKŒ ppfa=umif;udk OD;aqmifcsDwufcJhwJhtwGuf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh&w,f?

xdk@aemuf 1959 ckESpftwGif; jynfvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJh+yD;aemuf ocifoif/ocifAarmifwdk@ OD;aqmifwJh jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwDrSm A[dkaumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJhw,f?,if;ygwD&JŒ A[dkaumfrwD0ifjzpfwJh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m y²r²n²w XmecsKyf&JŒ obmywdtzGJ@0if jzpfvmcJhygw,f?

xdkESpftwGif;rSmyJ jynfol@'Drdkua&pDygwD OD;atmifoef;(AdkvfcsKyftpfudk) uOuUÏtjzpfaqmif&Guf+yD; OD;atmifjrifh ac: udkudk}uD; (zsmyHk) u taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufwJh trsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDeJ@ udkcifOD; (1953 ckESpf atmufwdkbmausmif;wpfvydwfa&; ta&;awmfyHka=umifh rEWav;wuUodkvfrS &moufyef ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&ol) eJ@ udkbkef;vd_ifwdk@ acgif;aqmifwJh &Jabmfaygif;pHk xdef;odrf;a&;tzGJ@wdk@ yl;aygif;+yD;jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwD (People’s Progressive Party) udk wnfaxmifcJhygw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifhu yDusLvdk@ twdkaumufac:a0:wJh yDoHk;vHk;ygwDrSm A[dkaumfrwD0if jzpfvmcJhw,f? 1978 ckESpftwGif;rSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m Auy ajratmufv_yf&Sm;r_twGuf aemufxyf xdef;odrf;cHcJh&+yD; 1980 jynfESpfrSm vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifheJ@jyefvnfvGwfajrmufchJw,f?

'Daemuf 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv (8) &ufrSm &Spfav;vHk; vlxktHk=uGr_}uD;ay:aygufcJhygw,f? 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 18 &ufrSm wyfrawmfu EdkifiHawmftm%mudk &,lum EdkifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ@udk zGJ@pnf;cJhw,f?

37


'DaemufrSm ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJawG usif;ya&;twGuf EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG wnfaxmifcGifhjyKcJhygw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifh[m 1988 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvtwGif;rSm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSmwpfcsdefu&SdcJhwJh jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwDudk 4if;&JŒ&JabmfwpfpkeJ@ jynfvnfwnfaxmifcJhygw,f? topfjyefvnfwnfaxmifcJhwJh jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwDrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhuOuUÏtjzpf wm0ef,lcJh+yD; OD;vSa&$ (ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif;)taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhw,f?

udkudk;usGef;udk tydk@cHcJh&wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m ol@&JŒb0udk ol@&JŒ,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf paw;cJhwJh

y¶dkzuf&Sife,f EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,muf/ y¶dkzuf&Sife,f awmfvSefa&;orm;wpfa,mufyJjzpfygw,f?

1963 ckESpfu awmfvSefa&;aumifpDeJ@ awmwGif;vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;awGt=um;rSm jynfwGif; +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJawGvkyfpOfrSm ig;c¶dkif+idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJawG ay:aygufcJhw,f? OD;cifarmifjrifh[m &efukefrSmusif;ycJhwJh tqdkyg ig;c¶dkifqENjyyGJrSm yJcl;ppfa=umif;udk OD;aqmifcsDwufcJhygw,f?

jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yG JawG ysufjym;cJh+yD;aemufrSmawmh tqdkygqENjyyGJawGrSm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhwJh vuf0Jvuf,m EdkifiHa&;orm; trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJh=u&w,f? ,if;odk@ zrf;qD;cHcJh=u&olawGxJrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhvnf; yg0ifcJhw,f?xdkt}udrfu zrf;qD;cHcJh&pOfrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m yxrydkif;rSm tif;pdefaxmifrSm aecJh&ayr,fhEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGudk 'kwd,t}udrf udkudk;uíef;udk ydk@cJh&mrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhygtydk@cHcJh&ygw,f?

jynfolawG&JŒ Ed kifiHa&;0d^mOfwpfckjzpfwJh OD;cifarmifjrif h[m 1988 ckESpfta&;awmfyHk}uD; pwifcJhwJh tcsdefup+yD; EdkifiHa&;e,fy,frSm enf;rsKd;pHkeJ@ v_yf&Sm;cJhygw,f?

OD;cifarmifjrifh[m 1988 ckESpfrSm zGJ@pnf;cJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDr[mrdwfrsm;tzGJ@ ('rz)&JŒ em,utzGJ@rSm a'gufwm armifarmifausmf/ OD;omvSatmifwdk@eJ@twl yg0ifcJhygw,f?1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv (25) &ufrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifheJ@wuG jynfol@wdk;wufa&;ygwDA[dkaumfrwDtm;vHk; tzrf;cHcJh=u&ygw,f?

xdkt}udrf zrf;qD;cH&pOfrSm OD;cifarmifjrifh[m axmif'%f tESpf20 uscJhygw,f?1993 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D (16) &ufrSmawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m tif;pdefaxmifrSmyJuG,fvGefcJhygw,f? xdkESpftwGif;rSmyJ OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒ &JabmfawGjzpf=uwJh udkndK0if;(&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om; nDnGwfa&;wyfOD; OuUÏa[mif;)/ udkpdef0if;(oHk;cG)/udkwifarmif0if; (c&rf;) eJ@ OD;pdk;0if;wdk@[mvnf; uG,fvGefcJh=uygw,f?

38


wu,fawmh OD;cifarmifjrifh[m rdrd&JŒub0wpfckvHk;udk rdrd,Hk=unfcsuftay:trSefw&m;tay:rSmom wnfaqmufcJhol jzpfw,f?

ol[m b,fae&m b,fa'oudka&mufa&muf trSefw&m;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJholyg? udkudk;uíef;udk a&mufaepOfrSmyif ig;ydykyfwdkufyGJ/ udk,fxludk,fxpepf zsufodrf;a&;wdkufyGJawGudk OD;aqmif wdkufyGJ0ifcJhygw,f?

udkud k;uíef;ud ka&mufpOfrSm tusOf;om;awG tcGif hta&;eJ@ywfouf+yD;wdkufyGJ0ifaepOfrSm &efukefrS tqifhjrifht&m&Sd}uD; wpfOD; udkudk;uíef;udk a&mufvmcJhw,f?xdkt&m&Sd}uD;u OD;cifarmifjrifhudk awG@csdefrSm rma=umif; oma=umif;awGar;um yÉdoE<mpum;awG ajymcJhygw,f?

xdktcgrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhu "cifAsm;eJ@ usKyf&JŒt=um;rSm vlr_a&;t& qufqHp&mbmrSr&Sdbl;? usKyfwdk@awmif;wJh tcsufawGay;rvm; ray;bl;vm; qdkwmomajym/ray;Edkif&if jyefawmh" vdk@ cyfjywfjywf jyefajymcJholyg?

1978 ckESpftwGif;rSmawmh xdktcsdefu wdkif;jynf&JŒeHywfwpfjzpfol orRw}uD;OD;ae0if;[m *syefawmfvSefa&; umvwkef;u wdkif; (2) a'ojzpfcJhwJh+rdKŒawGudk c&D;vSnfhcJhygw,f?

OD;ae0if;[m xdkpOfu wdkif;2 XmecsKyfvkyfcJhwJhaetdrfu rdom;pk0ifawGudkac:awG@cJhygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m udkcifarmifjrifh&JŒtpfrudk ac:awG@+yD; aea&; xdkifa&;tajctaeawGudk ar;cJhygw,f?

'ghtjyif awmfvSefa&;umvu olwdk@twGuf qufom;vkyfay;cJhwJh udkcifarmifjrifhudkvnf; owdw&eJ@ "ukvm;a&m/ ukvm; b,fa&mufaevJ" vdk@ ar;cJhygw,f? 'ghtjyifOD;ae0if;u OD;cifarmifjrifh&JŒtpfrawGudk "vdktyfwJh tultnDawGawmif;zdk@ &efukefvm+yD;rdrdeJ@ vmawG@zdk@" rSmcJhygw,f?

xd kudpPESif hywfouf+yD; tpfrjzpfolawGu OD;cifarmifjrif hxHvma&mufwdkifyifcJ h=uw,f? xdktcgrSm OD;cifarmifjrifhu "oleJ@oGm;awG@zdk@ rawG@zdk@uawmhtpfrwdk@bmom qHk;jzwfyg? 'gayr,fh ol@udk oGm;awG@cJhr,fqdk&ifawmh ighudk wpfoufvHk;vmrawG@eJ@awmh igaovnf; rvmcJheJ@awmh" vdk@ ajymqdkcJhygw,f?

oHr%dol&Jaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfwJh ol@vdkvlrsKd;awGudk aemufxyf uíefawmfwdk@b,fae&mrSm &SmawG@OD;rSmygvJ?

Ekd0i fbm 3/ 2012

0if;xGÉfaZmf

(jynfol@acwf*sme,f twJG 3 / trSwf 116 rS)

(www.oothandar.blogspot.com rS jyefvnful;,lazmfjyygonf?)))))

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(u)*syef 0ifa&mufvmaom 1942 wGif usaemf &efukefa&mufyg+yD? t*Fvdyfrsm;

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40


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41


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42


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43


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44


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45


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46


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tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckrSm ig acgif;aqmif jzpfoifhw,f/ ig[m 'Dae&mtwGuf xdkufwefoljzpfw,fvdk@ ¶dk;¶dk;om;om; ,kH=unf,lqxm;olrsm;&Sdwm obm0 jzpfygw,f? olwdk@[mtJovdk awG;EdkifavmufwJh t&nftaoG; &Sdxm;olrsm;vnf; jzpfavh&Sdygw,f? tJ'DvdkrsKd;vlawGxJrSmrS ydk+yD;awmfwJholuawmh udk,fhrSmom acgif;aqmif t&nftaoG;&Sdwmr[kwfbl;? tjcm;olrsm;rSm&SdwJh acgif;aqmif t&nftaoG;rsm;udkyg jrifEdkifpGrf;&Sdol jzpfygw,f?

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acgi f;aqmi fr_ jzpfay:vmykHvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&JŒ tao;i,fqkH;,lepfu vljzpfygw,f? tJ'DurSwpfqifh

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47


a,musfm;[m rdom;pk&JŒacgif;aqmif jzpfvmygw,f? 'Dtxd acgif;aqmif a&G;cs,fr_jy\emr&Sdao;bl;?

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48


ynmtxufwef; ausmif;okH; jrefrmpum;ajy pmtkyfwpftkyfxJu aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudkoGm;owd&rdygw,f? a&$Orifq&mawmfeJ@ awmifzDvm q&mawmfwdk@ awG@qkH pum;ajym=uykHudk pma&;q&mu jrifa,mifpdwful;eJ@=unfh+yD; ykHazmfxm;wJhaqmif;yg;yg?

tJ' Daqmif;yg;r SmygwJ h t"du tcsufwpfc kuawmh r dr da&;om;jyKp kxm;wJhusrf;xuf a&$Orif q&mawmf jyKpkxm;wJhusrf;u ydkaumif;wmudkawG@oGm;wJhawmifzDvm q&mawmfu ol@usrf;udk bk&m;&ifjyifawmfay:rSm rD;¶_dŒylaZmfvdkufwJhta=umif;yg?'Daqmif;yg;[m 'Duae@ 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawmfopf wnfaqmufaecsdefrSm acgif;aqmifaumif;/acgif;aqmifavmif;awG&JŒ t&nftaoG;wpfckudk azmfjyaew,fvdk@ uíefawmf ,lqygw,f?

armi f0Ho 01 / 12 / 2012

(jynfol@acwf *sme,f rS)

Edki fiHwpfck t&m&mudk tqkH;tjzwfay;wm jynfoljzpfw,fvdk@ qdk=uygw,f? rSefygw,f?'gayrJh tJ'g[m a,bk,s trSefw&m;om jzpfygw,f?

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......

49


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50


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51


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52


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jzi fh vkyfudki fzdk@/ xdcdkufepfemolrsm;tm; xkdufwefaom epfema=u;rsm; ay;zdk@jzpfonf?tJ'gawGu onfudpPrsdK;rSm ta&;w}uD; teD;uyf pOf;pm;p&mawG jzpfonf?

onhftjyi f/ apmapmpD;pD; }udK}udKwifwi fumvrSm a&&SnftwGuf pOf;pm; csifhcsdef&rnfht&mawG&Sdonf? tJ'gu....

o,HZmw wpfpHkwpf&mrS wdki f;jynftwGuf tusdK;tjrwf trsm;qHk;&atmifb,fodk@aqmi f&GufrnfvJ? xdk@aemuf tJonf tusdK;tjrwfudk wkdi f;jynftwGuf wefzdk;

t&SdqHk; jzpfatmifrnfodk@ toHk;jyKrnfvJ?.....

53


pGrf;tif o,HZmwESihf wGi f;xGuf o,HZmw,cktxd EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrsKyfESH olawGonf jrefrmEkdifiHY tqkdyg pGrf;tifESifh

wGif;xGufypPnf; xkwfvkyfa&; u¾rsm;wGifom vkyfudkifae=uonf? EkdifiHjcm; &if;ESD; jrsKyfESHr_pkpkaygif;. 98 &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf (tm;vHk;eD;yg;yJ qkdygpdk@) onf tJonf xkwf,la&; vkyfief;rsm;xJrSmom &Sdaeonf[k okawoe pmwrf;wpfcku qkdonf?

odk@aomf ta&mif;t0,f udpP[kyJ qdkvdkuf=uygpdk@?uíefawmfwdk@rSm&Sdonfh ypPnf;udk udk,fhbmom rwl;azmfEkdif/ rxkwf,lEdkif/ wpf0uf

wpfysuf ukefacsm/ t+yD;owf ukefacsmrsm;tjzpf ra&mif;Ekdif?onftcsdefwpfzuf vlu wl;azmfEdkifonf/ xkwf,lEkdifonf/ ol@bmom wl;azmf

rnf/ xkwf,lrnf/ oifhawmfaom aiGa=u;ay;rnfqdkvSsif ra&mif;csEkdifp&m bm&SdovJ?ta&;}uD;onfu wkdif;jynftaeESifh wef&mwefzdk; &&Sdzdk@/ wl;azmfxkwfvkyf

,liif&mrSm vlr_ywf0ef;usif/ obm0 ywf0ef;usifrsm;twGuf xdcdkufr_ tenf;qHk; enf;vrf;jzifh vkyfudkifzdk@/ xdcdkufepfemolrsm;tm; xkdufwefaom epfema=u;rsm; ay;zdk@jzpfonf?

tJ'gawGu onfudpPrsdK;rSm ta&;w}uD; teD;uyf pOf;pm;p&mawG jzpfonf?onhftjyif/ apmapmpD;pD; }udK}udKwifwifumvrSm a&&SnftwGuf pOf;pm;

csifhcsdef&rnfh t&mawG&Sdonf? tJ'gu....

o,HZmw wpfpHkwpf&mrS wdkif;jynftwGuf tusdK;tjrwf trsm;qHk;&atmifb,fodk@aqmif&GufrnfvJ? xdk@aemuf tJonf tusdK;tjrwfudk wkdif;jynftwGuf wefzdk;t&SdqHk; jzpfatmifrnfodk@ toHk;jyKrnfvJ?

tJ'gu tajrmftjrif&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&; ynm&Sifrsm;/ EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;/ jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ EkdifiHhta&;awG;awm ylyifwwfonfh/ wuf=uGaom EkdifiHom;rsm;pOf;pm;&rnhf t&mrsm; jzpfonf?

onfudpPrsm;udk trsm;olig =um;rSm yGifhvif;vGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;ndsEd_if; tajz&SmvSsif o,HZmwusdefpmrS vGwfajrmufum obm0ay;aom t&if;tESD;rsm;udk xda&mufpGmtoHk;cs&if; zGHŒ+zdK;wdk;wufI *k%fusufoa& jynfh0aomEkdifiHukd xlaxmif Ekdif=u vdrfhrnf[k¶_jrifa=umif; wifjyvdkygonf?

azjri fh

(jynfol@acwf *sme,frS)

54


tckvuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;rSeforSsudk vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;wJhOD;yd kifeJŒ ygwfoufvdkŒ vltrsm;&JŒ oabmxm;awG/ rSwfcsufawG/ a0zefcsufawGay:xGufvmyg+yD? OD;ydkifeJŒ ygwfoufvdkŒ od&orSs vkyfief;trsm;pkrSm yg0ifygwfoufaewmudkawGŒ&ygw,f? tckaemufqHk; 0rfaygifeJŒ vufyef;awmif;awmif udpPrSmvnf; OD;ydkifeJŒvufyef;awmif;awmif[m &S,f,mtjzpf wGJbuf vkyfudkifaew,f qdkwm od&ygw,f?'gqdk&if OD;ydkif&JŒ &nf&G,fcsufu bmvJ/ trsm;&JŒ tajymt&awmh wyfrawmfu ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umif ht+idrf;pm; ,loGm;wJholawGtwGuf axmufyHhEdkif&ef &nf&G,fygw,fwJh?'gjzifh&if wu,ft+idrf;pm; ,loGm;wJh wyfrawmfom;awG&JŒ b0tmrcHcsufudk OD;ydkifjznfhqnf;EdkifyDvm; ar;p&m &Sdygw,f?

O D;ydki f[m bmvJ/ b,fvJOD;ydkifeJŒ ygwfoufvdkŒ vuf&Sd wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJh wyfrawmfom; wpfa,muf

uvnf; 'Dvdk&Sif;jyygw,f? OD;ydkif&JŒt"du&nf&G,fcsufu umuG,fa&;bwf*sufuoHk;vdkŒr&wJŒ toHk;pm;&dwfrsm;twGuf 0ifaiG&SmazGzdkŒyg? OD;ydkif&JŒ t"du&S,f,m trsm;pk[mwyfrawmf wyf&if; rsm; &J@ wyf&if;&HyHkaiG wpfenf;ajym&&if atmufajc wyfrawmfom;rsm;&JŒaiG uaetcsdK;us xnfh0ifxm;wmjzpfygw,f? ESpfpOf xnfh0ifaiGtvdkuf tjrwf&S,f,mjyefxkwfay;ygw,f? tJ'DaiGeJ@yJ wyfawGu rdom;pk axmufyHhwmawG ausmif;0wfpHk ay;wmAvmpmtkyfay;wm pwmawGvkyf&ygw,f jcHKjyD;ajym¶if OD;ydkif[m wyf&if;wyfzGJŒ trsm;pkydkifaom tzGJŒ jzpfjyD; trsm;pk[m rdom;pkrsm;oufomacsmifcsda&;twGuf OD;ydkiftjrwfaiGudk,cifua&m ,ckygrDScdkae&a}umif; vdkŒ qdkygw,f? odkŒaomf OD;ydkif[m wu,fyJ qif;&JrGJawaewJh wyf&if;wyfzGJŒawGudk axmufyHhEdkif&JŒvm; ar;p&m jzpfvmygw,f?

tckvuf&SdrSm OD;ydkif taeeJŒ jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ u¾tpHkrSm &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_udk vuf&Sdvkyfudkifaeygw,f? odkŒaomf wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk vHkavmufpGm axmufyHhaejcif; r&SdyJ

OD;ydkifudk Reform vkyf&ef tcsdefwefygjyD

James Mint

55


vlyk*~dKvf wpfcsdKŒawGtwGufom tusdK;jzpfxGef;aewm odomvmygw,f? xdkŒtwlyif'Drdkua&pD EdkifiH jzpfvmcsdefrSm xdkuJhodkŒ EdkifiHawmf&JŒ &duQmpm;ae&r,fh EdkifiHawmf aiGa=u;ydkif;eJŒoufqkdifjcif; r&SdwJh 0ef}uD;Xme wpfck[m udk,fydkifpD;yGm;a&;eJŒ &yfwnfaewm[mtrsm;axmufuGuf jzpfvmrSm jzpfovdk vufcHEdkifp&mvnf; ta=umif;r&Sdygbl;? 'DtwGufOD;ydkifudk Reform vkyf&ef vdktyfygw,f? xkduJhodkŒ Reform vkyf&mrSm wyfrawmftwGufomr[kwfyJ tpdk;&wpf&yf&JŒ 0ifaiGawGudk &SmazGay;&m Xme}uD; wpfckjzpfapzdkŒ jyefvnfwnfaqmuf ,l&ygvdrhfr,f?

O D;ydki feJŒ tvm;wl tpdk;&ydki f ukr%DawG Edki fiHwumrSm &Sdovm;xdkuJhodkŒ vkyfr,fqdk&if erlem =unfhp&mtaeeJŒ puFmylEdkifiH&JŒ wD;rm;quf Hold-

ings &Sdygw,f? wDrm;quf tzGJŒudk puFmylEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; 1974 rSm zGJŒpnf;cJhygw,f?tckvuf&SdrSm b¾ma&; 0ef}uD;Xmeu wm0ef,lygw,f? tckvuf&Sd urBmausmf puFmylava=umif;vdkif;/ Singapore Telecommunications/ Keppel Corporation/ Nep-

tune Orient Lines eJŒ ST Engineering wdkŒ[m wDrm;quf&JŒ vufatmufrSm &Sdygw,f?ST Engineering taeeJŒ puFmyl ppfwyfudk vufeuf axmufyHhjcif;rsm;udk t"duvkyfaqmifcJh+yD; vufeufxkwfvkyf a&mif;csr_rsm;vnf; vkyfaqmifygw,f?

wD;rm;qufeJŒ jrefrmjynfu OD;ydkifeJŒ wlnDwmawGuawmh tpdk;&u ydkifqkdifwJhtzGJŒtpnf; wpfckjzpfjcif;/ tpdk;& xdyfydkif; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;eJŒ qufEG,faeaom olrsm;uOD;aqmifaeaom tzGJŒtpnf; jzpfjcif;/ puFmyl ppfwyftwGuf vdktyfonfh vufeufrsm;axmufyHhay;aejcif; tp&SdwmawG jzpfygw,f? rwlnDwmawGuawmh trsm;}uD;jzpfygw,f?'DtxJuaerS ESpfckudk xkwfE_wfwifjy&&if wD;rm;quf[m puFmyl wpfEdkifiHvHk;twGufaiGa=u;&SmazGaejcif;eJŒ yGifhvif; jrifomr_eJŒ wm0ef,lr_rsm;yJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm tcGifhoifhvdkŒ wDrm;quf&JŒ taxGaxG &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_ r[mAsL[mawGxJu t"du tmabmf (4)ckudk ajym&r,fqdk&if pD;yGm;a&;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;/ vlvwfwef;pm;rsm; zGHŒ+zdK;wdk;wufa&;/tm;omcsufrsm;udk eufeuf&d_if;&d_if; Ed_if;,SOfavhvmjcif;eJŒ pD;yGm;a&;avmurSm atmifjrifaeolrsm;eJŒ yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifjcif; qdkwJh tcsufawGygyJ?

wDrm;quf&JŒ &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_ vkyfief;rsm;uawmh wpfEdkifiHvHk;&JŒ b%fESifhaiGa&;a=u;a&; qdkif&m vkyfief;awG/ tdrf +cHajr a&mif;0,fa&;eJŒ qdkifwmawG/ axmufyHhydkŒaqmifa&;eJŒ c&D;oGm;vmr_/ ydkŒaqmifa&;awG/ EdkifiHtwGuf tajccH taqmufttHkeJŒygwfoufwmawG/ qufoG,fa&;eJŒ rD'D,mu¾/ ZD0odyHeJŒ usef;rma&; apmifha&Smufr_awG/ pmoif=um;jcif; qdkif&mawG/ tvSukefypPnf;rsm;eJŒ vlr_aexkdifr_yHkpHawG/ tif*sifeD,meJŒqdkifwJhudpPawGeJŒ enf;ynm&yfydkif;awG/ aemufqHk; pGrf;tifeJŒ obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;eJŒqdkifwJhae&mawGtjyif tay:rSm a&;cJhwJh vufeuf xkwfvkyfjcif;rsm;eJŒ a&mif;csjcif;rsm;rSmyg

56


&if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_ jyKvkyfxm;ygw,f? tckvuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ OD;ydkif&JŒ ae&mtrsm;pkrSm pdk;rdk;csKyfudkifxm;ovdkyJ oabmobm0 tajccHtm;jzifhom wlnDygw,f?

wDrm;quf[m puFmylEdki fiHom;awGudk b,fvdk tusdK;jyKEdki faevJokdŒaomf xdkuJhodkŒ tpdk;&vl}uD;ydkif;rsm; yg0ifxm;jcif;/ EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;

trsm;pkudk wDrm;qufu vuf0g;}uD;tkyf vkyfudkifaeojzifh EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHr_rsm;aemufvefoGm;vm; ydkrd kwdk;wufvmovm; avhvm=unfhr,fqdk&if uGmjcm;r_awGodvmEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f? uíefawmfwdkŒ t"du avhvm&rSmonf EdkifiHydkif tzGJŒtpnf;jcif;twlwl/ vkyfief;trsm;pkudk vuf0g;}uD; tkyfwmjcif; twlwl puFmylu wDrm;quf[mbmvdkŒatmifjrifaevJ/ olŒEdkifiHom;awGudk tusdK;jyKaevnf; 'gudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rSmygyJ? wDrm;quf uae puFmyl EdkifiHtwGufomru olŒEdkifiHol EdkifiHom; trsm;pktwGufyg taxmuftyHhawG jzpfcJhwm trsm;}uD;yg?

puFmylrSm tckvuf&Sd ajy;qGJaewJh ajray:/ ajratmuf/ rdk;ysH &xm;vrf;awG[mwD;rm;quf&JŒ tjrwfaiGawGuae wnfaqmufoGm;wm jzpfygw,f? olŒEdkifiH&JŒ jynfoljynfom;awG tqifhjrifhjrifhaexdkifzdk@Œ HDB vdkŒac:wJh tqifhjrifh vlaewdkufcef;awGudkt&pfus pepfeJŒ a&mif;csEdkifatmifvnf; vkyfudkifEdkifcJhygw,f? xdkŒtwlyJ puFmylEdkifiH&JŒppfwyfudk urBmŒtqifhrSDatmif jrSifhwifEdkifwJhtjyif/ EdkifiHwum aps;uGufudk vufeufwifydkŒa&mif;csEdkifwJhtxdyg atmifjrifcJhwm[m wDrm;qufa=umifhygyJ? 'Dae&mrSm wpfckajymcsifwmu ppfwyftwGuf vufeufawG[m jynfyuyJ rSDcdkaevdkŒ r&ygbl;? udk,fhEdkifiHtwGif;rSmtqifhrSDrSD xkwfvkyfEdkifzdkŒvnf; }udK;pm;&rSm jzpfygw,f? xdkrSwqifh EdkifiHwumudk a&mif;csEdkifwJhtxdudk jrSifhwif,l&rSmvnf; jzpfygw,f? odkŒ jzpfwJhtwGuf Research rsm;rsm;vkyf&efvdktyfygw,f? Research vkyf&efvnf; aiGa=u;tiftm; awmifhwif;&ef vdktyfjyefygw,f?

odkŒ jzpfwJhtwGuf EdkifiHudk OD;aqmifolrsm;taeeJŒ aocsm pepfwus pOf;pm;zdkŒvdkvmyg+yD? EdkifiH&JŒ pD;yGm;a&;udk armif;ESifEdkifzdkŒ aocsm usepGm oHk;oyf pOf;pm;qifjcifqHk;jzwf&ef tcsdefwefyg+yD? ,ckvuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ OD;ydkif[m vufwpfqkyfpm vlwpfpktwGufom tusdK;jzpfxGef;aewmudk jyKjyif&ef tcsdefwefyg+yD? jrefrmEdkifiH&JŒ OD;ydkifeJŒ wDrm;qufuGmjcm;r_uawmh acgif;aqmifEdkifwJh ae&mrSm &SdaeolawG jzpfygw,f? vuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHOD;ydkifrSm ta&;}uD;ae&mrSm wm0ef,lxm;olrsm;[m ,cif tpdk;& tqufqufu 0ef}uD;rsm;/AdkvfcsKyfrsm;&JŒ om;orD;awG trsm;pk jzpfaewmygyJ? qefqdkwmudk qeftdk;xJu vmw,fqdkwJhtodrsdK;/ rawmifhrw ra=umifhr=u aecJhwJh olawGu }uD;pdk; tkyfcsKyfaew,f qdk&ifvnf;rrSm;ygbl;?

wD;rm;quf atmi fjri fr_[m t&nftcsi f;&SdolawGudk xdkufwefwJh ae&may;r_a=umifhvm;ppftpdk;& tkyfpdk;csdefrSm OD;ydkif[m trsm;xuf tcGifhta&;ydk&cJhayr,fh ,ckvdk

57


'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHawmfodkŒ OD;wnfoGm;aecsdefrSm OD;ydkif[m oD;jcm; tcGifhta&;r&EdkifyJtrsm;wef;wlom oGm;&rSmjzpfygw,f? xdkŒtwlyif OD;ydkif[m wyfrawmftwGuf aiGa=u;&SmazGjcif; jzpfaer,fhtpm; wpfEdkifiHvHk;&JŒ jynfolvlxktwGuf jzpfatmif ajymif;vJ&rSmjzpfygw,f? xdkodkŒ ajymif;vJ&mrSmvnf; yGifhvif;jrifomr_/ rSefuefaom vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;eJŒvkyfudkif+yD; jynfoltwGuf a&SŒwef;udk OD;pm;ay;xm;wJh tzGJŒtpnf;tjzpf jynfolawGeJŒzGJŒpnf;&rSm jzpfygw,f? odkŒrSom EdkifiHtwGuf vHkavmufwJh tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;vnf; azmfaqmifEdkifrSm jzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm tqdkyg tzGJŒ }uD;&JŒ t"duuswJh acgif;}uD;ydkif;awGrSm trSefwu,f acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf; &SdolawGeJŒ uGyfuGJoGm;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

'Dae&mrSm wDrm;qufudk tkyfcsKyf+yD; pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufatmif armif;ESifoGm;olawG[m ppfom;rsm;/ vuf&Sd tpdk;& wm0ef,lxm;olrsm; r[kwfyJ MBA bGJŒ&+yD;olrsm;/ DBA

bGJŒ&+yD;olrsm;u t"du armif;ESifoGm;wmyJ jzpfygw,f? xdkŒtwl vdktyfvm&if EdkifiHwumtzGJŒtpnf;}uD;rsm;eJŒ aygif;pnf;jcif;/ trSefwu,f awmfaom wwfaom wkdif;wpfyg;rSynm&Sifrsm;udk cefŒtyf+yD; aqmif&Gufapjcif; ponfwdkŒu wDrm;quftwGuf puFmylEdkifiHom;awGtay: tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;tjyif vlaexdkifr_ tqifhtwef;jrif hrm;a&;ud kyg aqmif&GufEd ki f&ef vH kavmufwJ h aiGa=u;awG &SmazGay;Ed ki faeygw,f?

wDrm;quf[m tjrifus,fus,f&Sd&JŒvm;'geJŒygwfoufvdkŒ wDrm;quf[m EdkifiHwumu jrwfEdkifacs &SdwJh &S,f,mawGudkyg

0,f,+lyD; vkyfudkifaewmudk awGŒ&ygw,f? Oyrmtm;jzifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;u tif'dkquf&J&S,f,mrsm;udk 0,f,ljcif;/ tar&duef&Sd Global Crossing ukr%DrS &S,f,mrsm; 0,f,ljcif;/xdkif;EdkifiH&Sd ,cif 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; oufqif ydkifqdkifwJh &Sif; +*dK[fwkqufoG,fa&; vkyfief;.&S,f,mrsm; 0,f,ljcif; tp&SdwmawG jzpfygw,f? ,ckvuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"duvkyfaqmifaewJh xm;0,fa&eufqdyfurf;&JŒ &S,f,mrsm;udkvnf; wDrm;qufukr`%Du0,f,lxm;jcif;&Sdw,fvdkŒ od&ygw,f? 'gawG[m pD;yGm;a&; tuGufjrifolrsm;&JŒ wDrm;quftzGJŒ }uD; a&&Snf&yfwnfEdkif&ef &nf&G,fxm;wJh ajcvSrf;rsm; jzpfw,fqdkwm oHo,&Sdp&mrvdkygbl;?

O D;ydki fudk bmqufvkyfoi fh+yDvJ'gqdk&ifawmh EdkifiHawmf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;/ t"du armif;ESifEdkifr,fh ae&mrSm

&Sdaeolrsm;[m OD;ydkifudk wDrm;qufvdk wdkif;jynftwGuf tusdK;&Sd&Sdjzpfatmif jyefvnf Re-

form vkyf&ef vkdtyfaeygw,f? odkŒr[kwfyJ 'Dtwkdif;yJ qufxm;r,f qdkygu vlwpfpktwGuftusdK;tjrwfudkom OD;wnf&SmazGae+yD; EdkifiHtwGuf xdkufoihfaom tcGefaiGrsm;ray;aqmifjcif;/ ravsmf=oZm oHk;jcif;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk em;rvnfolrsm;/ udk,fusdK;udkom

58


=unfhonfh 0ef}uD;rsm;/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh 4if;wdkŒ. om;orD;rsm; OD;aqmifaeojzifh rvdkvm;tyfaom qHk&H_;r_rsm;udk zefwD;,laejcif; tp&SdwmawGudk vkyfudkifaewJh tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf qufvufxm;&Sd&ef roifhawmfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdkŒ OD;ydkifudk zsufodrf;rvm; (odkŒr[kwf)EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;twGuf tusdK;&Sd&SdeJŒ vkyfudkifEdkifr,fh EdkifiHwum Holding

tzGJŒtpnf;rsm;uJhodkŒ pepfwuseJŒ yGifhvif;jrifompGm ajymif;vJ+yD; Win Win Situation

taejzifh qufoGm;rvm; wm0ef&Sdolrsm; qHk;jzwfEdkifygap?

James MintDecember 9 ,2012

Edki fiHawmf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;/ t"du armif;ESi fEdki fr,fh ae&mrSm &Sdaeolrsm;[m OD;ydki fudk wDrm;qufvdkwdki f;jynftwGuf tusdK;&Sd&Sdjzpfatmif jyefvnf Reform Reform Reform Reform Reform vkyf&ef vkdtyfaeygw,f? odkŒr[kwfyJ 'Dtwkdif;yJqufxm;r,f qdkygu vlwpfpktwGuf tusdK;tjrwfudkom OD;wnf&SmazGae+yD; Edki fiHtwGuf xdkufoihfaom

tcGefaiGrsm; ray;aqmifjci f;/ ravsmf=oZm oHk;jci f;/ pD;yGm;a&;udk em;rvnfolrsm;/ udk,fusdK;udkom =unfhonfh0ef}uD;rsm;/ AdkvfcsKyfrsm;ESifh 4i f;wdkŒ. om;orD;rsm; OD;aqmi faeojzi fh rvdkvm;

tyfaom qHk&H_;r_rsm;udk zefwD,laejcif; tp&SdwmawGudk vkyfudki faewJh tzGJŒtpnf;jzpfwJhtwGuf qufvufxm;&Sd&ef roifhawmfygbl;?

.....

(James Mint's facebook)

0J}oCrSm aw;oHjydKifvdk hA[kvGifjyif

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf?

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67


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*sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufrlum; xdkuJhodk haeI rjzpf? ol htwGuf rw&m;vkyfray;ygESif h[k ajymvdrfhrnf?ig;yg;oDvorm; wa,mufonf }uHK}udKufcJhvsif xdkufoifhonfxufydkI tcGifhta&;,lvdrfhrnf? tcGifhta&;,ljcif;onf cdk;jcif;r[kwf[k qdkEdkifonf?*sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufrlum; xdkufoifhonfxuf ydk+yD;tcGifhta&;,l&rnfudk &Sufwwfonf?ig;yg;oDv orm;wa,mufonf azmfvHzm;Edkifonf? uyfyg;&yfyg;tvkyfrsdK;ESifh}uD;yGm;atmifvkyfEkdifonf? *k%f}uD;olrsm; ydwfqH&Sdolrsm;udk }udK hI csLEkdif+rKdSufEdkifonf?*sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufrlum; udk,fhoduQmudk udk,fapmifhxdrf;onfjzpfI rnfol hqDur#csLjcif;+rdSKufjcif;rjyK? bmudkr#tvum;rvdkcsif? xkdufwefatmif tvkyfvkyfI,lcsifonf?rnfol ha&S hYr# rsufESmatmufrcs?t+rJOD;acgif;axmifcsifonf? qif;&Jonfudk r&Suf/npfywf&rnfudk &Sufonf? trsdK;jrwfonfqdkI *k%frwuf/ &dk;ajzmifhonfhtwGuf*k%f,lonf?

vkd&if;tcsKyfY *sef;wJvfrJef;wa,mufonf (Sense of Justice and Fair Play)

rdrdESifh qufqHor#aom udpPt00wGifomru rdrd.ywf0ef;usifYvnf; rw&m;ojzifhtEdkifusifhjcif;udkrjrifvdk/r#r#ww jzpfapvdkaompdwfoabmrsdK; t+rJudef;atmif;olwa,mufjzpfavonf? t*FvdyfawG[m onfvkdcsnf;yJvm; [k ar;zkd hvkdrnfrxif/txufwGifaz: jycJh+yD;yg+yD? odk haomf u|EkfyfoabmusonfrSmum; olwdk htxJrS vlaumif;rsm;onf xdkodk haomtjzpfrsdK;odk ha&mufap&ef}udK;pm;zkd h em;vnf=ujcif;yifjzpfonf? Tr#avmufqdkvsif *sef;wJvfrJef;[laom pHcsdefonfavmutwGif;Y tawmf}uD;jrifhaya=umif; 0efcH&ayvdrfhrnf xifonf? Ak'<bmomwGif(t&d,m)wnf;[lkaom yef;wkdifonf Tr#rujrifhonf[k qkdaumif;qdk=uayvdrfhrnf? odk haomf t&d,m[lonfrSm avmurSvGwfajrmufjcif; twGufjzpf.? avmuDom;wa,muftzkd@rSm Tr#avmufqkdv#if urf;ukefonf[k u|Efkyfqdkcsifonf?

wpHkwa,mufaomolu u|Efkyftm; *sef;wJvfrJef;taetxdkifESifh t&d,mtaetxkdif rnfonfudk}udKufonfenf;[k ar;jim;tHh? vl htzGJ htpnf;xJwGifvlyk*~dKvfwa,muftaejzifhaexdkif&v#if *sef;wJvfrJef;wa,mufudk }udKufonf? &[ef;tjzpfESifh aexdkif&v#ift&d,mudk }udKufonf[k u|Efkyfu ajzqkdayvdrfhrnf?

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omoemjyK&jci f;ta=umi f;taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGif *sef;wJvfrJef; twef;tpm;vlrsm; &Sd=uonf qdkv#if

jrefrmjynfESifh wuG Ak'<bmomudk;uG,faom wdkif;jynfrsm;rS t*Fvef/ tar&duefpaomtaemufwdkif;jynfrsm;odk@ omoemjyKoGm;&ef t}uH&Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm; tav;teufpOf;pm;xdkufvSonf? tu,fI omoemjyK q&mrsm;onf txufyg *sef;wJvfrJef;tqifhtwef; &Sdaom yk*~dKvfrsm;ESifh awG@=u &onfhtcg rnfodk@aom w&m;rsdK;udk a[m=uygrnfenf;? t&ufraomufygESifh / iSufrypf=uESifh / npm rpm;=uygESifh bkef;}uD;rsm;udk &Sdcdk;=uyg/vSLzG,f0wWKrsm; ay;vSL=uyg? qdkonfrsm;xuf (vufawG@ usifhpOftaejzifh) ydkI a[mp&m&Sd=uygao;oavm/ Tr#ESifhvnf;edA Šmefa&mufa=umif;w&m; [kwfyg.avm/ edAŠmefa&mufa=umif; w&m;rsm;vnf; a[majymwwfygonfqdkv#if a[majymrnfhyk*d~Kvfrsm; udk,fwdkifuaygufa&mufatmif tm;xkwf+yD;=uygjyDavm/ udk,fwdkifaygufa&mufatmif tm;rxkwfao;ygyJvsuf olwyg;wdk@tm; aygufa&mufatmifjzpfap( ,kwfpGtqHk;) tm;xkwfcsifaomqEN jyif;xefpGm ay:aygufvmatmif jzpfap a[majymEdkifonf[k ,Hk=unf=uygoavm?em*awmifwef;odk@ w&m;a[m xGufjcif;ESifh *sef;wJvfrJef; rsm; &Sdaom Xmeodk@ w&m;a[mxGuf&jcif;onf? twlwlyif vG,fulonf[k xif=uygoavm? taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGifavmb a'go rme tm;}uD;onfum; rSefonf/ odk@&mwGif rdrdwdk@ wdkif;jynfu w%Sm rme'dXd wdk@udk wqdwfwzJhr# ajcGzdk@ }udK;pm;tm;xkwf&ao;jcif; rjyK&ao;yJ rdarG;wdkif; zarG;wdkif;&Sd=uygao;vsuftjcm;olrsm;udk avmb a'go a¹cGzdk@ a[majym&ef jzpfEdkifonf[k,Hk=unf=uygoavm?

*sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufrlum; xdkuJhodk haeI rjzpf? ol htwGuf rw&m;vkyfray;ygESi fh[k ajymvdrfhrnf?ig;yg;oDvorm; wa,mufonf }uHK}udKufcJhvsif xdkufoi fh

onfxufydkI tcGi fhta&;,lvdrfhrnf? tcGi fhta&;,ljci f;onf cdk;jci f;r[kwf[k qdkEdki fonf?*sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufrlum; xdkufoifhonfxuf ydk+yD;tcGi fhta&;,l&rnfudk &Sufwwfonf?ig;yg;oDv orm;wa,mufonf azmfvHzm;Edki fonf? uyfyg;&yfyg;tvkyfrsdK;ESifh

}uD;yGm;atmifvkyfEkdi fonf? *k%f}uD;olrsm; ydwfqH&Sdolrsm;udk }udK hI csLEkdi f+rKdSufEdki fonf?*sef;wJvfrJef; wa,mufrlum; udk,fhoduQmudk udk,fapmifhxdrf;onfjzpfI rnfol hqDur#

csLjcif;+rdSKufjci f;rjyK? bmudkr#tvum;rvdkcsif? xkdufwefatmi f tvkyfvkyfI,lcsifonf?rnfol ha&S hYr# rsufESmatmufrcs?t+rJOD;acgi f;axmi fcsi fonf? qi f;&Jonfudk r&Suf/

npfywf&rnfudk &Sufonf? trsdK;jrwfonfqdkI *k%frwuf/ &dk;ajzmi fhonfhtwGuf *k%f,lonf?

.....

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tENd,jynfrS taemufwdkif;odk@ w&m;a[mxGufcJh=uonfh ADADum eEN/ &mrwd\paom yk*~dKvfrsm;onf ([kwfonfjzpfap r[kwfonfjzpfap) olwdk@enf;ESifh olwdk@ awmxJwGif ESpfaygif; rsm;pGm tm;xkwfjyD;aemuf taemufwdkif; bmom pum;udk ya&mfzufqmrsm;uJhodk@ajymwwfatmif avhvmjyD;cgrS vSnfhvnf a[majym=uonf[k zwf&zl;.?jrefrmjynfrS omoemjyK q&mrsm;onf udk,fwdkif xdxda&mufa&muf r*faygufzdkvfayguftm;xkwfzl;jcif; r&SdbJ Ak'<. usrf;*efrsm;rS oiftH rSwfom;um a[majymjcif;tm;jzifh*sef;wJvfrJef; rsm;tm; t&d,mjzpfukefatmif pGrf;aqmifEdkif=uvdrfhrnf[k xif=uoavm?vljzpfap &[ef;jzpfap udk,fhwdkif;jynfwGif emrnf}uD;&HkESifh taemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGifomoemjyKzdk@ vHkavmufonf xif=uv#if awmifolv,form;rsm;. ac|;ESifh &if;ESD;&aomaiGudk rjzpfpavmufaom EdkifiHa&; *k%fav;twGuf jzKef;wD;ypf&m a&mufayvdrfhrnf?

omoemjyKjcif; udpPonfacgif;aygif;p axmifaom awmif&Snform;rsm;twGufr[kwf? bmompum;aumif;aumif;wwfonfh t&d,m &[ef;rsm; twGuf jzpfoifhonf?TtawmtwGif; xdkyk*d~KvfrsdK;vnf;&I wdkif;jynfvnf; acsmifcsdatmif vkyf&OD;rnf? u|EkfyfYawG;vHk;wck&SdonfrSmum; txufygyk*~dKvfrsdK; &cJhv#if zefqif;aom xm0& bk&m;ocifr&Sd[k ,Hk=unfonfh &k&Sm;jynfonf? Ak'<. tbd"rRmudk vufcHvG,fqHk;aom wdkif;jynfjzpfvdrfhrnf[k xifonf?

ausmcsrf;aom tvkyfwcku|Ekfyfwdk@ jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;onf Ak'<. w&m;awmfa=umifh omoemawmf

ra&mufrDuxuf ckefI wufovdk ,Ofaus;vm=ujcif;um; ,HkrSm;zG,f r&Sday? u|Efkyfwdk@.,Ofaus;r_rsm;onf Ak'<. w&m;awmfrS ,Ofaus;r_wdk@om rsm;.// txl;ojzifhAk'<bmom&[ef;awmfrsm;. ,Ofaus;r_onf Ak'<,Ofaus;r_ oufoufjzpf.// t*Fvef tp&Sdaomtaemufwdkif;jynfrsm;wGifvnf; vlrsdK; ,Ofaus;r_ESifh c&pf,mef ,Ofaus;r_ ESpfck wGJvsuf&Sd.? xdkolwdk@tm; u|Efkyfwdk@u t&dkif;tpdkif;rsm;ozG,f oabmxm;um ,Ofaus;atmifqdkI omoem jyKzdk@ vdktyfonf r[kwfay? olwdk@ txJY *sef;wJvfrJef; qdkolrsm;onfvlrsdK;,Ofaus;r_ taejzifh xdyfwef;usolrsm; jzpfI avmuDom;wa,mufaejzifh 4if;wdk@tm;oifjyp&m cyf&Sm;&Sm; &Sdayvdrfhrnf? xdkolwdk@ vdktyfonfrSm w%Sm/ rme/ 'dXd jyKwfatmiftm;xkwfenf;udk oifjy&ef r#om jzpfav&m rdrdwdk@ udk,fwdkif tm;rxkwf&olrsm;u*sef;wJvfrJef; tqifhtwef; rDaom yk*d~Kvfrsm; tay: Y q&mvkyfcsifonf qdkjcif;rSmu|Efkyftzdk@&mYawG;rdwdkif; ausmcsrf;vSygawmhonf?

a&$Oa'gi f;(a&$Oa'gif;. woufwm rSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;rS)

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vGefcJhwhJ okH;&ufcef@u &efukefwuUodkvf}uD; jyefvnfzGifhEdkifzdk@ vGwfawmfrSmtajctwif aqG;aEG;cJh=uw,fqdkwJhowif; xGufay:vmcJhw,f? ordkif;0ifjzpfwJh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk wufzl;olwdkif; wuUodkvf}uD;udk vGrf;armrda=umif; em;rqef@atmif =um;=um;ae&wmqdkawmh wuUodkvf}uD;udk jyefvnfzGif hay;apcsifwmyg? wuUodkvfrSmomwJhvrif;}uD;vnf; romEdkifcJhwm =um ae+yDqdkawmh/ wuUodkvfrSmyGifhwJh uHhaumfyef;awG/pdefyef;awG/ ydawmufyef;awGvnf; ryGifhrvef;EdkifcJhwm =um+yDqdkawmh/ t"dywdvrf;r}uD;ay:rSm olESifhtwl taESmifhtzGJ@uif;rJhpGmjzifh vGwfvyfayghyg;pGm twl,SOfwGJ+yD; =unfEl;pGmavSsmufvSrf;cGifh r&cJhwmvnf; =um+yDqdkawmh/ ti;fvsm;uefa&jyifudk jzwfwdkuf vmwJhajrmufavajynSif;nSif;av;udk olESifhtwl tarmawG ajzavsmhonftxd r¶_r&Skduf&wmvnf; =um+yDqdkawm/h wuUodkvfb0awGESifhpyfvsOf;+yD; vGrf;p&m&SdolawGtwGuf vGrf;csif;aw;awGvnf; roDr=uL;&wm =um+yDqdkawmh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;rSm ynmoif,lzl;olwdkif;vGrf;r,fqdkvnf; vGrf;avmufp&myg?

vGrf;olawGtwGuf tvGrf;awGajyapzdk@ jynfaxmifpkvGwfawmfrSm wuUodkvf}uD;jyefvnf zGifhoifh/ rzGifhoifh aqG;aEG;=u+yDqdkawmh ? tajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJrSm 0g'ESpfrsKd; uGJjym;aewmuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;p&myg? 0g'wpfrsKd;u &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk jyefvnfzGifhwmudktm;ray;vdkwJh0g'? ta=umif;jycsufu tcktcgrSm '*kHwuUodkvf}uD; (Dagon University)/&efukef ta&S@ydkif;wuUodkvf}uD; (University of East Yangon)/ &efukef taemufydkif;wuUodkvf}uD; (University of West Yangon) rsm; &Sdxm;+yD;jzpfvdk@ &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udkjyefvnfzGifhvSpf&ef rvdktyfwJhta=umif; olwdk@tjriftwdkif; aqG;aEG;xm;jcif;yg?

wuUodkvfwHHcg;}uD; zGifhcsdefwefjyD

a'gufwm"rRyd, (ITBMU)

74


aemuf0g'wpfrsKd;u jyefvnfzGifhoifhwJh0g'yg? olwdk@,kH=unfxm;wmu wuUodkvfynm&yf rsm;udk oif=um;&ef +rKd@awmfESifhvnf; reD;ra0;rSmwnf&Sd+yD;/ ynmoif=um;&efvnf;oGm;vmvG,fulwJh tjyif oifhwifhavsmufywfwJht&yfrSmwnf&SdwJh wuUodkvf}uD;wpfckjzpfaewmuwpfa=umif;/ +rKd@eJ@reD; ra0;rSmwnf&Sdaeawmh om;orD;rsm;&Jh udk,fhusifhoduQmtwGuf pdk;&drfpdwfrsm; enf;yg;oGm;Edkifwmu wpfa=umif;/ wuUodkvfausmif;y&0k%futpcef@nm;x,f0gvS+yD;/ wuUodkvfpmoifaqmifrsm;/ wuUodkvfq&m q&mrtaqmifrsm;/ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;twGuf aep&mtaqmifrsm;/ wuUodkvfaq;&kH/ wuUodkvf"rRm&kH/tm;upm;uGif;rsm;ESifh &GufwdkufavSavSmftoif;rsm;yg wnf&Sdaewmu wpfa=umif;/wnf+idrfat;jrvSwJh tifvsm;uef}uD;utp wuUodkvf&Jh*k%ft*Fg/ wuUodkvf&Jh *k%foduQmrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHvSwma=umifh (yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajym&&if) wpfcsdefu urBm@wuUodkvf}uD;rsm;tqifh&SdwJh wuUodkvf}uD;wpfck jzpfcJhwmuwpfa=umif;/ Tta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh'DwuUodkvf }uD;udk jyefvnfzGifhvSpfay;&ef qEN&SdaewJholrsm;u wpfzufyg?

xdk@odk@aqG;aEG;cJh=u&mrS aemufqkH; 'Drdkua&pDpepf&JhusifhxkH;t& wuUodkvf}uD;jyefvnf zGifhoifh/ rzGifhoifhudk rJcGJqkH;jzwfcJh=u&m jyefvnfzGifhoifhwJh rJta&twGufursm;jym;aecJhwma=umifh &efukef wuUodkvf}uD; jyefvnfzGifhzdk@ tcGifhtvrf;rsm; yGifhvef;vmcJh+yDvdk@qkd&rSmyg? odk@aomf b,fawmhvJ/ b,f tcsdefrSmvJ/ b,fawmhjyefzGifhrSmvJqdkwJh tajzuawmh roJruGJao;yJ a00g;axGjym;aeqJyg?

pma&;ol &SkjrifokH;oyfrdwmuawmh b0twGuf vkH+cKHrSkudkay;&mY trdESifhwlwJhwuUodkvf}uD;/ twwfynmudkay;&mY tzESifhwlwJh wuUodkvf}uD;/ oifoifh oifxdkufoiftyfwJh twwfynmrsm;udk oif=um;ay;&mY? q&morm;ESifhwlwJh wuUodkvf}uD;/b0tcuftcJrsm;udk &ifqdkifajz&Sif; ay;&mY tcspfqkH; oli,fcsif;ESifhwlwJh wuUodkvf}uD;/'DwuUodkvf}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfEdkifzdk@ jynfolrsm;rSvnf; pGrf;EdkiforSs tm;ay;ulnDEdkif=uzdk@yg?pdwf"mwfcGeftm;/ wdkif;jynfcspfpdwf/ rsKd;cspfpdwfrsm;ESifh aiGa=u;"e rsm;yg yg0ifxnfhvSL+yD;yl;aygif;yg0ifulnDEdkif=uzdk@yg?

jrefrmjynfol/ jynfom;awG tqifh&Sd&Sd/ tqifhtwef;rDrD aeEdkifa&;twGuforkdif;wpfavsmufvkH; a&S@wef;rS rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfay;cJhwJh 'DwuUodkvf}uD;/ ydawmufyef;&eH@awG uHhaumfyef; &e@HawG/ pdefyef;&eH@awG/ 'Dyef;&eH@awGudk&_&d_uf&if; zGJ@EGJ@cJhwJh uAsmawG/a&;om;cJhwhJ pmayawG[m jynfolawG&Jh ESvkH;b0ifudk pGJxifaewJh cHpm;rSkrsKd;udk ay;EkdifwJh'DwuUodkvf}uD;/ wdkif;jynf}uD; tcuftcJab;rsm;ESifh}uKHvmwdkif; cspfol/ rkef;olrjcm;jynfolwdk@t=um;rSm jynfolrsm;ESifhtwl vufwGJ+yD; wkdif;usKd;/ jynfusKd;twGuf toufay;0HhcJhwJh 'DwuUodkvf}uD;udk jyefvnfzGifhay;zdk@ rJqENay;vdkolxJrSm pma&;olvnf; wpfa,muftygt0if jzpfaejcif;yg?

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ordkif;tpOftvm&SdwJh 'DwuUodkvf}uD;udk ydwfypfxm;&wJh t"duta=umif;&if;udkordkif; pmrsufESmrsm;rSm &SmazG=unfhawmh om;orD;rsm;ESifhwlwJh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;u rrSswwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;ay:vpDwpfcktay:rSm &ifzGifhoHawG yGifhtHxGufusvmrSka=umifhjypf'%fcwfwJhtaeESifh ydwfypfxm;cJhjcif;yg? wu,fawmh 'DwuUodkvf}uD;[m wuUodkvf0if;xJrSm&SdwJh opfykwfyif}uD;&J husdefpm/ ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;&J husdefpm/'DusdefpmawGrsm; oifhaea&mhavovm;vdk@ wcgwcg awG;xifrdjcif;yg? bmyJjzpfjzpf 'DusdefpmawGtwGuf txnf;usefb0rsKd;ESifh ESpf&Snfvrsm;pGm usdefpmoifhjcif;udk cHcJh&+yDr[kwfvm;?'Dvdktajctae/ 'Dvdkjzpf&yfawGa=umifh 'DwuUodkvf}uD;[m tyifyrf;}uD;yifyrf;cJh&wmudkvnf;jynfolawG odxm;+yD;+yDr[kwfygvm;? om;orD;rsm;twGufqdkvSsif ESvkH;aoG;&nfudkarwWmEdk@&nf=unftjzpf ajymif;vJay;EdkifpGrf;&SdwJh rdcifwpfa,mufyrm ynmEdk@&nfrsm;udkom;orD;rsm;ESifhwlwJh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olawGudk jyefvnfwdkufausG;Edkifzdk@ tm;tifawGvdkaewJhtcsdefrSm rdcif}uD;udk jyefvmapmifha&Smufay;&rSmu aus;Zl;odwwfwJhom;orD;rsm;&Jh wm0efyifr[kwfygvm;? 'Dawmh rdcifESifhwlwJhwuUodkvf}uD;&Jh aus;Zl;w&m;awGudk jyefvnftrSwf&=uzdk@yg? ,ciftajctaersKd;odk@ jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmEdkifatmif0dkif;0ef;ulnDEdkif=uzdk@yg?

ordkif;tpOfvm&SdwJh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;&Jh ordkif;a=umif;av;udk enf;enf;ajymyg&ap? 'DwuUodkvf}uD;udk b,fwkH;u pwifwnfaqmufcJhwmvJ? odxm;zdk@yg?'DwuUodkvf&Jh ordkif;OD;tpu t*FvdyfudkvdkeD vufatmufcHtjzpfeJ@&SdaepOf 1878-ckESpfrSmt*Fvdyftpdk;&u tdENd,EdkifiH/ umv uwWm;wuUodkvf}uD;&Jh ausmif;cGJtjzpf &efukefaumvdyfausmif;udk pwifzGifhay;cJhwmyg? 1920-ckESpfrSmawmh aumvdyftjzpfrS &efukefwuUodkvf&,fvdk@ wuUodkvftqifhodk@ t*Fvdyftpdk;&u jrSifhwifay;cJhwmyg? 'guvJapwemaumif;eJ@ jrSifhwifay;cJhwmrsKd;awmhr[kwfyg? ausmif;om;rsm;u tdENd,EdkifiHvdk&efukefaumvdyfudk &efukefwuUodkvftqifhodk@ wdk;jrSifhay;zdk@ awmif;qdkcJh=uvdk@ jrSifhwifay;cJhjcif;yg? odk@aomf xdkodk@jrSifhwifay;&mrSm &efukefwuUodkvfudk vef'efrSm&SdwJh uif;b&pfcsfwuUodkvf}uD; (University of Cambridge) ESifh atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvf}uD; (University

of Oxford) udk pHrSD+yD; wnfaxmifcJhwmjzpfvdk@ &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;&Jh cef@knm;x,f0grSkudkurBmuyif todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;yg?

odk@aomf &efukefwuUodkvf[m wuUodkvf}uD;tqifhokd@ a&muf&SdvmcsdefrSmwuUodkvfodk@ wufa&mufcGifh&S dwJh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;oltrsm;pk[m tcGifhxl;cHtodkif;t0dkif;. om;orD;rsm;om jzpfae+yD; jrefrmEG,fzGm; ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;rSmwuUodkvfwufa&mufcGifh tcGifhvr;frsm; enf;yg;aecJhjcif;yg? xdk@a=umifh xdkjzpf&yfudkrauseyfEdkifvdk@ ausmif;om;rsm;[m trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m oydwfrsm;udk 1930-ckESpfrsm;rS

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pwifI qifEGJcJh=u&mrS &efukefwuUodkvfe,fajronf rsKd;cspfpdwf&Sif oefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyaom ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk arG;zGm;ay;cJh&m ae&mÏme wpfckjzpfvmcJhjcif;yg? ordkif;rSmxif&Sm;wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;[m udkfatmifqef;/ udkEk/udkausmfndrf;/ udkbaqG/ udkodef;azjrifhpwJhyk*~Kdvfrsm; yg0ifaejcif;yg?

1940-ckESpfrSpI 1960-ckESpfrsm;txd &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;onf ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;wGif xifay:ausmf=um;vS+yD;/ ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;xJrSm xdyfwef;wuUodkvf}uD;wpfck jzpf&SdaecJhjcif;yg? 1962-ckESpf awmfvSefaumifpD tpdk;&wufvm+yD;aemufjrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD. rl0g'rsm;ESifh tnD ,cifu wuUodkvfbmom&yfwdkif;rSmjrefrmbmomrSvGJ+yD; usefbmom&yftm;vkH;udk t*Fvdyfvdk oif=um;ay;ae&mrS bmom&yftm;vkH;udk jrefrmbmom&yfjzifhom oif=um;ay;&ef wuUodkvfrsm; aumifpDrS trdef@xkwfjyefcJh+yD; ynma&;rl0g'rsm;udkvnf; jrefrmqdk&S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD. rl0g'rsm;eSifh tnD taumiftxnfaz:aqmif=u&mrS &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;. tajctaewdk@onf ?rSefuif;?tjzpfrS ?xif;?tjzpfodk@ qdkufa&mufcJh&onfhudef;ESifh }uKHawG@oGm;&jcif;yg?

1989 ckESpfrSm 0dZ…modyH wuUodkvfudk &efukefwuUodkvfvdk@ trnfajymif;vJay;cJh+yD;/ 1990-ckESpf aemufydkif;ESpfrsm;rSmawmh EdkifiHa&;Y &_yfaxG;vSaom jy\emt&yf&yfudk ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef &efukefwuUodkvfY bGJ@vGefwef;rsm; (MA , Ph D) ESifh tcsKd@aom'Dyvdkrmwef;rsm;udkom oif=um;ay;&ef nGef=um;csufxkwf+yD;/ tajccHbGJ@rsm; (BA , BSC

ponf) twGuf +rKd@ESifha0;vHvSaom '*kHwuUodkvf (ajrmuf'*[email protected]&S@t&yfrSmwnf&Sdonf)/ ta&S@ydkif;wuUodkvf (oHvSsif/ wm0a'orSmwnf&Sdonf)ESifh taemufydkif;wuUodkvf (&efukefjrpftaemufzuf vSkdifom,ma'oY wnf&Sdonf) rsm;odk@ a&G@ajymif;+yD;ynmrsm;udk oif,lapcJhjcif;yg? xdktcgrSm wuUodkvfq&m/ q&mrrsm;ESifh wuUodkvfausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;[m awmifrif; ajrmufrif;ru,fEdkif/ ajrmufrif;udk awmifrif;ru,fEdkif b0rsKd;odk@ a&muf&SdcJh&jcif;yg?

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jyefvnfokH;oyfrdjci f;yg?.....

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jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk usifhokH;vmjcif;onf &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;jyefvnfzGifhvSpf Edkif&ef tajccHta=umif;wpf&yf jzpfay:vmjcif;yg? tu,fIom &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk EdkifiHawmfrS tarSsmftjrif }uD;rm;pGmjzifh jyefvnfzGifhvSpfay;cJh+yD;/ ynma&;rl0g'rsm;udkvnf; acwfpepfESifhtnD jyKjyifay;cJhrnfqdkvSsif ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;twGufa&m/ wdkif;jynftwGufyg tusKd;w&m;rsm; jzpfxGef;vmrnfrSm aocsmaejcif;yg?jynfol@toHudk em;axmifavh&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&rsKd;jzpfvdk@ &efukefwuUodkvf}uD; jyefvnfzGifhvSpfEdkifa&;twGuf jynfolrsm;uvnf; 0kdif;0efulnDEdkif=uzdk@yg?

jynfol@vGwfawmfrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu &efukefwuUokdvf&JŒorkdif;[mynma&;a&; bufrSmwifrubJ EkdifiHa&;bufrSmvnf; tifrwefrS ta&;ygwJhyk*~dKvf}uD;awGukd arG;xkwfay;cJhygw,f? pHcsdefrDwJhwuUokdvfawG[m tJonfvkdyJ jzpf&rSmygvkd@ &efukefwuUodkvf}uD; jyefvnfzGifhEdkifa&; twGuf aqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;jcif;yg? xdk@aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ta&;}uD;tqkdwpf&yftaeESifh &efukef0dZ…mESihfody`HwuUokdvfukd jyKjyifrGrf;rH+yD;oifaxmufulypPnf;rsm;ESifh bmom&yfqkdif&m ynm&yf awGrSm EdkifiHwumtqihfrDwuUokdvfwpfck jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf ynma&;0ef}uD;XmerS wm0ef&Sd olawG/ v$wfawmfa&;&m aumfrwDESifh aumfr&SiftzJGŒ0ifawG/ bmom&yfqkdif&m uírf;usifolawG/ todynm&Sif/twwfynm&SifawGukd ynma&;qdkif&m }uD;=uyfuGyfuJa&;tzJGŒ zJGŒpnf;a&;tqkdukd wifoGif;cJhw,fvdk@ =um;odxm;jcif;yg? 'Dtajctaersm; &Sdxm;wma=umifh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;jyefvnfzGifhEdkifzkd@ta&;[m ra0;vSaomtem*wfumvrsm;Y oJoJuGJuGJ&Sdvmrnfqdkwm,kH=unf xm;jcif;yg?

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ordkif;0ifjzpfwJh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk wuUodkvfrSm ynmoif=um;zl;olawGuvGrf;arm aerd=uovdk/ wuUodkvfrSvmwJh uAsmawG/ pmawGudk zwf&olawGuvnf;&efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk vGrf;armaerdjcif;yg? &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;rSm wufa&mufcGifh&=urJhausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;[m vGwfvyfwJhynma&;pepfESifhtwl EdkifiHwumtqifhrDwJhwuUodkvfynm&yfrsm;udk usKd;pm;oif=uzdk@yg? wuUokdvfausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;&JŒb0tawGŒt=uHKqkdwm pmoifcef;xJrSm pmoifay;¶kHeJ@ rvkHavmufygbl;? olwkd@&JŒvlr_a&;b0eJ@ ywfoufvkd@ t&nftcsif;aumif;awGudk jznhfqnf;ay;Ekdifzkd@vnf; vkdtyfw,fvdk@ a':atmifqef;pk=unf&Jh trSmpum;uvnf; av;eufjcif;ESifhtwl arSsmfvifhjcif;awGyg yg0ifaejcif;yg? jynfolawG&JharSsmfvifhjcif;[m wdkif;jynftwGuf arSsmfvifhjcif;vdk@qdk&rSmyg?

a':atmi fqef;pk=unfuta&;}uD;tqkdwpf&yftaeESifh &efukef0dZ…mESihfodyHwuUokdvfukd jyKjyifrGrf;rH+yD; oifaxmufulypPnf;rsm;ESifh

bmom&yfqkdi f&m ynm&yf awGrSm Edki fiHwumtqihfrD wuUokdvfwpfck jzpfajrmufa&;twGufynma&;0ef}uD;XmerS wm0ef&Sd olawG/ v$wfawmf

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jyefvnfzGi fhEdki fzkd@ta&;[m ra0;vSaomtem*wfumvrsm;YoJoJuGJuGJ&Sdvmrnfqdkwm ,kH=unf xm;jcif;yg?

.....

a'gufwm"rRyd, (ITBMU)

Ekd0i fbm 14/ 2012

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

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avmurSm vlawG[m b0ukd rsuf&nfeJŒ pcJh=uygw,f? touf&Sifoefv_yf&Sm;aepOfrSmvnf; rsuf&nfawGeJŒ ae=u&w,f? b0ukd tqkH;owfoGm;=ujyefawmhvJrsuf&nfeJŒbJ tqkH;owf oGm;=u&w,f? 'Dvkd okH;ykdif;&Sd&mrSm tv,fykdif; touf&Sifoefv_yf&Sm;aepOfrSm uswJhrsuf&nfawGuawmh wpfa,mufeJŒwpfa,muf ta=umif;&if;rwlwwf=uygbl;? avmurSm vlawG[m 0rf;enf;&ifvnf; rsuf&nfusw,f? 0rf;om&ifvnf; rsuf&nfusw,f? a&m*g &Sd&ifvJ rsuf&nfusw,f? tjcm; tjcm;aom ta=umif;awGa=umifhvnf; rsuf&nfusw,f? 'Dvkd rwluGJjym;aewmukd awGŒ&ygw,f?

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t&Si f=oo" ([yfrGef;ab;)

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rsuf&nfawGyg?1994 ckESpfavmufwkef; rdrdwkdŒt&yfrS aqGrsdK;awmfolwpfa,muf a&m*g&SdvkdŒ

&efukef *syefaq;&kH}uD;ukd vmwufyg w,f? rdrdu wwfpGrf;EkdiforSs ulnDay;&ygw,f?olŒrdef;ru aeŒvnfbufrSm apmifhay;w,f? pma&;oluawmh naeykdif; aeŒwkdif;oGm;awGŒygw,f? a&m*gu wpfcgcGJonf? [kwfrvkdvkdeJŒ ratmifjrifay? ykdqkd;vmjyefonf?xkdŒa=umifh q&m0efrsm;u 'kwd,t}udrf xyfcGJjyefonf? rxl;yg? ykdvkdŒyif qkd;vmygw,f?onfawmh olŒukd,fol &dyfrdvmw,f? onfawmifudk olrausmf Ekdifawmhay? olŒrSm orD;av;ESpfa,muf&Sdonf? i,f=uao;.? rdef;ruvJ i,fao;onf? xkdaeŒ naeykdif; aq;&kHu{nfhonfjyefcsdef acgif;avmif;acgufawmh olŒrdef;ra&m/ uíEkfyfa&m jyef=u&awmhrnf?onfawmh olŒrdef;rvufukd uspfuspf ygatmif qkyfxm;ygawmhw,f? rsufvkH;uvnf;tm;i,faewJhrsufvkH;? +yD;awmh rsuf&nfawGvnf; usvkdŒ? idkaeonfajymu ykdrSefrnf?usGEk fyfu w&m;av;awG owday;aeonfukdyif olem;raxmifawmh? ZeD;ESif horD;ESpfa,mufukd cGJxm;cJh+yD; ao&rSm ukd a=umufae&Smonf? [kwfygonf? aemufaeŒreufaq;&kHrSm v_yf&Sm;r_rJhaeonfh olŒtavmif;ukdom ukwifay:rSm awGŒvkduf&awmh.? 'ga=umifhraeŒu olrsuf&nfusonf? aozkdŒ jyifqif rxm;ao;wJhtwGuf ao&rSma=umufI uswJhrsuf&nfawGyg?

+yD;cJhwJh Ekd0ifbmv(6)&ufaeŒuawmh tar&dueforRw tkdbm;rm;[m olŒ&JŒ'kwd, oufwrf;twGuf +ydKifbuf jzpfwJh rwfa&mreDukd tjywftowfESifh tEkdif&cJhygw,f?aemufwpfaeŒ tdrfjzLawmfukd rjyefcif olŒ&JŒ pnf;&kH;v_Haqmf a&;XmecsKyfukdoGm;+yD; yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJh=uwJh 0efxrf;awG vkyftm;ay;olawGukd ukd,fwkdifoGm;a&muf aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajymygw,f? olajymykHu....

"I’m really proud of all of you. 'Obama said' What you guys accom-

plished will go on in the annals of history."vkdŒ jzpfygw,f? ol[m txufygpum;ajym&if; rsuf&nfrsm;yg usvmygw,f? orRw}uD; tkdbm;rm;uawmh olŒvkyfaz:ukdifbufawG&JŒ axmufcHtm;ay;r_[m aus;Zl;}uD;rm;vGef;vkdŒ uswJhrsuf&nfygwJh?

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82


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83


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84


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t&Si f=oo" ([yfrGef;ab;)Ekd0i fbm 13/ 2012

(rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

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usrawmfawmfnHhcJhygw,fa[majymol - *sL;

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86


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a&eHacsmif;olqdkawmh usrwdk@ a&eHajruae jzwfoGm;wJhtcgrSm a&eHwl;pif}uD;eJ@a&eHwl;aewm awG/ wl;+yD;om; a&eHwGif;awGuae ydkufvHk;awGeJ@ armif;wHawGeJ@pkyf,l+yD;awmh a&eHavSmifuefxJ xnfhaewmawG usr rsufjrifudk,fawGygyJ? tJh'Da&eHavSmifuefawGxJu rsm;jym;vSwJh a&eHawG b,fa&mufoGm;vJqdkwmawmh usrurjrif&bl;aygh? (vufckyfoHrsm;)

usr jrif&wmu a&eHavSmifuefyJ jrif& wmudk;? tJh'Dawmh tJh'g a&eHeJ@ ygwfoufwJh tydkif;yg? aemufxyf oH,HZmwawG trsm;}uD; xGufw,fvdk@ od&ygw,f? Oyrm wGif;xGufypPnf;awG/ ausmufrD;aoG;vJ xGufygw,f? ywWjrm;/ eDvm/ a¶$/ a¶$a=um}uD;awGvJjrefrmEdkifiHrSm trsm;}uD; ¶Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh 'D a¶$/ aiG/ ausmufoHywWjrm;awG tjyifausmufrD;aoG;/ cJrjzLwdk@/ t+zdKufeufwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rxGufwJh wGif;xGufqdkwmr¶Sdoavmuf trsm;}uD; xGufcJhygw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh jrefrmhydkifeuf yifv,fa&jyifqdkwmtrsm;}uD; ¶Sdygw,f? yifv,fjyifuxGufwJh ig;ykpGefawG[m jrefrm jynfolvlxk pm;oHk;vdk@awmif rukefwJhtwGuf pnfoGwfAl; awGeJ@ 'grSr[kwf a&cJ¶dkuf+yD;awmh EdkifiHjcm;udkawmifwifydk@a&mif;csvdk@ &ygw,fwJh? 'Dawmh wwd,wef; ausmif;ol usr[m usrEdkifiHudk usrawmfawmf *k%f,lcJhygw,f? (vufckyfoHrsm;) o,HZmwawG odyfrsm;wmyJaygh? 'gayr,fhwae@usawmh usru ausmif;pmtjyif wjcm;jyifyr*~Zif;wckudk oGm;zwfrdygw,f?oGm;zwfawmh tJ'DtcsdefrSm usr pmawmh [kwfwdywfwd rzwfzl;ao;ygbl;? 'gayr,fhaqmif;yg;wdk@ yHkjyifwdk@qdk&if wa=umif;p ESpfa=umif;p zwfwwf aeyg+yD? tJh'DrSm uHqdk;pGmeJ@

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pma=umif;av;wa=umif; oGm;awG@ygw,f? tJh'D pma=umif;av;udk usr tckxd rarhEdkifao;ygbl;?"jrefrmEdkifiHonf urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EdkifiHrsm;wGif wwd,ajrmuf vdkufygonfwJh"?(atmf[pfoHrsm;/ vufckyfoHrsm;)

tJh'Dawmh usru yx0D oifcgp wwd,wef;ausmif;ol tjrifeJ@qdkawmh usr'DvdkyJ jrifwmaygh? wu,fwrf;awmh EdkifiHwck wdk;wuf }uD;yGg;zdk@ o,HZmw xGuf¶HkeJ@wifrvHkavmufygbl;? (vufckyfoHrsm;) 'g usr&J@ tajymr[kwf ygbl;? urBmhpD;yGg;a&;ynm¶SifawGajymwJh tajymyg? olwdk@u b,fvdkajymovJqdkawmh EdkifiHwck wdk;wuf}uD;yGg;zdk@tcsuf}uD; (4)csuf vdkygw,fwJh? o,HZmw/ obm0o,HZmw (Natural Resource)

vdk@ac:wJh obm0o,HZmwawG aygrsm;zdk@wJh? eHygwf (2)uawmh tpOftqufu }uD;yGg;cJhwJh/tpOftqufu ¶SdcJhwJh t&if;tESD;/ eHygwf (3) u Technology vdk@ac:wJh enf;ynmtopftqef;awG/ eHygwf (4) uawmh tJh'Denf;ynmudk uírf;usifol awG/ tJ'D av;rsdK;vHk;¶SdwJh EdkifiH[m (odk@r[kwf) av;rsdK;rSm oHk;rsdK;avmuf ¶SdwJhEdkifiH[m tJh'D EdkifiH[m csrf;omygw,fwJh?

tJh'Dawmh usrwdk@ jrefrmEdkifiHu (1) o,HZmwawGawmh aygrsm;=uG,f0ygw,f?aemuf eHygwf (2) (3) (4) ¶Sd r¶Sdawmh usr rodygbl;? (vufckyfoHrsm;) tJh'Dawmh usrnHhwJhta=umif;u tJh'Du p ygw,f? aemufxyf usr nHhwJhta=umif;udk ajym&&ifawmh jrefrmEdkifiH&J@ EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufvdk@ usr nHhwmyg? EdkifiHa&;tjrif bmrS r¶SdcJhwJh ausmif;olwa,mufta=umif; usr jyefajymygr,f? pwkwˆwef; ('grSr[kwf) yOPrwef; t¶G,f avmufuav;b0rSm usrwdk@ EdkifiHrSm ta&;tcif;wck jzpfcJhygw,f? tJh'D ta&;tcif;rSm +rdK@}uD;awG/&efukef/ rEWav;awGuae +yD;awmh pwif jzpfyGg;cJh+yD;awmh usrwdk@qDudk wjznf;jznf;eJ@ysH@ES@HvmcJhygw,f? tJh'D ta&;tcif;uawmh w¶kwf-Arm ta&;tcif;yg? w¶kwfawGeJ@ArmawG csukef+yDvdk@ (&DoHrsm;) usrwdk@ =um;&ygw,f?

usrwdk@ a&eHacsmif;rSm w¶kwfvlrsdK;awG trsm;}uD; ¶Sdygw,f? usrwdk@ a&eHacsmif;uw¶kwfvlrsdK;awGeJ@ ArmvlrsdK;awGawmh rcs=uygbl;? usrwdk@ tcsif;csif;awmh cifcifrifrifygyJ?usrwdk@ ausmif;rSm twef;xJrSm usrwdk@eJ@ pm+ydKifzuf w¶kwfrav; 3 - 4 a,muf ¶Sdygw,f?olwdk@eJ@ usrwdk@vJ pmar;azmf ar;zuf &if;&if;ESD;ESD; cifcifrifrifygyJ? 'gayr,fh jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh w&kwf-Arm ta&;tcif; jzpfae+yDvdk@ od&ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk@vJvufcHvdkuf¶HkyJaygh? w¶kwfawGeJ@ ArmawG csukef+yD/ 'DavmufyJ oabmxm;vdkufygw,f?w&ufawmh usrwdk@ ausmif;wufaewJhtcsdefrSm q&mru usrwdk@udk ajymygw,f? wdk@wawGreufzef a&mufvdk@¶S d&if 'D+rdK@&J@ vrf;awGay:rSm ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;wef;pDvrf;wavSsmuf csDwuf&r,fwJh (vufckyfoHrsm;) tJ'Dawmh usru ausmif;pmoifwJhtcsdefrSm tjyifxGuf &r,fqdkawmh odyfaysmfoGm;ygw,f? (&DoHrsm;) tJh'geJ@yJ usrwdk@

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wufwufºuGºuGeJ@yJ vdkufzdk@ pDpOfygw,f? q&mru ajymw,f? eifwdk@tm;vHk; pnf;urf;¶Sd¶Sdaoao0yf0yf csDwuf&r,faemfwJh? ESpfa,mufwwGJ wGJvdk@&w,f? eifwdk@ }udKufwJhvleJ@ eifwdk@wGJ=uygwJh? tJh'geJ@ usruvJ usr&J@ vufwGJazmftjzpf w¶kwfrav;udk a¶G;vdkufygw,f?usreJ@ usroli,fcsif; w¶kwfrav;[m w¶kwfArmta&;tcif; rSefuefa=umif; axmufcHzdk@+rdK@xJrSm csDwufvrf;avSsmufcJhygw,f? (&DoHrsm; vufckyfoHrsm;) tJh'Dawmh usrwdk@u 2a,mufwwGJ vrf;avSsmuf vrf;awGay:rSm csDwuf=uw,f? ¶dk;¶dk;wef;wef; csDwuf=uwmr[kwfbl;? a¶S@u wa,mufu pm¶GufawGeJ@ wdkifay;w,f? usrwdk@u aemufuae+yD;vdkufatmf&w,f? vdkufatmfawmhvJ wdk@ta&;/ wdk@ta&; aygh? a¶S@u bmatmfovJawmhusrwdk@ aumif;aumif; r=um;&bl;? (&DoHrsm;) tJh'DvdkeJ@ a¶S@uwa,mufu wdkifay;vdkuf/bmrSrodyJ aemufu wdk@ta&; atmfvdkuf/ atmf&if;eJ@yJ vrf;wumudk a&mufcJhygw,f?

tJh'DrSm usrwdk@ ausmif;om;awGudk vrf;avSsmuf&wm/ atmf&wm arm&ifa&aomuf&atmif/ tat;aomuf&atmif qdk+yD;awmh tdrfawGuae+yD; tdrfa¶S@rSmpmyGJav;awG cif;+yD;awmh usrwdk@udk tpm;tpmawG auí;arG;ygw,f? usrwdk@vJtvum;&wm rSeforSs tukefpm;ygw,f? (&DoHrsm;) tusifhu ygaewmudk;? (&DoHrsm;)Armu auí;auí;/ w¶kwfu auí;auí; tukefpm;ygw,f? (&DoHrsm;) 'DvdkeJ@yJ enf;enf;aejrifhvmwJhtcgrSm usrwdk@ ausmif;udk jyef&ygw,f? ausmif;a¶S@rSm tifrwef us,f0ef;wJhajrwvif;jyif}uD; ¶Sdygw,f? tJh'DrSm tm;vHk;pk¶Hk;+yD;awmh twef;vdkuf twef;vdkufudk,fhvlpkeJ@udk,f pk¶Hk;=uygw,f?

tJ'DrSm usrwdk@ q&mru bmajymvJqdkawmh/ atmf... usr arhaevdk@/ usrwdk@vrf;avSsmufwJh tcgrSm 'Dtwdkif; vufvGwfavSsmuf&wm r[kwfbl;? 'acgif;' }uD;awGudk}udK;eJ@ qGJ+yD;awmh 'Dacgif;}uD;awGuawmh usrwdk@ ausmif;om;av;awG qGJEdkifatmifyg?puULawGeJ@vJ acgif;yHkpH jzpfatmif a&;xm;ygw,f? tJh'DxJrSmvJ usrwdk@ rsufpda¶S@rSmpuULpkwfawG xnfhxm;wm jrif&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh tJh'D puULpkwfawGudk usrwdk@upuULpkwfawGvdk@ rrSwf&bl;wJh? tJ'DtxJrSm tavmif;awG ygw,fvdk@ rSwf&r,fwJh? tJh'DrSmrSusr yxrOD;qHk; eHrnfwckudk =um;zl;ygw,f? tJh'Demrnfuawmh armfpDwkef;wJh? armfpDwkef;qdkwJhemrnfudk tJ'DtcdsefrSmrS yxrOD;qHk; =um;zl;wmyg? armfpDwkef; usqHk;ygap aygh? tJh'Dvdkqdkw,fvdk@ usr xifygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@ ausmif;a¶S@udk jyefa&mufawmh usrwdk@ q&mru tJ'Dacgif;}uD;udk rD;¶d_@&r,fvdk@ ajymw,f? 'Dawmh usru olrsm;atmf&ifom aemufuae wdk@ta&;vdkufatmf&Jwm? usruawmh rD;¶d_@zdkawmh a=umufygw,f? a=umufawmh usru aemufqkwfw,f? tJh'DtcsdefrSm q&mru usrudk a¶S@xGufcdkif;w,f? usru twef;&J@ armfeDwmjzpfygw,f? (&DoHrsm;)

"wifwif0if; eifa¶S@xGuf eifrD;¶d_@&r,f" vdk@ ajymw,f? tJh'Dawmh usru

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r¶d_@&Jbl;qdk+yD; aemufudk uyfw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwdk@ ESpfa,muf&J@ tjzpftysufudkr=unfh&ufwJh enf;enf;touf}uD;wJh ausmif;olwa,mufu usrwdk@ESpfa,muf udk,fpm;ajz¶Sif;ay; vdkufygw,f? olyJ quf+yD;awmh rD;¶d_@w,f? (&DoHrsm;) usr[m 'Dvdk EdkifiHa&;r¶Sdatmif nhHw,fqdkwm usr 0efcHygw,f? 'g usr&J@ pD;yGg;a&; nHhzsifr_/ EdkifiHa&; nHhzsif;r_yg?'gayr,fh tJ'Dvdkom nHhw,f? usru bmjzpfcsifovJqdkawmh usrb0rSm tjzpfcsifqHk;qENwcku pma&;q&m b0wckygyJ? pwkwwef;t¶G,f uwnf;u usr[m pma&;q&mwa,muf jzpfcsifcJhygw,f? pma&;q&mjzpfzdk@ usrudk wGef;tm;ay;wJh tcsufawG trsm;}uD;¶Sdygw,f? tJ'guawmh usr zwfcJhwJh pmtkyfawGygyJ? usr[m ausmif;pmu vGJ+yD;awmhtjyifbuf pmayawGudk r*~Zif;awGudk trsm; zwfcJh ygw,f? ausmif;pmxuf ydk+yD;awmhzwfcJhygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usr rSwfrdoavmufaygh/ usr zwfcJhwJh pmtkyfawG[m trsm;}uD;ygyJ?

pma&;q&m}uD; wuUodkvfbkef;Edkif/ pma&;q&m}uD; "l0H/ q&mr}uD; a':cifESif;,k/*sme,fausm frrav;/ olwdk@ pmtkyfawGudk usr zwfygw,f? tJh'DrSm usrb0rSm yxrOD;qHk;zwfzl;wJh pmtkyfwtkyfudk tckxd rSwfrdygw,f? 'g[m usrtwGuf yxrOD;qHk; 0wKyg?tJh'guawmh pma&;q&m}uD;"l0H&J@ "rmvm" vdk@ trnf&wJh 0wK jzpfygw,f? "rmvm" [mvufoHk;vHk; avmuf xlwJh pmtkyf}uD;wtkyfyg? ol@ tJh'Dpmtkyfudk usr&J@ usrudk,fydkiftjrifeJ@zwfcJhwmawmh r[kwfygbl;? tJh'Dtcsdefwkef;u usru umwGef;awGyJ zwfygw,f?umwGef;awmifrS xl&if rzwfygbl;? cyfyg;yg;yJ zwfygw,f? w&ufusawmh usr pwkwwef;pmar;yGJt+yD; ausmif;tm;wJh tcsdefrSm usr araru pmtkyfwtkyf ,lvmay;ygw,f?

"orD; 'D0wKudk zwfprf;" vdk@ usrudk ajymygw,f? tJh'D0wKu "rmvm" 0wKyg?usru pmtkyf}uD;udk =unfh+yD;awmh vef@oGm;w,f? "tm; pmtkyf}uD;u txl}uD;ygvm;arar"vdk@ ajymawmh "at; xlawmh xlw,f/ 'gayr,fh orD; pdwf0ifpm;rSmyg" wJh? orD;wdk@ armifESrawG[m pum;ajym&if tifrwef ¶dkif;w,fwJh? udkudk&,f/ nDrav;&,f b,fawmhrSpum;rajymbl;/ armifESrtcsif;csif; t}uD;eJ@ti,fudk eif ig oHk;w,fwJh? tJh'g raumif;bl;wJh/ 'Dawmh orD; 'Dpmtkyfudk zwfwJhtcgrSm zwf+yD;oGm;&if orD; ,Ofaus;odrfarG@vmvdrfhr,f? 'DpmtkyfxJrSm vlawG[m pum;ajym&if odyf,Ofaus;wmyJwJh? zwf=unfhygwJh?tJh'Dawmh usruvJ araru zwfcdkif;w,fqdk&if igzwfzdk@ oifhwmaygh? udk,fhzmomudk,fawG;+yD;awmh arharha¶S@rSmyJ tJh'Dpmtkyfudk usr zGifhzwf vdkufygw,f? pzGifhzGifhcsif;yJ tJh'Dpmtkyfudk usr pdwf0ifpm; oGm;w,f?

olu tcef;(1) tzGifhrSm tusOf;axmifwck&J@ jrifuGif;eJ@ pxm;ygw,f? tJh'DtusOf;axmifxJrSm/ tcsKyfcef;xJrSm/ oHwdkifawG aemufrSm tusOf;om; 10 a,muftusOf;us aeygw,f? olwdk@uawmh wdkif;jynfudk awmfvSefykefuefvdk@ csKyfxm;wJh tusOf;om;awGyg? wa,mufu acgif;aqmif/ tJh'Dacgif;aqmifemrnfu AdkvfeENvdk@ ac:ygw,f? ol@&J@

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aemufygu 9 a,muf ¶Sdygw,f? olwdk@ 10 a,mufudk 'Duae@ nae aeuG,fvdk@ ¶Sd&ifvnfyif;udk }udK;uGif;pGyf+yD;/ raorcsif; }udK;ay;owfcH&zdk@ bk&ifu trdef@ cs+yD;om;yg? 'Dawmholwdk@ tm;vHk;[m 'Duae@ naerSm aor,fqdkwm aocsmaeawmh awmfawmf a=umuf¶G@Hwkefv_yfaeygw,f? wynfhawG[m idkwJholu idkae=uw,f? eH&Hudk vufoD;eJ@xdk;+yD; atmfwJholu atmfae=uw,f? aemuf a'gow}uD; pum;ajymwJholu ajymae=uw,f? tJh'gawGudk=unfh+yD;awmh olwdk@&J@acgif;aqmif AdkvfeENu awmfawmfpdwfraumif; jzpfw,f? "olwdk@crsmigh&J@ acgif;aqmifr_udk vdkufcJhwJhtwGuf olwdk@[m }udK;ay;+yD; towfcH&awmhrSmygvm;/olwdk@awG taoajzmifhatmif/ aojcif;w&m;udk wnfwnf+idrf+idrf &ifqdkifEdkifatmif iguAsmvuFmwyk'f ¶GwfjyrS jzpfr,f" vdk@ ol@zmomol awG;+yD;awmh ol uAsmvuFmwyk'f¶Gwfjyygw,f? tJh'DuAsmuawmh teENol&d, trwf}uD; a&;pyfcJhwJh trsufajz tvuFmvdk@trnf&wJh uAsmav;wyk'fyg? "olwnf;wa,muf/ aumif;zdk@a&mufrl/ olwa,mufrSm/ysufvifhumom/ "rRwmwnf;" tJh'DuAsmyg? olu tJh'DuAsmudk ¶GwfwJhtcgrSm pma&;q&mub,fvdkzGJ@xm;ovJqdkawmh AdkvfeENonf ol. atmifjrifvSaom toH0g}uD;eJ@xdkuAsmudk¶Gwfqdk.wJh? tJh'DrSm usru enf;enf; uav; em;rvnfbl; jzpfoGm;w,f? AdkvfeENudkusrodwmu olykefAdkvfvdk@ usrodygw,f? olykefAdkvf wa,mufudk bmjzpfvdk@ tJh'Dvdk zGJ@ovJatmifjrifvSaom toH0g}uD;qdkwm olykefAdkvfudk zGJ@&r,fh pum;r[kwfygbl;? 'g[mol&Jaumif;awG [D;¶dk;awGudkom oHk;&r,fh pum;yg? 'Dawmh usrtjrifrSm olykefAdkvfqdkwmvlqdk;yJ/ vlqdk;wa,mufudk atmifjrifvSaom toH0g}uD;eJ@vdk@ zGJ@wm[m enf;vrf;rusbl;vdk@ usr&J@ pwkwwef; tjrifeJ@ awG;ygw,f?

tJh'geJ@ ararhudk ar;rdw,f? ararvdk@ AdkvfeEN[m bmvJvdk@/ tJh'Dvdk ar;awmhararu ZmwfvdkufwJh/ (&DoHrsm;) usrydk+yD;awmh em;rvnfbl; jzpfoGm;w,f? (&DoHrsm;)olykefAdkvfvdk@vJ ajymao;w,f/ Zmwfvdkufvdk@vJ ajymao;w,f/ usr tJh'DrSm tJh'DESpfckudk,SOf+yD; em;rvnfbl;aygh? usr tjyifrSm olcdk;awG/ "g;jyawG/ olykefawG/ cg;ydkufEd_ufawG/ tJh'gawGtukefvHk;u vlqdk;awG pm&if;xJrSm ygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dvlqdk;wa,mufu bmjzpfvdk@ZmwfvdkufjzpfovJ usru ararhudk jyefar;w,f? ararvdk@ ararhOpPmu jzpfEdkifyghrvm;/olykefu b,fvdkvkyf+yD;awmh Zmwfvdkuf jzpfrvJ/ rjzpfEdkifbl; xifw,fvdk@ usruajymawmhararu jzpfEdkifwmayhg orD;&,fwJh/ wcgwcgusawmh wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwJh¶Sifbk&ifu qdk;ae&if/ ,kwfrmae&if/ aumufuspfae&if olykefqdkwmvJ Zmwfvdkufjzpfwwfygw,fwJh? (&DoHrsm;/ vufckyfoHrsm;)

tJh'DawmhrS usr a&;a&;av; oabmaygufoGm;ygw,f? usr 'D0wKudk awmfawmfpdwf0ifpm;oGm;+yD/ 'gayr,fh xyf+yD;awmh ar;ao;w,f/ [kwfyg+yDvdk@ tJh'gqdkvdk@¶Sd&if'DolykefAdkvfu Zmwfvdkufjzpfae&wm olu bmjzpfvdk@ olykefb0udk bmjzpfvdk@ a&mufovJ

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r=um;zl;wm/ jrefrmvdk t*Fvdyfvdk tpHkygyJ? tJh'g}uD;udk usr jrif+yD;awmh igawmh 'Daq;wuUodkvf (7) ESpf twGif; 'DpmtkyfawG +yD;atmifzwfrS jzpfr,fvdk@ qHk;jzwfygw,f? tJh'DvdkeJ@usr tjyifpmawG zwfcJhw,f? twef;xJrSm pmoifwJhtcgrSm usru aemufqHk;uaerwfwwf&yfygw,f? q&m pmar;vGwfatmifvdk@yg? a¶S@rSm &yfvdk@¶Sd&if q&mu vSrf;vSrf;+yD;pmar;vdk@yg? pmoif&wJhtcgrSmvJ usr tm;uspdwf vHk;0ray:ygbl;? usrwdk@ ausmif;rSma&m*g eHrnfawG/ ukxHk;emrnfawG tJh'gawG tm;vHk;[m vleHrnfawGeJ@ csnf;ygyJ? Oyrma&m*gwckckudk wa,mufa,mufu ¶SmawG@oGm;+yDqdk&if tJh'Dvl&J@ emrnfudk a¶S@rSmwyf+yD;awmh eHrnfeJ@ a&m*geHrnf ay;ygw,f? Oyrm "aumh" qdkwJholu a&m*gwckudk¶SmazGawG@cJhw,f? tJh'D "aumh" ¶SmawG@cJhwJh tqkyfa&m*gudk aumh Lung aumh'pdaygh?aumh&J@a&m*gvdk@ eHrnf wyfygw,f? aemuf+yD; yJavmh vdk@ac:wJh jyifopf orm;awmf}uD;wa,mufu ¶SmawG@cJhwJh a&m*g/ arG;&myg ESvHk;a&m*g/ tJh'gqdkvdk@ ¶Sd&if yJavmhwufxGmavmf*sDvdk@ olwdk@u eHrnfay;ygw,f? yJavmh ¶SmawG@cJhaom a&m*g/ tJh'DvdkrsdK;awGaxmifaygif;/ aomif;aygif;rsm;pGm ae@pOf usrwdk@ pmusuf&ygw,f? tJh'Dvdk usufaewJhtcgrSm 'DeHrnfawGudk usuf+yD;awmh igolwdk@ b0udk tm;usvdkufwm qdkwJhpdwfrsm;0ifcJhrdovm;vdk@ tckae usrjyefawG;=unfhawmh usr enf;enf;rS tm;uspdwf r0ifcJhygbl;?wcgwcg olwdk@udk +idKawmif+idKjiif rdygw,f? olwdk@[,f ¶Smvdkuf azGvdkuf=uwm/ awG@yJawG@EdkifvGef;w,f/ olwdk@ ¶Sm+yD;awmh awG@awmh igwdk@rSm pmawG usufvdk@udk r+yD;Edkifawmhbl;? (&DoHrsm;/vufckyfoHrsm;) tJh'Davmufxdatmif usr arwWmydk@cJh ygw,f? 'g usr aq;ausmif;olb0nHhzsif;r_awGyg?

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ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm pGJwifusef&pfcJhygw,f? atmf igeJ@ wlvdkufavjcif;/ tJh'D umwGef;tawG;av;udk usr ajymjyr,f? olu wrsufESm umwGef;yg? r*~Zif;&J@ o&kyfazmfyHk/ r*~Zif;rSmwrsufESm (4) ck avmufygw,f? wcgwav 6 ckavmufygw,f? tck usrumwGef; tuGuf(6) uGufygwJh umwGef;yg? olu yxrOD;qHk; tuGufrSm vlrrmwa,muf =urf;jyifay:rSmyufvuf}uD; pef@pef@}uD; tdyfaew,f/ vlem&J@ ab;em;av;rSm vlem&J@ ZeD;vdk@ xif&wJhtrsdK;orD;av;u wa,muf/ olu usHK@us@HKav;xdkif+yD;awmh pdwfylaewJh rsufESmav;eJ@vlemudk =unfhaeygw,f? olwdk@ESpfa,muf&J@ ab;em;rSmawmh q&m0efwa,mufrwfwwf&yfaeygw,f? tJ'Dq&m0efu vlemudk em;=uyfuav; em;rSmaxmuf+yD;prf;oyfaeygw,f/ tJ'g yxrOD;qHk;tuGuf? 'kwd,tuGufuawmh tJ'Dq&m0efudkumwGef;q&mu yHk}uD;csJ@+yD; qGJygw,f? q&m0ef&J@ rsufvHk;awGudk t"du xm;w,f?q&m0ef&J@ rsufvHk;u bmrSrodwJh tla=umifa=umif rsufvHk;rsdK;yg? rsufvHk;av;u vnfaew,f? q&m0ef&J@ acgif;ay:rSmvJ uGuf¶Sifrwfaygh ar;cGef;vuQ%mav;eJ@/ ol@&J@ab;em;rSm¶_yfaewJh oyGwftlvdk yHkpHav;eJ@? bma&m*gygvdrfh olawmfawmf OD;a%Smufajcmuf ae+yDvdk@umwGef;=unfhwJhy&dowf odatmif umwGef;q&mu qGJxm;ygw,f? tJh'gu 'kwd,tuGuf?aemuf wwd,tuGufa&mufawmh q&m0efudkyJ tom;ay;+yD; qGJxm;w,f/ q&m0ef&J@rsuf0ef;rSm apmapmu jrifae&wJh tla=umifa=umif rsufvHk;r¶Sdawmhbl;? ol@rsufvHk;av;awGu awmufaew,f? ol@&J@ acgif;ay:rSmvJ apmapmu uGuf¶SifrwfawG/ oyGwftlawGr¶SdawmhyJeJ@ vif;aewJh zefoD;av;wvHk;udk acgif;ay:rSm qGJxm;ygw,f? zefoD;av;ab;rSmtacsmif;acsmif;av;awGeJ@ olbma&m*gvJqdkwm ¶Smvdk@ &+yDqdkwJh t"dyg,f/ usrwdk@ odapygw,f? aemuf pwkwuGufrSma&mufawmh q&m0efu olwyfxm;wJh em;usyfudk cíwf+yD;vlem¶Sif trsdK;orD;bufudk vSnfh+yD;awmh pdwfraumif;wJh rsufESmav;eJ@ usaemf 0rf;enf;ygw,f/ vlrrm[m toufr¶Sdawmhygbl;wJh? (&DoHrsm;) tJh'Dvdk ajymvdkufygw,f? tJh'gupwkwtuGufaygh?

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tJh'Dawmh vlem¶Sif rdef;ru usr xifom;yJ q&mrwJh? tJh'Dvdk ajymygw,f? usr awmfawmf¶SufoGm;w,f? ighrSmawmh 'Dvlem aorao pOf;pm;vdkuf&wm/ oluawmh }udK+yD;awmhodaecJhygvm;? tJh'DtcsdefrSm usr[m xdkif&muae x+yD;awmh xGufajy;oGm;csifavmufatmif¶Sufygw,f? ¶SufwmeJ@trSs a'govJxGuf? ighudk 'Dvlem aorSef; odvsufeJ@ aoaew,fvdk@xifaevsufom;eJ@/ ighaq;cef;udk ydwf+yD; vmcJh&atmif ighudk ac:w,f? usr[m a'goeJ@a[mufxnfhvdkufw,f? vlemaow,fvdk@ xifvsufom;eJ@ usrudk bmjzpfvdk@ vmac:wmvJ/usrrSmjzifh aq;cef;vlemawG ypfxm;cJh&wm/ ¶Sift"dy`g,fr¶Sdbl;? bmvdk@ vmyifhwmvJa[mufvdkufawmh/ vlem¶SiftrsdK;orD;u rsufESmav;cs+yD; ajymygw,f? q&mr&,faow,fvdk@awmh xifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh q&mrqDu twnfjyKcsufav; ,lcsifvdk@ygwJh?(&DoHrsm;) tJh'g usrb0&J@ tifrwef xl;jcm;wJh tjzpftysufuav;wckyg? 'Dawmh usr[mq&m0efb0rSmvJ nHhzsif;wJh q&m0efyg?

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101


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&moDawG&J@udpPavmuudk rawmif;qdkvdkufaveJ@

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tdajENwcGJom;eJ@yJ iHk@=unfhaewwfygw,f? usrwdk@[mvJ bmawGudkrS/ wdrfawG&J@ udpP/ &moD&J@udpPa&m avmuudk awmif;qdkvdk@ rjzpfygbl;? awmif;qdkvdk@ r&wJhtydkif;awG trsm;}uD; ¶SdawmhusrvJ 'D tdajEN}uD;wJh aumif;uif}uD;vdk aevdkufayghvdk@ usru t"dyg,f&ygw,f? (vufckyfoHrsm;)

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tJh'g &mcdkifE_ef;jynfhrSefwJh aumufcsufwckawmh [kwfcsifrS [kwfrSmaygh? usr[mvli,f&J@ udk,fpm; usr oGm;+yD;awmh aumufcsufcsvdkufwmyg? wu,fwrf;uawmhusrwdk@[m &mcdkifE_ef;jynfh awmfatmif r}udK;pm;Edkif&if/ 80µ awmfatmif }udK;pm;oifhygw,f? 80µ r&&if 60µ/ 60µ r&&if 40µ &zdk@ usrwdk@rSm wm0ef ¶Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fhusrwdk@u 40µ &wmudk 100µ r&vdk@ qdk+yD; nnf;nL+yD;awmh pdwfysufvufysuf aecJh=uvdk@tJh'Dxuf nhHvmygw,f? tJhawmh tJh'gawGudk odoGm;&if usrwdk@ awmf=ur,f? awmfatmifvkyf=ur,f qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk@[m awmfzdk@ arSsmfvifhcsufuav; udk,fpDeJ@ touf¶Sifzdk@qHk;jzwfvdkuf=uw,f? tJh'Dae&mrSm usrwdk@u arSsmfvifhcsufom xm;w,f? arSsmfvifhcsuf&J@

102


t"dyg,f twdtusudk usrwdk@ taotcsm rodygbl;? tJhawmh arSsmfvifhcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD;awmh usr zwfcJhzl;wJh pmtkyfxJu ta=umif;t&mav;udk ajym&if;eJ@ ed*Hk;csKyfay;ygr,f?

usrzwfzl;wJh pmtkyfwtkyf ¶Sdygw,f? urBmausmf pdwfynm¶Sif q&m}uD;tJvpfpwkef;qdkwm =um;zl;=urSmyg? *srefpdwfynm¶Sif}uD;yg? tJ'D tJvpfpwkef;u pmtkyfawGtrsm;}uD; a&;ygw,f? ola&;wJh pmtkyfawG teufu arSsmfvifhcsufeJ@ ywfouf+yD; a&;cJhwJhpmtkyfyg? acgif;pOfu 'Revolution of Hope' arSsmfvifhcsuf.awmfvSefa&;? tJhvdkbmomjyefvdk@ &r,fxifygw,f? tJh'D pmtkyfudk usr odwfr=umcifu zwfvdkuf&ygw,f?vGefcJhwJh ESpfESpfavmufuyg? tJh'Dawmh 'Dpmtkyfudk zwfawmh pmtkyfxJrSmu arSsmfvifhcsufeJ@ywfouf+yD;awmh olt"dyg,f zGifhqdkwmu tifrwef oabmuszdk@ aumif;ygw,f? oluarSsmfvifhcsufqdkwm qENoufoufudkom ajymwm r[kwfygbl;?

usrwdk@uawmh arG;uwnf;u ckcsdefxd xifvmcJhw,f? usrwdk@ jzpfcsifwJhqENawG[m usrwdk@ arSsmfvifhcsufyJvdk@ usrxifcJhw,f? usr[m odef; (50) ausmfavmufcsrf;omwJh olaX;r}uD; jzpfcsifw,f? jzpfatmif}udK;pm;&if &r,fxifw,f? usr[mvufndSK;n$ef&m a&yGwfawG trsm;}uD;ydkifwJh b0 a&mufcsifw,f?

Oyrm ajymwmyg? tJh'Dvdk b0rsdK;a&mufcsifw,f? tJh'g[m usr&J@ qEN/ 'DqEN[musr&J@ arSsmfvifhcsufyJvdk@ usr t"dyg,f aygufcJhw,f? q&m}uD; tJvpfpwkef;u bmajymovJ/ arSsmfvifhcsuf qdkwm qENoufoufudk ac:wm r[kwfbl;wJh? arSsmfvifhcsuftwGufqENrSm qHk;jzwfcsuf wGJ+yD;yg&r,fwJh? qHk;jzwfcsufrygwJh arSsmfvifhcsuf/ qHk;jzwfcsufrygwJhqEN[m arSsmfvifhcsuft& arSsmfvifhcsuf tao}uD; yJwJh? olu Passive Hope vdk@usrwdk@udk ¶Sif;jyygw,f? Passive qdkwm udk,fwdkifjyKjyif zefwD;wm r[kwfyJeJ@ olwyg;jyKjyifzefwD;wmudk apmifh+yD;aewJh oabmw&m;udk Passive vdk@ ac:ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh oluqHk;jzwfcsufrygwJh arSsmfvifhcsuf[m arSsmfvifhcsuf jzpf&ifawmifrS arSsmfvifhcsuf tao}uD;yJwJh? tJ'Dawmh arSsmfvifhcsuftaoeJ@ arSsmfvifhcsuft¶Sif olu cGJjcm;jyw,f? tJhvdk cGJjcm;jyzdk@twGufvJ olu usrwdk@udk tifrwefaumif;wJh yHk0wKuav;wyk'fudk ajymjyygw,f?

tJh'D yHk0wKav;u oHk;av;a=umif;yJ ¶SdwJh yHkjyifwdkuav;yg? tJh'D yHk0wKuav;udka&;cJhygw,f? acgif;pOfu "w&m;Oya'a¶S@arSmufrSm" wJh/ tJh'D yHk0wˆKxJrSm ZmwfvdkufESpfa,mufyJ ygygw,f? wa,mufu c&D;onf}uD;wa,muf/ tJh'D c&D;onf}uD;uol@vrf;c&D;uae+yD;awmh wHcg;wck&J@ a¶S@udk a&mufvmygw,f? tJh'DwHcg;}uD;u zGifhxm;wJhwHcg;}uD;yg? ydwfaewJh wHcg;}uD; r[kwfygbl;? zGifhxm;wJhwHcg;qdkawmh zGifhxm;wJh wHcg;}uD;&J@[dkbufrSm ol[m trsm;}uD; oljrifcsifwmawG tukefjrif&ygw,f? tJh'DzufrSm tifrwefom,mat;csrf;wJh +rdK@awmf}uD;wck ¶Sdygw,f? onfwHcg;}uD;u tJh'D+rdK@awmfudk 0ifwJhwHcg;}uD;yg? tJh'DwHcg;}uD;uae vSrf;=unfhvdkufwJhtcg [dk; +rdK@awmfxJrSm vlawG aysmf¶$if

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ae=uwm/ oGm;csifwJh ae&mawG oGm;ae=uwm/ pum;awG ajymae=uwm/ a&;csifwmawGa&;ae=uwm/ em;axmifcsifwmawG olwdk@ =um;atmif em;axmifaeEdkif =uwm/ tJ'gawGtm;vHk;udk oljrifae&awmh tJh'Dudk odyfoGm;csifw,f? tifrwef aysmf¶$ifwJh EdkifiH}uD; wckyJ?tJh'Dawmh igoGm;csifw,f? cufaewmu wHcg;}uD;&J@ a¶S@rSm tapmifh}uD;wa,muf ¶Sdygw,f?tJh'D tapmifh}uD;u rwfrwf&yf+yD;awmh c&D;onf}uD;qDudk =unfhaew,f? c&D;onf}uD;utapmifh}uD;qDudk oGm;ygw,f? "tapmifh}uD;cifAsm" wJh/ "usaemf 'DwHcg;uae jzwf+yD;awmh[dk; +rdK@awmf}uD;qDudk oGm;csif ygw,f? usaemfhudk 0ifcGifhay;ygcifAsm" wJh? tJh'Dvdk olu,Ofaus;pGm cGifhawmif;vdkufygw,f? 'Dawmh tapmifh}uD;u 0ifcGifhray;ygbl;vdk@ rsufESmxm;wnfwnfeJ@ jiif;vdkufw,f? tJh'Dawmh c&D;onf}uD;u 0ifcGifhray;ao;bl; qdkawmh wcsdefrSmawmh ighudk 0ifcGifhay;rSmeJ@wlw,fqdk+yD; ol[m aemufjyefqkwfoGm;w,f? jyef+yD;awmh cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm xdkif+yD;awmh apmifhaeygw,f? pdwf¶Snfvuf¶SnfeJ@ 0ifcGifhay;wJhtxd apmifhw,f?olwcg rwfwwf&yf+yD;awmh tapmifh}uD;qDudk jyefoGm;ygw,f? "tapmifh}uD;cifAsm usaemf[dk +rdK@awmf}uD;xJudk 0ifcsifyg+yD/ usaemfhudk 'DwHcg;uae 0ifcGifhay;yg" wJh? tJhawmh rESpfuvdkyJtapmifh}uD;u rsufESmrmrmeJ@ 0ifcGifhray;bl;vdk@ jiif;vdkufw,f? olu rESpfuvdkyJ aemufjyefqkwf+yD; cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSmyJ xdkifapmifhaew,f? ighudk wcsdefcsdefawmh 0ifcGifhay;rSm xifyg&J@/'grSr[kwf wa,mufa,mufuyJ ighudk 0ifxGufcGifh vufrSwf awmifay;rSm xifyg&J@/ 'grSr[kwf wa,mufa,muf&J@ aemufuae uyf+yD;vdkuf&if awmh ig 'DtxJudk 0if&vdrfhr,fxifyg&J@? ol[m awG;+yD;awmh ol@ae&mrSm +idrf+yD;awmh xdkifaeygw,f? tJh'Dvdk wpHkwa,mufu ay;vmEdk;eJ@ arSsmfvifhcJhwm &ufuae v/ vuae ESpf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm=umwJhtxd olu tJh'Dae&mrSm xdkif+yD; apmifhygw,f? aemufqHk; ol[m tzdk;}uD;b0eJ@ wkefwkefcsdcsdeJ@ x+yD;awmh tapmifh}uD;qDudk xoGm;ygw,f? oloGm;wJhtcsdefrSm olpOf;pm;w,f/'DwHcg;}uD;[m zGifhxm;wmvJ [kwfw,f/ b,folrSvJ 0ifcGifh vmrawmif;=ubl;/ igwa,mufyJ0ifcGifhawmif;w,f/ jzwfqif; oGm;wJh vlvJ rjrif&bl;/ tJh'g xl;awmh xl;qef;w,f/ ig'Dwcg prf;=unfhOD;rS jzpfr,fqdk+yD;....

"tapmifh}uD;cifAsm/ usaemf 'Dta¶S@rSm apmifhvmcJhwm usaemf 'Dta¶S@rSmapmifhvmcJhwm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umcJhyg+yD usaemf tdkvJ tdkaeyg+yD/ aovJ ao&ygawmhr,ftcktcsdefxd usaemf 0ifcGifhr&ao;bl;/ usaemf'Da¶S@rSm apmifhaeorSs ESpfawGrSmvJ'DwHcg;}uD;xJudk 0ifwJhol&,fvdk@ wa,mufrS rawG@ao;ygbl;/ usaemfwa,mufwnf;yJ'Da¶S@rSm ¶Sdw,f/ tJ'g[m bmoabmvJ cifAsm" wJh? olu tJh'Dvdk ar;vdkufawmh tapmifh}uD;u "[kwfw,f cifAsm;u vGJ+yD;awmh wa,mufrS txJudk 0ifcGifhrawmif;ao;bl;/0ifvdk@vJ r&ao;bl;/ bma=umifhvJqdkawmh 'DwHcg;[m cifAsm;twGuf &nf¶G,f+yD; zGifhxm;wJhwHcg;jzpfvdk@yJ/ b,folrSvJ vmrar;ygbl;/ tckawmh usaemf 'DwHcg;udk ydwf&ygawmhr,f"

104


wJh ajym+yD;awmh ol@a¶S@rSmyJ wHcg;}uD;udk ydwfvdkufw,f/ 'Dawmh uyfzum&J@ tJh'D yHk0wKav;udktJvpfpwkef;u usrwdk@udk ¶Sif;jycJhw,f/ 'Dvl[m ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm 'DxJudk 0ifcsifwJh pdwfeJ@apmifhqdkif;aecJhwm tJh'g[m arSsmfvifhcsuf r[kwfbl;wJh? apmifhqdkif;r_qdkwm ygvm&if 'g[mqENyJ jzpfw,f? 'g arSsmfvifhcsuf rjzpfEdkifbl;/ arSsmfvifhcsuf&,fvdk@ ajymwJhtwGuf ol[mwHcg;xJudk 0ifzdk@ }udK;pm;oifhw,f? 'DwHcg;udk oludk,fwdkif 0ifzdk@ r}udK;pm;yJ wpHkwa,muf&J@trdef@tm%m/ wpHkwa,muf&J@ tm;udk;r_eJ@ ol0ifzdk@ ol[m apmifhaecJhwm? 'ga=umifh ol[m'DwHcg;xJudk 0ifcGifh r&cJhbl;?

aemufqHk;=uawmh wHcg;}uD;u jyefydwfoGm;&+yDwJh? urBmay:rSm vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m 'Dvdk pdwfxm;rsdK; ¶Sd=uw,f? usaemfwdk@awG tm;vHk;rSm 'Dtzdk;tdkvdk pdwfxm;rsdK;¶Sd=uw,f? 'g arSsmfvifhcsufydkif¶SifawG r[kwfbl;vdk@ tJvpfpwkef;u ajymygw,f?

'Dawmh usrwdk@u tJh'D yHk0wKudk =unfh+yD;wJhtcgrSm usrwdk@ nHhaewmawG awmfvmatmif arSsmfvifhcsufqdkwm apmifhqdkif;ae¶HkeJ@ r&bl;/ usrwdk@ udk,fwdkif rjzpfjzpfatmifvkyfr,f qdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsuf ygzdk@ vdk+yD;vdk@ usr tJhvdk awG;ygw,f/ tJh'geJ@ tJvpfpwkef;ajymovdk arSsmfvifhcsuf t¶Sifjzpfatmif usrwdk@ enf;vrf;awG ¶Sm=uygw,f? 'Dtapmifh}uD;ausmf+yD;awmh txJudk 0ifzdk@ enf;vrf;awG/ 'gayr,fh usr bmenf;vrf;rSm rawG@ao;ygbl;?ckcsdefxd wHcg;}uD;u yGifhaeqJyg? 'gayr,fh usr enf;vrf;rawG@ao;wJhtwGuf rawmfao;yJnHhzsif;wJh vlwa,muf jzpfaeygw,f/ 'g[m usrwa,mufwnf; r[kwfygbl; usroli,fcsif;awG tukefvHk; 'DvdkygyJ? q&m0efawG/ wcsdK@ pma&;q&mawG usravmufeD;yg;

'Dawmh uyfzum&J@ tJh'D yHk0wˆKav;udk tJvpfpwkef;u usrwdk@udk ¶Sif;jycJhw,f/'Dvl[m ESpfaygi f;rsm;pGm 'DxJudk 0ifcsi fwJh pdwfeJ@ apmifhqdki f;aecJhwm

tJh'g[m arSsmfvi fhcsuf r[kwfbl;wJh? apmi fhqdki f;r_qdkwm ygvm&if 'g[m qENyJ jzpfw,f?'g arSsmfvi fhcsuf rjzpfEdki fbl;/ arSsmfvi fhcsuf&,fvdk@ ajymwJhtwGuf ol[m

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urBmay:rSm vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m'Dvdk pdwfxm;rsdK; ¶Sd=uw,f? usaemfwdk@awG tm;vHk;rSm

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......

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nHhwJhvlawG ¶Sdygvdrfhr,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk@ txJudk 0ifzdk@ enf;vrf;wckckawmh ¶Sdr,fqdk+yD;¶Sm=uayr,fh enf;vrf;rawG@cJhawmh udk,fudkudk,f enf;enf;awmh a'gojzpfrdw,f? ab;u=unfhwJh y&dowfvJ 'DavmufnHh&ovm;qdk+yD; a'goxGufcsif xGufygvdrfhr,f? trSeftwdkif;0efcH&&ifawmh usr[m 'Dc&D;onf}uD;vdk jzpfaeqJyg?

'Dae&mrSm usr pme,fZif; owif;pmq&m}uD; wa,mufudk vlwa,mufar;wJhar;cGef;eJ@ udk,fhudkudk,f ajzodrfhygw,f? olu EdkifiHausmf pme,fZif; owif;pmq&m}uD;wa,mufudk bmar;ovJ bmajymovJqdkawmh "cifAsm;wdk@ owif;pmq&mawG[mjy\emawGudk ¶Smae=uwmyJ/ jy\emawGudk ¶Sm+yD; 'Djy\em&J@ tajzudkawmh jynfolawGudkcsjyzdk@ owdr&=ubl;/ cifAsm;wdk@ awmfawmfnHhwJh vlawGyJ" vdk@ owif;pmq&m}uD;udka0zefygw,f? 'Dawmh owif;pmq&m}uD;u jyefajymvdkufygw,f? "[kwfuJh/ usaemf[mjy\em&J@ tajzrodvdk@om owif;pmq&m vkyfaewmyg/ jy\em&J@ tajzudkom od&ifEdkifiHa&;orm;yJ vkyfrSmaygh" wJh? tJh'Dvdk olu ajzw,f/ 'Dawmh usrvJ 'Dowif;pmq&m}uD;vdkyJ ajz&ygvdrfhr,f? usr[m pma&;q&mom jzpfygw,f/ pma&;q&m jzpfwJhtwGufjy\emawG ¶Smw,fvdk@ t"dyg,f oufa&muf&if oufa&mufoGm;ygvdrfhr,f? usr[mjy\emawG&J@ tajzudk rodvdk@om pma&;q&m jzpfaewmyg? jy\emawG&J@ tajzudk od&ifEdkifiHa&;orm; vkyfrSmaygh? tJh'Dvdkqdk&if (vufckyfoHrsm;) tJvdk@omqdk&if usrudk ckvdk &efukefpufr_wuUodkvf pmaya[majymyGJ pifjrifhay:rSm usrudk awG@&rSm r[kwfawmhygbl;?aus;Zl;wifygw,f¶Sif? (vufckyfoHrsm;)

a[majymol - *sL;(1996 &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfwGif a[majymcsuf)

tarSmif}um;u Armjynf

0i f;wi fhxGef;

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106


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[Hom0wDO D;0i f;wi f

107


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"a[haumif aopum;awmh vmrajymeJ@? 'Drdkua&pDoH=um;av/ igraocsifavuG"

"csifcsif rcsifcsifAsm/ 'Drdkua&pDqdkvm;/ bmqdkvm;=uD;uawmh aoapmfeHvmaejyDeJ@wl&JŒ"

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awGeJ@awGŒowJh? ajymowJh? orRw=uD;udk aysmfatmif xm;=uygwJh?""taumif;om;ayghuGJŒ? ESvHk;a&m*gorm; oem;ygw,f? aysmfaysmfaeyavh

apuG,f""tJhvdkvnf; r[kwfao;bl;tb&JŒ? olŒcrsm b,frSm aysmftm;yghrvJAsm? wpfjynf

vHk;ESH@ oydwfuifqma&m*g jyef@aejyDAsm? orRw=uD;u [dkaumfr&SifzGJŒ/ 'Daumfr&Sifcdkif;

108


vkyfaevdk@om wdkif;jynfu jidrfukyfukyfjzpfaewm tb&JŒ? at;vSwmr[kwfbl;? oydwfpHk&ifawmhvm;? olykefqdkvm; bmqdkvm;/ xrSm =uGrSmrsm;awmif pdk;&owJh"

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"'Dvdkqdk usGefawmfeJ@ vlxkeJ@wGJjyD; tpdk;&aemufa=umif;rjyefatmif 0dkif;wGef;=u&rSmAsKdŒ"

"at;ayghuG,f? vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyf=uaygh? igajymcsifwmuawmh aemufa=umif;jyefwmawG rjyefwmawG odyfajymraeygeJ@uGm? aemufa=umif;tusefta=uGif;awGutm%mydkifawG =um;rSm&Sdwkef;v[? 'Dae@vlxkudk em;yefusif;aewm olŒwdk@v[Jh?'Dae@bkef;=uD;awGudk rD;t&k%fqGrf;uyfaewm olwdk@v[Jh? wdk@'Dae@wu,fvkyf&rSmu tJ'D'usefppfom;' awGa&m/ tpdk;&a&m/ v$wfawmfawGa&m/ rD'D,mawGa&m tm;vHk;udk'Drdkua&pDvrf;=urf;ay: wGef;wif=uzdk@yJuGJ@? 'Drdkua&pD vrf;a=umif;twdkif; 0dkif;qGJac:=uzdk@yJuGJŒ"?

[Hom0wDO D;0i f;wif'Dvd_if;*sme,f? twGJ(1)/ trSwf(48)rS

vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyf=uaygh? igajymcsifwmuawmh aemufa=umif;jyefwmawG rjyefwmawG odyfajymraeygeJ@uGm? aemufa=umif;tusefta=uGi f;awGu

tm%mydki fawG =um;rSm&Sdwkef;v[? 'Dae@vlxkudk em;yefusif;aewm olŒwdk@v[Jh? 'Dae@bkef;=uD;awGudk rD;t&k%fqGrf;uyfaewm olwdk@v[Jh? wdk@'Dae@wu,fvkyf&rSmu tJ'D 'usefppfom;'

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ac: =uzdk@yJuGJŒ.....

109


tusOf;axmif[k qdkvdkuf onfESifhtm;vHk;u vlqdk;/ vlrdkufrsm;tm; vdrRm,Ofaus; ap&ef csKyfaESmifxm;& aom ae&mtjzpf csufcsif; oabm ayguf=uavh&dSygonf?xdkae&mY rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuf ajumifh eSpf&Snfvrsm; tusOf;cs cHxm;& olawG &dSaea=umif;udkawmh trsm;jynfol odvm=uonfrSm r=umjrifhao;yg? xdkolrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;[k trsm;jynfol rS owfrSwf=u+yD; tm%m& tpdk;&uawmh ,Hk=unfcsuf tusOf;om; [kac:a0:owfrSwf ygonf?

rnfodk@yif ac:a0: owfrSwf ygap tusOf; axmifrsm; twGif;&dS edkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm; . wpfae@wmrSm ysif;&d jiD;aiGhbG,f&m wefzdk;rJh ukefqHk; oGm; avh&dSygonf? reuf5 em&DcJGjyDqdkonfESifh "yHkpH"[k toHukef atmf[pfoHjum;&jyD; aemuf ycHk;xufY ju,fyGifhwyfxm;aom t&m&dS wpfa,mufu tusOf;om;rsm;udk vdkufvH ppfaq;avh&dS.?xdkodk@ppfaq;jcif; onf axmifrzGifhrDSeSifh /axmifrydwfrDStusOf;om; jynfhrjynfh ppfaq; jcif;vnf;jzpfygonf? rnfodk@qdkygap xdkodk@ ppfaq;jcif;u axmifusae olwpfa,muftwGuf ae@wpfae@. tpjzpfygonf?

axmifqdkonfu pdk;&drf aomuawG/ 'kuQeSifhylyifr_awGudk o,fydk;xm;&wJhae&myJjzpfonf? reufrdk;vif;"yHkpH"[k atmfoH =um;jyD;aemufwGif rdrd ydkifqdkif orSsaxmifOya'eSifhqefhusifaom ypPnf;rsm;tm; txkyfxkyf Ib,fawmhvmrnf[k aocsm rod&aom/ tusOf;om;rsm; ac:qdkaom "wvmpD (ppfaq;a&;vkyfjcif;)" jcif;udk apmifharSsmfae&onfrSmvJ 'kuQ wpfrsdK;rnfygonf? xdk'kuQtm; wpfae@rjywf cHpm;aecJh &aom ae&mwGif

trSwfr&csifaom trSwfw&rsm;

ci fjidrf;opf

110


rnfolrS aeaysmfrnf r[kwfay? ppfaq;a&; vkyfpOf twGif; Oya'eSifh qef@usifaom ypPnf;wpfpHkwpf&mudk awG@&ygu wdkufydwf jypf'%fudk axmif0ifpm wpfywf(14 &uf)cH&avh&dSonf?rsm;aomtm;jzifh EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;udk wdkuf[k ac:qdkaom tvsm; 10 ay/ teH 8ay ywfvnf tcef;usOf;av; rsm;wGif xm;avh&dSonf? vltrsm;eSifh twlwlaexdkif&aomtaqmifrsm;wGif [dk;,cifu xm;avh&dSaomfvnf; uGsefrwdk@ axmifuscdsefwGif wdkufxJrSmomxm;ygonf? uGsefrwdk@tcef;usOf;av;xJwGif 2 a,mufaexdkif&jyD; reufydkif; rdepf 30/naeydkif; 15 rdepfom tcef;jyifxGufcGifh &jyD; useftcdsef rsm;rSm tcef;wGif;Y aomhydwfcHae&onf? 1995 rS 2000 ckeSpftxd pmtkyfrsm;w&m;0if oGif;cGifhr&cJhyg?xdk@a=umifhpmzwfcsifaom tcgrsdK;wGif aq;vdyfzifpDcHrS owif;pm pm&Gufrsm;udk zwf&_cJh&onf?w&m;r0if pmtkyfoGif;onfudk ppfaq;a&; vkyfcdsefrdygu aemufr_wdk;onf txd tjypf'%fcH&wwfygonf?

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111


apmifha&Smufr_u nHzsif; qdk;&Gm;vSvGef;onf? 0rf;udkufjcif; uvnf; tusOf;om;awGtwGufaorif;jzpfoGm;Edkifonf?

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ci fjidrf;opf(Khin Nyein Thit's facebook rS jyefvnful;,lazmfjyygonf?)))))

112


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uJ....arSmfq&m&JŒt0wfeufpvdk [efaqmifvSnhfzsm;r_awG jynhfaewJh wkdif;jynftay:,Ho¶kyfudk ab;z,f+yD; jynfoleJ@wdkif;jynf&JŒtppftrSef jrifuGif;udk=unhf=uyg/ cHpm;=uyg/tJ'D&JŒaemuf jynfol bmvdktyfaew,fqdkwm &Sif;vif;pGm odem;vnfvm=uygvdrhfr,f?jynfolawG[m vlyDopGm touf&SifcGihfudk awmif;qdkaew,fqdkwm =um;=u&ygvdrhfr,f?

oufxGef;

ydkta&;}uD;wmuawmh ppfwyfpdwfqdk;&ifyJ wkdi f;jynfu ae@csi f;ncsi f; ysufawmhra,mi fa,mif tawG;tac: awGudk jzef@usuf+yD; (aep&mrJh pm;p&mrJh tvkyfrJhtudkifrJhjzpf+yD;)

pkwfjywfoyfaewJh jynfolawG&JŒ&ifzGihfoHawG udk wu,hfpmempdwfeJ@ em;vnfr=unhf=ubJ/ w&m;rSswr_eJ@olwdk@b0awGudk tavsmftpm;vkyfae&csdefrSm aemufjyefvSnhfatmifvkyfae olrsm;vdk@ tjypfwifrsufvkH;awGeJ@

=unhfvdk=unhf/ wdki f;jynfudk zsufvkdzsufqD; vkyf aeolrsm;vdk@ tjypfwif¶_HŒcswJh pum;awGajymvdkajymeJ@/udk,hfjynfol udk,fcsreif;=uygeJ@/ jynfol[m tumuG,f rJhwJh b0awGeJ@ touf&Sifae&olawG jzpfaeyg+yD/

jynfoludk cspf&i ftumtuG,fay;yg/ rSefuefwJh O D;aqmi fr_udk ay;yg?

.....

xGuf+yD

- udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?

axmifESifhrdcifvlxka':trm

119


xm0&&efol/ xm0&rdwfaqG[lI r&Sd/ xm0&tusdK;pD;yGm;om &Sdonf[laompum;udk EdkifiHa&;ody`Havhvmolwdkif; =um;zl;em;0&Sdvdrfhrnf[k uíefawmfxifygonf?=uufOta&mif wdrfawmifozG,f rif;a&;us,fvSygonfqdkaom EdkifiHa&;&m ZmwfuGuf/Zmwfvrf;awGu wu,fhudk *rBD&/ yOPvufvnf; qefvGef;vSygonf? rae@u trkef;/onfuae@ tcspf? rae@u rdwfaqG}uD;/ onfuae@ &efolawmfpm&if;0if?

twdwfwpfcsdefwkef;u *syefu tar&duefEdkifiH ykvJqdyfurf;udk AHk;rdk;+zdKif+zdKif&GmoGef;cJh&mu tar&duefu em*gpuDESifh [D&dk&SD;rm;+rdKŒrsm;ay:odk@ tEkjrLAkH;jzKwfcsvdkufjcif;jzifhaersdK;EG,fwdk@. rmeudka&m/ 'kwd,urBmppfudkyg Zmwfodrf;ypfvdkufonf? &efol/ odk@aomftck *syefESifh tar&duefu r[mrdwf? cspfolrsm;?

'kwd,urBmppf}uD;+yD;qkH;oGm;+yD;aemuf vuf0JEdkifiHrsm; tpDt&D ay:xGef;vmcJh=u&mqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwdk@/ w&kefwdk@u xif&Sm;onf? olwdk@. tjcm;wpfzufrSmu vuf,mt&if;&Sif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? oabmxm;csif; jy'g;wpfvrf; oHwpfvrf;? aemufawmh1956 avmufupvdk@ &k&SESifh w&kwfwdk@u tufa=umif;xif;vmcJh=u&m 1974 rSmuGJonf?odk@ESifh 1975 ta&mufrSm tar&duefESifh w&kwfwdk@ oHqufoG,fvdkuf=uonf? ESpfEdkifiHacgif;aqmifawG tjyeftvSef cspf=unfa&;oGm;=ujcif;jzifh a&$vrf;aiGvrf;aygufoGm;=uonf?rdwfaqG?

onfawmh b,fEdkifiHwum rsufESmpmudk =unfhvdkuf =unfhvdkuf onftwdkif;yJ

rdkCf;aZmf AD,uferfudk vSrf;}unfhjcif;

armi fomcsdK

120


jzpfrnf? xm0&ef&efolwdk@/ xm0&rdwfaqGwdk@qdkwmr&SdEdkif? tusdK;tjrwf &Sd&m&Sda=umif;udkomtajccHum csdK;iSufwpfvSnfh/ oefvsufwpfvSnfh vkyfae=ujcif; jzpfonf?

onfvdk ordkif;acwfpmrsufESmawGudk jzwfoef;&aomtcg uAsmq&mawGb,fvdkcHpm;=urvJ? ADvdefwdk@/ [D;&dk;wdk@ESifh ywfoufaom oabmxm;cH,lcsufawGa&mtajymif;tvJ &Sdr&Sd? acsa*GAm;&m;u tcktxd ol&Jaumif;ao;vm;? armfpDwkH;ua&m/[kdcsDrif;/ ik,ifAef;x&GdKif; tck ol&Jaumif;=uao;ygp? r[wWr*E<Dua&m tckxdwkdifolawmfpifao;ygp? pdwf0ifpm;zdk@aumif;aomudpP[k usGefawmfxifygonf?

(ESpf)AD,uferfEdkifiHta=umif;udkajymvSsif [dkcsDrif; [lonfh trnf ryg0ifIrjzpfovdk

ik,ifAefx&dGKif;[lonfh trnfudkvnf; csefvSyfz,f&Sm;xm;zdk@qdkonfrSmrjzpfEdkifyg?Ngu Yen Van Trai

uGrfeefZmwd? jyifopf. AD,uferfxkd;ppftwGif;rSm taru iwf+yD;aoonf?onfawmh OD;av; tpfudkwdk@. vufay:rSm i,fb0}uD;&ifhcJh&onf? t&G,fa&mufaomtcgqif;&JvGef;aom tpfudkwdk@rdom;pkudk xm;&pfcJh+yD; qdkif*kHodk@ ajymif;onf? yxr qdkufum;eif;?aemufawmh vSsyfppftvkyform;? xrif;eyfrrSefol vlwpfa,muf?

uíJcs d Kum;um;}uD;awG/ 0g;carmufawG/ v,fuGif;awG/ avSorŠmefawG/"edawmawG/ &$HŒEGHawGESifh uíefawmfwdk@EdkifiHESifh toGifwlaom AD,uferfordkif;u =urf;wrf;cufxefygonf?

19 &mpk tv,fwGif jyifopfwdk@vufodk@ usa&muf? [dkcsDrif; (Ho Chi Minh) uLeague of Nation zGJŒum vGyfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdk? 1945 rS 1954 txd jyifopf/AD,uferf 9 ESpf ppfyGJ? 'defAifzl; (Dein Bien Phu) cHwyfrSm jyifopfwdk@ txdem &_H;edrfh?qkwfcGmoGm;=u&mu AD,uferf awmifajrmufuGJoGm;? *sDeDAmoabmwlnDcsufjzifhajrmufydkif;udk qdkAD,ufESifh w&kwfwdk@u uGyfuJ? awmifydkif;udk tar&duefppfom; 5 odef;eJ@xdef;csKyf? xkd@aemuf awmifAD,uferf. tar&duefqef@usifa&;ppfyGJumvrsm;?

ik,ifAef;x&GdKif;u onfumvqdk;}uD;xJrSm toufudk pGef@cJhol jzpfygonf?wpfcgrSm tar&duefumuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ruUemrm;&m; (Mc Namara) awmifAD,uferfudka&mufvmcJh&m ik,ifAefx&dGKif;u aumifvDwHwm;rSm AkH;cGJvkyf}uHzdk@jyifonf? odk@aomfratmifjrif? 1964 ar 10 rSm zrf;vdkuf+yD; atmufwdkbm 15 rSm ypfowfvdkufonf? olŒudkzrf;rdawmh vufxyf+yD;p 19 &ufom &Sdao;onf? tusOf;axmif abmvkH;uGif;xJrSm rsufvkH;t0wfpnf;xm;onfudk vufrcH?

Let me look at our beloved land.

igcspfwJh ajrudk =unfhcGifhay;?

121


Long live Vietnam.

AD,uferf t"Gef@&Snfygap?yGufyGufnHonfh [pfaºuG;oHrsm;ESifhtwl taocHoGm;cJhonf? tmZmenf

ik,ifZefx&GdKif;? tar&duefusL;ausmfppf. aoG;nSDe@HawG AD,uferfrSm raysmufao;?tar&duefavwyf Air Force C-123 jzifh yufjzef;cJhonfh "mwkaA'tqdyf&nfrsm;a=umifhawmifAD,uferfrSm opfawm}uD;awG ckxd rpdrf;pdkEkdifao;? odk@aomf ordkif;u a&$Œonf?

1976 rSm awmifajrmufaygif;cJhaom/ qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiH xlaxmifcJhaom AD,uferfuaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; qdkaomtoHudk AD,uferftoHjzifh Doi Moi [k a=uG;a=umfvdkufonf?tcsdefu 1986?

urBmvSnfhc&D;onf 3 oef;avmuf AD,uferfudk vSdrfh0ifvmowJh? [EGdKif;+rdKŒawmf&JŒajruGufaps;ES_ef;[m wdkusdK/ e,l;a,mufwdk@eJ@ wpfwef;wnf;jzpfoGm;owJh? tar&duefvufaxmuf EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; AD,uferfudk vmvnfowJh? rae@u &efol/ onfuae@rdwfaqG? 'gqdk ik,ifAefx&GdKif;udk b,fae&mrSm xm;&ygh?

'gudkyJ uAsmq&m rdkCf;aZmfu ordkif;ta&$Œtajymif;udk uAsmzGJŒypfvdkufonf?2006 Ekd0ifbmv &kyf&Sifaw;uAsm r*~Zif;xJu uAsm? "ik,ifAefx&GdKif;nae"?

(okH;)

ik,ifAefx&GdKif;naeoufawmifhoufomjzpfr_twGuf

&efoludk tnHhcHwJhpm&ifxJrSmoif ryg0ifcJhbl;?

emusifr,frSef; od&ufeJ@a&SŒqufwdk;0Hholrsm; &SdcJh&if

a&qkH;a&zsm;ZGJaumif;olrsm; &SdcJh&if

aorif;uawmif'l;wkef&olrsm; &SdcJh&if

tJonftrnfpm&if;xJrSmoif yg0ifcJhay&JŒ?

AD,uferf&JŒawmufywJhausmufrsuf&wem ik,ifAefx&GdKif;

122


oif aemufqkH; xpfcsKH;vdkufwJh toH[m1946 atmufwdkbmu a&wGuf&if

42 ESpf wdkifcJh+yD?

42 ESpfqdkwJhumv[marhavsmhcHzdk@&m vkHavmufayr,fhuíefawmfhtonf;ESvkH;xJrSmawmh

oifhaw;oH[m yJhwifxyfaeqJygav?

ESif;awGa0aewJhtusOf;axmif abmvkH;uGif;xJrSm

vufr&GHŒwyfzGJŒu ypfowfawmhr,fhqJqJao&rSm 0rf;renf;bl;vm;vdk@

owif;pmorm;u ar;jref;awmhwkefv_yfjcif;uif;rJhwJh oif[m

tar&duefumuG,fa&;0ef}uD; ruUemrm;&m;udkrvkyf}uHEdkifwmudkyJ uíefawmf 0rf;enf;ygowJh

umbdkifajymif;rsm; a&SŒarSmufrSmtzwdkif;jynfudk aemufqkH;taeeJ@ E_wfqufzdk@

rsufvkH;ay: pnf;xm;wJht0wfudkqGJcíwfypfcJhw,f?

tpaw;cJh&awmhr,fhrdepfydkif;uav;rSmawmif

wnf+idrfat;aq;vGef;aewJhoifh"mwfykHudk =unfh&if;

tHh=opdwfeJ@ uíefawmf rifoufrdaygh?

b,fta=umif;t&mursm;oifhESvkH;om;xJudk

'DvkdrsdK;wefcdk;pGrf;yum;awGxnfhoGif;xm;ay;ovJvdk@

123


aphikrdw,f?

ik,ifAefx&GdKif;cifAsm;urBm}uD;rSm

acwfawGajymif;vJoGm;ayr,fhESpfawGuGma0;oGm;ayr,fh[dkcsdrif;&kyfxkatmufrSm

bDvf*dwfudk awGŒvdkuf&ayr,fh'Duae@

rdk;&Gm+yD;p naerdk;&Gm+yD;p naecif;av;rSmayhg21 &mpk&JŒ tar&duefpwdkifuaz;qdkifuav;xJuae

raomuf&ao;wJh aumfzDcGufudkudkifajrSmuf&if;

oifhtm; owd& OD;n$wfvdkufyg&JŒ?rkdkCfaZmf

(av;)'guawmh uAsmq&mrdkCf;aZmf. ordkif;udk wpfcsuf vSnfht=unfhyifjzpfonf?

(ydawmufyGifhopf pmaytEkynmr*~Zif; / pufwifbm/ 2008)

(armifomcsdK . apmif;}udK;ay:rSm =u,fa&mifawG Edk;jyefawmh pmtkyfrS)

armi fomcsdK

124


'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h

O\mq&mtdk

toHxGufrSm;I t"dy`m,f vHk;0 uGJjym;oGm;aom "wdk@p&m" iydESifhjrSKyfpm;&aomt&m ESifh wdk@q&m (Our Teacher) wdk@ ESpfck vGJrSm;&yHk ta=umif;av;udk 'DwywfrSmawmhjzifh q&mtdku &Sif;vif;wifjyay;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f?

xGufpm ESi fh eyfpm"xGufpm eyfpm" ESifhywfoufI okawoejyKaomtcg atmufygtwdkif;

awG@&Sd&avonf? xGufeyf- ausG;arG; pm;aomufaponf? OD;omjrwfayg&m%pum;tbd"mef- ESm (88) / xGufeyf- }ud / xGufeyf / (ayg) pm;zG,f/ aomufzG,f vufaqmify%mwdk@jzifh{nfh0wfjyKonf? jrefrmpmtzGJ@ - ESm - (167) / xGufeyf - xGufpm; / eyfpm;jyKonf? q&m,k'oef - ESm (534) / "pma&; pmcsDwdk@ESifh &Srf;pum;jyef wdk@udk cef@I 'xGufpmeyfpm' ydk@&onf?

125


(avmuAsL[musrf; - tif&Hkpmwrf;) "b¾maqmifrSL; wdk@udk pD&ifapI oHwdk@udk 'xGufpmeyfpm' ay;ydk@vm&onf?(avmuAsL[musrf; - tif&Hkpmwrf;) "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmuf/ ig;jcrf;/ig;pdrf;/qef/ 'xGufpm' ay;ydk@&onf ? (avmuAsL[musrf; - pm&Hkpmwrf; )

txufyg awG@&Sdcsufrsm;ay: rlwnfI / aphpyfaocsm xdrd wdusatmif&Sif;vif;csuf xkwfygOD;tHh ? "xGufeyfwGif jyoemr&Sdyg? tajztm;vHk; oabmoGm;wlae=uygonf?""xGufpmeyfpm" ESifhywfoufIum;uGJvGJr_ tenf;i,f&Sdygonf? q&m}uD;,k'oefu"xGufpm;eyfpm;"[k 0doZ…eDxnfhI a&;xm;ygonf? tif&Hk0ef}uD;u "xGufpmeyfpm" [kqdkygonf?

Tae&mwGif tif&Hk0ef}uD;rSm a&;xHk;trSefjzpfI twdtus rSefygonf? q&m,k'oefudkrl rSm;onf[k rqdkcsifyg? vlrsdK;uGJjzpfI t=um;rSm;jcif;jzpfygvdrfhrnf? q&m}uD;,k'oefudk,fwdkif ajymavh&Sdaompum;rSm "jrefrmpum; toHxm;cufonf"[kjzpfygonf?

uíefawmftxufwef;jyq&mvkyfpOfu pmoifbuf ukvm;q&mem&,m;uiydESifh jrSKyfIpm;&aom "wdk@p&m"udk "wdk@q&m" [k toHxGufrSm;+yD; (Our Teacher) [kt"dym,faumuf a&;om;cJhzl;ygonf?odk@jzpf&m q&m}uD; ,k'oefa&;aom "xGufpm;eyfpm;"ESifh tif&Hk0ef}uD;. "xGufpmeyfpm" onf twl wlygyJ[k pma&;olu qHk;jzwfygonf? wpfzeftif&Hkpmwrf;u "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmufig;jcrf;/ ig;pdrf;/qef/ "xGufpm" ay;ydk@&onf[k tcdkiftrmaz: jyxm;ojzifh "eyfpm" . t"dy`m,fudkuGif;uGif;uGufuGuf jrifvm&jyefayonf? tb,fodk@jrifoenf;qdkaomf "xGufpm" onfqefjzpfaeonfhtwGuf "eyfpm" onf xrif; / ,m*k/ xrif;a=umf/ xrif;aygif;/xrif;okwfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vSygonf? xdkenf;wl "ig;pdrf;" onf "xGufpm"jzpfonfhtwGuf "ig;pdrf;" udk csufjyKwf a=umfavSmf aygif;ESyfxm;aom [if;v#mrsm;onf"eyfpm" jzpf&jyefavonf? tjcm; "xGufpm" rsm;udkvnf; Tenf;twdkif;om ,lygav?

pma&;ud&d,m &Sm;yg;vSaom acwfjzpfI pmudkjrSKyfa&;enf;/ csKyfa&;enf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKcJh&m - y - , - v - ay [laom ay,sv av;rsdK; ay:aygufvmjcif;a=umifh"xGufpmeyfpm" udk "xGufeyf" [lI csKyfa&;jcif; ay:aygufvmygonf? ed*Hk;csKyf taejzifh"xGufpm"onf rcsufrjyKwfbJ pm;I&aom (ajr}uD;rS xGufaom) opfoD;0vH/ opfOopfzk/tpG,f/ t&Guf/ tap;/ tacgufrsm;ESifh csufjyKwfpm;I&aom om;pdrf;/ ig;pdrf; ponfrsm;jzpfayonf?

126


"eyfpm" qdkonfrSm csufjyKwf a=umfavSmf/ uifzkwf ponfhjyKvkyf+yD;rS El;rSeyfrSpm;&aomtpmrsm;udk qdkygonf? usrf;&if;r=unfh todrºuG,f/

usrf;yifv,frdk@ ul;zdk@rvG,f/ zwf}uHrSwfvdk@ rjywf&_uG,f/

wpfzufurf; wufvSrf;Edkifzdk@ &G,f?

O\mq&mtdk

(jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ (1) trSwf (16) wGif az: jy+yD;?)

q&m}uD; ,k'oefa&;aom "xGufpm;eyfpm;"ESi fh ti f&Hk0ef}uD;. "xGufpmeyfpm" onf twl wlygyJ[k pma&;olu qHk;jzwfygonf?

wpfzef tif&Hkpmwrf;u "axmywf/ EGm;Edk@/ xef;v#uf/ qD/ i&kwf/ =uufoGef/ ig;ajcmufig;jcrf;/ig;pdrf;/ qef/ "xGufpm"ay;ydk@&onf[k tcdki ftrmaz: jyxm;ojzifh"eyfpm" . t"dy`m,fudk uGi f;uGi f;uGufuGuf jri fvm&jyefayonf?

tb,fodk@ jri foenf;qdkaomf "xGufpm" onf qefjzpfaeonfhtwGuf "eyfpm" onf xri f; / ,m*k/xrif;a=umf/ xrif;aygi f;/ xrif;okwfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vSygonf?

xdkenf;wl "ig;pdrf;" onf "xGufpm" jzpfonfhtwGuf "ig;pdrf;" udk csufjyKwf a=umfavSmfaygi f;ESyfxm;aom [if;v#mrsm;onf "eyfpm" jzpf&jyefavonf? tjcm; "xGufpm" rsm;udkvnf; Tenf;twdki f;om ,lygav?

.....

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139


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144


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145


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146


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(Roland Hardy)

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147


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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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148


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149


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150


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