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26


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27


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35


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36


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38


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39


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40


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'DvkdeJ@ OD;oef@&J@ &kyftavmif;ukd bkef;=uD;/ ausmif;om;/ jynfol yl;aygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;wJh jynfol@ psmyeaumfrwDu odrf;ykdufvkdufygw,f? OD;oef@&kyftavmif;ukd ukd,fykdifwJhausmif;0ef;xJukd jyefo,fcJhw,f? jcaoFhESpfaumif wHcg;xdyfu =unfhvkduf&if wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf;wav#muf ausmif;qDukd csDwufvm wJh vlv_dif;=uD; wvdyfvdyf wufvmwmukdawG@ae&w,f? wuovkd@ pmwrf;xkdd;xm;wJh tvHawG&,f/ oCFef;ukd v$ifhxm;wJh tvH&,f/

41


ukvor*~tvHtkyfxm;wJh OD;oef@&J@ tacgif;wifxm;wJh um;txufykdif; &,fuvGJ&ifvlyifv,f=uD;ukd rsufpdwqkH; wtdtdawG@ae&w,f? ppftpkd;&&J@ rzG,fr&mvkyfr_ukd onf;rcHEkdifwJh vlxk=uD;eJ@ ausmif;om;xk=uD;[m tiftm;&Sd&Sd aygif;pnf;rdoGm;wmukd awG@=u&wJholawGrSm rsuf&nf rqnfekdifatmifygyJ?

'Davmufrsm;wJh vlxkcsDwufyGJ=uD;ukd ppftpkd;&&J@ zdESdyfr_atmufrSmyJ &J0HhpGmaqmif&Gufvkduf=u wmyg? ta=umuftvef@qkdwm &J&ifwJh ausmif;om;eJ@jynfol=um;rSmb,fvkdrS &Smvkd@rawG@awmhbl;?

ausmif;xJrSm (bJG@ESif;obif crf;ra&S@rSm) yxr xm;=uw,f? aemufcef;rxJukda&$@w,f? ae@a&m/ nyg vlxkw&m;yGJ usif;yw,f? tpkd;&&J@ rw&m;r_eJ@ 'Drkdua&pD qdwfokOf;r_ukd &ifzGifh=uw,f? vlxkvlwef;pm;aygif;pkHbJ? ppfjyefawGawmif ygw,f?

" OD;oef@tkwf*l b,frSmvkyfrvJ"" uefawmfrifyef;jcHrSm ay;rvm; "" q&m=uD; ocifukd,fawmfr_dif;*lab;rSm ay;rvm; "" =uHawmrSmawmh rxm;Ekdifbl; "" tcsdefrDta=umif;rjyef&if or*~jrifcif;jyifrSm *loGif;r,f "'g[m jynfol@psmyeaumfrwD&J@ awmif;qkdcsufbJ? jynfolawG&J@ qENvnf;jzpf

w,f? tcsddefrD jyef=um;n‡dE_dif;r_ vkyfrvmwJhtwGuf (8/ 12/ 74)&ufae@rSm (R.I.T) Adokumausmif;om;awGu ykHpHqGJay;jyD; or*~jrufcif;jyifrSm *loGif;vkdufygw,f?

EkdifiHwumu odaewJh yk*~KdvfjzpfaewJhtwGuf rwkd@&J/ rxd&J c%apmifh=unfhaewJhppftpkd;&[m 'DZifbm 11&ufae@ nae 2em&DavmufrSm xkd;ppfqifwkdufckdufygawmhw,f?rsuf&nf,kdAkH;eJ@cGJ/ aoewfeJ@ypf/ bufeufeJ@ xkd;/ bl'kdZmeJ@ wkdufzsuf/ u&def;eJ@ rcsDjyD;xkwf/ausmif;0ef;wckvHk; i&JyGufawmhw,f?

'gudkrauseyfwJh vlxk}uD;u +rdK@xJrSm qlylv_yf&Sm;=uw,f? ausmif;om;awGudkpmem=uvGef;vdk@yg? 'DvdkeJ@ ausmif;awG&uftuef@towfr&dSydwf+yD; &efukefrSma&m e,fjyefwJhausmif;om;yg '&=urf;zrf;awmhwmygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u tif;pdefaxmifwdkuf cef;wcef; wcef;wdkif;rSm vl(10)a,mufuae (20)a,muftxdxm;cJhwm vJSrtdyf avmufvdk@ ikwfwkwfidkufcJh&w,f?

1975ckESpf arvqef;rSm ausmif;jyefzGifhw,f? ppftpdk;&[m pdwf}uD;uawmfawmf0ifyHk&w,f? ausmif;om;xk[m a=umufoGm;vdk@bJjzpfjzpf/ olwdk@udk em;vnf oGm;vdk@yJjzpfjzpf/ +idrfoGm;vdrfhr,fvdk@ xifyHk&w,f? aemufb,fEdkifiHudk yHkwlul;csovJ rqdkEdkifbl;?"oufqdkif&m0ef}uD;awGu Xmetvdkuf atmufajcqif;+yD; 'l;wdkufaqG;aEG; tajz&Sma&;ay:vpD"udkcsvdkufw,f?

42


'DvdkeJ@ ynma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmcifarmif0if;eJ@ usef;rma&;0ef}uD; a'gufwmvS[efwdk@ 1975ck/ ZGef/ 5&ufae@rSm wdarG;ukwuUodkvfudk vmawG@w,f? ZGef6&ufae@rSm (RIT)udkvmawG@w,f?

"tcuftcJ&dSor# yGifhyGifhvif;vif;wifjyyg? aqG;aEG;&if; tajz&Smr,f? usaemfwdk@ausmif;om;awGajymwmudk wdwf&Daumf'geJ@ zrf;xm;r,f? vHk;0ta&;r,lbl;?"

'Dvdkqdkwmudk;....? tajymuawmh a&$ref;yJ? 'gayr,fh apwemu rrSefbl;?vkyfwmudku twkyJ? wu,fhwu,f aqG;aEG;+yDqdkawmh olwdk@ rsufESmysufukef+yD?olwdk@vdkcsifwJh ar;cGef;awGu pwdkifyifwdk;ay;ygwdk@/ taqmifp&dwfrwufygeJ@wdk@ avmufrSef;yHk&w,f? ausmif;om;ta&;rS wu,fhudk ay:,H&Syfajy;wJh taetxm; rsKd;?

ausmif;om;awG aqG;aEG;=uwmu....

"Armjynf&J@ vuf&dStajctaewdk;wufajymif;vJoGm;zdk@qdk&if wenf;yJ&dSyg w,f?tpdk;&wzGJ@vHk; E_wfxGufay;zdk@ygyJ? wjcm;EdkifiHawGrSm pDrHudef;wckratmifjrif &if (odk@)t&_H;ay:&if oufqdkif&m0ef}uD; E_wfxGufay;&w,f? usaemfwdk@qDrSm pDrHudef;awGysuf/ pD;yGm;a&;awG usqif;jzpfaeayr,fh tpdk;&ut+yHK;rysufjzpfaewm obm0rusbl;"qdkwmawGjzpfvmw,f?

olwdk@xnfhxm;wJh ausmif;om;awGxJu olwdk@ar#mfvifhwJh ar;cGef;taygpm;av;awG ar;ay;=uyg&J@? =umvmawmh qufem;raxmif&Jawmhbl;? 0ef;}uD;awG rsufpdrsufESmysuf+yD; wcgwnf; jyefajy;=uawmhw,f? nae vd_ifaumvdyf(Natural Science)rSmqufaqG;aEG;r,fqdkwJh uwdvnf;ysufoGm;w,f? olwdk@rvm&J=u awmhbl;? ausmif;om;awGu wapmifhapmifheJ@ rdk;csKyfcgeD;vmawmh ausmif;om;xkudk apmfum;wm/ csdef;+yD;rvmbJxif&mpdkif;wmawG@awmh ar/ZGef ESpfvnfv_yf&Sm;r_qdkwm ay:vmw,f? tJ'DrSmvnf; olwdk@&J@twkqdkwmxif&Sm;vmawmh onf;rcHEkdifawmhyJ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfvmw,f?a=uG;a=umfoHawGu

1? ausmif;om;or*~ zGJ@pnf;a&;2? tzrf;cHausmif;om;rsm; jyefv$wfay;a&;3? tzrf;cH tvkyform;rsm; jyefv$wfay;a&;4? tvkyform; ausmif;om; vufwGJa&;5? ukefaps;E_ef; usqif;a&;'DvkdeJ@ &uftuef@towfr&Sd ausmif;awGydwf/ zrf;qD;axmifcs tjyif;txefvkyfcJh

w,f? yl;aygif; zkd@jyifqifwJh tvkyform;awGukd zrf;qD;axmifcs ypfcJhygw,f?1976 azazmf0g&DvrSm ausmif;jyefzGihfw,f? usaemfwkd@&J@ ab;ckHawGrSm ausmif;

om;uGufvyf awG rsm;vmw,f? 'DjrifuGif;awGu ausmif;om;awG&J@ &ifukd eifhapw,f?

43


'DvkdeJ@ rwfvxJa&mufvmw,f? q&m=uD; &mjynfhyGJ vkyfcsifw,f? q&m=uD;qkdwmArmjynf&J@ *k%faqmif jidrf;csrf;a&; erdwfbJ? Armjynfolrsm;eJ@ Armjynf&J@orkdif;ukd tpOfvSyfapcJhol jzpfw,f?

usaemfwkd@vnf; &mjynfhyGJvkyfcsifwmaygh? q&m=uD;ukd xkdufxkdufwefwef *k%fjyKcsifwmaygh? tarrmwkd@vnf; jyifqifae=ujyD? &efukefrSmvnf; *lAdrRmefapmifha&Smufa&;aumfrwDu v_yfv_yf&G&G jzpfaejyD? ÁtdajENtaumif;qkH;uawmh ppftkyfpk=uD;yJ? Akdvfae0if;uq&m=uD;ukd rkef;w,f? wefzkd; rxm;bl;? jynfolawG &J@ tcspfcifqkH; yk*~Kdvfu ol@twGufawmha=umufp&m/ rkef;p&m taumif;qkH;jzpfaejyDaygh?

'ga=umifh wcsufvGwftrdef@ xkwfvkdufw,f?" b,folrS &mjynfhyGJrvkyf& "usaemfwkd@u em;raxmifEkdifbl;? ukd,fhbmomukd,f vkyfzkd@ pDpOf=uw,f? 'DvkdeJ@

rwfv 23&uf ae@ r_dif;*lcsDwuf tav;jyK=uw,f?'kwd, (Seven July) jzpfjyDvkd@ toHawG xGufaew,f? *lAdrRmefukd oGm;&mvrf;

wav#mufeJ@ toHv$ifh&kHxJrSm bufeufwyf/ (G3/ G4)ukdif ppfom;awGu pdrf;pdrf;arSmifaew,f? wvrf;vkH; "gwfykH &kduf &efpaew,f? 'gayrJh ausmif;om;awGuawmh....

" jidrf;csrf;a&;/ jidrf;csrf;a&;.... wkd@ta&;/ wkd@ta&;/ "" jidrf;csrf;a&;ukd zsufqD;ol.... wkd@&efol/ wkd@&efol/ "qkdwJhESpfckeJ@ at;csrf;pGm csDwufcJh=uw,f? *lrSm tav;jyKae=uwkef; 0kdif;xm;wJh

ppfwyfu owfawmhrvkd/ jzwfawmhrvkd vkyfvmw,f? 'geJ@ ausmif;om;awGu aygufuGJvmjyD; oydwftjzpf ajymif;vJvkduf=uw,f?

a=uG;a=umfoHu ar/ZGef 1975 ESpfvnfrSm udkifpGJwJh (5)csufudkyJ qufudkif w,f?'DvdkeJ@ Adkvfae0if;ppftpdk;&u ausmif;ydwf/ zrf;qD;/ axmifcs/ oluaeus &aoh&Spfaomif;ZmwfyJ qufcif;cJhygw,f?

usaemfu 1976ckESpf/ pufwifbm(28)rSm tzrf;cH&w,f? usaemfwdk@ rd_if;&mjynfhtr_wGJudk =o*kwfrSm pD&ifcsufcs+yD;+yD;rdk@ tJ'Dwkef;u rqv vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; t& usaemfhudkwvavmufcsKyf+yD; rv$wfcsifv$wfcsifeJ@ jyefv$wfvdkufw,f? vmv$wffwmu (M.I)u Adkvfr_;wa,mufyJ? usaemf tygt0if (RIT)u 3a,muf eJ@ (Eco)u 2a,mufudk naewckrSmaxmifydwfcgeD;rS jyefv$wfvdkufw,f? v$wffvdkufwJhae@u AdkvfrSL;vkyfolu ajymvdkufwJhrdef@cGef;u rSwfom;avmufw,f?

"rif;wdk@udk cHk&Hk;xyfzGifh+yD; axmifrcsawmhbl;/ ckv$wfvdkufr,f? aemuf+yD;ausmif;xkwfr,f? ausmif;xJudk vHk;0jyefroGm;ygeJ@? ck igwdk@ ay:vpDajymif;vdkuf+yD? (Strike)

tjzpfvHk;0 rcHbl;? rjzpfcifuwnf;u rif;wdk@vdkvlawGudk ausmif;xkwfypf r,f/ zrf;r,f"wJh/

44


tvGefudkajymifajrmufwJhpum;ygyJ?rd_if;&mjynfhv_yf&Sm;rlrSm tjrifhqHk;tjypf'%fu ao'%f/ csif;ausmif;om;

udkwifarmmifOD;udk (20/ 3/ 76) rSm zrf;+yD; ao'%fcsvdkufw,f? odyfr=umcifrSmyJ wu,f}udK;ay;owfypfcJhw,f? ausmif;om;tay: t+idK;}uD;yHkuawmh atmcsavmuf yg&J@?

'Daemufydkif;rSm (Strike)xyfrjzpfa&; trsKd;rsKd;vHk;yrf;vmw,f?1? ausmif;om;awGudk EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfouf&if ausmif;xkwf/ taqmifxkwf

jyif;xefpGm owday;cH&r,fqdkwJh pnf;urf;udk vufrSwfxdk;cdkif;w,f? ausmif;om;udk,fwdkifwif xdk;&wmr[kwfbl;? rdbyg xdk;&wmyg?

2? ausmif;om;udk v#Kd0Sufpm&if;eJ tkyfpk (3)pk aumufxm;w,f? (u)tkyfpkuEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_wGif OD;aqmifEdkifol/ (c)tkyfpku aemufuvdkufygEdkifol/ (*)tkyfpkuEdkifiHa&;udk vHk;0pdwfrygbJ bdef;/ aq;ajcmuf/ t&uf/ taysmftyg;eJ@ aernfhol? tJ'Dpm&if;t&ausmif;om;awGudk taotcsmapmifh=unfhw,f?

3? ausmif;om;owif;ay;awG arG;w,f? ausmif;om;twkawG ausmif;om;xk=um;xJrSm vmxnfhxm;w,f?

4? a'oaumvdyf(16)ckzGif+yD; ausmif;om;awGudk cGJypfw,f?5? pmar;yGJpepfeJ@ zdpD;w,f?( yxrESpf&rSwf/ 'kwd,ESpf&rSwfawGudk q,fwef;trSwf

aygif;+yD; wuUodkvf0ifcGifhudka&G;w,f) twef;}uD;awGvnf; 1ESpf 3 }udrfppf&muae w}udrfxJppfwJhenf;udk ajymif;ypfw,f?

6? EdkifiHa&;uvGJ&if usefwm tukefvkyfcGifhay;w,f? rodcsifa,mifaqmifjyD; tm;ay;w,f? (bdef;/ aq;ajcmuf/ t&uf/ zJ/ zGef)

'DvkdeJ@ ausmif;om;xkukd t oGm;atmif/ EkdifiHa&;vSHoGm; wkH;oGm;atmif vkyfEkdifukdifEkdifpGrf;awG enf;oGm;atmif oif;owfypfw,f? 'D=um;xJuawmif ausmif;om;awG[m (7/7/ 77)rSm v_yf&Sm;r_wck (7/ 7/ 78) rSm v_yf&Sm;r_wck azmfxkwfzkd@ =uKd;yrf;cJh=uao;w,f?axmufvSrf;a&;awG xlxyfaeatmif csxm;wJ htwGuf vlpkaewkef;rSmyJ jzK dc G Jzrf;qD;cHcJh&ao;w,f?

(7/ 7/ 78)&ufae@ v_yf&Sm;r_ukd tpysKd;ol (R.I.T)ausmif;om; ukdat;aomif;qkd&ifppfa=um a&;'%feJ@ wESpfcGJavmuftxd nwkdif; vef@vef@jyD; *a,mifajcmufjcm;awGatmfae&&Smw,f? ppfa=um a&;jyif;vkd@ a&Smhcf (Shock) &oGm;wm? vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdef@trSwf(1§80)vmrSyJ vGwfoGm;&awmh w,f? a=umufjyD; evefrxlEkdifatmif vkyfvkdufwm?ppftm%m&Sifpepf wnfjrJa&;twGuf 'Drkdua&pD vkdvm;olrSefor#ukd ppfa=uma&;pcef;rSmb0ysufoGm;/ 'kuQjzpfoGm;/ wcsKd@&l;oGyfoGm;/ wcsKd@ toufyg qkH;&_H;oGm;atmif tjyif;txefESdyfuGyfcJhygw,f?

45


ppftkyfpk&J@ 'Dvkd Om%feD/ O%feufrsm;[m ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd &yfwef@apEkdifygovm;?

'Drkdua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifhta&; qdwfokOf;aeor# jynfwGif;ppf rD;avmifu|rf;aeor#/w&m;r#wr_ /vGwfvyfr_/ nDnGwfr_awG r&Sdao;or#/ ppftm%m&Sifpepf oufqkd;&Snfaeor#/ppfrSefwJh 'Drkdua&pD ekdifiHawmfopfukd vGwfvyf trSDckduif;rJhpGm rwnfaqmifao;or#/jynfolawG&J@b0 rvkHjcKHao;or# vlxk v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;/ ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;qkdwmawG[mqufvuf&SdaerSmyJ jzpfygw,f?

'ga=umifhvnf; 'Davmufjzwfawmuf tarSmifcsxm;wJh=um;u 1987pufwifbmvrSm aiGpuUL v_yf&Sm;r_ wuUodkvftESH@tjym;rSm ay:cJhwmyg?

tjyefp&dwfay;/ ausmif;ydwfay;jyD; =uyfylwkduf qDref; ref;ay;&kHeJ@ v_yf&Sm;r_[m&yfwef@roGm; ygbl;? c% ikwfcsif ikwfaer,f? 'gayrJh ppftm%m&Sifpepf[m emwm&Snfa&m*gvkd jzpfaewJh Armjynf&J@ uH=urRmukd b,fvkdwnfjidrfat;csrf;atmif aqmif&GufEkdifrSmvJ?

'ga=umifhvnf; 1988ckESpf rwfv 13&ufESifh 16&ufrSm bufeufawG=um;/aoewfawG=um;/ 'kdif;awG/ wkwfawG=um;rSmukdbJ &J&J&ifh&ifh v_yf&Sm;cJhwJh ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_awG jzpfay:cJhw,f? qufwdkuf bJ 1988 ZGef ajreDukef;v_yf&Sm;r_/ aemufb,fvdkrS +idrf;owfr&awmhwJh &Spfav;vHk; ta&;awmfyHk}uD; txd jzpfvmcJh&w,f? 'Daemufydkif;rSmvnf;1993(NC)qef@usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_/ 1996 'DZifbmv_yf&Sm;r_/ 1998 =o*kwf0ef;usifv_yf&Sm;r_/1999 pufwifbm0ef;usifv_yf&Sm;r_/ qdkwmawG[m umva'oeJ@ udkufnDwJh a=uG;a=umfoHawGeJ qifhuJqifhuJ rem;wrf; ay:aygufvmaewmawG[m ausmif;om;eJ@ jynfolwxyfwnf;/ wom;wnf;jzpfaew,fqdkwm &Sif;vif;vSygw,f?

1988 ZGefvxJrSm &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;0ef;xJrSm Auo taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; udkrdk;oD;ZGefajymwJh pum;&dSygw,f?

"usaemfwdk@ ckv_yf&Sm;aewJhudpPu uGefygbl;r&wJhudpP/ pmtkyfrvHkavmuf wJh udpPa=umifh r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxk&J@ a0'emawGa=umifh/ jynfolawG&J@ 'kuQawG a=umifhjzpfw,f"qdkwJh pum;[m tzdk;wefvSw,fvdk@ usaemf,Hk=unfrdw,f?

1989ckESpf/rwfv 13&ufae@ zkef;armfESpfvnf (RIT) jrufcif;jyifrSm Auo OuUXudkrif;udkEdkif&J@ pum;uvnf;....

"jynfolawG&J@aoG;awG vrf;ray:rSm rajcmufao;bl;? aoG;!DSeH@awG ckxufxd&aewkef;yJ? 'DtcsdefrSm usaemfwdk@u '*Hkyef;jcHrSm oGm;+yD; aysmfoifhygovm;? *k%fwk*k%f+ydKifjyZmwfudk oGm;=unfhaeoifhygovm;? usaemfwdk@ tvkyfawGtrsm;}uD; qufvkyf=u&vdrfhr,f"

'Dpum;awG/ 'D&yfwnfcsufawGa=umifhvnf; ppftkyfpk[m a=umufoxuf a=umufvm=u+yD; abmvDabmawGykwfukef=u+yD? tjypfawG [dkv$Jcs 'Dv$Jcs vkyfvm=u+yD?

46


ordkif;qdkwm cJzsufeJ@ zsuf+yD;jyefa&;vdk@ &aumif;aomt&m r[kwfbl;qdk wmawmholwdk@vnf; &dyfrdpjyKvmyg+yD? 'ga=umifh (Union)udk rdkif;cGJ+zdKcscJhwm b,folvJqdkwmeJ@ywfouf+yD; Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@ 1975 ZGefpmwrf;rSm Adkvfausmfpdk; eJ@ Adkvfoef;pdfefudk v$Jcsxm;w,f? Adkvfae0if;&J@ (23/ 7/ 88) ta&;ay:nDvmcH rdef@cGef;rSmawmh tJ'g[m Adkvfatmif}uD;&J@vufcsufygvdk@ qdkjyefw,f? Adkvfatmif}uD;uvnf; tif;vsm;uefabmif wHwm;eDwdkufyGJudkusL;vGefwm[m (Human Rights)udpPjzpfoGm;+yD? tJ'g OuUX}uD;eJ@ rqdkifbl; wGJzuf}uD;(AdkvfpdefvGif) wm0efbJvdk@ qdkvmjyefw,f?

b,foludk b,foluv$Jcscs? ordkif;qdkwm ysufroGm;bl;?udk,fpdkufxm;wJtyifudkudk,fudkwdkifyJ &dwf=u&ygvdrfhr,f?

Akdvfae0if;vm;/ Adkvfatmif}uD;vm;/ Adkvfausmfpdk;vm;/ AdkvfpdefvGifvm;...?b,folyJjzpfjzpf wae@rSm taotcsm&Sif;=u&rSmyg? ordkif;[m ordkif;tjzpf

urBmwnfoa&G@ &Sdaeygvdrfhr,f?usaemfhaqG;aEG;csuf tawmfav;&SnfoGm;yg+yD?usaemf tav;teuf wifjycsifwmuawmh Auo qdkwm xm0&&Sifoefaer,f

qdkwm&,f.....?b,fvdktm%m&Sif b,fvdkwefcdk;&SifurS +zdKzsufvdk@ r+ydKbl;qdkwm&,fygyJ?(Union) taqmuftOD &Sdonfjzpfap/ r&Sdonfjzpfap Auo uawmh xm0&

&Sifoefaer,fqdkwm ppftkyfpktaeeJ@ owdcsyfxm;zdk@ vdkvdrfhr,fqdkwJhta=umif;udkawmhusaemftav;teuf owday;vdkufyg&ap?

usqHk;oGm;ol taygif;eJ@ wdkufyGJ0ifaeol taygif;wdk@udk txl;vd_ufvSJaompdwfeJ@OD;n$wftav;jyKv#uf..........?

(om,m0wD tusOf;axmifxJwGif usif;yjyKvkyfonfh Zlvdkif (7) &ufae@ tcrf;tem;wGifzwf=um;onfh pmwrf;jzpf+yD; tusOf;axmifxJwGif xkwfa0onfh a'gufjzKwfoH pmapmifwGif

az: jycJhygonf?)

(tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS xkwfa0jzef@csdaom (7) Zlvdkif pmtkyfrS jyefvnfaz: jywifqufygonf?)

ZGefrd_i f; (7/ 7/ 2002)

47


(7) &uf Zlvdkif&J hordkif;u (7) &uf Zlvdkif&J hordkif;u (7) &uf Zlvdkif&J hordkif;u (7) &uf Zlvdkif&J hordkif;u (7) &uf Zlvdkif&J hordkif;u¾¾¾¾¾

(1)(7)&uf Zlvdkifta&;tcif;[m Adkvfae0if;tm%modrf;jyD;vdk@ av;v=umwJhtcgrSm

ay:aygufwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtm%modrf;r_[m acwfopf Armjynfordkif;&J@ tajymif;tvJtauG@ tcsdK;}uD;wckjzpfygw,f? Adkvfae0if;wdk@ppftkyfpk[m ppftkyfpkrsdK;qufeJ@csDjyD;wdkif;jynftm%mudk odrf;ydkufawmhr,f? wu,fh&nf&G,fcsufudkrajymbJ wdkif;&if;om;awGtay: rw&m;pGyfpGJjyD; tm%modrf;cJhwmjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m& yxp eJ@ t"dutwdkuftcH zqyvwdk@[m awGoGm;jyD; (1958-60) tm%modrf;r_wkef;uvdk Adkvfae0if;utm%mjyefv$Javrvm;vdk@ vlawG[m Adkvfae0if;ajymwJh qdk&S,fvpfpum;udk oGm;&nfus+yD;ppftpdk;&udk axmufcHajymvnf; prf;w0g;0g;a&;om;azmfjyae=uygw,f? olwdk@taeeJ@tzrf;cH&rSmeJ@ owif;pmwdkuftydwfcH&rSmudk owdxm;ae=uwJh oabmvnf;ygygw,f?

(2)'Dvdktaetxm;rSm wuoeJ@ Auo wdk@uae ppftpdk;&tm%modrf;wmudk

uef@uGufa=umif; twdtvif; a=ujimvdkufygw,f? 'g[mtm%m&jyD;ump rmefwufaewJhppftkyfpkudk trsufajcmif;ajcmif;xGufapcJhygw,f? twdkuftcHEdkifiHa&;orm;}uD;awGawmifrajym0Hhwmudk 'Dravmufav;ravmufpm; ausmif;om;av;awGu &m&mpp ajym&paumif;vm; qdkjyD; ppfOD;bDvl;ozG,for*~eJ@ ausmif;om;awGtay: OD;OD;zsm;zsm; &rf;um;&ufpufcJhwm[m t"dutm;jzifh 'Dta=umif;a=umifhyg? ol@b0rSm ausmif;om;or*~awGeJ@ a,mifvdk@rS rywfoufvdk@rS rywfoufcJhxl;wJh Adkvfae0if;[m ordkif;0if&efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;

zdk;oH(vlxk)

48


rsm; or*~taqmuftOD}uD;udk rdkif;AHk;eJ@jzdKypfcdkif;cJhwm[m txufuajymcJhwJh emusnf;csufa=umifhjzpfw,fvdk@qdk&if rrSm;ygbl;? ppfrjzpfrDu ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm yg0ifcJhwJhusaemfhrdcifqdk&if tJ'Dwkef;u udk,fhem;udk,f r,HkEdkifavmufatmifjzpfoGm;jyD; olwdk@ES,frdkuf&dkif;vdkufavvdk@ wjzpfawmufawmuf ajymcJhwm tcktxd rSwfrdaeygw,f?

(3)Adkvfae0if;u ausmif;om;awGudk owfjyvdkufwm[m wu,fu wjynfvHk;udk

+cdrf;ajcmufvdkufwmjzpfygw,f? "g;"g;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif;&ifqdkifr,fvdk@ a'gorxdef;EdkifbJajymwJhtxdjzpfcJhw,f? 'Dpum;=um;awmh vufeufrJhausmif;om;awGtay: armufarmufrmrm pdefac:aewJh wdkif;jynfacgif;aqmif}uD;udkvnf; vlxku tHh=o=u&ygw,f? trSefuausmif;om;or*~awG tay:rSm xm;&SdwJh Adkvfae0if;&J@ tmCmw[m ordkif;eJ@csDjyD; ol@&ifxJ/acgif;xJrSm udef;atmif;aecJhwmjzpfygw,f? ocifatmifqef;tyg ol@&J@ EdkifiHa&;jydKifbufawGvdk@ olowfrSwfxm;olawGtm;vHk;vdkvdk[m or*~rSm xdyfydkif;u v_yf&Sm;cJholawGjzpfygw,f? aemufjyD; wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;rSm ol@q&m ocifApdef/ ocifxGef;tkyfwdk@eJ@t+ydKifq&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfrd_if;&J@ ausmaxmufaemufcH tiftm;[m ausmif;om;or*~0ifa[mif;awGr[kwfvm;? 'DvlowfyGJ[m tJ'D&efjidK;awGudk azmufcGJvdkufwmvdk@ajym&ifvnf;rrSm;ygbl;? ol@wav#mufvHk; t&H_;ay;cJh&wJh ausmif;om;or* ~udk jyeftEdkif,lwJhoabmjzpfygw,f?

(4)ol@&J@ 'DvlowfyGJ[m ausmif;om;awGudkom OD;wnfwm r[kwfbJ wjynfvHk;udk

jrifw,fr[kwfvm; }unfhxm;}u vdk@ pHjyvkyfjyvdkufwmyg? wdkif;jynf&J@ tnGef@tzl;vdk@qdkwJhtoufi,f&G,fwJh ausmif;om;awGudkawmif owf&Jw,f? usefwJh tv$m toD;oD;udk awmhajymp&mrvdkbl; qdkwJh t"dyg,fyg? 'Dvlowfr_[m aemifppftpdk;& tqufquf twGuf&J&JowfjzwfwJh tpOftvmudk xlaxmifay;vdkufwm/ &Jaq;wifay;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f:

trSef0efcH&&if usaemfh wOD;csif;a&m/ wjcm; usaemfodor# tzGJ@ tpnf;awGa&mvlyk*~dKvfawGyg Adkvfae0if; 'gavmufrdkufrdkuf &dkif;&dkif; vkyfvdrfhr,fvdk@ ar#mfvifhrxm;wmtrSefyg? omrmefArmjynfom;wa,muftaeeJ@ 'gavmuf&ufpufvdrfhr,fvdk@ rwGufrdcJhygbl;/ 'DvdkeJ@ 'Dtjzpftysuf ay:aygufvdkufwJhtwGuf tm;vHk;[m pOf;pm;r_enf;em/ vufawG@jyiffqifr_ pwmawG tm;vHk;rSm t&ifueJ@ rwlwmawGcsnf; jzpfukefygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@wcsdK@ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG awmcdkwm txdjzpfcJhygw,f?

(5)ausmif;om;or*~awG[m (1962)ckESpfupjyD; ordkif;rSm yxrqHk;tjzpf ajratmuf

cdkcJh&ygw,f? 'Dt&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGtzrf;cH&wma&m tzrf;rcH&wm

49


a&m tzrf;rcH&atmif a&Smif&Sm;=uwmyg&Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;om;or*~awGuawmhqufvufvnfywfaecJhw,f? usefaeolawGu zrf;xm;olawGudk jyefv$wfay;zdk@/ausmif;xkwfcH&olawGudk ausmif;aecGifhay;zdk@ qufwdkufyGJ0if=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh (1962)ckESpfaemufrSm usawmh t"du or*~&Hk;rsm;vdk@qdk&r,fh &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;or*~taqmuf tOD}uD;eJ@ rEWav; wuUodkvfu or* ~wJ}uD;udk ppftpdk;&u +zdKypfvdkufjyD;b,fol@udkrSv_yf&Sm;cGifh ray;awmhygbl;? tJ'Daemuf(1963) ckESpfrSm rqvtpdk;&uawmwGif;eJ@ aphpyfaqG;aEG;zdk@ vkyfw,fqdkwJh tcgrSm tzrf;cHxm;&olawGudkvnf;awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpdk;&u v$wfay;&ygw,f tJ'Daemuf ykef;atmif;aewJh ausmif;om;awGvnf; jyefxGufvm=ujyD; usefaewJh vlawGeJ@ twl or*~vkyfief;rsm;udk jyefp=uygw,f?'gayr,fh 'g[m vtenf;i,fomcHygw,f? Adkvfae0if;u aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&; rsufvSnfhyGJawmfcsdefwefjyD;vdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkufwmeJ@ pmyGJ0dkif;awGudk zsufodrf;jyD; awmwGif;tiftm;pkawGudkawmxJjyefcdkif;um +rdK@ay:rSm vlzrf;yGJawG t}uD;tus,fvkyfawmhwmyg? tJ'DvdkeJ@ ausmif;om;or*~awG ajratmufv#dK;oGm;&wm[m 'Dae@txdygyJ?

(6)Adkvfae0if;u *rl;&_;xdk;eJ@ or*~taqmuftOD;}uD;udk +zdKcGJvdkufwm[m Adkvfae0if;

wdk@udk ordkif;w&m;cHtjzpf aowJhtxd awmufav#muf wap>ajcmufcJhygw,f aemufydkif;rSmolwdk@csif; tjyeftvSefvufnSKd;xdk;&if; Adkvfatmif}uD;eJ@uGJ&mrSm tcsuftvufjzpfvmcJhygw,f? wu,fqdk 'Dtcsufu twGif;odjzpfwJh Adkvfatmif}uD;taeeJ@ Adkvfae0if;qDrSmrsufESmcsdKaoG;a&;twGufyJ toHk;csoGm;cJhygw,f? ordkif;&J@jzpf&yfrSefawGudk xkwfazmfavmufatmif owWdr&Sda=umif; jyooGm;ygw,f? ordkif;udk jyef=unfh&if Adkvfae0if;tygt0ifb,fppftm%m&Sifrqdk olwdk@udk,fwdkif qHk;jzwfwmyg? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u olwOD;wnf;qHk;jzwfwmyg? b,folrS jyefajym0Hhwm r[kwfygbl;? 'gudk twGif;odvdk@qdk&r,fh uawmfawGuyk*HoD&dypP,m a[mfw,frSm tcsif;csif;ajym=uwmudk =um;&+yD; Adkvfae0if; wcgxyfjyD;aoG;vef@ &w,fr[kwfygvm;?

(7)(7)&uf Zlvdkifausmif;om;owfyGJ}uD; +yD;wJh tcgrSm jynfolvlxktwGif; ppftpdk;&eJ@

ywfoufvdk@ tjrif&Sif;oGm;=uygw,f? tJ'Dumvu EdkifiHa&;eJ@ ywfoufvm&if'DvlowfyGJtay: &_jrifyHk/ &yfwnfcsufyHk tay:rlwnfjyD; tuJjzwf=uygw,f? 'g[m tJ'Dwkef;u vlyk* ~dKvfeJ@tzGJ@tpnf;awGudkwdkif;wmwJh pHwckygyJ? jynfolvlxk[m rqveJ@ aygif;wJhvlawGty: 'DudpP}uD;ay: jyD;aemufrSm ydkjyD;arwWmysufoGm;ygw,f?

ajray:vuf0Jorm;awGxJrSmvnf; rqveJ@ aygif;oleJ@ raygif;ol&,fvdk@ twd

50


tvif; uGJjym;oGm;ygw,f? rqveJ@ wGJoGm;olawGtxJrSm EdkifiHa&; tpOftvm}uD;olawG/emrnf}uD;olawG yg=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@crsm tJ'DajcvSrf;upjyD; jynfolvlxkeJ@ uif;uGmoGm;vdkufwm EdkifiHa&;t& vHk;vHk; jyefemvHrxlawmhygbl;? 'ga=umifh 'Dta&;tcif;[mtJ'Dtcgu bDvl;pnf; vlpnf; cGJ&mrSmvnf; tifrwef ta&;ygwJh tcef;u yg&SdcJhw,fvdk@qdkEdkifygw,f?

(8)'ga=umifh (1962)ckESpf tm%modrf;r_[m ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;ZmwfcHk&J@ tcif;tusif;

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk ajymif;vJoGm;apw,fvdk@qdk&if rrSm;ygbl;? (1966)ckESpfrSmusaemfaxmifxJudk a&mufawmh axmifxJrSm usaemhft&if a&mufESifhwJh oHCmawmfawG/ausmif;om;awG/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG &Sdygw,f? 'gayr,fh t&ifwkef;u EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;tjzpf awG@&avh&SdwJh qdk&S,feDwdk@/ jynfol@&Jabmfwdk@ rawG@&oavmufjzpfaeygw,f?aemufwESpfavmufaerS jynfol@ &JabmfxJu (tJtcsdefrSm rvny-jrefrmEdkifiHtvkyform;nDnGwfa&; ygwDvdk@emrnf,lxm;wJh) jynfol@&Jabmfu acgif;aqmiftcsdK@vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;xJ jyef0ifzdk@ pnf;&Hk;v_yf&Sm;=uvdk@ tzrf;cH&jyD; axmifxJa&mufvmygw,f? Adkvfwifhw,f acgif;aqmifwJh tzGJ@yg? 'DvdkeJ@ axmifxJrSm wdkufyGJawGazmf=uwJhtcgusawmh rEWav; c&dkif Auou usaemfwdk@[m zqyvwdk@/ yxp/ rvny/ tvHeDpwmawGeJ@ vufwGJjyD; axmiftm%mydkifawGudk wdkufaewm awG@vm&ygw,f? ArmjynfEdkifiHa&;&J@ t"du yÉdyuQ[m ajymif;oGm;jyDudk;?

(9)aemufqHk;wcsuf taeeJ@ajym&&if ausmif;om;awG[m ordkif;rSm r}uHKzl;wJh

rpOf;pm; rar#mfvifhcJhwJh &ufpufowfjzwfr_}uD;eJ@ tzdESdyfcHvdkuf&ayr,fh aemufwGef@jcif;vHk;0 r&SdbJ or*~vkyfief;awGudk rsdK;quf wqufjyD;wquf &wJhenf;aygif;pHkeJ@ qufvufo,faqmifae=uqJqdkwJh tcsufygyJ? ArmjynfrSm ausmif;om;qdkwm&Sdaeoa&G@ ausmif;om;or* ~qdkwmwnf&SdaerSmygyJ?

zdk;oH(vlxk)


51


1962ckESpf/ rwfv(2)&ufae@u Adkvfae0if; tr_;jyKonfh ppftm%modrf;r_jzpfygG;cJhonf?Ttm%modrf;r_ESifhtwl ,ciforwa[mif; pyfa&$odkuftjyif/ orwref;0if;armifESifh 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkOD;aqmifonfh yxrtpdk;& wzGJ@vHk; zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf?Adkvfae0if;u xdkppftm%modrf; tpdk;&udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpD[k a=unmcJhonf? odk@&mwGif ‚wdk hudkrnfolur# awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&[k r,lqacs? txl;ojzifh vli,fausmif;om;rsm;u ‚wdk hudk vHk;0 t,Hkt=unfr&SdcJhacs?

1962 ckESpf/ ZGefv &efukefwuUodkvf jyefzGifhI &ufydkif;twGif;rSmyif wuUodkvfausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDudk zsufodrf;vdkuf+yD; wuUodkvfausmif;udk awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtrnfcH ppftkyfcsKyfa&;atmufodk h oGwfoGif;vdkufonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif wuUodkvfausmif;ESifh ywfoufI pnf;rsnf;pnf;urf; trsdK;rsdK;udk xkwfvmonf? &efukefwuUodkvfausmif; tkyfcsKyfa&;onf rlvtpOftvmt& q&m/ ausmif;om;/ tpdk;& oHk;bufaygif;tkyfcsKyfa&; jzpfyGg;cJh+yD; rsm;pGm tqifajycJhonf? xdktkyfcsKyfa&; pepfudk zsufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;atmufodk h &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk oGwfoGif;vdkufonfhtcg awmfvSefa&;tpOftvmtvGef}uD;cJhonfh ordkif;0if ausmif;om;or*~rsm;u vHk;0vufrcHEdkifacs? xdk ha=umifhTppftkyfcsKyfa&; y,fzsuf&ef topfcsrSwfvmonfh ausmif;pnf;urf;rsm;udk y,fzsufay;&efZlvdkif(7)&ufae hwGif ausmif;om;rsm;aºu;a=umfqENjycJh=uonf?

xdkqENjyyGJonf naeydkif;(4)em&Dcef ha&mufoGm;onfhtcg ausmif;ol/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf qENjyyGJudk vlcsif;cJGI &yfqdkif;xm;&ef ausmif;om;or*~taqmufOD;a&S@rS

ref;&Smvm;zef

Zlvdkif(7)&uf pdwf"gwf t"Gef h&Snfygapæ

52


jyefvnfxGufcGgcJh=u+yDjzpfonf? xdktcsdefrSmyif AdkvfpdefvGif OD;pD;onfh Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;(4) 0ifa&mufvm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udk 0dkif;xm;vdkufonfhtcg ausmif;om;rsm;jyefvnfpkpnf;vm+yD; wr[kwfjcif; wif;rmvmcJhonf? ‚aemuf Ad kvfpdefvGif.trdef@ay;r_jzifh ypfowfr_jzpfyGg;cJh&m rdepftenf;i,ftwGif; ausmif;olausmif;om;(150)ausmfaoqHk;cJh&+yD; trsm;tjym; '%f&m&&SdcJh=uonf? aoqHk;oGm;onfh ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;. tavmif;rsm;udkvnf; ppftkyfpku ajzmufzsufypfcJhonf? ppftkyfpk. &ufpufpGmowfjzwf+yD; tavmif;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufypfonfh "avhonf xdktcsdefrSm pwifjrpfzsm;cHcJhjcif;jzpfonf?

Zlvdkif(8)&ufae h aemufw&uf eHeuf(4)em&Dcef hwGifrl ppftkyfpkonf awmfvSefa&;tpOftvm}uD;rm;onfh ausmif;om;or*~taqmuftOD;(Union) }uD;udk azmufcGJzsufqD;&mxdkaygufuGJr_}uD;onf urm&GwfwckvHk; wkefcgoGm;onftxd jyif;xefcJh+yD; (Union)wckvHk;tkwfyHktwd ysufpD;cJh&kHru rEWav;aqmif. trdk;wcsdK hESifh t"dywdvrf;&Sd vloGm;vrf;ausmufjym;}uD;rsm;yif trsm;tjym; a=urGysufpD;cJhonf? xdkae hrSpI &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;udktuef htowfr&Sd ydwfvdkuf&m wifharmzG,f vSypnfum;cJhonfh &efukefwuUodkvf}uD;onfvaygif;rsm;pGm okomefwpjyife,f wdwfqdwf+idrfouf aecJhonf?

1963 ckESpf ausmif;jyefzGifh+yD; r=umrD Zlvdkifv(7)&ufae hwGif Zlvdkif(7)&uf wESpfajrmuftxdrf;trSwfESifh ,m,Dor*~taqmuftOD; zGifhyGJudk jyKvkyfcJh=uonf? xdkae hwGifwuoOuUÏ udkAaqGav;/ AuoOuUÏ udkouf/ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifa[mif; udk,k/

ta&;awmfyHk&mausmfausmufwdkifESifh ausmif;om;xkjyefvnfwnfaqmufxm;aomausmif;om;or*~,m,DtaqmuftOD (1963)

53


ref;&Smvm;zef


udkpdk;odef;wdk h&J&Jawmufrdef hcGef;rsm;udk ajymcJh=uonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif ESpfukefydkif;wGif(6)c&dkif +idrf;csrf;a&;qENjyyGJ}uD; wGif ausmif;om;xk}uD; yg0ifcJh=uonf? 1963 ckESpfawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yJG ysufoGm;onfh tcgwGifrl ausmif;om; trsm;tjym; xyfrHzrf;qD; cH&+yD;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; jzpfonfh udkAaqGav;/udkouf/ udkwifxGef;/ udkpdk;0if;/udkOm%f0if; tygt0if ausmifom;trsm;tjym; awmcdkcJh=uonf? ‚wdk htxJwGif [oFmwrSpma&;ol.ausmif;aebuf apm[ife&Dvnf; u&ifhawmfvSefa&;odk h a&muf&SdcJhonf?‚onf (7)&ufZlvdkifwGif aygifwzuf t&dk;a=urGoGm;+yD; vrf;av#muf&mwGif =unfhraumif;avmufatmif edrfhjrifh aecJhonf?

Zlvdkif(7)&uf ta&;awmfyHk}uD;onf ,ckqdkv#if (44)ESpfwif;wif; jynfhcJh+yDjzpfonf?odk h &mwGif xdkpOfu yHkum;csyfrsm;ESifh twl t"dywdvrf;/ tif;,m;uef/ opfykyfyif/ ydawmuf/pdefyef; uHhaumf/ bGJ hESif;obifwdk h. yHk&dyfrsm; ,ae hwdkif vef;qef;aeqJ jzpfonf?awmwGif;odk@a&mufcJh +yD; wuUodkvf ausmif;}uD;ESifh ESpf(40)wdkifwdkif a0;cJhonfhwdkif twdwfrS t&dyfrsm;um;r_ef0g; roGm;cJhacs?

ppftkyfpkonf T(44)ESpfwm umvtwGif; rw&m;r_rsm;udk qef husifonfhvli,fausmif;om;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;pdwf"gwfudk Ekwfy,fypf&ef vli,fausmif;om;rsm;udku|efynma&;pepf usifh oHk;+yD; u|efoabmufvdk zdESdyfu|efjyKxm;&ef }udK;yrf;cJhonf? odk haomfvli,fausmif;om;rsm;. vGyfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_udk jrwfEdk;onfh pdwf"gwfudk E_wfy,fzsufqD;jcif;iSm rpGrf;Edkifacs? Zlvdkif(7)&uf. pdwf"gwfonf tpOf&Sifoef aernfom jzpfonf?

,ae humvonf wdkif;jynfwckvHk; ppfu|efb0atmuf jym;jym;arSmufae&qJjzpfonf?ausmif;om;or*~rsm;udkyifv#if vGwfvyfpGm zGJ hpnf;cGifh r&=uacs? xdk ha=umif ,ae@ausmif;om;rsm;taejzifh T(7) &ufZlvdkif pdwf"gwfudk pdkufxlI r+yD;qHk;ao;aom ordkif;ay;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;=u&ef wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmf vdkufygonf? (7)Zlvdkif pdwf"gwf t"Gef@&Snfygap æ?

54


q&mvlxkpdef0if;udk 1940 jynhfESpf =o*kwfv 13 &ufae@wGif rEœav;+rdKŒ YarG;zGm;cJh+yD; rEœav; vzkef;txdrf;trSwf txufwef;ausmif;(Lafon Memorial High

School) / rEœav;wuUokdvfESihf &efukefwuUodkvfrsm;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf1964 ckESpfwGif vlxkowif;pmY *sme,fvpfwpfOD;tjzpf pwifvkyfudkifcJh+yD; 1967 ckESpfwGifvlxkowif;pm ydwfodrf;jcif;cH&+yD; q&mvlxkpdef0if;ESihf t,f'Dwmig;OD; zrf;qD;cHcJh&onf?axmif'%f 13 ESpf csrSwfcHcJh&+yD; EkdifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;omxm;&Sdaom udkudk;uíef;okd@ydk@aqmifcHcJh&um 1971 ckESpfwGif tif;pdefaxmifokd@ jyefvnfajymif;a&$ŒcHcJh&onf? 1976ckESpfwGif tusOf;axmifrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufcJh+yD; r=umrDrSmyif aemufwpf}udrf axmif'%fav;ESpf uscHcJh&jyefonf?

tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif oHk;ESpf=um oD;jcm;xm;&Sdjcif; cHcJh&+yD;aemuf avjzwfa&m*gcHpm;&+yD; 1980 ckESpfwGif axmifrSjyefvnfvGwfajrmufcJhonf? jyefvnfvGwfajrmufcsdefwGif avjzwf+yD; nmbuf udk,fwpfjcrf;aooGm;&mrS b,fvufjzihf pma&;usihf+yD;pmayrsm;udk qufvufa&;om;cJhonf? xkd@aemuf aetdrfYyif t*Fvdyfpum;ajymoifwef;zGifvSpfcJh+yD; pmaya&;om;jcif;ESihf pmoif=um;jcif;wkd@udk wGJzufvkyfaqmifcJhygonf?ruG,fvGefrDtcsdefxd uavmifcGJ 15 ckjzihf aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhonf? txif&Sm;qHk;uavmifcGJwpfckrSm 0if;aZmfjzpfygonf?

q&m vlxkpdef0if;owif;pmq&m}uD; vlxk pdef0if; txdrf;trSwf pmrsufESm

txkywWdtusOf;

55


pmayjzwfoef;r_taejzihf 1964 ckESpfwGif apmrdkcrf;yifudk,fa&; tcspf0w ˆKxGuf&SdcJ hygonf? tqdkygckESpfYyif awmifAD,uferfrS i&Jcef;rsm;pmtkyfudk 0if;aZmfuavmifjzihf bmomjyefqdk xkwfa0cJhygonf? 1965 ckESpfwGif 'tvHrvSJpwrf;'bmomjyefpmtkyfudk 0if;aZmfuavmifjzihf yxrqHk;t}udrf xkwfa0cJh+yD; xkdpmtkyfonf q&mvlxkpdef0if;. txif&Sm;qHk; pmtkyfjzpfcJhygonf? 'tvHrvSJpwrf;'pmtkyfudk 1975 ckESpfwGif wpf}udrf2012 ckESpfwGif wpf}udrf xyfrHxkwfa0cJh=uygonf? 1966 ckESpfwGif 0if;aZmf trnfjzihfyif'tjzLeJ@t0g' bmomjyefpmtkyf xGuf&SdcJhonf? 1998 ckEspfwGif '&Sufpdwf' aqmif;yg;aygif;csKyfpmtkyf xGuf&SdcJhygonf? 1999 ckESpfaemufydkif; xGuf&SdcJhonhf pmtkyfrsm;rSm vlxkpdef0if;uavmifjzihf a&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfcJh+yD; 'armf'efvufzuf&nf yef;uefxJrS rkefwkdif;i,fESihf tjcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;/ vli,feJ@tcspf/ t&SufeJ@wefzdk;/ pme,fZif; ta&;tom; yHkpHopf/ qm,dkem&m (0if;aZmfuavmifjzihf bmomjyef)/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;eJ@ a=umfnmtwwfynm'tp&Sdaom pmtkyfrsm; xGuf&SdcJhygonf? 2002 ckESpfwGif ' pdwfcsrf;omatmif b,fvkdae&rvJESihf tjcm;aqmif;yg;rsm;/ ta&SŒudkarSsmfI taemufudk =unhfjcif;aqmif;yg;rsm;'tp&Sdonhfpmtkyfrsm; xGuf&SdcJh+yD; 2003 ckESpf 'owif;ynm aomif;ajymif;axGvm'pmtkyfxGuf&SdcJhygonf?

q&mvlxkpdef0if;onf rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmpmayavmuwGif pmta&;EkdifqHk;yk*~dKvfwpfOD;tjzpf xif&Sm;oljzpfonf? rnfonhfta=umif;t&mudkrqdk EkdifiHa&;todudktajccHxm;+yD; pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&ef wkdufwGef;ajymqdkavh&Sdonhf q&mvlxkpdef0if;. pmrsm;rSmvnf; EkdifiHa&;tod tajccHjzihf csOf;uyfa&;om;cJhaom pmayrsm;jzpfcJhonf?

q&mvlxkpdef0if;onf jynfolrsm;twGuf ESpfaygif; 40 ausmf uavmifpGrf;jzihftusKd;jyKcJh+yD; a&;om;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;onf jynfwGif;Yomru EkdifiHwumuygtodtrSwfjyKjcif;udk cHcJh&onf?

q&mvlxkpdef0if;onf yHkrSeftm;jzihf wpf&ufvSsif aqmif;yg;ESpfyk'fE_ef;jzihf aqmif;yg;rsm;ae@pOf a&;om;cJhonhf 0g&ihfowif;pmq&m}uD; jzpfygonf? tywfpOfxkwf*sme,frsm;wGifaqmif;yg;rsm; yHkrSefa&;om;vsuf&Sdaeaom q&mvlxk pdef0if;onf usef;rma&;tajctaea=umihf aqmif;yg;a&;om;r_rsm;udk 2012 ckESpf {jyDvtwGif;rS pwifjyD; &yfem;xm;cJha=umif;od&onf?

q&m}uD; vlxkpdef0if; (touf 72 ESpf) onf ZGefv 17 &ufae@ eHeuf 10 em&Dcef@wGif a&$*Hkwdkif txl;ukaq;¶kH}uD;okd@ usef;rma&;tajctaea=umihf wufa&muf aq;ukor_cH,lcJh+yD; n 11 em&D/ rdepf 30 tcsdefwGif emwm&Snf tqkwfa&m*gjzihf uG,fvGefcJhygonf?

(Eleven Media Group rS&,laz: jyygonf?)

56


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tpdk;&u rdbvm;/ jynfolu rdbvm;

vlxkpdef0i f;

57


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58


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'grS 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfrSmyg?(vlxkpdef0if;)

vlxkpdef0i f;

59


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olwdk hjrifaom AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;

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60


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AdkvfcsLyf. tvkyfvkyfykHudkvnf; tus,fcsJ@p&mrvdk/ ol.pdwfxJwGif vGwfvyfa&;vkyfief;wpfckudkom pdkufvdkufrwfwwfpGJI aeav&m/ rdk;vif;rS oef;acgifausmftxdolwumxufydk I tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf/ tvkyfvkyf&mYvnf; igum; acgif;aqmif/olum;aemufvdkuf[kcGJjcm;I vkyf aomoabmr&Sd/ ae&mwum tao;tzGJY =oZmay;Ivkyfaqmifjcif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ ol@ae&meJ@ol aemufvdkufi,fom;wdk@ESifh a0ykHustvkyfudkvkyfcJhavonf?

,lp&m&Sdv#if aemufvdkufi,fom;xuf av#mh,lonf [l&mY tusdK;cHpm;p&m&Sdonf wdk@udk rdrdwdk@csnf;om avmbw}uD; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfjcif;r&Sdonfudk av;eufatmif

61


qdkaompum; jzpfonf? &JabmfokH;usdyfwdk@wGif rlvuyif OD;pD;acgif;aqmif }uHaqmifpGef@pm;onfum; AdkvfcsLyfyifjzpf. AdkvfcsLyf.b0jzpfpOfudk=unfhv#if *syefjynfrSaeI ,kd;',m;jynfudkjzwfum jrefrmjynfodk@ a&mufonfESifh wpfjyKdifeuf u|efawmftxufwGif azmfjycJhaom"uefcs" onfhenf;jzifh jrefrmhacgif; aqmifvufa[mif;rsm;udk uefcsEdkifyg./ &Jbuf&Jabmfwdk@udk pGef@I *syeftm; rSefyghbk&m;vkyfum *syef.tvdkawmf&dtaejzifh jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvkH;udk ol.bdk;bGm;ydkifypPnf;yrm jyKusifhEdkifyg./ odk@ aomfolonf TuJhodk@ rjyKusifhcJhonfr#ruao;? tcsdK@aom ol.&Jabmf&Jbufwdk@u ol@tm;ppf &mZ0wfaumiftjzpfoGwfoGif;&avatmifjyKrlcJ honf udkyifv#if&efwk H@rlaomtrlt&mrjyKbJ onf; nnf;cH.tqdkygtcsufwdk@onf AdkvfcsLyf. acgif;aqmifyDoaom t*Fg&yfrsm;jzpfacsonf” [lIa&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?

1906ckESpfwGifwnfaxmifcJhaomAk'<bmom uvsm%,k0(0dkiftrfbDat)toif; }uD;ud k pwifwnfaxmifolrsm;wGi f wpfO D;tygt0if jzpf +y D ; aemifwGi f&efukefwuUodkvf yxrqkH; Oya'ygarmuQjzpfonfh OD;aratmif (1880-1926) uvnf;"rdk;rif;"uavmifcGJjzifh 1955 ck ESpfZlvd_ifvxkwf twGJ3/ trSwf 9 jr0wDr*~Zif;wGif"AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;"acgif;pOfjzifh AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;tay: ol@tjrifudk Todk@wifjyxm;avonf?

" u|efawmfESifh atmifqef; wpf+rdK@wnf;om;csif; jzpf=uI/ aqGrsdK;eD;pyfvnf;awmfonf wpfausmif;wnf;ae/ xrif;wpfyGJwnf;wGif vufqkHpm;/ pm;yGJwpfvkH;wnf;wGifpmusuf/ ausmif; wufausmif;qif;twlwl vrf;av#mufv#ifrcG J/ Todk@tm;jzifhausmif;aecsdefrS ausmif;xGufcsdeftxd 'GefwGJvsufom&SdcJh=uonf? Todk@v#if yifudku&if;ESD;cJholcsif;jzpfonfhtav#muf [dkufpul; ausmif; om;atmifqef;/ aumvdyfausmif;om;udkatmifqef;/ EdkifiHa&;orm; ocifatmifqef;/ *syefacwf wyfrawmfrSL;csLyf AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; OD;atmifqef;[lI wpfjzpf+yD;wpf jzpfwpfb0+yD;wpfb0ajymif;vJwdk;wufoGm;onfh atmifqef;tm; aemufrSaeI vSrf;ar#mf=unfh cJhrdygawmhonf?"

1928 ckESpfwGif atmifqef;onf a&eHacsmif;+rdK@ trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;wGif4wef; rSpI ynmoif=um;cJhonf/ odk@aomf ol.t*FvdyfpmtcHrSm 4wef;ruyg/ewfarmufwGif&SdpOfu tpfudkjzpfolrsm;. oifjycsufudk cH,lcJhaoma=umifh[k od&ygonf?

xdkpOfu Candidate,quality,distinguish,distinction,exhibition, honours

ponfhpum;}uD;pum;us,frsm;udk touft&G,f/twef;ESifhrvdkufatmif od+yD;jzpfaeygonf/ ,leDAmpDwDaumvdyfrS q&mrsm;trnf/ emrnf}uD;ausmif;om; ausmif;olrsm;.trnf 'DESpfbDatatmifol b,fESpfa,mufqdkonfwdk@udkvnf; 'dk;ceJ/ 'ufceJajymEdkifygonf?

atmifqef;onf 1930 jynfhESpfwGif aemufqkH;usif;yonfh tpdk;&ppf t*Fvdyf-

62


jrefrm tv,fwef;pmar;yGJudk paumvm;&SpfESifh atmifjrifcJhonf/ 8wef;odk@a&mufonfhtcgtpfudkjzpfol q&mudkb0if; (uG,fvGefol tmZmenf0ef}uD; OD;b0if;)u Ivahoe,Prisoner

of Zenda ponfhpmrsufESm 90-100 cef@&Sd pmtkyfyg;uav;/ 10 tkyfavmufudktvGwfoabmavhvm&ef 0,fay;cJhaoma=umifh atmifqef;onf &Sdor#pmtkyfrsm;udkwpfvkH;rusef tukefzwf+yD; avhvm+yD; onftxd tm;xkwfcJhonf/ pmzwfv#if toHudkzGifhIyg;pyfudkrJhum&GJ@um zwfwwfonf?

1932 ckESpfu|efawmfwdk@wpfawG trsdK;om;ausmif; 10wef;wGif&S dpOfuausmif;tkyf}uD; OD;yk (aemifowWKwGif; ppfaq;a&;csLyf)onf t*FvdyfpmjycsdefwpfckY Trea-

sure Island(&wemodkuf)pmtkyfudk oif=um;pOfjzpfygonf? xdkae@u tcsDtcspum;ajymcef;rsm;rsm; ygonfhtydkif;udk oifjyjcif;jzpfI q&m}uD;OD;yku ausmif;om;tcsdK@udkrwfwwf&yfapum ol@tydkif; ESifhol owfrSwfcsufay;+yD; zwfapygonf? toGiftm;jzifhtwef;xJwGifjyZwfcif;jyaeouJhodk@ &Sdyg onf? TtxJwGif atmifqef;ESifh udkarmfoef;(tif;pdef tif*sifeD,mausmif;rS +rdK@jytif*sifeD,m pmar;yGJudk atmifjrif+yD;aemuf t*Fvdyfvufxuf a&eHacsmif;+rdK@Y tvkyfvkyf&if;uG,fvGefoGm;cJhol) wdk@ yg&Sdygonf?

atmifqef;ESifh udkarmfoef;wkd@u tjyeftvSefpum;ajymaeonfhyrm wpfvSnfhpDzwf=u &mY atmifqef;pmzwfykHudk q&mESifhwuG ausmif;om;tm;vkH;pdwf0ifpm;+yD;r=umc% ol@tm; vSrf;=unfhrd=uygonf? atmifqef;um; tm;vkH;u ol@udkt&kHpdkufaea=umif;udk rodbJ yg;pyfudkrJh um&GJ@um oHaeoHxm;ESifh zwfae&if;u "That's all what

you are to hear my son"(ighom;rif;odxm;zdk@u 'gawGbJuGJ@)[laom tydk'fodk@ta&mufwGif wpfwef;vkH; w[m;[m; ESifh yGJusoGm;cJhygonf? yGJusoGm;jcif;rSm atmifqef;uudkarmfoef;udk ighom;[kwu,fac:+yD; wu,f ajymaeovdk jzpfoGm;onfhtwGufyifjzpfygonf? Tjzpf&yfudk xdkpOfu wpfwef;wnf;om;csif;jzpf cJhonfh ocifcifaZmfESifhppf&kH;csLyf tif*sifeD,mXmerS AdkvfrSL;&D{wdk@ rSwfrd=urnf[k ,lqygonf?

'Dtusifh 'D0goemrSm i,fpOfuyif &SdcJhonfhtwGuf tjcm;yk*~dKvf wpfOD;OD;ESifhwlcsifwlae rnfjzpfaomfvnf; twkcdk;jcif;um; r[kwf[lI &J0HhpGmajymvdkygonf? pmzwf&mYZGJ}uD;vSaom atmifqef;onf pmzwfaecdkufwGif jcifudkufonf/ =urf;ydk;xdk;onfwdk@udktm&kHrjyKrdatmifyif jzpf wwfonf/ zwfonfhpmtkyfwpftkyfvkH; qkH;oGm;onftxd xdkif&mrSrxwwfonfh ol@oabmudk aumvdyfwGif ausmif;aezufjzpfcJhzl;ol tcsdK@u azmfxkwfa&;om;cJhzl;yg+yD?

t*Fvdyfpm ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufI "'Dvluae&Sife,fausmif;uxGufvdk@ompdefaygvf ursm;qdk&if t*FvdyfawGudkawmif jyefoifrSmbJ"[katmifqef;ay:wGif rSwfcsufcs=uonf?

63


xdkacwftwGif;u tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;enf;wlyif atmifqef;onf ynmbufwGif xl;c|efola'gufwmbarmfESifh a'gufwmb[ef nDtpfudkESpfa,mufwdk@udk pdwf0ifpm;cJhzl;./ TnDtpf udkESpfa,mufrSm pmzwf&eftwGuf &or#aomtcsdefwdkif;udk vufvGwfrcHwwfykH/ "gwf&xm;apmifh ae&if; "gwf&xm;ay:wGif pD;eif;vdkufygaecdkufrSmyif pmtkyfudkyiftm&kHpl;pdkufaewwfykHwdk@udk atmifqef; rsm;pGmoabmuscJh.?

1932 ckESpfwGif u|efawmfa&m/ atmifqef;yg 10wef;wGif oif=um;ae=upOfYtdEdN,ESifh ArmcGJa&; wGJa&;jy\emrSmvnf; txGwftxdyfodk@ a&mufaeqJtcsdef jzpfavonf? 21 OD;ygwDacgif; aqmifOD;bazrSm cGJa&;bufrS vkH;yrf;aecJh. TudpPtwGuf 0g'jzef@&efa&eHacsmif;odk@ OD;bazqkduf a&mufvmonfhtcg u|efawmfwdk@wpfausmif;vkH; oGm;I}udKqdkcJh=uygonf? OD;bazrSm xdkpOfumvu ArmjynfwGif emrnftausmf=um;qkH; vlt=unfndKtrsm;qkH;aom acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfonfhtwdkif; u|efawmfwdk@uJhodk@ }udKqdkoltoif;tyif;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSm +rdK@ay:wGif rusefoavmuf rsm;jym; vSygonf?

OD;baz. um;aemufrS vltkyf}uD;ESifhtwl 2a,mufwpfwGJpD wef;IvdkufygvmcJh =uonfh u|efawmfESif h atmifqef;onf pDwef;ae&mrS xGufcJ h =u+yD; OD;baz.um;ywf0ef;usifwGif }udwfcJae aom vltkyfxJodk@twif;wdk;0ifcJh=uonf? um;em;odk@a&mufrS emrnf}uD;oavmuf *k%fowif;ar$; ysH@oavmuf Oy"d&kyfaumif;aom OD;bazrSmtom;jzLjzL E_wfcrf;arG;=uifpG,fESifh eH@oma&mif acgif; aygif;wdk@udk tkyfaygif;aygif;xm;+yD;eH@oma&mifydk;&ifzkH;tuFsD iSufaysmEkaoG; befaumufvkHcsnfwdk@udk om;em;oyf&yfpGm0wfpm;qif,ifvsuf&Sdonfudk awG@&onfhtwGuf ai;pdkufI aecJh=uygonf?

a&eHacsmif;+rdK@ trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;&Sd q&mtm;vkH;rSm 21 OD;ygwDudkvdkvm; axmufcHae=uolrsm;jzpfcJh=u./ wpfcgwpf&H tvsOf;oifhonfhtcg 10wef;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 21 OD;ygwDta=umif;/ OD;baz. t&nftcsif;ESifhpyfvsOf;onfwdk@ukd q&mrsm;u ajymjyavh&Sdojzifh tawmftoifhodxm;cJh=u./

xdktajccHyg&SdcJhaoma=umifhvnf; aumvdyfoydwfpaom ausmif;om;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;t wGif;yg0ifum xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&GufEd kifcJ ha=umif;awG@&ayonf?txl;jcm;qkH;jzpfaom AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. t&nftcsif;rSm wpfoufwmywfvkH;nDnGwfa&;pdwf"gwf udef;atmif;cJhjcif; jzpf./ ol.acgif;aqmifr_atmufwGif ausmif;om;or*~twGif; tufa=umif;rxifjcif;rSm ol.}uD; rm;}uHhcdkifaom ESvkH;&nfudk azmfjy&myxrqkH; rSwfausmuf yifjzpfawmhonf?

ArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~udk ausmif;om;b0ESifhyif taumiftxnfazmf cJh./ aemufrS u|efb0wGif ausmif;om;avmu. zG@H+zdK;wdk;wufr_udkar#mfvifhIausmif;om;b0 ESifh vkyfief;aqmif&Gufjcif;um; tcsnf;ESD;omjzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;avmu

64


xJodk@ ajcpkHypf0if+yD; wdkif;jynf ESifh vlrsdK;vGwfvyfonftxd toufay;aqmifrSomausmif;om;ta&;vnf;+yD;ajrmufEdkifawmh rnf[k ,lqum ausmif;rSxGufvdkufonf?

EdkifiHa&;ausmif;om;b0odk@ ul;ajymif;cJh&mY nDnGwfa&;pdwf"gwfudef;atmif;aeoljzpf onfhtwdkif; nDnGwfa&;. tEW&m,fjzpfaom udk,fusdK;&Smr_/ wpfudk,faumif;}uHr_/udk,fhudk,fudk,f txif}uD;r_/ ighygwDrSighygwD[laom t,ltqjyif;xefr_/ vdrfvnfr_/aumufuspfr_/ pOf;vJr_/v#dK@0Suf r_/[efaqmifr_ ponfwdk@udk t}uGif;rJhokwfoify,f&Sm;EdkifcJhonf?

xdk@a=umifhvnf; tzGJ@pnf;wdkif;udk todtrSwfjyKonf? OD;baz/ *VKefOD;apm/ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef; ponfhacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udkvnf; wefzdk;xm;I zqyvtwGif;ae&may;cJhonf? zqyvtzGJ@csLyfudk pwifwnfaxmifonfhtcgY igomacgif;aqmifvkyfrnf[laom oabmrdsK;uif; rJhpGmjzifh ocifpdk;}uD;udkyif OuUXtjzpfaqmif&Guf&ef axmufcHcJh./ udk,fwdkiftqdkoGif;cJhonf? wdkuf wGef;cJhonf?

*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh [dkwpfuGJ 'DwpfuGJqdkovdk tif;tm;pkawG z&kdz&JjzpfroGm;a&;rSmAdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. t"duqENjzpf./ xdkqENESifhtnD taumiftxnfay:aygufvm&efvnf; }udK;pm;cJhonf? ykvdyft&m&SdwpfOD;u atmufygtwdkif;ajymcJhzl;onfudk trSwf&rdvmonf?

"u|efawmft&ifu AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;udk b,fvdk=unfndK&rSef; rodcJhbl;/ompnfrSm wkef;u ol@w&m;oGm;em=unfhw,f/ [m 'DawmhrS wu,f=unfndKp&maumif;wJhvlrSef; odawmh w,fAsm/ olu ol@zqyvrS aumif;w,fqdkwJhoabmr[kwfbl;/tJ'Dae@u olajymwmu zqyv udk=unfndK&if zqyvxJ0ifvkyf/ uGefjrLepfudk=unfndK&ifuGefjrLepfxJ0ifvkyf/ Armjynf[m u|efb 0urvGwfao;bl;/ tm;vkH; tvkyfvkyfzdk@vdkw,f/b,ftxJ0ifvkyfvkyf aumif;wmcsnf;yJ/ ab;awmh xGufxdkifrae=ueJ@/ ArmvGwfvyfa&;&atmifzqyvuom vkyfEdkifw,fqdkwJhoabmxm;/usLyfrSm r&Sdbl;/ uGefjrLepfawGvkyfvdk@vGwfvyfa&;&&ifvnf; 0rf;omwmyJ t"dujzpfwmu usLyfwdk@&J@vGwf vyfa&;yJ’wJh'ga=umifhtckol@udk u|efawmf=unfndKvm+yDav"

yifvkHuGefz&ifhwGif wpf}udrfwpfcgwnf;ESifh yifvkHpmcsLyfudk taumiftxnfazmfum wdkif; &if;om;vlrsdK;pktm;vkH;udk Armjynfr}uD;ESifh wpfom;wnf;jzpfatmifqufpyfEdkifcJhjcif;rSm AdkvfcsLyf atmifqef;onf wpfrsdK;om;vkH; pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;. wefzdk;udktqkH;tqr&Sd odjrifa=umif;udk azmfjyonfh tjcm;om"uwpfckyifjzpf.?

"ol}uD;jzpfrJhaumif a&mifuav;ajymifvdk@" [laompum;twdkif; Armh&mZ0iftcef;u¾opfudka&;oltjzpf ay:xGufvmrnfh atmifqef;onf i,fpOfurSpIrjzpfnpfus,fvkyfwwf onfh oabmuif;. ra&mif&mqDvdrf;jcif;rsdK;udkvnf; pufqkyf./

65


bmr[kwfonfht&mwGiftom; ,ljcif;/ *k%f,ljcif;rdsK;vkyfwwfzdk@ a0;pG/ wu,fh}uD;us,fjrifhjrwfaom atmifjrifr_rsm; twGufyif [dwf[ef}uD;rvkyf/ cyfukyfukyfyif aecJh.?

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Todk@yif tla=umifa=umif tvkyfrsdK;udkom vkyfcJhonfh atmifqef;udk AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef; jzpfvmonfhtcg vlawGu a=umuf=uonf? wdkawmif;aomfvnf; trSefudkomajymjywwfonfhtwGuf ol@tm; ,kH=unf=uonf/ aemufqkH;awmh tla=umifa=umif vkyfwmudkyif oabmusae=u awmhonf?

wu,fawmh tla=umifa=umifvkyfonf r[kwfyg/ jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&; wm0ef}uD;rm;onfh tav#mufenf;aumif;awGudk &SmazG}uHqaejcif;jzpfonfh twGuf ayghayghwefwefESifh trSwfrxif =unfvif&Gifys ae=uolrsm;udk raeEdkifjcif;om jzpfygonf?

wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsdK;tusdK;udkom tpOfojzifh pdwf0ifpm;oljzpfjcif;a=umifhwpfpkHwpfOD;tm; t+idK;xm;I rsufrmefwif;onfh oabmrsdK;jzifh wrif=unfhjcif;rsdK;r[kwfEdkifyg/ol@tdrfwGif tqifh twef;ra&G; vlawGajccsif;xyfatmif 0ifxGufae=uonfh tcsufuAdkvfcsLyfonf a=umufp&mr [kwfa=umif; xif&Sm;apavonf?

AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. tyg;awmfjrJ AdkvfxGef;vS(wuUodkvfae0if;)uvnf;1952 ck/Zlv_difvxkwftwGJ 6/ trSwf62 jr0wDr*~Zif;wGif "u|Ekfyfwdk@odaomAdkvfcsLyf"acgif;pOfjzifh Todk@rSwfwrf;wifxm;jyefonf?

"EdkifiHa&; oabmt&qdkv#if AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;onf 1936 ck/ ausmif;om;oydwft a&;awmfykH}uD;rS arG;zGm;vdkufaom om;&wemwpfa,muf[lIyJ qdk&ayrnf?tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf 1936 ck onfbufusrS atmifqef;qdkaomftrnfudk wdkif;jynfupwifodcJhvsuf 4if;udk,fwdkifuvnf; ewfarmuf+rdK@rS ajrydkif&Sifvlvwfwef;pm; aumvdyfausmif;om;wpfa,muftjzpf oD;jcm; wnf&Sdae&mrS jynfolvlxk}uD;ESifh cGJjcm;I r&atmifqufpyfaeonfh(0g)vlxkv_yf&Sm;r_ &mZ0ifwGif tvm;tvm&Sdol wpfOD;tjzpfodk@a&mufvmcJhaoma=umifhyifwnf;?

trSeftm;jzifh AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;onf 1936 ck aumvdyfoydwf}uD;rwkdifrDuyifrsdK;cspf pdwfxufoef+yD; wuf=uGaomvli,f EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfcJhavonf?

66


vlrSef;odcgpt&G,f uewfarmuf+rdK@&Sd ol.rdcif}uD;a':pku &yf&GmxJu vlrsm;tm; pyg;ay;pepfjzifh aiGwdk;acs;jcif;udk rkef;wD;pufqkyfum ajAmifzGifh[ajymcJhovdkyif &efukefwuUodkvfodk@a&mufvmaomtcg udkvdkeDynma&;pepfudk rkef;wD;&GH&Smvsuf e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;pdwf"gwfrsm; wzGm;zGm;ay:aygufvmcJhavonf? Ttcsufudk wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0u olESifhcifrif&if;ESD;olrsm;todqkH;jzpf.?

1936 ckESpf/ ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;udk aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; tcGifhta&;vdkvm;csuf rsm; r&Iawmif;qdkaom omrefta&;udpPwpfckxuf ydkrdkxl;jcm;aomEdkifiHa&;tcsufvuQ%mrsm; &S da=umif; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifudkatmifqef;wdk@aumif;rGefpGmoabmaygufcJh=uavonf? &efukefwuUodkvfrS pwifvsuf wpfEdkifiHvkH;ul;pufysH@ESH@oGm;aom ausmif;om; oydwfta&;awmf ykH}uD;udk jAdwdo#wkd@. rlrrSefaom udkvdkeDynma&;pepfESifh e,fcsJ@0g'udk tjyif;txef qef@usifaom qENjzifh aygufuGJtkH=uGvmaomvlxkv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; (Mass Movement) wpf&yftaejzifh AdkvfcsLyf ujrifcJhavonf?

wuUodkvftm%mydkifrsm;u aphpyfa&;pum;urf;vSrf;um ysm;&nfESifh0rf;csonfudk trfat udk&m&SpfESifh udkEkwdk@acgif;aqmifaom vlrsm;pku vufcHcJhoavmuf xdkaphpyfa&;r_udk tjyif;txefuef@uGufoabmrwlcJholrsm;wGif udkatmifqef;yg0ifcJhonfudkvnf;u|Ekfyfwdk@rarhtyfay?

1936 ck ausmif;om;oydwf}uD;+yD;oGm;onfh aemufwGifum; AdkvfcsLyfonfjynfolvlxk }uD;ESifhawmufav#muf tqufrjywfcJhawmhacs/ 1937 ckESpfu rEWav;wGifusif;yaomjrefrmEdkifiH vkH;qdkif&m ausmif;om;nDvmcHonfvnf;aumif; 1938 ckESpfykodrfausmif;om; nDvmcHonfvnf; AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;wGif vlxkpnf;&kH;a&;pGrf;&nfrnfr#&Sda=umif;udk xif&Sm;pGm azmfjycJhaom om"u rsm;yifjzpfonf?"

1940 jynfhESpfxJrSmyif &efukefwuUodkvfwGif bDt,fvf(B.L)ac: Oya'wef;Yynmoif =um;&mrS wd k @Armtpnf;t&k H ; }uD;. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfocifatmifqef;[laom trnf udk wdkif;jynfu =um;&jyefavonf? Tum;AdkvfcsLyftzdk@ausmif;om;EdkifiHa&;orm;b0rS wu,fh vlxk=um;odk@0if+yD; xda&mufpGmvkyf&rnfh &mE_ef;jynfhawmfvSefwuf=uGaom EdkifiHa&;orm;wpf a,muftjzpfokd@ xif&Sm;pGmul;ajymif;oGm;jcif;yif jzpfawmhonf?

+Adwdo#u|efacwf ArmEdkifiHa&;ordkif;wGif ajymifajrmufxif&Sm;cJhaom 1300jynfhta&; awmfykHtwGif;u ausmif;om;ta&;ESifh tvkyform; v,form;vlxk}uD;v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhqufpyfum wpfjynfvkH;tkH=uG+yD; e,fcsJ@orm;udk rsufvkH;rsufqef jyL;apavmufatmifpGrf;aqmifEdkifcJhonfrSm vnf; ocifatmifqef;. xl;jcm;aom pnf;&kH;r_ t&nftcsif;/awmfvSefrSefuefaom EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_wdk@a=umifh jzpfcJhonfudk xdkacwfu olESifh

67


vkyfazmfudkifzuf EdkifiHa&;&Jabmfrsm; todqkH;jzpf avonf? jrefjynf vGwfvyfa&;&&eftwGuf 'l;axmuf+yD; vuf0g;jzef@awmif;I r&Edkif/ vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;omv#ifvGwfvyfa&;udk &,lEkdifpGrf;onfh wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;jzpfa=umif;udk tcsdefapmpGmuyifAd kvfcsLyfuaumif;aumif;odcJ havonf? 4if;odjrifcsufa=umifh 1941 ckESpf'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u bDtdkifatac: ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf}uD;wpfck rm;rm;rwfrwfay:xGufvm cJh&avonf? a&S;acwfu &dkifz,faoewfudk ypfwwfzdk@ a0;pG/ eD;eD;uyfuyfyifrjrifzl;cJhaomArm ausmif;om;rsm;/ v,form;/ tvkyform; omreft&yfom;wdk@udkpk&kH;zGJ@pnf;vsuf acwfrDvuf eufqef;rsm;udkyg usifvnfpGm ypfcwfudkifwG,fwwfvmumArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf tvH atmufwGif +Adwdo#e,fcsJ@orm;tm; um,uHajrmufvufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkuf EdkifcJhjcif;rSm vnf;bDtdkifatwyf. OD;pD;aoemywdAdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. pnf;&kH;acgif;aqmifr_a=umifhyifr[kwf ygavm?

'kwd,urBmppf+yD;cgp zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ta=umif;udkajym=u&mY uGefjrLepfygwD0ift csdK@rSmtwuf=uGqkH; zufqpfqef@usifa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpf ocifpdk;}uD;onfzufqpfudk rkef;wD;&mY vnf;aumif;/ olrwlatmifwuf=uGjyif;xefa=umif; ,kHrSm;zG,fr&Sday/odk@aomfzufqpfudk ajray:Y um,uHajrmufusqkH;oGm;atmifxda&mufpGm awmfvSefEdkifcJh(0g)vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;jzifh ajymifajrmufpGm acgif;aqmifr_ay;I wdkufcdkufcJh&mYAdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;omv#if xifxif&Sm;&Sm;pGrf;aqmif EdkifcJhonf[k u|Ekfyfwdk@ ,kH=unfrdavonf/ zufqpfawmfvSefa&;t+yD; EdkifiHvGwfvyfa&;twGufquf vuf}udK;yrf;&efpcef;awG&Sdao;ojzifh zqyvudk pnf;&kH;umrSefuefaom acgif;aqmifr_ay;EdkifcJhol rSmvnf;AdkvfcsLyfyifjzpfavonf?

xdk@aemufum; AdkvfcsLyfcrsmrSm ol@pdwfwGif tajrmuftjrm;&Sdaomt}uHtpnf&nf&G,f csufrsm;atmifjrif+yD;qkH;jcif;r&SdbJ vrf;ckvwfwGif a&wdrfepfusqkH;oGm;&&Smonf?”

jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf ta&;qdkaepOfwGif &Srf;jynf.aemifa&;twGufyg0ifaqmif&Gufvm&mrSm AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;u EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJqGJoGif;I zqyvtzGJ@csLyfwGifawmifwef;e,fa'otwGif;a&;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif;/xrf;aqmif&if; yifvkHpmcsLyf jzpfay:vma&;twGuft"duusaom tcef;u¾rSyg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhol r[moa&pnfolbGJ@ESifh EdkifiH*k%f&nfbGJ@(yxrtqifh)& OD;azcifu ol."udk,fawG@yifvkH"pmtkyftrSmY AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl aumvdyfausmif;om;b0xdawG@cJhykHudk Todk@a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?

"udkatmifqef;onf u|efawmfhxuf wpfESpfaemufusI aumvdyfausmif;odk@a&mufyg onf/ u|efawmfu ESpfa[mif; (Senior) ausmif;om;/olu ausmif;om;opf(Fresher) jzpfygonf?

68


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a&G;cs,fyGJusif;yonfhn tpnf;ta0;obmywdrSm udkausmfZH (aemufzqyvtrwfOD; armifausmfZH bDat/bDt,f)jzpfI 4if;urJay;olrsm;udka&wGuf+yD; a=unm&mudkatmifqef;u 0kef;ueJx+yD; " u|efawmf uef@uGufygw,f/jyefa&yg "[kaemufwef;uaexatmfygonf? obmywd rSm rar#mfvifhaom Tuef@uGufr_a=umifh &kwfw&uf a=umifoGm;ygonf/ tpnf;ta0;cef;xJrSm &kwf&kwfoJoJ jzpfoGm;ojzifh tpnf;ta0;udk pdwfr0ifpm;Iudk,fhtcef;xJudk,faeonfh ausmif;om; rsm;yif bmrsm;jzpfukef+yDvJ[kqdkum x=unfh=u&mrJay;rnfh ta&twGuf ydkrsm;vmygonf/ obmywdvnf; udkatmifqef;awmif;qkdonfhtwdkif; rJjyefcGJIa&wGuf&ygonf/ Twpf}udrfwGif udkatmifqef;u 29 rJ&I u|efawmfu42rJ &ygonf/ (rJrsm;ydkvm&jcif;rSm apmapmutcef;xJrS xdkolawGuyg rJay;vmaoma=umifhjzpf+yD; udkatmifqef;udk yxrrJay;aom ausmif;om; SeniortcsdK@u'D ausmif;om;vlpGmvkyfw,fqdk+yD; ol@udkray;bJu|efawmhtm; ay;aoma=umifhjzpfygonf?"

obmywd rJta&twGufa=unmaomtcg udkatmifqef;ux+yD; " 'Dwpfcga&wm rSefw,f"[kajym+yD; xdkifcsvdkufygonf/ TonfrSm udkatmifqef;. r[kwfrcHowWd/rSefv#ifol@tusdK; udkqef@usifapumrl vufcHonfh t&nftcsif;jzpfygonf/(yxrrJa&wGufpOfu obmywduJhodk@yif olvnf;vdkufa&wGufxm;[efwl+yD; ,if;odk@a&wGuf&mwGif oluu|efawmfxufrJyd kI &aumif;& aernfjzpfygonf?)vlopf(Fresher) wpfOD;tjzpfTodk@owWd&Sdonfudk csD;usL;&ygrnf/

u|efawmfwdk@ ausmif;uxGufaomtcg oluEdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJodk@ a&mufoGm;ygonf? u|efawmfu awmif}uD;jyefoGm;ygonf/ *syefacwfwpfacwfvkH; oleJ@u|efawmfrawG@awmhyg/ a&$wd*kHnDvmcHodk@Armu udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpfu|efawmfwufvm+yD;awmifwef;e,fa'otwGuf tqdkwpf&yf wifoGif;+yD;aemuf udkatmifqef; (AdkvfcsLyf)uu|efawmhudkac:awG@ygonf?

69


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u|efawmfwdk@ar+rdK@ (jyifOD;vGif)utjyef rEWav;a&mufaomtcg OD;cEDWawmifay:odk@ oGm; =uygonf/ AdkvfcsLyfu u|efawmhftm; a&G;aumufyGJwGifu|efawmfEdkifv#if ayghygap/&_H;v#ifav;ygap [kt"dXmefausmufwkH;rcdkif;ygonf? u|efawmfuvnf; trSwfwrJh

70


ausmufwkH;udkr˜pOf AdkvfcsLyfu [uf[ufyufyuf&,fI ykHaoltav;csdef&Sdaom j'yf0wKwpfckonf t"dXmefjyKonfudk ta=umif; jyK+yD; av;jcif; ayghjcif;jzpfEdkifyghrvm;[kajymygonf?xdktcgrS u|efawmfhtaejzifh jyefcs&tcuf/ qufr&tcufjzpfae+yD;rS ‘ayghw,fAdsK@’ [kajymvdkuf&m tm;vkH;u0dkif;&,f=uygonf? TonfrSm AdkvfcsLyf taejzifh aemufaemufajymifajymifaysmfaysmf&$if&$if aeonfhtcgrsdK;vnf; &Sdonfhoabmjzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsLyfonf wpfcgwpf&Hpdwfaumufwwfygonf/ ar+rdK@(jyifOD;vGif)utjyefaysmfbG,f wGifxrif;pm;&efpDpOfxm;&m/ pdwftcef@roif hI um;ay:rSrqif;bJpdwfaumufaeonfudk AdkvfcsLyf uawmfa':cif=unfuacsmharmhajymrS raumif;wwfIqif;aomfvnf;xrif;rpm;bJaeonf/ xdkxrif;yGJudk 4if;trnfudktvGJokH;pm;vkyf+yD;tus,fcsJ@jcif;jzpfonf[k xifIpdwfqdk;aejcif;jzpfygonf?

Ad kvfcsLyfonf usqkH;csdefwGif touf(32)ESpfr#om&Sdao;onf/ odk@aomfol@tawG;tac: ol@t,ltq ol@vkyfenf;vkyf[ef/olpGef@vGwftepfemcHr_wdk@rSmolrwlatmif xl;uJvSayonf? ol. ZGJvkH@v&Sdr_/ pdwf&Snfonf;cHr_/ wpfrsdK;om;vkH;tay:cspfcifwG,fwmr_wdk@a=umifhyif yifvkHpmcsLyf}uD; jzpfay:vm&ayonf? ol@tzdk@bmr#cHpm;roem;cJh&&Sm/ wdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH; OruGJodkufrysuf ,ae@ wdkifatmif cdkifcdkifjrJjrJvufwGJEd kifr_a=umifh vGwfvyfa&;ESif h tcsLyftjcmtm%m t"Gef@&SnfpGm wnfwHh cJ honf/vGwfvyfa&;. toD;tyGifhrsm;udk u|Ekfyfwdk@tm;vkH; qGwfcl;pm;okH;EdkifcJhonf/Adokum}uD;AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;rSmrlum; bmr#rcHpm;&onfhtjyif oljrifcsifaom vGwfvyfonfhjrefrmEdkifiH udkjrifawG@roGm;&&Smyg?"

pma&;q&mAdkvfOwWrausmf(ewfarmufbkef;ausmf)uvnf; AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;.acgif;aqmifr_ESifh ywfoufI ewfarmufr*~Zif;wGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;azmfjyxm;ayonf?

"AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef; ta=umif;udk jyefvSefpOf;pm;v#if ol. tHhavmufaomacgif;aqmif r_udkawG@=u&vdrfhrnf/ 1932 ckESpfwGif atmifqef; wuUodkvfodk@a&muf./wuUodkvfodk@pa&muf pOfu atmifqef;. toufrSm 17ESpfom&Sdao;. touf 20wGifwuUodkvf ausmif;om;or*~rS xkwfa0aom "tdk;a0"r*~Zif;. wm0efcHtjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ 1936 ckESpfausmif;om;oydwf}uD; wGifacgif;aqmifwpfOD;tjzpf jywfjywfom;om;aqmif&GufcsdefY ol.toufrSm21 ESpfom&Sdao;. touf22ESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;omrsm; or*~toif;. OuUXtjzpf a&G;cs,fwif ajrSmufcH&./ touf23 ESpfwGifArmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mwdk@Arm (ocif)tpnf;t&kH;Y taxGaxGtwGif; a&;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJh./ om,m0wDnDvmcHY +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk vufeufjzifhawmfvSefykefuef&ef tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGJay;cJhpOfu ol. toufrSm 25 ESpfom&Sdao;.?

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xdkpOfu ol.&Jabmf&Jbufrsm;u ol.vufeufudkif ykefuefawmfvSefa&; tpDtpOfrsm; udkvkyfvdk@jzpfyghrvm;/ vufeufub,fu&rSmrdk@vJ ponfjzifh oHo,&Sd=u.atmifqef;onfacgif; aqmifyDyD rdrdvkyfief;YawGa0jcif;r&Sd pdwftm;avsmhwwfjcif;r&Sd/""m;jy*dk%f;awGawmifrS vufeuf &atmif&SmEdkifao;wmyJ/ bmjzpfvdk@u|efawmfwdk@ur&SmEdkif&rSmvJ"[kawGa0aeaomol@&Jabmfrsm; udkjyefajym./ tJ'Daemuf touf 25ESpfomomwGifvufeufudkifawmfvSefykefuefa&;twGufEdkifiH jcm;tultnD&Edkif&ef jrefjynfrS wdwfwqdwfxGufcGmoGm;cJh. xdk@aemufol@&Jabmfrsm;ESifhtwlpDpOf p&m&Sdonfrsm;udk pDpOf+yD;EdkifiHjcm;wGifppfynmoif=um;=uonf/ +Adwdo#wdk@udkwdkufcdkuf&ef "ArmhvGwf vyfa&;wyfrawmf"udkzGJ@pnf;um ppfOD;pD;AdkvfcsLyftjzpfacgif;aqmifuGyfuJI jrefrmjynfwGif; csDwuf vmcsdefwGifol@toufrSm 26 ESpf&Sd+yD/ zufqpf*syefrsm;udk ol@wyfrawmfESifhjyefI awmfvSefwdkufcdkufpOfu ol@touf 30 &Sd+yD?

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q&m'*kefwm&muvnf; "&kyfykHv$m"pmtkyfY "atmifqef;odk@r[kwft&dkif;"[laomacgif;pOfjzifh Todk@a&;om;cJhavonf?

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udkatmifqef;onfvnf; t*Fvdyf-jrefrmaqmif;yg;&SifwpfOD;jzpfavonf/

72


t*Fvdyfbm omjzifha&;om;aom ol.aqmif;yg;udk "*EWavmu"r*~Zif;wGifzwf&zl;onf/olonfAk'<w&m;awmf ESif hywfoufaomaqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;./ ausmif;om;rsm;t0wftpm;0wfqifa&;jy\emudkol onf*EˆavmuwGif yef;waemf OD;oef@(aemifukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csLyf)jzpfvmolESifh tjyeftvSefa&;=uonf/ ArmhEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&mausmif;om;or*~toif;. a=uG;a=umfoH "rsdK;nGef@"r*~Zif;wGif ygaomol."avmu0d[m"trnf&Sd aqmif;yg;wdkuav;udkum;oabmuscJh./ urBmavm u}uD;tm;udk,fawG@ynm A[kokwtjrifwdk@udkay;aompmoifausmif;ESifh OyrmwifI a&;om;xm;onf/ udkatmifqef;onf jrefrmpmta&; nHholr[kwfacs/wdwdususa&;wwf./ ygVdudkrSefuefpGm okH;./ wpfcgwpf&H [moOm%fyg.?

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"æwuUodkvfwGif&SdpOfu udkatmifqef;onf +yKH;aomrsufESmxm;udk xm;cJ./ol.rsufESmxm;onf okefr_ef. wpfcgawG@zl;oludk aemufwpfcgawG@v#ifE_wfqufcsifrSquf./ ol@udkodolu +yKH;jyaomfvnf; olonfwkHjyefI +yKH;csifrS+yKH;./ OuUXjzpfojzifhol@udkum;ausmif;om;wdkif;u od=u . oluvnf;tpOfvdkvdk EdkifiHa&;udkomawG;ae[efwl.xdk@a=umifholonf okefr_efvsuf&Sdaeonf/ olpum;ajymv#ifvnf; EdkifiHa&;ta=umif;udkomajymonf/ olajymaepOfab;&Sdvlrsm;u em;axmifae&onf/ ab;uvlrsm;pum;udkolr=um;olajymcsifwmawGudkom pGwfIajymaewwfonf?"

"æol@wGif odrfarG@jcif;r&Sd/ tvStyudkrrufarm olonf=urf;wrf;onf/ &dkif;onf/quf qHaygif;oif;a&;wGif&Sdaom {nfh0wfxkH;pH,Ofaus;jcif; ponfwdk@udk olonfvkH;0*&krpdkuf/ *Dw/ yef;csD/ obif paom tEkynm&yfrsm;udkrvdkufpm;/ ol@udk,fol twif;,Ofaus;atmifrvkyf/ol. e*dktwdkif;cyf&dkif;&dkif; cyf=urf;=urf;yif rjyKrjyifbJae.?"

ol@wGifEdkifiHa&;0dnmOfum; jyif;xefvSacs./ olonf EdkifiHa&;wpfckwnf;udkom

73


vkyfaom vlwpfOD;jzpfonf? olonf &dkif;. =urf;. a=umif. udpPr&Sd/olonf{nfhcef;aqmifrS*k%foa&&Sd vl}uD;vlaumif;r[kwf/ wpfckwnf;aom,kH=unfcsufESifh wpfckwnf;udkomrJIvkyfaom EdkifiHa&; owW0gjzpf./ xdk@a=umifhudpPr&Sd”

wpfzefpma&;q&marmifae0if;uvnf; AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;. EdkifiHa&; ppfa&;tawG;tjrifwdk@udk 1969 ck/ Zlv_dkifvxkwf jr0wDr*~Zif;wGif"vlaoaomfvnf;olrao"acgif;pOfjzifhazmfjycJhavonf?

"æAdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;onf EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_@a&;qdkif&m awG;ac:&Sifvnf;jzpf. ol,kH=unfaom t,l0g'bufwGif jywfjywfom;om;&yfwnfolvnf;jzpfygao;./

1940 jynfhESpfwpf0dkufwGif jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;rSm &_wfaxG;vsuf&Sdavonf?&mxl; ,lol/ uyfzm;&yfzm;vkyfol/ udk,fa&;udk,fwm tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf trdsK;om;a&;opPmazmufol/ 0HomEk&udQw w&m;avmufYom vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJudk abmifcwf=uolponfjzif h "EdkifiHa&;Zwf ck HY uwdrf;uyg;jzpfae=uonf?"[lI ajymoluajym+yD;"EdkifiHa&;qdkwm ukodkvfwpfyJ i&Jwpfyd\m" qdkoluqdkum EdkifiHa&;vkyfief;udk ao;odrfatmif vkyfae=uonf?

xdktcdkufwGif AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;u EdkifiHa&;udk umuG,fonf/ EdkifiHa&;[lonfrGefjrwf aomvkyfief;[k a=uG;a=umfonf/ rif;avmif;ar#mf EdkifiHa&;/ arSmfq&m yxrHq&mEdkifiHa&;/ wabmif penf;ba0g EdkifiHa&;udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufonf/ EdkifiHa&;udk avmu"gwft& jrif&xif&rnf[kqdkum "EdkifiHa&;qdkonfrSmvl@tpGrf;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ul;vl;tkyfcsLyfaom udpPyifjzpf.? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHa&;u dk(qdk&S,fqdkif;,ifhpf)/ aygif;oif;qufqHr_(avmu"gwf)ynm[k ,lq&rnf/"[kcGJjcm;pdppf jycJhonf/ "EdkifiHa&;onfvlr_olr_udpPtm;vkH;jzpf. vl.todOm%fjzifh vl.vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; udk aqmif&Guf=u&mydkrdkrsm;jym;&_yfaxG;vmaomtcg EdkifiHa&;wnf;[laom vl@yifrw&m; ay:ayguf vm.?"

EdkifiHa&;wnf;[laom vl@yifrw&m;[k AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;u wdkwdkESifhvdk&if;a&mufatmif azmfjy&Sif;vif;ygonf/ vl@yifrw&m;[laom pum;udkokH;&mY AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;onf awm,rf; r,fbGJ@okH;onfr[kwf vlrSmudpPawG axGjym;eufeJvSonfhtcgvlwpfOD;wnf; wpftdrfwnf; wpfrs d K;wpfbmomwnf;/ wpfEd ki fiHwnf;qd kaomudpPrsdK;xufruawmhbJ wpfqifhwufvmonf/ xdk odk@wufvmaomtqifhtwef;rSEdkifiHa&;wnf;[laom vl@yifrw&m; ay:vmonf[k o&kyfcGJ&Sif; jyxm;onfrSm rSwfom;zG,fjzpfygonf? trSeftm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;udk odyHenf;uspGm tajzxkwfcJhjcif; jzpfonf?

Ad kvfcsLyfatmifqef;onf Ed kifiHa&;[lonf npfywfaom tvkyfr[kwf/rGefjrwfaomvl@ yifrw&m;jzpfonf[k EdkifiHa&;bufrS ckcHumuG,f&kHoufoufr#jzifh&yfwef@raeao;bJ TEdkifiHa&; rsdK;Y 0if=u vkyf=u[kvnf; Ed_;aqmfoljzpfavonf?

74


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rvJ" [k 0g'&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;rsdK;udkrS EdkifiHa&;tppfjzpfa=umif; zGifh[ygonf? TonfrSmEdkifiHa&;wGif0g' rvdk/ Armqdkv#if Armpdwf&Sd+yD;jzpfojzifh Armaumif;pm;a&;twGufArmwdkif;vdkvm;=uonf? xdk a=umifh "e&Sif0g'/ qif;&Jom;0g' ponfjzifh txl;taxGËDumcsJ@ap&ef rvdkawmh+yD[laom "e&Sif ESifh "e&Sifaygufp EdkifiHa&;0g'qdkif&m tawG;tac:rsm;udktcdkiftrm ckcHacsyjcif;yif jzpfavonf?

wdkif;jynfaumif;atmif vkyfcsifwdkif; +yD;jynfhpkHaom EdkifiHa&;r[kwf/ wdkif;jynfaumif;atmif vkyfcsifwmuawmh rSefygonf/ odk@aomf b,fenf;b,fykHaumif;atmifvkyfrnfenf;? wdkif;jynf. vGwf&mvGwfa=umif;jzpfaom avmuedAŠmefudk rnfodk@wnfaqmufrnfenf;/ pdwful;xkwfzdk@vdkonf/ ,if;odk@ wdkif;jynftem*wf uH=urRmzefwD;a&;twGuf ykHpHcspdwful;wwf&ef t"dut&if;cHonf 0g'jzpfonf[k AdkvfcsLyfatmifqef;uqdkygonf?

"a,mif0g;0g;vkyfjcif;onf 0g'tajccHr&Sda=umif;xif&Sm;ap./ xdk@a=umifhEdkifiHa&;ESifh 0g' cGJvdk@r&/ 0g'&SdrS&rnf"[kEdkifiHa&;vkyfief;Y 0g'&Sd&ef tcdkiftrm&yfwnfvdkuf+yD;aemuf0g'[lonf rSm ol@tvdktavsmufta=umif;taxmuftcHr&SdbJ bmr#r&SdbJ ay:rvm/aphaqmfaomta=umif; w&m;rsm;om 0g'[lI ay:aygufvm&onf?

ocifatmifqef;. 1940 jynfhESpf azz:0g&DESifh rwfvxkwf '*kefr*~Zif;yg"EdkifiHa&;trsdK;rsdK;"aqmif;yg;wGif-

"rlvw&m;wnf;[laom pD;yGm;a&;tajccHa=umifhjzpf. pD;yGm;jzpfonfhenf;ajymif;v#if pD;yGm;a&;pepfvnf;ajymif;. pD;yGm;a&;pepfajymif;v#if vlr_qufqHa&; EdkifiHa&;&mZ0iftqifhtwef; ygajymif;vmay. Todk@v#if wpfckESifhwpfck tnrnypPnf;qufoG,fae.? Todk@EdkifiHa&;tbd" rRmq&m}uD; um;vfrmwfpfujrif. xif. [dxdkpum;oifhpG"[k qdkxm;ygonf?

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75


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ordkif;wauGŒrS Adkvf&JxGÉf

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76


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&efukef+rdKŒ uefawmfuav;jrLeDpDy,fausmif;rS '\rwef;atmifjrifcJhonf?xdk@aemuf txufwef;q&mjzpf oifwef; atmifjrifcJh onf? 1936-37 wGif qmarmif}uD;.&JwyfwGif yg0ifcJhonf? 1938 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom 1300jynfhausmif;om;ta&;awmfyHkwGifjrLeDpDy,fausmif;rS oydwfarSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfyg0ifcJhonf? 1939-40 wGifjrLeDpDy,fausmif;Y zGJŒpnf;cJhaom ausmif;om;rsm;or*~tzGJŒ Y OuUÏtjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf *syefEdkifiHodk@ ppfynmoif=um;&ef apv$wfonfh 'kwd,tokwfjrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;jzpf=uonfh ocifpdk; (Adkvfjrifh atmif)/ ocifoef;wif -2 (Adkvfjr'if)/ocifxGef;a&$(Adkvfvif;,kef) wdk@ESifhtwl 1941 ckESpf {+yDv 13 &ufae@wGif udkif¶_drm¶SL;(Kaisho Maru) oabmFjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS *syefodk@xGufcGmcJhonf? 1941 ckESpf {+yD 28&ufae@wGif *syefEdkifiH tdkqmum+rdKŒodk@ a&muf&Sd cJhonf? xdkrSwqifh 1941 ckESpf arv 9&ufae@wGif av,mOfjzifh wdkusKd+rdKŒrS [dkifeefuGsef;odk@oGm;a&mufum [dkifeefuGsef;ESifh xdkif0rfuGsef;wdk@wGif ppfynmoif=um;cJhonf?

jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;tm; ppfynmrsm;oif=um;&ef wm0ef,lxm;aomrDemrDtzGJŒonf w¶kwfEdkifiHawmifydkif; [dkifeefuGsef; (Hainan) wGif ppfausmif;wpfausmif;zGifhvSpf&ef }udKwifpDpOfxm;cJhonf? [dkifeefuGsef;&Sd pef;, (Sanya) +rdKŒwGif *syefa&wyfrawmf. a¶SŒwef;pcef; tajcpdkufwnf&Sdonf? rDemrDtzGJŒrSm *syef=unf; wyfrawmfESifha&wyfrawmfwdk@ yl;aygif;zGJŒpnf;xm;aomtzGJŒ jzpfI [dkifeefppfoifwef;ausmif; aqmufvkyfa&;ESifh oifwef;twGuf pm;eyf&duQmaxmufyHha&;udk *syefa&wyfu wm0ef,laqmif&Guf+yD;/ppfynmoif=um;a&;udk *syef=unf;wyfrawmfu wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;cJhonf?

*syefppftm%myd ki fwd k @onf pef;,ppfoifwef;ausmif;E Si f hywfoufItpGrf;ukefvSsKdŒ0Sufxm;+yD; w&m;0iftm;jzifh ta¶SŒawmiftm&S zGHŒ+zdK;a&; pef;,awmifolv,form;oifwef;ausmif;[k trnfrSnfhac:xm;onf? oifwef;ausmif;twGufpm;eyf&duQmrsm;udk a&wyfu axmufyHh&ojzifh a&wyfESifhwGJzufaeoa,mif xifjrifap&efpef;,ppf oifwef;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; a&wyf0wfpH krsm;udk 0wfqifapcJ honf?

77


jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;tm; ppfynmoifwef;ay;aeonfhta=umif;udk +Adwdef odk@r[kwf&efoljzpf&ef tvm; tvm&SdonfhEdkifiHwdk@od&SdoGm;ygu tjynfjynfqdkif&mjy\em wpfckjzpfvmEdkifygonf? xdk@a=umifh jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;tm; *syef trnfrsm;ay;+yD; ppfwef;vsm;tjyifbufwGif jrefrmpum;ajymjcif;/ jrefrmtjyK trlrsm;jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;udk a¶Smif=uOf&efESifh*syefvl rsKd; ausmif;om;rsm;yHkpHtwkdif; oGm;vmaexdkif&ef !$ef=um;xm;onf?

Adkvf&JxGÉ f. *syeftrnfrSm [m,m&Sd (Hayashi) jzpf+yD; *syefbmomjzifh"OD;opfom;" [k t"dyg,f&onf? *syefwdk@onf pef;,ppfynm oifwef;ausmif;udk 1941ckESpf{+yDv25 &ufae@wGif pwifzGifhvSpfum jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;udk ppfynmrsm;oif=um;ay;cJhonf? ppfoifwef;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJwGif wyfrSL;aumif;rsm;tjzpfOD;aqmifEdkif&ef vufeufrsKd;pHkudkifwG,fypfcwfEdkif&efESifh pdwf"mwf=uHhcdkifr_&Sd&efwdk@twGuf jzpfonf?

[dkifeefppfoifwef;wGif jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;udk wyfzGJŒoHk;zGJŒcGJI oifwef;ay;cJhonf? wyfzGJŒ (1) onf tajccHppfynmvufeuf }uD;ESifh vufeufi,frsKd;pHkudkifwG,fypfcwfenf;rsm;/ cHppfynmESifh nwdkufyGJrsm;udk tav;xm;oif,l&+yD; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wkduf yGJwGifwdkufcdkufa&;wm0efxrf;aqmif&efjzpfonf? wyfzGJŒ (1) wGif ocifpHjr (Adkvfawmufxdef)/ocifpHv_dif (AdkvfrSL;atmif)/ o cifpdk; (Adkvfjrifhatmif)/ ocifwifat; (Adkvfbkef;jrifh)/ocifxGef;vGif (AdkvfAv)/ ocifb*srf; (Adkvfva&mif)/ ocifarmifarmif (Adkvf m%)/ udka&$(AdkvfausmfaZm)/ ocifvS (Adkvfrif;a&mif)/ ocifvS+rdKif (Adkvf&efatmif)/ ocifoef;!$ef@

78


(AdkvfZifa,mf)/ ocif at;armif (Adkvfrdk;)ESifh udkatmifodef; (Adkvf&JxGÉf) wdk@ yg0if=uonf?wyfzGJŒ (2) onf tajccHppfynm/ azmufcGJzsufqD;a&;enf;ynmrsm;/ axmufvSrf;a&;ESifhqufoG,fa&;ynm&yfrsm;udk tav;xm;oif,l&+yD; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJwGifaxmufvSrf;a&;ESifh zsufqD;a&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf? wyfzGJŒ (2) wGifocif¶_armif (Adkvfae0if;)/ ocifausmfpdef(Adkvfrdk;ndK)/ ocifarmif OD; (Adkvfwm&m)/ ocifaiG(A d kvfapmatmif) / ocifapmvGi f (A d kvfri f ;acgi f) / ud kxGe f ;& S de f (A d kvf&efE d ki f) /ocifxGef;a&$(Adkvfvif;,kef)/ ocifopf (Adkvfapmaemif)/ ocifoef;wif-2 (Adkvfjr'if) wdk@yg0ifcJh=uonf? wyfzGJŒ (3) onf tajccHppfynm/ ppfbufe,fbuf taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfr_ynm&yfrsm;udk oif,l&+yD; jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ ppfOD;pD;wm0ef,l Edkif&efjzpfonf?wyfzGJŒ (3) ocifatmifqef; (AdkvfawZ)/ ocifxGef;cif (AdkvfjrifhaqG)/ ocifvSaz(Adkvfvufsm)/ udkvSarmif (AdkvfaZ,s)/ ocifatmifoef; (Adkvfp=um) wdk@ yg0ifcJh=uonf?

&JabmfoHk;usdyfteuf ocifxGef;tkyfonf *syefEdkifiHwkdusdK+rdKŒwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;ynmqnf;yl;aeIvnf;aumif;/ udkaqmif; (Adkvfxdef 0if;) onf rDemrDtzGJŒ.wm0efay;csuft&xdkif;jrefrme,fpyfudk vSsdKŒ0SufpGmjzwfausmfa&muf&Sdvmrnfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,frsm;udkapmifh}udK&efwm0efjzifh Zif;r,f (csif;rdkif) wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeIvnf;aumif;/ocifoef;wif- 1 onf xkdif;EdkifiHbefaumufrS *syefEdkifiHodk@oGm;a&mufpOf wdkifay+rdKŒwGifuG,fvGefoGm;Ivnf;aumif;/ [dkifeefppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif jrefrmrsKd;cspfvli,f (27)OD;omppfoifwef;wufcJh&onf?

xdk@aemuf 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmv26 &ufae@wGif xkdif;EdkifiH befaumuf+rdKŒ&SdjrefrmvlrsKd;rsufpdtxl;ukq&m0ef}uD; OD;vGef;az. aetdrfwGif vufarmif;aoG;azmufIuwdopPmjyKum Adkvftrnfrsm;cH,l&mwGif udkatmifodef;onf Adkvf&JxGÉfjzpfvmcJhonf?,if;aemuf 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtdkifat)pwifzGJŒpnf;xlaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcJh onf?

Adkvf&JxGÉ fonf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odk@ csDwufwkdufcdkuf&ef ppfaoemywdcsKyfAdkvfcsKyf}uD; Adkvfrdk;}udK;/ ppfOD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrl&mumrD/ ppfOD;pD; AdkvfawZ (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;)ppfOD;pD;t&m&Sd Adkvf&efatmifwkd@ yg0ifaom bDtdkifatppfÏmecsKyf armfv+rdKifppfa=umif;wGifyg0ifI +AdwdoSswdk@udk wkdufcdkuf&ef 1942 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 11 &ufae@wGif befaumuf+rdKŒrS&[dkif;+rdKŒodk@ pwifxGufcGmcJhonf? v_dif;bGJŒ+rdKŒodrf;wkdufyGJESifh uwdkifwdwkdufyGJwdk@wGif&Gyf&GyfcGsefcGsef yg0ifwkdufcdkufcJhr_a=umifh Adkvf&JxGÉftm; *syefppfAdkvfrsm;yif csD;usL;cJh&+yD;bDtdkifat. ol&Jaumif;wHqdyf ('kwd,tqifh) &&SdcJhonf?

1942 ckESpf/ {+yDvwGif Adkvf&JxGÉ fonf bDtdkifatwyfr[m 3 wyfrSL;tjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1942 ckESpf Zlvdkifv (27) &ufae@wGif bDtkdifatudkzsufodrf;I

79


ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (bD'Dat) zGJŒpnf;aomtcg bD'Dat wyf&if; (1) wyf&if;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1943 wGif bD'Datwyf&if; 5 wyf&if;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ppfOD;pD;ÏmecsKyf taxGaxGÏme}uD;rSL; tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf?xdkpOftwGif;rSmyif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh pwifqufoG,frdcJhonf?

1944 ckESpf pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qENt&AdkvfrSL;}uD;ae0if; jynfol@ta&;awmfyHkygwDrS OD;AaqG/ OD;ausmf+idrf;wdk@ESifhtwl AdkvfrSL;&JxGÉfonf a';'&J+rdKŒ&Sd ocifpdk;xH vSsdKŒ0SufpGmoGm;a&mufI zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;jynfol@tzGJŒcsKyfwdk;csJŒzGJŒpnf;a&;/ wyfrawmftwGif;&Sd vuf0Jtiftm;pkrsm;/ jynfol@ta&;awmfykHygwDESifhuGefjrLepfygwDwdk@udk wygwDwnf;tjzpf yl;aygif;zGJŒpnf;a&;ESifh zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;twGuf jyifqifr_vkyfief;rsm;jyKvkyfa&;wdk@ aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf?

,if;aemuf AdkvfrSL;&JxGÉfonf 1945 ckESpf rwfv (1) &ufae@rS (3) &ufae@txdusif;yaom zwyvtpnf;ta0;odk@ wufa&mufcJhonf? xdktpnf;ta0;wGif zufqpf*syefwdk@tm; awmfvSefwkdufcdkuf&ef tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwf&mwGifvnf;yg0ifcJhonf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&;umvwGif wkdif;- 6 rdwDvm/ ysOf;rem;/ awmifilESifh awmifydkif;&Srf;jynf wdkif;rSL;tjzpfwm0ef,lI zufqpf*syefwdk@udk awmf vSefwkdufcdkufcJhonf?

zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;t+yD; 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@rS 15&ufae@txdusif;ycJ haom zufqpfwkdufzsufa&;ESif h jynfol@vGwfvyfa&;tzGJŒcsKyfA[dkOD;pD;tzG JŒtpnf;ta0;odk@ Ad kvf&JxGÉ fonf Armhwyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftjzpfwufa&mufcJhonf?

1946 ckESpfwGif Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if; 5 odk@ 'kcGJrSL;tjzpf jyefvnf0ifa&mufIrsm;r=umrDyif wyf&if;- 5 .wyfcGJrSL;tjzpf 1947 ckESpftxd aqmif&GufcJhonf? 1948ckESpfwGif r*Fvm'Hk&Sd Armhwyfrawmf wyf&if;- 3 odk@ajymif;a&$Œ I 'kwyf&if;rSL;tjzpfaqmif&Guf cJ honf? 1948 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 16 &ufae@wGif OuUÏAd kvfcsKyfae0if;/twGif;a&;rSL;OD;odef;azjrifhwdk@yg0ifaom vuf0JnD!Gwfa&; aumfrwDzGJŒpnf;&mwGiftzGJŒ0iftjzpf yg0ifcJhonf?

,if;aemuf r*Fvm'Hk&Sd Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;-3 Y 'kAdkvfrSL;}uD;tqifhtjzpfwyf&if;rSL;wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; 1948 ckESpf =o*kwfv 10 &ufae@wGif wyf&if;-3 ESifh o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;wyfrS wyfom; 350 udkOD;aqmifum awmcdkcJhonf? xdkae@rwdkifrD=o*kwfv 9 &ufae@wGif o&uf+rdKŒ&S d Armhwyfrawmfwyf&if;-1 rS 'kwyf&if;rSL;Adkvfpdefwifonf wyf&if;-1 rS&Jabmfrsm;udk OD; aqmifI OD;pGmawmcdkcJhonf?

1948 ckE Sp fr S 50 ckE Sp ftxd awmcd kwyf. 'kwd,acgif;aqmiftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1949 ckESpf rwfv24 &ufae@wGif jynf+rdKŒ Y ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD/

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jynfol@&Jabmf (jzL) ESifh awmfvSefaom Armhwyfrawmfwdk@ yl;aygif;I jynfol@'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pkudkzG JŒpnf; &mwGif a¶SŒwef;rSyg0ifcJ honf? 1950 jynfhESpfwGif jynfol@'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk +ydKuGJoGm;cJhonf? awmfvSefaom Armhwyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;vkduf&onf? ,if;aemuf awmcdkwyfrsm;ESifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD.vufeufudkifwyfrsm;yl;aygif;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf Adkvf&JxGÉfonf 1950 jynfhESpf rwfv 5 &ufae@wGif awmifil+rdKŒaejynfrif;}uD;a[mif; ,pfrsKd;t&m&Sd OD;b=unf/ a':&ifwdk@. 'kwd,orD; a':cif=unfESifhvufxyfxdrf;jrm;I om;wpfa,mufxGef;um;cJhonf?

1950 jynfhESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif v,fa0;+rdKŒe,f v,f'}uD;pcef;YArmjynf uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmifr_atmuf&Sd ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. t+rJwrf;wyfrawmftjzpf jynfol@wyfrawmfwGif Adkvf&JxGÉfonf 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyf}uD; cef@tyfjcif;cH&onf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. jynfol@wyfrawmfzGJŒpnf;yHkrSm......(1) AdkvfcsKyfrSL; oef;xGef;(2) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; Aodef;wif(3) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; aZ,s(4) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; oef;+rdKif(5) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; cspf(6) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; wifxGef;(7) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; &JxGÉf(8) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdefwif(9) 'kAdkvfcsKyf}uD; pdk;armif(10) AdkvfcsKyf &efatmif(11) AdkvfcsKyf atmifrif;wdk@jzpf=uonf?

xdk@tjyif Adkvf&JxGÉfonf 1951 ckESpf 1963 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDjynfol@awmfvSefa&;ppfaumifpDwGif twGif;a&; rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?

1959 ckESpf arv25 &ufae@wGif zmyGef+rdKŒe,f (rJ0dkif) a'oY rGefjynfopfygwD/u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶kH; (KNU) ESifh Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD/ u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wkd;wufa&;ygwD/ csif;OD;pD;tzGJŒwdk@ yl;aygif;I pwifzGJŒpnf;cJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDnD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw) wGif Auyudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf ocifZif/ ocifcspfwdk@ESifhtwlAdkvf&JxGÉfonf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf?

trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk (r'nw) wGif yg0ifcJholrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?

81


u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t¶kH;rS(1) ref;bZef(2) AdkvfcsKyfaumfxl; (apmausmfjroef;)

rGefjynfopfygwDrS((1) EkdifatmifxGef;(2) Edkifa&$usif

ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDrS(1) ocifZif(2) ocifcspf(3) Adkvf&JxGÉf•

u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwDrS(1) OD;bdk;ausmf

csif;OD;pD;tzGJŒrS(1) qvkdif;pHatmif wdk@jzpf=uonf?

TuJhodk@ ordkif;tpOftvm}uD;rm;cJ haom Ad kvf&JxGÉ fonf 1958 ckESpfatmufwd kbmv 24 &ufae@wGif jynfwGif; +i drf;csrf;a&;tzG J Œ OD;pD;acgif;aqmifq&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;xH "Adkvf&JxGÉ f.ay;pm" udk ay;ydk@cJhonf? ,if;pmonfaemiftcgwGif "Adkvf&JxGÉf. (2) csufESifh 0ifa&;vrf;pOf" [k trnfwGifcJhonf?

pmygta=umif;t&mrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf.......(1) vuf&SdurBmtajctae/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftajctaersm;t&

jrefrmjynfwGif e,fcsJŒorm;ESifh azmufjyefa&;orm; +idrf;[email protected]_qHk;a&;'Drkdua&pDqdwfokOf;a&;vkyf}uHr_tEW&m,fonf wae@wjcm;}uD;rm;pGm&ifqkdifvm&ojzifhta&;w}uD; umuG,f&efvkdtyfygonf?

&[ef;¶Sifvljynfoltaygif;wdk@onf wkdif;jynf.ab;tEW&m,fudk trsKd;om;nD!Gwfa&;tm;jzifh wm;qD;Edkif&ef vuf&SdjynfwGif;ppfudk tjrefqHk;&yfpJI jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udkwnfaqmuf&ef tylwjyif;awmif;qdkaeygonf?

xdk@a=umifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJI jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk

82


tjrefqHk;wnfaqmuf Edkif&ef atmufygwifjycsufudk q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; }uD;rSL;aom jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒrSwqifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh jynfolvlxktm; av;pm;pGmwifjytyfygonf?

(2) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf [email protected];qdkcsuft& tpdk;&ujyÏmef;xm;aom oifykef;acsvGwf+idrf;cGifhESifh ygwDw&m;0if xlaxmifcGifhudk rltm;jzifhvufcHygonf?rlt& Oya'twGif;0ifa&mufI 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& w&m;rSswaoma&G;aumufyGJwGifyg0if,SOf+ydKifvkdygonf?

Oya'twGif;odk@0ifa&mufEdkif&efESifh a&G;aumufyGJwGif vGwfvyfpGm,SOf+ydKif0ifEdkif&efatmufygtcsufrsm;udk uwdjyKaqmif&Guf apvdkygonf?

(u) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifhywfoufI tusOf;orm;rsm;tm;vHk;udk v$wf&ef?(c) vmrnfha¶G;aumufyGJwGif uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufcHonfjzpfap vufrcHonf

jzpfap uGefjrLepfygwDtygt0if rnfonfhw&m;0ifygwDtzGJŒtpnf;rqdk wef;wl&nfwlvHk;0vGwfvyfpGm ,SOf+ydKifcGifhjyK&ef?

txufygtcsufrsm;udk uwdjyKcsufcdkifrmpGm&&SdvSsif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf-u? vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfaxmifpktpdk;&odk@v$Jtyfay;rnf?c? vufeufudkifwdkufyGJrS Oya'wGif;wdkufyGJodk@ ul;ajymif;I Oya'twGif; 0ifa&mufrnf?*? uef@owfxm;aomtcsdeftwGif; Oya'twGif;0ifa&mufrvmaom rdrdygwD0ifrsm;udktqufjzwfrnf?

wzufESif hwzufajyvnf&ef tmCmwuif;pGm txufygvkyfief;rsm;udktaumiftxnfazmf&efESifh Oya'twGif;odk@ acsmarmpGm 0ifEkdifa&;twGuf ESpfzufoabmwlonfh ae@&ufrSpI twkduftcdkuf&yfpJ&ef?

(3) ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf ESpfzufajyvnfr_jzifh +idrf;csrf;a&;&ap&efawGŒqHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk t}udrf}udrf wifjycJhygonf? OD;Ek tpdk;&u rvkdufavsmcJhygujynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒESifh awGŒqHkcGifhudkvnf; vHkjcHKr_ tmrcHcsufray;cJhyg? odk@&mwGif OD;Ektpdk;&u awGŒcGihfjyKxm;ao;onfhtwGuf ab;tEW&m,frsm;&Sdvifhupm; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJŒrS rdef@=um;csufrsm;udk=um;em&if; uGsef [email protected];udkvnf; ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftxufygtjzpfEdkifqHk;wifjycsufudk wifjytyfygonf?

xyfrH&Sif;vif;&ef vdktyfao;onfxifygu q&m}uD;wdk@rSwqifhjzpfap/ wkduf¶dkufjzpfap ar;jref;ajz&Sif;Edkifygonf?

(4) &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;wkd@onf txufazmfjyyg olremudk,fremESpfbufajyvnfr_&&Sdaprnfh jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk t aumiftxnfay:atmif tpGrf;ukef0dkif;0ef;}udK;yrf;=uyg&ef ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu tav;teuf yef=um;vdkufygonf?

83


(yHk) &JxGÉf(A[dkaumfrwDudk,fpm;vS,f)1958ck/ atmufwdkbmv 24 &uf?

Ad kvf&JxGÉ f.wifjycsufudk q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_ dif;od&S dvkduf&onf?"+idrf;csrf;a&;&Edkif+yD" [k tm;&0rf;omjzpfoGm;+yD; xdkpOfu EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;EkESifhumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;wdk@xH 1958 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 27 &ufae@wGifudk,fwkdifoGm;a&mufawGŒqHkcJhonf?

odk@aomf xdkpOfu EdkifiHawmf0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekonf ygwDtwGif; tuGJt+yJrsm;a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;tm; tdrfapmifh tpdk;&tjzpf tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;&efpDpOfaecsdefjzpfI awGŒqHkcGifhr&cJhacs? xdk@tjyif 4if;wdk@onf Adkvf&JxGÉf. (2) csufESifh 0ifa&;vrf;pOftay: Yvnf; pdwf0ifpm;r_r&S dcJ hacs? xdk@a=umif h q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_ dif;jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;}udK;yrf;r_onf t&mrxifjzpf cJh&onf?

xdk@aemuf 1962 ckESpf arv 21 &ufae@wGif Adkvf&JxGÉfonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD. vuf0Jw&m;ao0g'/ vuf0J *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh vufeufudkifvrf;pOfudk r,Hk=unfojzifhewWvif;/ ZD;ukef;e,fbufrSwqifh tvif;0ifa&mufcJh onf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;xHodk@vnf;ta=umif;=um;cJhonf? TwGif AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;u Adkvf&JxGÉftm; oGm;a&mufac:,l&eftwGuf xdkpOfu 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;}uD;csmvDodrf;a&$tm; wm0efay;apv$wfcJhonf? Adkvf&JxGÉftm;oltvif;0ifonfh arv 21 &ufae@rSpI wyfrawmfrSxGufcGifhjyKI ZGefv 18 &ufae@txdAdkvfrSL;vpm (763 usyf 77 jym;) wyfrawmfaiGpm&if;ÏmerS xkwfay;vkdufonf?Adkvf&JxGÉfonf Adkvfvufsm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZmwdk@+yD;vSsif0gt&ifhqHk;wyfrawmft&m&Sdjzpfonf? ol.udk,fydkifeHygwfrSm (35 06) jzpfonf?

awmwGif;Y 15ESpfausmfrSs yifyef;qif;&JcJhonfh'%f/ usef;rma&;csKdŒwJhonfh'%f/pdwfzdpD;r_'%frsm;a=umifh Adkvf&JxGÉfonf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;pDpOfay;r_jzifh aq;¶kHwufa&mufukocJh&onf?

,if;aemuf awmcd ktvHjzLuGef jrLepfygwDrS ppfa&;wm0efcH }uD;rsm;ESif hygwDxdyfwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uaom Adkvf&JxGÉ f/ Adkvf pdefwif/ Adkvf&Jarmifwdk@onfrnfonfhtwGuf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDxH tvif;0ifcJh&onfudk 1963 ckESpf arv 21&ufae@wGif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJjyKvkyfcJhonf?

xdk@aemuf jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDodk@0ifa&mufI EdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufcJhonf?jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDwGif vlxka&;&m aumfrwDtzGJŒ0iftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?1964 ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae@wGif awmfvSefa&;aumifpD. t=uHay;tzGJŒ0iftjzpf

84


aqmif&GufcJhonf? rqvygwDA[dka&;&mÏme}uD;. twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?1972 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 9 &uf ae@wGif rqvygwDÏmecsKyf or0g,rpdkufysdK;arG;jrLa&;ESifh opfawma&;&maumfrwDwGif twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif cJhonf?,if;aemuf 1977 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif ta&;ay:ygwDnDvmcHY ygwDoef@pifa&;t& Adkvf&JxGÉftygt0if ygwD A[dkaumfrwD0if 50 xkwfy,fcH&onf?

xdk@aemuf ¶Spfq,fh¶Spf'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfyGm;aepOftwGif; 1988 ckESpfpufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif pwif zGJŒpnf;cJhonfh wyfrawmfwyfrSL;a[mif;rsm;ESifh&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ Y OD;aqmiftzGJŒwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmifa&$/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol&OD;wifOD;/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; aomif;'ef/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mif; apmjrifhwdk@ESifhtwl yg0ifcJhonf?

xdkESpf pufwifbmv (27) &ufae@wGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfpwifxnfaxmifpOf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJŒ0if tjzpf yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? xdk@tjyif1988 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 17 &ufae@wGif rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ. e,utjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 27 &ufae@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmf a':cif=unfpsmyeaumfrwDwGif 'kwd,OuUÏtjzpf aqmif¶GufcJhonf? xkd@tjyif 1980 rS,ae@wdkif&JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrdom;pkrsm; oma&;ema&;ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif;Y em,u tjzpfyg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1990 jynfhESpf 'DZifbm 3 &ufae@wGif rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒrSE_wfxGufcJhonf?

,if;aemuf ocifwifjr/ ocifvSxGef;/ OD;cspfv_dif (udkudkarmif}uD;)/ &Jabmfbcuf/OD;aZmfvif;/ OD;xifvif;/ OD;wifxGef;/ udktHk;jrifh/ OD;ausmfatmif/ oef;0if;v_difwdk@yg0ifaomAdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;twKywWdjyKpka&;aumfrwDwGif em,utjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf?

Adkvf&JxGÉ fonf jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_EdkifiHa&;aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umifhEkdifiHawmfrScsD;jrSifhaom qkwHqdyfajrmufrsm;pGm &&SdcJh onf? &&SdcJhaom qkwHqdyfrsm;rSm...

(1) v_dif;bGJŒ+rdKŒodrf;wkdufyGJESifh uwdkifwdwkdufyGJwdk@wGif xl;cGsefpGm wkdufcdkufcJhonfhtwGuf 1942-43 ckESpfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfr awmf (bDtdkifat) . ol&Jaumif;wHqdyf('kwd,tqifh)?

xdk@aemuf ¶Spfq,fh¶Spf'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;jzpfyGm;aepOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf pufwifbmv 9 &ufae@wGi fpwif zGJŒpnf;cJhonfh wyfrawmfwyfrSL;a[mi f;rsm;ESi fh&Jabmf

a[mi f;rsm;tzGJŒY OD;aqmi ftzGJŒwGi f AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mi f; atmi fa&$/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;a[mif; ol& O D;wi fOD;/AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mi f; aomi f;'ef/ AdkvfrSL;}uD;a[mi f; apmjri fhwdk@ESi fhtwl yg0i fcJhonf?

xdkESpf pufwi fbmv (27) &ufae@wGi f pwifwnfaxmi fcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyfpwifxnfaxmifpOf A[dkO D;pD;tzGJŒ0i f tjzpf yg0i faqmi f&GufcJhonf?

85


(2) 1942 Zefe0g&D8 rS 1942 Zlvdkif26 ESpftwGif; bDtdkifatY ppfr_xrf;cJhonfhtwGuf ta&;awmfyHkwHqdyf?

(3) 1942 Zlvdkif27 rS 1945 rwf 26 ESpftwGif; bD'DatY ppfr_xrf;cJhonfhtwGufvGwfvyfa&;pnf;¶kH;r_wHqdyf?

(4) 1945 rwf 27 rS 1945 pufwifbm 12 ESpfumvtwGif; zufqpf*syefrsm;udk&Gyf&GyfcGsefcGsefoufpGef@}udK;yrf; wkdufcdkufarmif; xkwfcJhonfhtwGuf vGwfajrmufa&;wHqdyf?

(5) 1972ckESpf rwfv (25) &ufae@wGif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ aemufqHk;u¾Y udk,fusdK;riJhbJ wdkif;jynfESifh vlrsKd; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf oufpGef@qHzsm;}udK;yrf;aqmif¶GufcJhr_rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHawmfu aus;Zl;qyfjcif; txdrf;trSwftjzpf vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxrtqifh) wHqdyf?

(6) 1980 ckESpf ZGefv 7 &ufae@wGif EdkifiHawmftusdK;udk OD;pD;aqmif&GufcJhonfhtwGuf EdkifiH*k%f&nfbGJŒ (yxr tqifh) ponfwdk@udk csD;jrSifhcH&onf?

oef;0i f;v_di far 20/ 2012

xdk@tjyi f 1988 ckESpf Edk0i fbmv 17 &ufae@wGi f rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒ. e,utjzpfaqmi f&GufcJhonf? 1988 ckESpf 'DZi fbmv 27 &ufae@ AdkvfcsKyfuawmf a':cif=unfpsmye

aumfrwDwGi f 'kwd,OuUÏtjzpf aqmi f¶GufcJhonf? xkd@tjyi f 1980 rS,ae@wdki f &JabmfoHk;usdyf0i frdom;pkrsm;oma&;ema&;ulnDapmifha&Smufa&;toif;Y em,u tjzpf yg0ifaqmi f&GufcJhonf? 1990 jynfhESpf 'DZi fbm 3

&ufae@wGi f rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzGJŒrS E_wfxGufcJhonf?

(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

86


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87


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88


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95


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96


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97


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98


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103


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104


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'DvdkrSr[kwfbJ t&ifppftkyfpkvufxufuvdk EdkifiHa&;upm;wmrsdK;vkyfae&ifawmhjynfwGif;ppfvnf; &yfpJEdkifrSmr[kwfovdk jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;qdkwmvnf; jzpfay:vmp&mr&dSwJhtjyif wdkif;jynfvnf; qif;&JwGif;xJu ¶kef;xGufedkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;/ xm0&+idrf;csrf;a&;/ acwfrDzGH@+zdK;wdk;wufwJh 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfqdkwmawG[m OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&tzGJ@&Jh +idrf;csrf;a&;twkta,mif [efjya=uG;a=umfoHoufoufom jzpfaeygvdrfhr,f?

armi fci fat;wifh (ra'guf)ZGef 4/ 2012

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vGwfvyfpGmoabmxm;uGJvGJcGifhonf vlom;wkdif;. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf?"vGwfvyfpGm" [laom a0g[m&a=umifhvnf;aumif;/ "oabmxm;uGJvGJcGifh" [laoma0g[m&a=umifhvnf;aumif; txdwfwvef@awmh rjzpfapvdkyg? jrefrmha0g[m&e,fy,fwGif"vlwpfudk,f t}udKufwpfrsdK;" [laom pum;&Sdonf? ,if;pum;onf vGwfvyfpGmoabmxm;uGJvGJcGifhudk tajccHaompum;om jzpfygonf? "vGwfvyfr_"

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vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;uGJvGJcGihf

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vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;uGJvGJcGifh. tajzonf nSdEd_if;aqG;aEG;tajz&Smr_jzpfonf? vl@abmifavmu. jy\emrsm;onf nSdEd_if;aqG;aEG;tajz&Smjcif;om ajyvnfEdkifonf? igwaum aumvdkol/ EdkifhxufpD;eif;jyKusifhvdkol/ ajcmufpm;a[mufpm;jyKIudk,fusdK;pD;yGm;&Smvdkolwdk@url nSdEd_if;aqG;aEG; tajz&Smr_udk vufrcH/ rdrdwdk@ wpfzufowftEkdif&a&;/ t+rJ tay:pD;&aea&;udkom a&S@wef;wifonf? rSm;cJhaom trSm;rsm;twGufjyefvnf'%fcwfcH&rnfpdk;I Todk@jyKvkyf&onf? xkdolwdk@onf vkyf&Jaomfvnf; cH&rnfhtvSnfhwGif cH&Jolrsm;r[kwfay? Todk@jzifh jy\emwdk@onf ydkrdkI euf¶d_if;oGm;awmhonf?ydkrdkI }uD;xGm;oGm;awmhonf? rD;cdk;rqHk; rdk;rqHk;jzpfoGm;awmhonf?

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bma=umifh vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;uGJvGJcGifhudk TrSsa&S@wef;wif ajymqdkae&ygovJ? vl@abmifvl@avmuudk vlwpfOD;csif;pDjzifh zGJ@pnf;xm;onf? TvlwpfOD;csif;pD.vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:ajrmfjrifr_onf ta&;}uD;onf? vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:ajrmfjrifrS^m%f&nf^m%faoG; xufjrufonf? &Sifoefonf? tppt&m&m csKyfcs,fxm;aomom;orD;u rdbuG,f&mwGif xifovdk}uJonf? rdbu rsufESmv$JIr&/ t&G,fESifhtvm;wlvGwfvyfr_jzifh }uD;xGm;vmaomuav;u rdbuG,f&mrSmvnf; xifovdkrvkyf/ trSm;trSefudk cGJjcm;odonf? rdbu rsufESmv$JI&onf? TyHkpHudk urBmay:&Sd rnfonfhrdom;pkYrqdkawG@&SdEdkifonf?

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tajz&Smonf?bma=umi fh vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;uGJvGJcGi fhudk TrSsa&S@wef;wif ajymqdkae&

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vGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;uGJvGJcGihfvGwfvyfpGm oabmxm;uGJvGJcGifh[lonf wpfrsdK;wpfpm;wnf;om&Sdonf?

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odk@aomf wcsdK@wcsdK@u cGJjcm;ajymqdkvdkonf? xdkajymqdkolonf "b,fuvmovJ/b,fe,fuvJ" qdkonfh ol.rlvblwudk t&if=unfh&rnf? ,if;odk@ ajymqdkolonf jynfolua&G;cs,fwm0efay;cH yk*~dKvf [kwf/r[kwf =unfhzdk@vdkonf? jynfol. ta&G;cs,fcHyk*~dKvfqdkvSsifawmh ajymcGifh&Sdonf? trSm;/ trSefudk jynfolu qHk;jzwfvdrhfrnf? jynfol. ta&G;cs,fcHr[kwfbJ/ udk,fhbmom twif;t"rR pifay:wufaeolqdku Todk@ajymcGifhr&Sd? xkdolwdk@uukd,fhtodpdwf"mwfESihfudk,f/ wm0efodpGm aqmif&Gufwmygqdk+yD; qifajcay;vdrfhrnf? ukd,fhtodESifhudk,f wm0efodpGm aqmif&Gufygu ukd,fusdK;pD;yGm;rygap&? udk,fhtodESihfudk,ftrsm;oGm;onfhvrf;jyifvSsif ukd,fhxrif;udk,fpm;+yD;jyifyg? tvSLcHI rjyifygESihf? tvSLcHzdk@vdkvSsifvnf; udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf wpfjym;wpfcsyfrS roHk;ygESifh? trsm;twGuf ukd,fhtodeJ@ukd,fvnf;qdkao;/ ,if;vkyfief;uae pD;yGm;vnf;&Smao;qdkygu xkdolwdk@udk "¶dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_r&Sdaom"/ "pdwfaepdwfxm; rpif=u,faom" [k emr0daooewyfI&onf? olwdk@r¶dk;rajzmifhoavmuf ¶lyutvuFm/ 0uF0kwWdtvuFmawmifwyf+yD; ajymvdk@&ygao;onf?

wjcm;vlwpfa,mufrSm ,Hk=unfcsuf&Sdonf? rdrdrSm ,Hk=unfcsuf&Sdonf?,Hk=unfcsufrwlumrSsESifh &efolr[kwfyg? olESifhrdrdwdk@ ,Hk=unfcsufjcif; rwlapumrlol.,Hk=unfcsufudk tav;xm;av;pm;yg? ,if;onf ,Ofaus;aomvl@tzGJ@tpnf;.rlvblwvuQ%m jzpfonf?

( ( ( ( ( 7Day News *sme,f twGJ 8/ trSwf 33 rS jyefvnful;,lazmfjyygonf )

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ckArmjynfrSm jzpfcJhwJh vlwOD;csif; usL;vGefwJh &mZ0wfr_ rSwqihf vlrsKd;a&;/bmoma&; yÉdyuQ toGifaqmifvmum t=urf;zuf owfjzwfr_/ t"du&k%f; yHkpHrwnf+idrfr_awG jzpfay:vm&jcif;rSm EdkifiH}uD;om;yDozdkŒ/ wenf;tm;jzihf ,Ofaus;wJhvlŒtzGJŒtpnf; azmfaqmifvmEdkifzdkŒ avhvm/ qifjcifp&mawG trsm;}uD; &Sdw,f? bmom/ vlrsdK;wif;rmr_toGifaqmifvmjcif;rSm aqG;aEG; oHk;oyfp&m vufiif;ta=umif; (Immediate

Cause) awG/ aemufcHum;csyf t&if;tjrpfta=umif; (Underlying Root Cause) awGtrsm;}uD;&SdwJhtjyif vltrsm;pk&JŒ yk*~vdu oabm wkefŒ jyefr_awGrSm qifjcif owdjyKp&mawGtrsm;}uD; &Sdaew,f?

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txl;ojzihf &cdkifvlxk[m ppftpdk;& tqufquf eJŒ vuf&Sd tpdk;& acwfrSmrw&m; zdESdyfr_rsdK;pHkudk jynfrrS jrefrmtrsm;pkxuf ydkcHpm;cJh/ cHpm;ae=u&w,f? 'ghtjyif t&ifzdESdyfr_ ydkjyif;xefwJh ppftpdk;& acwfrSm awmif &cdkifvlxk[m +idrf;csrf;wJh enf;eJŒ rw&m;r_udk

,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;twGuf qifjcifp&m

+idrf;csrf;at;

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tm%mydkifawG&JŒ pepfwus wm0efay;jcif;cH&wJh olawG jzpfzdkŒ rsm;ygw,f? pdwfcHpm;r_ t&aoG;qlwkef; vlowfrdw,fqdkwm jzpfavh&Sdygw,f? odkŒaomf 'Dvdk pepfwus }udKwifpDpOfaqmuf&GufwJh yHkpHrsdK;awmh r[kwfygbl;? yxr &mZ0wfr_ jzpfpOf (t"rR om;r,m; jyKusihf/ypPnf;,l/ vlowfr_) rSm yg0ifywfoufcJhwJh olawG&JŒ vlrsdK;/ bmom rwlr_udk tom;ay;ajymqdk aoG;xdk; vH_;aqmf pnf;&Hk;+yD; t&uf/ rl;,pfaq;0g; wdkufausG; aoG;aqmifcHcJh&wJhtodynmtajccHenf; vlwcsdKŒvnf; ygaumif;ygEdkifygw,f? 'gayr,hf pwif tpDtpOfcs/vrf;a=umif;ay;wmuawmh tpdk;& (odkŒ ) tpdk;& axmufcHol tzGJŒtpnf; wckck&JŒ OD;aqmifr_/yg0ifywfoufr_ qdkwm jzpfpOfudk avhvm&if xif&Sm;ygw,f?

ck pma&;ol txufrSm ajymcJhwJh pdwfcHpm;r_eJŒ wkefŒ jyefr_qdkwm yxr t"rRom;r,m; jyKusihf/ ypPnf;,l/ vlowfr_ jzpfpOf tay: wkefŒ jyefcJh=uwJh rD'D,m eJŒ trsm;jynfolvlxk&JŒ vkyf&yf/ tjrif/ wkefŒ jyefr_udk qdkvdkwmyg? tm;vHk;u em;vnfoabmaygufxm;ygvsufeJŒ tpdk;& tuGufxJudk vdkufyg 0ifa&mufoGm;aejcif;u txufrSm ajymcJhwJh vlrsdK;/bmom tnSmcvkwfudk xdrdawmh pdwfcHpm;r_ aemufvdkuf+yD; jyKrl aqmif&GufrdwJhtrltusihfawGudk qdkvdkwmyg?

rsufarSmufacwfvdk tifwmeuf enf;ynm/ owif; qufoG,fa&;/ &kyfoH enf;ynmawG us,hfjyefŒwJhacwfrSm yxr &mZ0wfr_ owif;[m enf;ynm&JŒ tultnDeJŒvsifvsifjrefjref us,fus,fjyefŒ jyefŒ vlawG=um;udk a&muf&SdcJhw,f? owif;tcsuftvufpD;qif;r_ jrefqefus,fjyefŒvmwJhoabmudk bmrS tjypfajymp&mr&Sdyg? odkŒaomf pwifwifjywJh a'ocH Xmaewdkif;&if;om;udk udk,fpm;jyK[ef&SdwJh rD'D,m&JŒ owif;wifjyyHk eJŒ xyfqihfjzefŒa0olawG&JŒ jyKrlyHkawG[m pum;ajymp&mawG trsm;}uD; &SdcJhygw,f? 'g[m vuf&Sdjzpfay:aewJh vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; yÉdyuQ toGifo¾mef rwnfr+idrfjzpfaer_&JŒ 'kwd,vufiif;ta=umif;vnf; jzpfygw,f?

'kwd, vufiif; ta=umif;&JŒ tpjzpfwJh t"rR om;r,m; jyKusihf/ ypPnf;,l/vlowfr_ jzpfpOfudk wifjywJh owif;rD'D,m&JŒ usL;vGefolawGvdkŒ pGyfpGJcH&wJh olawGtay:bmom/ vlrsdK; rwlnDr_udk tom;ay;azmfjywm[m usihf0wfydkif;qdkif&mt& ar;cGef;xkwfp&mawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? Xmaewdkif;&if;om;bufudk udk,fpm;jyK+yD; us,fjyefŒwJhoabmaqmifwJh rw&m;r_awG/ &mZ0wfr_awG &SdaevdkŒ &Sdaea=umif; vltrsm; todrSwfjyKr_&atmif yHkazmfcsif&ifvnf; tedXm&Hk "mwfyHkawGxuf tjcm; tm;aumif;wJh tcsuftvufawG/ tvm;wl tjzpftysufawG pkpnf;+yD; pHkprf; wl;azmf owif;wifjy[ef (Investigative

Report) eJŒ rD'D,m/ pme,fZif; usihf0wf oduQm &Sd&SdwifjyvdkŒ &ygw,f? 'Dvdk tjzpftysufrSwfwrf;wifpmawGudk a'oqdkif&m vlxktajcjyK tzGJŒtpnf;awG/ a'ocH Xmaewdkif;&if;om; ukd,fpm;jyKygwDawG udkay;ydkŒ+yD; olwdkŒrS wqihf jynfe,f eJŒ A[dk tpdk;&udk w&m;Oya'

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pdk;rdk;a&;/ &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&; tav;ay;atmifvnf; wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfEdkifygw,f?tpdk;& (odkŒ ) pHkprf;a&;aumfr&Sif (odkŒ ) w&m;&Hk; pwJh trsm;jynfol odp&mrvdkwJh tzGJŒtpnf;awGudk wifjywJhtcsdefrSmom wu,hf tjzpftrSef "mwfyHk taxmuftxm; (b,favmuftajctaeqdk;qdk;/ tedXm&Hk jzpfjzpf) a0a0qmqmeJŒ cdkifcdkifvHkvHk wifjyzdkŒvdk+yD; trsm;jynfoludkjzefŒa0wJh owif;wifqufr_rSmawmh owif;usihf0wf/ owif;aumif; *k%f&nfudkxdef;jcif;tm;jzihf vlawG&JŒ pdwfESvHk; qGJudkifv_yfapr,hf tedXm&Hk "mwfyHkawG/ bmom/ vlrsdK;uGJjym;olcsif; aoG;xdk;apwJh pum;vHk;/ toHk;tElef;awGudk a&Smif=uOf &rSmjzpfygw,f?

,aeŒacwfrSm tifwmeuf bavmhawG/ vlr_uGef,ufpmrsufESmawG rS wqihfomrefvlwdkif;u toufarG;0rf;a=umif; ynm&yf wckjzpfwJh owif;/ rD'D,m awG&JŒvkyfief;wm0efawGudk 0goemt& taysmfwrf;vkyfaqmifaer_[m owif;acwfvlom;&JŒoabmobm0 jzpfwJh tjyif rwluGJjym;us,fjyefŒwJh tjrifawGudk xkwfazmfEdkifvdkŒtjyKoabmtaeeJŒ }udKqdk&rSmjzpfw,f? odkŒaomf udk,fwdkif pepfwus avhvmoif,lxm;jcif;r&SdwJh owif;jzefŒ jzK;jcif; bmom&yfwckudk aeŒpOf udk,fydkif pmrsufESmawGrSwqihfvkyfaqmifcsifw,fqdk&ifawmh owif;/ rD'D,m awG a,bk,s vdkufem&r,hf usihf0wfawG/pnf;urf;awGudk avhvmzdkŒvdkygr,f? toHk;tE_ef; eJŒ wifjyyHk tm;vHk;[m oduQm/ usihf0wftnDjzpfzdkŒvdkygr,f?

tpdk;&&JŒ tm&Hkajymif;vSnhfuGufudk eif;0ifae=uw,fqdkwJh oabmu ck vltrsm;pkrdrd&JŒ tGefvdkif; udk,fydkifpmrsufESmawGay:rS &mZ0wfr_owif;udk wifjyyHk/ jzefŒa0yHkowif;usihf0wfeJŒ rnDjzpfaewmudk t"du qdkvdkwmjzpf+yD; &mZ0wfr_ owif;udk vlrsdK;/bmom uGJjym;r_ tom;ay; azmfjyajymqdkum tpdk;&t}udKuf vlrsdK;/ bmom rkef;wD;a&;awGjzpfay:apzdkŒ (rodvdkŒyJ jzpfap/ r&nf&G,fyJeJŒ jzpfap) tifwkduftm;wdkuf ulnDaeovdkjzpfaeygw,f? 'Doabm[m ckvwfwavm jzpfcJhwJh &mZ0wfr_ ESpfck vHk;udk vltrsm;pk (bufESpfbufvHk;) wHkŒ jyefyHkrSm tusHK;0ifygw,f?

owif;jzpfpOfwckudk wifjy&if yg0ifywfoufol&JŒ bmom/ vlrsdK;[m b,fvdkta=umif;rsdK;eJŒrS azmfjyp&mrvdkyg? Oyrm - r=umcifu jzpfcJhwJh vlrsdK;om;/ bmomjcm;jzpf[efwlwJh tpdk;&0efxrf; rD;&xm; pufacgif;armif;olwOD; oufpGefŒqHzsm; c&D;onf&JŒtoufudk u,fcJhwJh owif;rSm ol&JŒ vlrsdK; eJŒ bmomudk t"du tom;ay; azmfjyp&mrvdkyg? 'gu aumif;wJh vkyfaqmifr_ jzpfvdkŒ rdrd vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;rSm vlenf;pk jzpfaewJh tkyfpkudktxifjrifrSm;/ trkef;oHo,awG &SdaevdkŒ ajzavsmhapcsifwJh oabmeJŒ vlrsdK;/ bmom udkazmfjywmqdk&ifvnf; 'kwd, OD;pm;ay; taeeJŒ owif;aemufuG,frS rodrom ynmygygeJŒazmfjy&rSm jzpfygw,f? &mZ0wfr_ vdk owif;rSm bmom/ vlrsdK; udkxnhfjcif;uawmhbmta=umif;jycsufeJŒrS (b,fvdkenf;eJŒrS) rjzpfoihfwJh udpPyg? &mZ0wfr_ jzpfw,f? usL;vGef

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a=umif; oHo, jzpfcH&wJh olawG tzrf;cHxm;&w,f? olwdkŒudk w&m;&Hk; rSm w&m;Oya' eJŒtnD tjypf &Sd r&Sd pHkprf;azmfxkwfr,f? tjypf&Sd&if jypfr_eJŒ xdkufwefwJh jypf'%fudk uscHapr,f?w&m;&Hk; vkyfief;pOfwavsmuf w&m;/ Oya'eJŒ nDrnD/ t*wd uif;ruif;/ w&m;rSswr_&Sdr&Sd oufqdkif&m a'ou vlr_tzGJŒtpnf;awG eJŒ owif;/ rD'D,mu apmihf=unhfr,f?w&m;&Hk;&JŒ vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHk (odkŒ ) aemufqHk; w&m;pD&ifcsufu wckck csGwfacsmf&ifbma=umihfjzpf&w,f/ b,fvdkawmh vkyfaqmifoihfw,f pwJh ar;cGef;xkwfr_awG/qENoabmxm; awmif;qdkr_ awGudk t&yfzufvlŒtzGJŒtpnf;awG eJŒ owif;/ rD'D,muvkyfaqmifr,f? 'g[m &dk;&Sif;wJh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;wJh vlŒabmif tzGJŒtpnf;rSm jzpf&r,hf jzpfpOfeJŒ vkyfief;oabmawGyg? &mZ0wfr_eJŒ roufqdkifwJh usL;vGefol eJŒ usL;vGefcH&olawG&JŒbmom/ vlrsdK;uGJjym;r_ udk xnhfp&m ta=umif;r&Sdyg?

w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;wJh wdkif;jynfawGrSmvnf; bmom/ vlrsdK; uGJjym;olawG=um; jzpfwJh&mZ0wftr_tcif;awGrSm rvdkvm;tyfwJh ya,m*awG uyfygavh&Sdygw,f? yxr &mZ0wfr_jzpfjzpfcsif; tusL;vGefcH&ol&JŒ rdom;pk0ifu w&m;Oya'&JŒ tqHk;tjzwfudk rapmihfEdkifbJpdwfcHpm;r_eJŒ udk,fwdkif vufpm;acs jcif;jzihf jyefvnf ('kwd,) &mZ0wfusL;vGefrdwmawG&Sdavh&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdk tajctae[m rwluGJjym;wJh vltkyfpk ESpfck t=um;rSm trkef;awG/oHo, awG wdk;yGm;vmap+yD; vGwfvyfwJh w&m;pD&ifr_ udk xdcdkufapwwfygw,f? 'DvdkoabmawGudk ZmwftdrfjyKxm;wJh A Time To Kill (1996) &kyf&Sif udk avhvm=unhfyg?'D&kyf&SifrSm w&m;&kHk;&JŒ aemufqHk;qHk;jzpfcsufrSm r_cif; wckvHk; &JŒ jzpfpOf/ aemufcH eJŒ oabmudkjcHKiHkoHk;oyf+yD; pdwfcHpm;r_t& jyefvnf jypfr_ usL;vGefol&JŒ vkyfaqmifcsufudk tjypfr&Sda=umif;qHk;jzwfcJhw,f? 'Dvdk pdwful;,Of Zmwfvrf;wckudkawmif vlxlqD xkwfvkyfjzefŒcsDwJhtcgw&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;r_ udkxdyg;apwJh tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m udpPjzpfwJh twGuf a0zefoHk;oyfr_awGtrsm;}uD; jzpfcJ hw,f? wcsdKŒ Ed kifiHawGrSm 'D&kyf&SifjyowJhtcg 'Dvdk w&m;Oya'rJhudk,fydkifw&m;pD&ifr_ t& vlowfcGihf &Sd&JŒvm; qdkwJh ar;cGef;oabm ay:vGifatmif Zmwfum;trnfrSm ar;cGef; (Query) oauFw xnhfapw,f?

,xmblwusus/ "rR"dXgef&Sd&Sd qifjcifoHk;oyf&if udk,fydkifw&m;pD&ifr_ oabm[m,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;rSm wOD;csif; yk*~vdu taeeJŒ a=uuGJzG,fjzpf&yf wcsdKŒrSmjzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifvdkŒ jypfr_wcsdKŒ jzpfvmwmudk em;vnfvufcHay;Edkifaumif;ay;Edkifayr,hftrsm;pk oabmudkawmh =uyf=uyfrwfrwfeJŒ umuG,f wm;qD;&rSm jzpfygw,f?

txufrSm wifjycJhovdk vuf&Sdjzpfay:aewJh vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; toGifwif;rmaer_awG&JŒ t"du vufiif;ta=umif; tpdk;& &JŒ tm&Hkv$J aoG;xdk;r_ tay: vlawGutvdkufoihf tpdk;&t}udKuf rwkefŒ jyefrdzdkŒvdkygw,f? bmom/ vlrsdK; uGJjym;r_udk cGJjcm;csifpdwftygt0if tjcm; a&S;&dk;pGJ usOf;ajrmif;wJh t,l0g'/ tawG;tac:awGudk wOD;csif;udk

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vufrcHwJh pdwfeJŒ wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;&if; pHjyaexdkif ajymqdk/ jyKrl/ usihf=uH/ awG;ac: zdkŒvdkygw,f?txl;ojzihf rdrd ajymqdk oHk;E_ef;wJh pum;vHk;eJŒ jzefŒa0wJh owif; wifjyyHku tjcm; vlrsdK;/bmom tkyfpkwckckudk txiftjrifvGJrSm;apwmrsdK; rjzpfatmif vHk;0a&Smif=uOf &ygr,f?

vuf&Sd ArmhvlŒtzGJŒtpnf; (ynmt&nftcsif;/ vuf&SdaexdkifwJh EdkifiH roufqdkif)rS ArmawG tGef;vdkif;rSm oHk;E_ef;ajymqdkwJh toHk;tE_ef; eJŒ vkyfaqmifaewJh tjyKtrl trsm;pkvlom;usihf0wfydkif;qdkif&m t& =unhfr,fqdk&if tifrwef tm;enf;aeygw,f? yxrqHk;taeeJŒawmh ,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;u rSm vlawG pHE_ef; taeeJŒ b,fvdk t&mawGudktrSefvdkŒ owfrSwfxm;w,f/ b,fvdkt&mawGudkawmh trSm;vdkŒ cH,lw,f/ b,fvdk tjyKtrl/tajymtqdkuawmhjzihf usihf0wfeJŒ rnDbl;/ &Sufp&maumif;w,f tp&SdwJh vlyDowJhtawG;tac:/ taetxdkif/ toHk;tE_ef;awGudk avhvm+yD; trSefwu,f usihf=uHaexdkif&ygr,f? rdrd&JŒ vlusihf0wf/ vlŒoduQmeJŒ tnD jyKrl/ usihf=uH/ ajymqdk vlyDopGm aexdkifwwfr_udk*k%f,lwwf&ygr,f? ArmyDozdkŒ/ w&kwfyDozdkŒ/ tdENd, yDozdkŒ xuf vlyDozdkŒu ta&;}uD;w,fqdkwmudk em;vnfvufcH&ygr,f?

'Dae&mrSm vltrsm; odap/ =um;apEdkifwJh ae&mawGrSm oHk;E_ef;wJh tac:ta0:oHk;pGJr_awG&JŒ twdrfteuf/ tusdK;tjypf udk odem;vnf+yD; vlŒusihf0wfeJŒ tnD ajymqdkwwf&ygr,f?

Oyrm - ck jzpfcJhwJh &cdkif vlowfr_owif;udk tpdk;& rD'D,m tygt0if rD'D,mwcsdKŒeJŒ vltrsm;pku towfcH&olawGudk "ukvm;" qdkwJh toHk;tE_ef; oHk;aewmawGŒ&w,f? jynfy tajcpdkuf/ txl;ojzihf taemuf EdkifiH a&muf Arm rD'D,m awGurlqvif vlrsdK;vdkŒ ac:a0:oHk;pGJw,f? 'gudk wcsdKŒu odyfrauseyfwJh oabmeJŒ ceJŒwJhwJhajymwmawGvnf; zwf&w,f? ceJŒ olawGxJrSm twef;ynmwwfvdkŒ ac:qdkEdkifolawGygwmawGŒ&awmh vuf&Sd ArmhvlŒtzGJŒtpnf;&JŒ usihf0wfydkif;qdkif&mtm;enf;aer_udk ydkrdkodomxif&Sm;apw,f?

"ukvm;" qdkwJh a0g[m& u vltrsm;udk oufa&mufr_&SdwJh owif;a&;wm/zwfwm/ a=unmwmvdk ae&mrsdK;rSm usihf0wfydkif;qdkif&m xdef;odrf;jcif;tm;jzihf roHk;&yg?oHk;vdkŒ&Sd&if Pejorative (&ihfoD;ovdk) jzpfvdkŒyg? 'grsdK; vlrsdK;pk (odkŒ ) vltkyfpk wpkudk xdcdkufaeEdkifapwJh toHk;tE_ef;awGudk a&Smif=unfoHk;pGJjcif;udk t*Fvdyfvdk Political Correctness

(PR) jzpfatmif oHk;jcif;vdkŒ ac:qdkygw,f? PR qdkwm EdkifiHa&;tm;jzihf rSefuefr_ vdkŒwdkuf&dkufoabm bmomjyefvdkŒr&yg? xdkodkŒ jyef+yD; vl+ydef;awG;eJŒ EdkifiHjcm;om;awGqDuaxmufyHhaiGawG ,laevdkŒ olwdkŒauseyfatmif/ wenf;tm;jzihf EdkifiHa&; rSefuefr_ oabmeJŒjynfy owif;XmeawGu roHk;pGJjcif; r[kwfyg? owif; tzGJŒtpnf;rSm &Sd&r,hf usihf0wfa=umihf roHk;pGJjcif;yg? owif; Xme awGomru vlŒusihf0wf odwJh/ &SdwJh wOD;csif;

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vlyk*~dKvfawGvnf; vltrsm;udk oufa&mufapwJh ae&mrsdK;awGrSm ajymqdk jyKrl&if PR jzpfatmifoHk;pGJ&ygw,f? 'g[m ,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;u vlyDowJh vlawG&JŒ tjyKtrlyg?

PR jzpfatmif ajymqdk jyKrljcif;qdkwm vlrsdK;/ bmom udpPwckwnf; r[kwfyg?tawG;tac:/ ,Hk=unfr_/ ,Ofaus;r_/ usm;§r vdifuGJjym;r_/ tvkyftudkif/ udk,ft*Fg csdKŒ,Gif;r_pwJh oD;jcm;oabmaqmifwJh uGJjym;r_awGudk eif;+yD; ajymqdk/ oHk;pGJjcif; rjyKwmtm;vHk;udkqdkvdkwmyg?

PR udk Oyrmay;&&if "todOm%fzGHŒ+zdK;r_ aES;auG;ol/ csdKŒ,Gif;ol" "Intellectu-

ally disabled" vdkŒ oHk;pGJrS PR jzpfrSmyg? tJhvdk r[kwfyJ "iayg" "aomuf&_;" "Retard" vdkŒoHk;pGJ&if &dkif;pdkif;vdkŒyg?

rsufpdrjrifoludk "tjriftm&Hk csdKŒwJh aeol" "Visually Impaired"/ em;r=um;oludk"t=um;tm&HkcsdKŒwJhaeoll" "Hearing Impaired" vdkŒom oHk;pGJ&+yD; "rsufuef;" "Blind"

"em;yif;" "Deaf" vdkŒ oHk;pGJ&if olwyg;&JŒ csdKŒ,Gif;r_udk ESdrf+yD; ac:ovdkjzpfvdkŒ a&Smif=unf&ygr,f?

tvm;wlyJ vlrsdK;pk uGJjym;r_ eJŒ ywfouf&if tmz&du tEG,f0if tar&duefawGudk"tmz&duef tar&duef " "African American" vdkŒyJ oHk;pGJ&+yD; "irnf;²²/ eD*&dk " "Black

(or) Negro" vdkŒ roHk;pGJ&yg? vljzL udkvnf; "Oa&my tEG,f " "Caucasian" vdkŒoHk;pGJrS,Ofaus;ygw,f?

usm;§r cGJjcm;r_ rjzpfay:apzdkŒtwGufvnf; "OuUX" udk "Chairperson" vdkŒoma,bk,s oabm oHk;E_ef;&+yD; usm;A[dkjyK "Chairman" vdkŒ roHk;&yg? tvkyftudkifawGrSmusm;§r cGJjcm;r_ r&Sdatmif " rD;owform; " "Firefighter" "&Jt&m&Sd "Police Officer"

ponfjzihf vdifcGJjcm;r_ r&Sd oHk;pGJ&+yD; "Fireman" "Policeman" vdkŒ roHk;pGJ&yg?'Dvdk tao;pdwf owdxm;ajymqdkaer_awGudk ae&mwdkif;rSm vkyfae&r,fvdkŒ

rqdkvdkyg? 'gayr,hf ,Ofaus;wJh vlwa,muf taeeJŒ em;vnf oabmaygufxm;zdkŒvdk+yD;oihfawmfovdk toHk;jyKwwf&ygr,f? txl;ojzihf vltrsm; jrifEdkif/ =um;Edkif/ odEdkifwJhae&mawGrSm rwluGJjym;jcm;em;wJh tkyfpk wpkudk rxdcdkufapatmif oHk;E_ef;wwf&ygr,f?Oyrm - vdifwljcif; umr wdrf;nGwfolawGudk "tajcmuf" vdkŒ vlod&Sif=um; roHk;pGJoihfyg?"vdifwlcspfolrsm;" vdkŒom ,Of,Ofaus;aus;/ vlwOD;csif;&JŒ vGwfvyfwJh tcGihfta&; udkpmemem;vnfpdwf&Sd&SdeJŒ oHk;pGJ&rSmyg?

w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;wJh wdkif;jynfawGrSm tom;a&mif tndK/ trnf; ta&jym;&SdwJholawGudk " irnf;" (0g) "bvufuD"vdkŒ vlod&Sif=um; ac:rdvdkŒ/ udk,fcE<m tav;csdefwdk;vGef;aeolawGudk "vl0}uD;" vdkŒ ac:rdvdkŒ w&m;pGJcH&/ tjypfay;cH&wmawG trsm;}uD;yg?

txl;ojzihf ,Ofaus;r_aygif;pHk/ vlrsdK;pHk a'G;a,m,Sufwif aexdkifqufqHvmaewJh

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rsufarSmufacwf acwfopf urBmrSm rwlnDwJh vlrsdK;pk tcsif;csif; txiftjrifvGJrSm;p&m/cGJjcm;r_ oabmaqmifwJh toHk;tE_ef;/ tajymtqdk/ tjyKtrlawGudk a&Smif&ygr,f? jrefrmawGtar&duef EdkifiHom; jzpfoGm;&if jrefrm-tar&duef (Burmese-American) vdkŒyJac:qdk=uygw,f? tvm;wlyJ vuf&Sd ArmEdkifiHawG rSDwif;aexdkifaewJh vlenf;pk vlrsdK;jcm;/bmomjcm;awGudk tqihfwef;&Sd&Sd ac:a0:ajymqdk oHk;E_ef;rS ,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;jzpfvmrSmyg? jrefrm-c&pf,mef/ jrefrm-rGwfqvif/ jrefrm-[dENL/ jrefrm-w&kwf (w&kwfvlrsdK;tEG,f jrefrmEdkifiHom;)/ jrefrm-tdENd, (tdEdN,vlrsdK;tEG,f jrefrmEdkifiHom;) ponfjzihf,Ofaus;pGm wOD;csif; pHerljyK oHk;pGJjcif;jzihf rwluGJjym;jcm;em;r_awG &SdaevdkŒ tawG;tac:/"avh xHk;pH/ taetxdkifawG uGJjym;aewJh/ wenf;tm;jzihf obm0 tydkif;tjcm;awG &SdaevdkŒpdwfESvHk;csif; xdpyfzdkŒ cufcJaeoa,mif&SdaewJh vlom;tcsif;csif; wOD;tay:wOD;pmemem;vnfpdwf ydkvm+yD; +idrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifvmEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f? vlom;tm;vHk;rSm bHktjzpfwnf&SdaewJh vlom;tcsif;csif; cspfcifav;pm; pmemaxmufxm;r_/cspfjcif; arwWm awGeJŒom ,Ofaus;wJh vltzGJŒtpnf;udk wnfaxmifEdkif+yD; EdkifiHvnf; um,/pdwW okccsrf;om &&SdEdkfifrSmjzpfygw,f?

tck aqmif;yg;rSm wifjycJhwJh tpdk;&&JŒ vkyf=uH tm&Hkv$Jr_/ 'D aoG;xdk;vH_aqmfr_udkvltrsm;pkuyg bmom/ vlrsdK;tay: tajccHwJh pdwfawG tenf;trsm; &Sdwmtay: rlwnf+yD;rvdkvm;tyfwJh wkefŒ jyefŒr_awG&JŒ tusdK;quf/ ,Ofaus;wJh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;rSm &Sd&r,hfvl,Ofaus;awG&JŒ tjyKtrl/ tajymtqdk awGudk pmzwfolawG tm;vHk; em;vnfoabmayguf vufcHEdkifr,fvdkŒ arSsmfvihfw,f?

vuf&Sd Armh vlŒtzGJŒtpnf;rSm vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&; yÉdyuQ oabmaqmifaewJhwif;rmr_awG/ trkef;awG/ oHo,awG &JŒ aemufcHordkif; t&pftjrpfta=umif;awGjzpfwJhppftpdk;& ydwfqdkŒ0g'jzefŒ rd_if;wdkufcJhwJh tpGef;a&muf rsdK;cspfpdwfawG/ jyif;xefwJh trsdK;om;a&;0g'awG/ vlrsdK;}uD; 0g'awG/ acwfaemufjyefqGJaewJh tawG;tac:awG ta=umif;eJŒ vlenf;pkeJŒ vlrsm;pk rSm vlenf;pk bmom/ vlrsdK;jcm;u pD;yGm;a&;tompD;&aer_/ "etiftm;uGmjcm;csuf avSsmhcsEdkifzdkŒudk usihf0wfnDnD/ oduQm&Sd&Sd/ bmom/ vlrsdK; cGJjcm;wJh yHkpHrsdK; r[kwfbJw&m;Oya'/ pD;yGm;a&;pepf/ vlr_tzGJŒtpnf;wdkŒ&J taxmuftyHheJŒ =uHaqmifEdkifwJhta=umif;awGudk aemufaqmif;yg;awGrSm tvsif;oihfovdk qufvuf aqG;aEG;ygr,f?

+idrf;csrf;at;06 / *sGef / 2012

(Nyein Chan Aye Facebook rS ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

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udkudk}uD;88rsKd;qufausmif;om;rsm;284(u)/ a0Z,E Wmvrf;/oCFef;usGef;+rdKŒe,f/ &efukef/ jrefrm?zkef; - 01- 577 656Email- [email protected]

&ufpGJ- 1/ ZGef/ 2012

EdkifiHawmf/ EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQm ESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&; "EdkifiHawmf" qdkonfh pum;&yfonf owif;pm/ a&'D,dk/ ¶kyfjrifoH=um;rsm;wGif}udrfa&trsm;qHk; oHk;pG Jonfh a0g[m&jzpfrnfxifonf? &mpkESpf0ufcef@&Sdonfhwdkif"EdkifiHom;rsm;" taejzifh t"dyg,fAvHk; AaxG; jzifh zwfcJh/ =unfhcJh/ =um;cJh=u&+yD;jzpfonf? trSefpifppf "tpdk;&" ESifh "EdkifiHawmf" udk vHk;axG;oHk;pGJjcif;omjzpfonf?EdkifiHawmft=unfndK ysufatmifvkyfjcif; - yk'fr 124(u)udk usifhoHk;Edkif&eftwGuf"EdkifiHawmf" qdkonfrSm "zGJŒpnf;yHktajccH Oya'jzifh wnfaxmifcef@tyfaom tpdk;&" [lIt"dyg,fzGifhqdkonf? zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'qdkonfrSm EdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&t=um; &ydkifcGifh/wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;/ vkyfydkifcGifh tyfESif;jcif;/ ta&;,l ¶kwfodrf;jcif;rsm;udk oabmwlcsKyfqdkaom yÉdOmOfpmcsKyfyifjzpfonf? yÉdOmOfpmcsKyfwpfck w&m;0ifcdkifrmr_&Sdap&efrSm +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;/ zsm;a,mif;aoG;

"a&SŒaersm;uGef,uf". Oya'a&;&maqG;aEG;yGJwGif88rsKd;qufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udkudk}uD; zwf}um;onfh pmwrf;

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aqmifjcif; wpfpHkw&mrygbJ udk,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rmvsuf&SdpOf rdrdqENoabmtavsmufcsKyfqdkaom pmcsKyfjzpf&ef vdktyfonf? Ttcsufonf pmcsKyf.*k%foduQmjzpfonf? zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'. *k%foduQmjzpfonf? zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk vdkufemazmfaqmif&rnfhEdkifiHom;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJŒtpnf; tqifhqifh. *k%foduQm jzpfonf? 2008 zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'wGifyifvSsif " EdkifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%monfEdkifiHom; rsm;xHrS qif;ouf+yD; EdkifiHawmfwpf0ef;vHk;Y wnfonf " [lI EdkifiHawmftajccHrlrsm;/ tcef;(1)/ yk'fr(4)wGif twdtvif; jyÏmef;xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHwGif;&Sd Oya'tm;vHk;. tjrifhqHk;Oya'yg jyÏmef;csuft&EdkifiHom;rsm;xHrS qif;oufjcif; r[kwfbJ tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk usifhoHk;jcif;onfw&m;r0ifa=umif;/ EdkifiHawmf[lI owfrSwfac:a0: jcif; rjyKEdkifa=umif; xif&Sm;ay:vGif+yD;jzpfonf? jypfr_qdkif&mOya'yk'fr (121) EdkifiHawmfopPmazmufzsufr_/ yk'fr 124(u)EdkifiHawmft=unfndK ysufapr_qdkif&m jyÏmef;csufrsm;t&vnf; " zGJŒpnf;yHktajccHOya'jzifhwnfaxmifcef@tyfaom tpdk;& " [lI twdtvif; zGifhqdkjyÏmef;csuft& tjcm;enf;jzifhwnfaxmifzGJŒpnf;aom tpdk;&rsm;udk EdkifiHawmf[lI rowfrSwfa=umif; odomxif&Sm;+yD;jzpfonf? EdkifiHa&;odyHynm&yft& " EdkifiHawmf " udk t"dyg,fzGifhqdk&mwGifvnf; EdkifiHawmf.t*Fg&yfrsm; tjzpf...... 1? yx0De,fedrdwf 2? EdkifiHom; 3? tpdk;& ESifh 4? tcsKyftjcmtm%m [lI &Sif;vif;azmfjyxm;onfudk awGŒ&onf? ,if;zGifhqdkcsufonfyif EdkifiHa&;pepftm;vHk;twGuf jcHKiHkzGifhqdkcsufjzpf+yD;'Drdkua&pDpepfudk azmfaqmifusifhoHk;onfh EdkifiHrsm;twGufom oD;jcm;jyÏmef;csufrsKd;r[kwfay? xdk@a=umifhvnf; oufOD; qHydkifbk&iftpdk;&/ vlenf;pkrSL;rwfrsm;tkyfcsKyfonfhtpkd;&/wpfygwDtm%m&Sif/ ppftm%m&Sif tpdk;&rsm; onfyifvSsif EdkifiHawmf. tpdwftydkif;wpfckomjzpfonf? rdrdudk,frdrd EdkifiHawmf[lI rowfrSwfEdkifay? tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHawmfudk xyfwljyKIr&ay? "EdkifiHawmfqdkwm igbJ/ ighudkqef@usifwm[m EdkifiHawmfudk qef@usifwmb" J[lI ordkif;wGifcJhonfhpum;udk oHk;pGJcJholrSm jyifopfEdkifiHrS (16)qufajrmuf vl0Dbk&ifjzpfonf? ed*Hk; raumif;cJhyg? tm%m&SifEdkifiHrsm;wGif tpdk;&rsm;u "EdkifiHawmf" qdkonfha0g[m&udk yk*~vduydkifjyKvkyf oHk;pGJcJh&mrS " trnfcHEdkifiHawmf " . tcef;u¾rSm twdkif;

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tqr&Sd }uD;rm;ae+yD; EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcef; u¾rSm arS;rSdefaysmufuG,fcJh&onf?,ae@ acwfopfvl@tzGJŒtpnf;wGif 'Drdku&ufwpfvl@tzGJŒtpnf;onf wpfpwpfp

us,fjyef@ }uD;xGm;vmae+yDjzpfonf? 'Drdku&ufwpfvl@tzGJŒtpnf;wGif EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcef;u¾onf tajccH r¾dKifjzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;.tcef;u¾}uD;rm;ta&;ygvmjcif;/EkdifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQm jrifhrm;vmjcif;onf EdkifiHawmf. *k%foduQm jrSifhwifjcif;yifjzpfonf? EdkifiHom;rsm;. tcef;u¾udk ypfy,fonfh tpdk;&rsm;/ EdkifiHom;tcGihfta&;rsm;udkydwfyifnSif;yef;onfh tpdk;&rsm;udk EkdifiHwum rdom;pkrsm;u a0zefjypfwifjcif;/ ta&;,lydwfqdk@jcif;rsm;onfvnf; txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf?

EdkifiHawmf. yHk&dyf xdcdkufedrfhusjcif;onf EdkifiHawmf. *k%foduQmudk xdcdkufapjcif;vnf; jzpfonf? xdk@a=umifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifhom EdkifiHawmf.*k%foduQmudk jrSifhwifEdkifayrnf?

w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;onf EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmjrifhrm;a&;twGuf tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpfonf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; qdkonfrSm vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf/tzGJŒtpnf;wpfck. pdk;rdk; tkyfcsKyfjcif;ESifh vHk;0qef@usifjcm;em;onf? w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;onfhtajctaewGif vlyk*~dKvf tzGJŒtpnf; tm;vHk;onf w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufwGif wef;wlomjzpfonf? w&m;Oya't& owfrSwfxm;onfh tcGifhta&;/ wm0ef/ vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;twdkif;omusifhoHk;aqmif&Guf&rnf jzpfonf? 'Drd kua&pDEdkifiH wpfEdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'onfEdkifiHom;rsm;udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&ef EdkifiHom;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHEdkif&efEdkifiHom;rsm;. tusdK;udk a&SŒ¶_ jyÏmef;&rnfjzpfonf? wnfqJOya'rsm;onf EdkifiHom;rsm;bufrS &yfwnfoavm/ tkyfcsKyfol rsm;bufrS &yfwnfoavm jyefvnfqef;ppf a0zef&efta&;w}uD; vdktyfae+yDjzpfonf? txl;ojzifh EdkifiHawmf ESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;. *k%foduQmudkxdcd kufnS d K ;E Gr f;apaom Oya'rsm;ud k jyefvSefoH k ;oyfI jyK jyify,fzsufay;yg&efwifjyawmif;qdk&rnfhtcsdefvnf;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfygI EdkifiHawmfESifh EdkifiHom;rsm;.*k%foduQmudk xdcdkufnSdK;EGrf;apaom Oya'tcsdKŒudk wifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;ygrnf? 1? (1907)ckESpf aus;&GmESifh+rdKŒ jy tufOya'yg {nfhpm&if;wkdif=um;jcif;

TOya'udk xkwfjyefjyÏmef;cJhaom tpdk;&onf +AdwdoSsudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtpdk;&jzpfonf?oufwrf; tm;jzifh (105)ESpf &SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? (1885)ckESpf jrefrmbk&if oDaygrif;tpdk;&udkzrf;qD; usGefjyK+yD; aemufydkif; jrefrmrsdK;cspfrsm;. vufeufudkifykefuefr_udk "g;jyr_/ vk,ufr_/aomif;usef;r_rsm;tjzpf csdK;ESdrf pGyfpGJ+yD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ESdrfeif;cJhonfh umvvnf;jzpfonf?(1904)ckESpf/ &k&Sm; - *syef ppfyGJwGif *syefu tEdkif&cJh+yD; jrefrmrsdK;cspfrsm;t=um; tm&Som;rsm;. atmifyGJtjzpf trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"gwfrsm; pwif Edk;=um;vmonfh umvvnf;jzpfonf?xkd@a=umifhvnf; tkyfpdk;oltpdk;&. vHkjcHKa&;vdktyfcsuft& udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm;. c&D;oGm;vm

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cGifhudk xdef;csKyf&ef TOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jyÏmef;cJhjcif;jzpfonf?TOya' tESpfwpf&mausmfvmonfhtcsdefxd qufvufusifhoHk;aejcif;udk

tav;teuf jyefvnfoHk;oyf=u&ayawmhrnf? jrefrmEdkifiHom;wpfa,muftaejzifhEdkifiHul;vufrSwfjzifh xGufcGm onfhtcg jynfyEdkifiHrsm;wGif {nfhpm&if;wdkif=um;&jcif;r&SdbJrdrdEdkifiHwGif; c&D;oGm; vnfywfonfhtcg {nfhpm&if;wdkif=um;&rnfqdkonfh tcsufudkE_dif;,SOfoHk;oyf&efvdktyfayvdrfhrnf? EdkifiHom;tm;vHk; oef;aygif;(60)cef@onf jypfr_usL;vGefEdkifzG,f&Sdonfh oHo,jzifh apmifh=unfhcH&olrsm; (suspected) tjzpf owfrSwfcH&onfhoabm jzp fonf? {nf honftjzp f oGm;a&mufvnfywfonf h wnf;c d konf h{nfhonfrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/ vufcHcGif h jyKonfh tdrf&Sifrsm;onfvnf;aumif;/EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;onf ,Hk=unfpdwfcszG,f&mr&Sdonfh jypfr_wpfpHkwpf&m usL;vGefEdkifzG,f&Sdonfholrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&jcif; jzpfonf? &Hzef&Hcgjzpfay:wwfonfh AHk;uGJr_wpfcsKdŒ&SdcJhjcif;twGuf EdkifiHom;oef;(60)u 0efxkwf0efydk; wpfcktjzpf vdkufemae=u&jcif; jzpfonf?{nfhpm&if;Oya'a=umifhvnf; ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;udk umuG,f Edkifjcif;r&Sdyg? EdkifiHwGif;t*wdvdkufpm;r_/ jcpm;r_rsm;a=umifh trSefwu,f usL;vGefrnfholrsm;twGufrl ,if;Oya'udkausmfv$m;Edkifonfh tajctaersm; &Sdae+yD;jzpfygonf? wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh =unfhvSsif,if;Oya'a=umifh pm&Gufpmwrf;/ tcsdef/ vkyftm;qHk;¶_H;r_rsm;onf EdkifiHawmftwGuf avvGifhjyKef;wD;r_rsm;yifjzpfonf? tqdk;0g;qHk;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm;taejzifh ¶Hk;jyifuem;qdkvSsiftxdwfxdwf tvef@vef@jzifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m odrfi,fr_/ *k%foduQmqdkif&m xdcdkufr_yifjzpfonf?

rl&if;aus;&GmESifh+rdKŒ jytufOya'yg +rdKŒ jytufOya'yk'fr(4)wGif "TOya'tm%moufa&muf &rnfh+rdKŒrsm;udk EdkifiHawmforRwrS trdef@a=umfjimpmxkwfjyefI owfrSwfEdkifonf" [k oD;jcm;jyÏmef;xm; onfudk awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm tpdk;&. vHkjcHKa&;vdktyfcsufa=umifh xkwfjyefaom tufOya' wGifyifvSsif wpfedkifiHvHk;twGuf&nf&G,fjcif;r[kwfbJTOya'usifhoHk;&ef vkdtyfrnfh umvtavsmuf vdktyfrnfh+rdKŒrsm;udkom owfrSwfusifhoHk;&rnf[k txift&Sm; jyÏmef;xm;onfudk owdjyK&efvdkay vdrfhrnf? rl&if;jyÏmef;usifŒoHk;cJŒonfh wdkif;wyg;tpdk;&yifvSsif 4if;.vHkjcHKa&;twGuf pdk;&drf&onfh +rdKŒrsm;rSty tjcm;jynfol( edkifiHom;rsm;) tm;vHk;twGuf 0efxkwf0efydk;rjzpfap&ef *&kwpdkuf owfrSwf jyÏmef;rnf[kqdkdvkdonf? odk@aomf vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; eSpfaygif; ( 60 ) cef@ =umcJhonfhtcsdefwGif ekdifiHe,fedrdwftwGif; umv/ a'o ra&G; oufa&mufaeonfudk awGŒ&onf?

w&m;Oya'qkdonfrSm rjyÏmef;rD Oya'csdK;azmufol r&SdbJ/ jyÏmef;vdkufonfhtcsdefwGifrS Oya'csdK;azmufolrsm;tjzpf a&muf&SdoGm;&jcif;jzpfonf? jyÏmef;&efrvdktyfonfhOya'rsm;/ vdkufem&efrvG,fulonfh Oya'rsm;udk jyÏmef;vdkufjcif;onf ekdifiHom;rsm;tm;

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Oya'csdK;azmufolrsm;tjzpf wGef;ydk@vdkufonfhoabmvnf; jzpfonf? ekdifiHom;rsm;.*k%foduQmudkxdyg;apjcif;vnf;jzpfonf?

txufygOya'. aus;&Gmtuf Oya'yk'fr (15) ydk'fcGJ(2) wGif {nfhpm&if;wdkifxm;onfh {nfhonfjyefoGm;vSsif tdrf&Sifu owif;ydk@ wkdif=um;&rnf[k qufvufjyÏmef;xm;onfudk awGŒ&Sd&onf? odk@aomf rnfonfhtdrf&SifurS {nfhonf jyefoGm;+yDjzpfa=umif;owif;ydk@wdkif=um;avhr&Sday? qdkvdkonfrSm edkifiHom;tm;vHk;taejzifh odvSsuf jzpfap/rodIjzpfap ,if;Oya'udk csdK;azmufrdvSsufom; jzpfaeayonf? xkd@a=umifh (1907)ckeSpfaus;&Gm eSifh+rdKŒ jy tufOya'yg {nfhpm&if; wkdif=um;&jcif; Oya'onf ekdifiHom;tm;vHk;tm;oHo, jzpfzG,f/ r,Hk=unf&onfholrsm;(suspected) tjzpf *k%foduQmxdyg;ap+yD;Oya'csdK;azmufolrsm;tjzpf wGef;ydk@aeonffudk 0rf;enf;zG,f&m awGŒ&Sd&ygonf? 2? (1950)ckESpf ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya'

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136


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138


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pm}unfhwdkuf ynm&Sif}uD;rsm; ta}umif;

armi fpGrf;&nf

139


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(&efukef wuUodkvf pm=unhfwkduf) wuUodkvfrsm; A[kd pm=unhfwdkufr_;a'gufwmOD;aomfaumif;

140


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armi fpGrf;&nf ZGef 17/ 2012

(VOA ouf}uD;pum;tpDtpOfudk csJŒxGifa&;om;xm;wm jzpfygw,f? rdk;rcrD'D,mrS)

141


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&if;eJ@ESD; jcm;em;jcif;udk q&m}uD; OD;bcsdK? " OD;yHkn omoem av#muf tajz "usrf;udkudk;um;I wifjyygawmhtHh ? " &if;ESD; " onf "t&if;tESD; " [laompum;wdk@Y"&if;" [laompum;rSm ukefonfwdk@onf ukefpnfzvS,f&ef qufoG,f&ef a&mif;0,fr_jyK&efa&S;OD;pGm pdkufxkwftyfaom ypPnf;0xWKudk t&if;[k ac:avonf? Tt&if;ypPnf; 0xWKjzifhESD; aomtcgrS jrwfjcif;/ &H_;jcif; [laom tusdK;wdk@udk cHpm;&onf? " ESD; " qdkaompum;rSmqufoG,fjcif;/ vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufjcif; [laom t"dym,f&Sdavonf? ESD;&if;aom rdwfaqG[l&mY qufoG,fcJhbl;ojzifh &if;csmaom rdwfaqG[k qdkvdkonf?

(ESD;aESmonf) (ESD;EG,fonf) [laom pum;wdk@Yvnf; (ESD;) onf xdk@twlyif

142


qufoG,fjcif; t"dym,f &Sdavonf? xdk@a=umifh t&if;tESD;[l&mY t&if;rSm (r) wnfaom0xWK/ tESD;rSm xdkt&if;jzifh qufoG,fjyKvkyf tm;xkwfaqmif&Gufr_ jzpfavonf? (OD;yknomoemav#muftajz - ESm 41 )

txufygq&m}uD; OD;bcsdK. cufqpftajzxkwfonfrSm wdk&Sif;vdk&if;yif jzpfygonf? odk@aomf q&mtdku xyfqifhI " ypPnf;0xWK " . t"dy`m,fudk jrifomatmif csJ@ygOD;tH? "ypPnf;0xWK" [laompum;wGif "ypPnf; " u pum;wpfvHk; " 0xWK " upum;wpfvHk;/ "ypPnf; " onf " ypP, " [laom ygVd pum;rS qif;oufvmI " 0xWK "um; ygVd pum;tppfjzpfayonf? " ypP, " udk ygVdtbd"mefu 1- ouFef; paomypPnf;av;yg; / 2 - ta=umif; / 3 - wnf&m / 4 - o'Ng usrf;Y vmaomypPnf; / 5 -,Hk=unfjcif;/ 6 - aus;Zl;jyKjcif; ?

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( jrefrmwdkif;(rf;) twGJ (1) /trSwf (13) wGif azmfjy+yD; )

O\mq&mtdk

143


0wKwdk crf;ESifh cGefxD;

armi fpdk;csdef

(wpf)"udk,fvGrf;wm olod&if/ &SifuGJb0ajzomrav/ &ifxJua0'emawG/olrcspfwJh

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(rdk;rctvGrf;oDcsif;xJrS...)

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144


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tjzpftysufawGvdkyJ a':av; pdwfxJrSmudef;atmif;aewkef;yJ? &Srf;eDawGuowfcJhvdk@aocJhwJhudk,f0efaqmifonf ucsiftrsdK;orD; qdk&ifvnf; acgif;r&Sdawmhbl;? aoG;acsmif;xJrSmtjypfrJhwJhuav;i,fawGrsm;uG,fæ tdk æ awmf yg+yD? rajymcsifawmhbl;? toJxdwfcJh&ajcmufcsm;wkefv_yfcJ h&wJh 'DtjzpftysufawGvlowfyGJawGudk csLyf+idrf;zd k@ ppftkyfpktkyfpdk;oludktm;udk;vdk@rjzpfbl;uG,f/ tm;udk;vdk@vnf;r&cJhygbl;? ppfudkvdkvm; aewJh ppfyGJeJ@tjrwfxkwfaewJh tkyfpdk;olawGav?"

rauseyfonfhtoHu tenf;i,faxmif=uGaeonf? ppfyGJawGeJ@ tjrwfxkwfaewJhtky fp d k ; olawGqd konf h a':at;ausmhZif. rmawmif hawmif haumufcsufonftdyfcef;eH&Hjzwf&dkufcg yJhwifxyf oGm;onf? xdkaemufwc% wdwfqdwf+idrfoufoGm;=uonf?

"atmf a':av;&,f/ usrwdk@awG'Dtjzpftysufordkif;awGudk rodcJh&ygvm;?arSmifcsxm; wJhacwf}uD;xJrSm 'Dtjzpftysufowif;awGu &efukefudka&mufrvmcJhbl;av?usrwdk@nHhvdk@ravh vmvdk@rodwmjzpfrSmyg? =um;&wmpdwfxdcdkufrdw,f? a':av;eJ@xyfwlxyfr#ygyJ? jynfwGif;ppfxJu &Gufykef;oD; aoG;pD;acsmif;awGaygh? vlrodolrod &Gufykef;oD;vlowfyGJawG"

vufarmif;pGef;ay:rS tusFDpjzifh rsuf&nfpufwdk@udk odrf;,lvdkufonf? crf;onfvnf; rsuf &nf0Jvsufwdk;oufpGmnnf;onf? vlawGb,favmufaocJh =ujyDvJwdkif;wpfyg;udk 'kuQokuQaygif; pkHeJ@ a&mufvmcJh=uwm b,fESpfodef; b,fESpfoef; &SdoGm;+yDvJ[kqdkonf?

"'DppfyGJaw G&yfqdkif;oGm;atmif +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrfatmif tkyfpdk;olawGrvkyfEdkif=ubl;uGJ@? tckbJ=unfh? vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;p z qyv tpdk;&/ +yD;awmhae0if;ppftkyfpk/ +yD;awmhapmarmif/ cifnGef@/ a[mtck ppfOD;pD;csLyfppfbk&ifoef;a&$? 'Dppftkyfpk ppftm%m&SifawG[m'Drdkua&pDeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf wpmpm atmf[pfawmif;qdkae=uwJh vlxkawGtm;vkH;twGuf bmwpfckrS vkyfray;Edkifygbl;uG,f? 'Dawmhvlxkwdkif;/ vlrsdK;wdkif;/ tifeJ@tm;eJ@pkpnf;vkyfrS wdkufyGJ0if=urS&r,f? vlxktm;eJ@vkyf &ifbmrS r&p&mta=umif;r&Sdbl;?"

a':av;at;ausmhZif. rsufESmudkrdk;olZmarmhai;=unfhae&mrS a':av;.vufudkqkwf udkifxm;rdvsufom;jzpfoGm;onf? b,fbufxdkifckHwGif&Sdaeaom crf;uvnf;/a':av;.b,fbuf vufudkcyfzGzG qkwfxm;aerdonf?

rdk;olZm. vufudkifzkef;xJrS &kwfw&uftoHxGufvmonf? r=umc%cspfpum;ajym+yD; cspfcGifhawmif;aecJhonfhudk aqGvd_ifOD;.zkef;? olupD;yGm;a&;orm;? tcspform;oufoufr[kwf? rdk;olZmuom ol@tcspfudkvufcHrnfqdkv#if,ckbJvufxyfrnf?Zmwd+rdK@yJcl;udkjyefrnf? pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;wpfckvkyfrnf/ aiGyifpdkufrnf? csrf;om=uG,f0r_aiGyif}uD;.t&dyfatmufwGifcsrf;ajrhom,m =u&rnf/ 'gyJ?

150


"[,fvdk æ [,fvdk æ ajymyg"rd k;olZmuwkH@jyefonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif;tdrfjyefa&mufI npmpm;+yD;aemuf

&kwf&Sif=unfhv#if aqGv_difOD;u rdk;olZmudkzkef;qufae=u/ xkH;pHtwdkif;E_wfcGef;quf/aemufajymif=unfp,f/ +yD;v#ifvuf xyf=u+yD; b0wdk;wufa&;vrf;udkav#mufzdk@ ajymae=u/crf;ESifhcGefxD;wdk@b0yef;wdkifESifhuGmvSrf;jcm; em;aeonf?

"wdkif;jynftajctaeodyfaumif;ae+yD/ t&yf0wftpdk;&uvnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyfae+yD / EdkifiHjcm;ukr%DawG0ifvm+yD/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfzdk@tcsdefaumif;yJolZm"

"awmrD;avmifawma=umifawGvufcarmif;cwfowJh/ =um;bl;w,faemf/udkaqGvd_ifOD; utjcm;wdkif;jynfu vm+yD;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHwJhawma=umifawGvdkyJ awma=umifjzpfaew,fqdk&ifawmh 'Dtcsdef[m tcsdefaumif;ayg@av? wdkif;jynftajctae aumif;raumif;/jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;awG vkyfrvkyfawmhrodbl;? vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmor*~zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ vGwfvyfpGmrJay;cGifh/ vlxktpdk;&zGJ@pnf;cGifh/ udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifh/wef;wlnDr#cGifh/ udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh bmwckrS r&ao;bl;? b,frSmvJ olZmwdk@vlxkvdkcsifwJh'Drdkua&pDeJ@ +idrf;csrf;a&;" ?

rdk;olZmu ArmjynfrSm vlvwfwef;pm;pm&if;0if/ ordkif;bmom&yfjzifhbGJ@vufrSwfwck&cJh+yD;om;/ xm;vdkufawmh? rav;&Sm;rSmu pm;aomufqdkif yk*Haq;tvkyform;/wcgw&H pmyGJxdk;/ atmufajctvkyform; eif;jym;jzpfonfh rdk;olZm. ar;cGef;usnfzl;uaqGvd_ifOD;. i,fxdyfwnfhwnfhay: usa&mufvmcJhonf? 'guawmh'Dvdk&Sdw,f? [dk[mu[dkvdk&Sdawmh 'gav;udkawmhxm;vdkufawmhqdkonfh udk,fvdk&mqGJ,lonfh pD;yGm;a&;pum;vHk;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDpHE_ef;atmufwGif pkwfjywfyJh&GJ@ oGm;aecJhonf?

"ta&S@awmiftm&S w&kyfusm; / *syefusm;eJ@ tar&duefusm; oHk;aumif&J@tm%mvGefqGJyGJrSm Armjynf[mydk+yD; 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ a0;oGm;w,f? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDuvnf; vGefcJhwJhq,fpkESpfxJu }udKwifum a[mudef;xkwfcJh+yD;om;? tiftm;}uD;EdkifiHawG=um;rSm Armjynf[m =um;nyfaevdrfhr,fwJh? avief;jzwfcH&ovdk tckvJ '&GwfqGJaeyg+yD?ucsifjynfrSm wESpfeD;yg; ppfyGJawGu +cdrfh+cdrfhoJoJ pnfum;wHk;yJr[kwfvm;? &Srf;eJ@ ytdk@jzLwdk@uvJ wdkufae=uwHk;yJ? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; eef;&if;0efjzpfpOfu e,fcsJ@ AsL&dku&uf,EW,m;a[mif;udk wufarmif;&vdk@ ,ufuef,ufuef jzpfaecJhovdkyJ AdkvfcsKyforD; tifeft,f'DOuUX a':pkvJ tJ'Dvdkjzpfae+yD ? bmawGusKyfusufvdtHk;rvJ rodbl; ?"

cspfoljzpfvmzdk@ ra&&m raocsmaom udkaqGvd_ifOD;onf ol.pD;yGm;a&; pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh &nf;pm;pum;ajymjcif;udk rdk;olZmu&kwfw&uf &dkufcsvdkufonf ? zHk;rcs pum;ajymr&yfv#if rdk;olZmu vufeuf}uD;rsm;jzifh xyfIxyfI xkOD;awmhrnf?

rdk;olZmwdk@ oHk;a,mufom; AdkufESdyfI &,fvdkuf=uonf? a':at;ausmhZif rsufvHk;

151


tdrfxJrS rsuf&nfprsm;udk vufzrdk;jzifhokwf&if; rdk;olZm&J@ udkaqGuvJ w'kuQ? ocGwfyifurD;wusnfusnf [kajym&if; &,favonf? rdk;olZmuawmh uJ udkaqG bmwwfEdkifao;vJqdkonfh oabmjzifh atmifyGJ& ppfol}uD;uJhodk@ rsufESmudk wif;armhum rJh+yHK;rJh&,f &,faeavonf? udkaqGvd_ifOD;udk ajymvdkufprf;yg/ &Srf;jynfu ytdk@&GmawG qif;oGm;+yD; ppfyGJawGxJrSmoeyfzufyGJ&Hkvkyfygvdk@ ? rolZmu ajymvdkufprf;yg[k qdkonf? rdk;olZm. aumh&$ef;awmufvufaeaom rsuf0ef;udk pdkuf=unfh&if; &,foHpGufI crf; uajymonf? ( ESpf )

"b,fvdkjzpfvdk@ bma=umifhcG JcGm cJh&w,fqdkwm/ todqHk;yg? 'Da0'emeJ@'DajrrSmaevdk@vJ rwwfomawmhyg/ ol@urBmwauG@udku&k%mtjynfheJ@ E_wfqufcJh+yD; /tvGrf;&ifwGif;}uD;udk tylawGjznfh / vGifh&awmhrJhc&D;pOfrSm aqG;ajr@pGm usef&pfcJhwJhol@&J@rsufESm /jrifae&qJ/ rsuf&nf0JeJ@ cGJ&awmhvJ wa,mufxJ rxm;cJhcsifwm trSefyg?tdk ESpfa,mufxJ twlaevdk@rS rjzpfEdkifawmhwm ...." ( rdk;rctvGrf; oDcsif;xJrS )

cif!Gef@&nf. tvGrf;aw;oGm;rqHk;rSDrSm uufqufudkydwfvdkufonf? bD;wwfvufqGJtdwf ESpfvHk;wGif t0wftxnfrsm;xnfh+yD;onfESifh oD;oef@z,fxkwfxm;onfhcGefxD;. ay;pmrsm;udk wa=umhjyefzwf=unfhrdjyefonf? xdk@aemuftdrfa&S@cef;&Sd 0&Hwmodk@xGufcGmvmpOf taemufzuf rdk;jymjymwGif wGJvGJcdkaeaom vjcrf;avmif;avSudk awG@7onf?pdkpGwfaomrsufvHk;tdrfxJwGif vjcrf;onf avmif;avS av;ig;pif;jzpfaeonf? oDcsif;udkxyfIcHpm;em;axmifzdk@ tiftm;r&SdawmhovdkyJ ? odk@aomfvnf; crf;u olwdk@ta=umif; olwdk@tcspfb0udk a&;oDzGJ@xm;aom armifausmfaZm . rdk;rctvGrf; aw;oGm;udkyif wa=umhjyefem;axmif=unfhcsif aejyefonf?

=urf;cif;ay:wGif +idrfoufpGm&yfem;aeonfh uufqufuav;udk vSrf;[lvdkufonf?xdk@aemufcvkwfudk ajz;ajz;omomzGifhonf?cif!Gef@&nf&,f oDqdkprf;yg / &Sifhaw;oHuusr&J@tvGrf;aw;oH jzpfaevdk@yg? usr&J@udk,fpm; tylawGjynfhaewJh tvGrf;&ifwGif;}uD;udkzGifhjyvdkufprf;yg? usrtonf;ESvHk;eJ@ em;qifyg@r,f? qdkyg? qdkomqdkyg? crf;onf uufqufudkyg;jzifhuyfxm;vdkufonf? uufquftzHk; om;a&tdwfudk qkwfudkifxm;aom nmvufacsmif;av;rsm;rSm wkef,ifaeonf?

"crf;"rdk;olZmESifh a':av;at;ausmhZifwdk@ tdyfcef;xJrS xGufvmcJh+yD; crf;&Sd&mqDodk@

a&mufvmcJh=uonf? xdkif;e,fpyfodk@ crf; jyefvnfqkwfcGm&ef jyifqifaecJhonfudk rjrifvdk=u?pdwfxdcdkufae=uonf?

"nOfheufvm+yD/ a':av;eJ@rrwdk@tdyfoifhw,f? reufvJ tvkyfqif;=u&rSm? crf;u

152


vljzpfusdK; r&_H;atmif vkyf&rSmyJ crf;&,f? 'grS vljzpfusdK;eyfrSm? igwdk@ vljzpfvmcJh &wJh wdki f;jynfurwnf+idrf rat;csrf;bl;av? b0awG[mvJ tJ'D aexdki fae&wJh wdki f;jynf twdki f;/ pepftwdki f; rwnf+idrf/

rat;csrf;awmhwmaygh? wnf+idrfat;csrf;atmif wdk;wufatmi f rvkyfEdki f&i f wcsdefrSm igwdk@ om;orD;/ajr;jrpfawGyg 'D'g%f&m'g%fcsufudk qufcH&vdrfhr,f? qufrcH&atmif vlwdki f;rSm wm0ef&Sdaew,f? vlawG&J@

yJhwifoHtwdki f; wdki f;jynfu awmi f;qdkaewmuawmh vlxkvGwfajrmufatmif owWd&SdwJh/ acgi f;aqmi f&JwJhacgi f;aqmifaumi f;awG xGufay:vmzdk@ygyJ?

tr}uD; eef;wifrl tdrfjyeftvmudk apmifhcsifao;w,fav? E_wfqufcsifao;w,f? crf;wdk@b,fvdkrsm; aemufxyfjyefvnf qHkqnf;Edkif=uOD;rvJ? tdrfu rdom;pkawGeJ@ cGJcGmcJh=u&w,f?'DrSm crf;wdk@ rar#mfvifhyJ qHkqnf;cJh=u&/ a[m ckawmh cGJcGmcJh=u&jyef+yDaum? tdrfrufrsm;vm;yJ? vlawG[m pdwf'g%f&m udk,fpDeJ@? rwnf+idrfwJhb0xJrSm vljzpf&wm vljzpfusdK; &_H;vdkufwma':av;&,f? .....aemf? crf;tJ'gudkyJ xyfwvJvJ pOf;pm;=unfhaerdw,f?"

"vljzpfusdK; r&_H;atmif vkyf&rSmyJ crf;&,f? 'grS vljzpfusdK;eyfrSm? igwdk@ vljzpfvmcJh&wJh wdkif;jynfu rwnf+idrf rat;csrf;bl;av? b0awG[mvJ tJ'D aexdkifae&wJh wdkif;jynftwdkif;/ pepftwdkif; rwnf+idrf/ rat;csrf;awmhwmaygh? wnf+idrfat;csrf;atmifwdk;wufatmif rvkyfEdkif&if wcsdefrSm igwdk@ om;orD;/ ajr;jrpfawGyg 'D'g%f&m'g%fcsufudkqufcH&vdrfhr,f? qufrcH&atmif vlwdkif;rSm wm0ef&Sdaew,f? vlawG&J@ yJhwifoHtwdkif;wdkif;jynfu awmif;qdkaewmuawmh vlxkvGwfajrmufatmif owWd&SdwJh/ acgif;aqmif&JwJhacgif;aqmifaumif;awG xGufay:vmzdk@ygyJ?"

a':at;ausmhZifu aemufESpfwGif Armjynfudk jyef+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;b0jzifhaxmifwdkufyGJxJwGif toufay;pGef@v$wfcJhonfh cifyGef;onf.udk,fpm; om;orD;okH;a,mufudk qufvufysdK;axmifay;&OD;rnf r[kwfvm;? xdk@a=umifh ESpfESpfyJuíefcHrnf?aemufESpfjyef+yD? rdk;olZmu raocsmao;? &nf&G,fcsuf rjynfh0ao;? 0ifaiG. wyHku rdbtwGuf/ wyHku a=uG;qyfzdk@eJ@ rdrdtwGuf? wyHku ausmif;om;or*~ tzGJ@csKyftwGuf?

"crf;&J@ cGefxD;u bmawGvkyfaevJ? crf;eJ@vmrawG@ Edkif&avmufatmif bmawGvkyfaevdk@vJ? bmawGjzpfaevJ?"

{nfhcef;rsufESmusuf tvif;a&mifu crf;rsufESmay:odk@ jzmusum rsufESmwjcrf;wGif r_H0g;0g;va&mifu oef;aeonf?

"ppftkyfpkudk vufeufcs tnHhcHxm;wJh ytdk@jzLawGu ppftkyfpkajcaxmufudkzuf=u/ erf;=u vufeufawmif;=uw,f? q&mwif=u/ u,fwif&Siftjzpf wifajrSmuf=uwmaygh? 'Dawmh &Srf;jynfwyfrawmf tufpftufpfatudk wdkufzdk@ vufeufxkwfay;w,f?a':av;ajymcJhovdk ppftkyfpku at;csrf;atmif =um;u 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;ray;EdkifwJhtjyif

153


&efwdkufay;w,f? ytdk@jzLudk vufeufwyfqifay;w,f? tck ytdk@jzLacgif;aqmifawGutouf q,fh&SpfESpfuae av;q,fhig;txd ytdk@awGudk ppfoifwef;y;w,f? odkif;oifwef;ay;w,f? oifwef;q&mudk ytdk@vlxkupk+yD; qefay;&/ aiGay;&w,f? +yD;awmh tufpftufpfatudk wdkufxdk@ a&S@wef;xGufcdkif;w,f? toufraoyJjyefvm&if aiGwodef;ay;r,fqdk+yD;rufvHk;ay;w,f? 'De,fajrvkyGJ vlrsdK;a&;rkef;wD;a&;ppfyGJtwGuf cGefxD;u ppfoifwef;rwufcsifyJ wufcJh&w,f? tJ'g ESpfaxmifig;xJuyJ? ola&;wJhpmxJrSm crf;qDudk vdkufvmcJhr,fvdk@pma&;cJhwm t}udrf}udrfyJ? wcgwav crf;udkvmac:awmhr,f? &Srf;eJ@ytdk@=um;u yÉdyuQwdkufyGJawGudk &yfpJatmif igwdk@yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrSjzpfr,f? v_yf&Sm;&r,f? crf;udkvmac:rSjzpfawmhr,fvdk@vJ pmxJrSma&;cJhbl;w,f? vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif;jzpfwJhppfudk oluodyfrkef;wD;wm?ppftkyfpkudk 0dkif;wdkuf&r,fhtpm; vlrsdK;pktcsif;csif; wdkufaevdk@ oluqef@usifwm? oluvlrsdK;pk ppfudkqef@usifavav ol@rdom;pku ol@udk ESdyfuGyfavavyJ? oluawmh pdwfqif;&Judk,fqif;&J "g;pmcHjzpfaew,f? i&JcHae&w,f? ol@udk crf;oem;vSw,f?"

crf;u pum;a&tv#ifudkjzwfvdkufpOf bmoHrSxGufrvmawmh? [if;vif;jyifudkjzwfum ysHoef;vmaom va&mif.ajcoHudk pdwfjzifh=um;ae&onf? nOfhoef;acgif,Htcsdefudk qdkufa&mufvmcJhonf? tdyfpufjcif;rsm;udk oef;acgif,Hu o,faqmifvmcJhonf?

"crf;a& tpfrwdk@ tav;teufqkawmif;ay;r,faemf? c&D;vrf;ajzmifhwef;ygap?ab;&ef uif+idrf;ygap? xdkif;udka&mufa&mufcsif; zHk;qufvdkufaemf? vrf;rSm tcuftcJawG@&ifvnf; tm;csif;zkef;qufaemf?......"

[dk;ta0;aumif;uifu =u,fyGifhrsm;udk bm&,frod a':at;ausmhZif ai;pdkuf=unfhaerdonf? wu,fu cspfrufwG,fiifcJh/ tjyeftvSef apmifha&SmufcJhonfh crf;udk cGJcGm&awmhrnfqdkonfhtodu pdwfudk r_dif;ndK@vGrf;armapcJhonf? xdkpdwfu wajrhajrh qdk@eifha=uuGJapcJhonf?

Zmwfrwdkufxm;yJ +ydKifwlqdkovdkyif a':av;at;ausmhZifESifh rdk;olZmwdk@onfcrf;udk odkif;,Sufzufxm;vdkuf=uonf? crf;. yg;jyifESpfzufudk &d_uferf;cJh=uonf? oHk;OD;om;&d_ufoHudk xdef;csKyfxm;v#ufuyif rsuf&nfykvJOwdk@ pD;qif;oG,fusvmcJhonf? ylaEG;aiG@aiG@rsuf&nfpufrsm;yif?

(oHk;)"vGwfatmifajy;olaemufudk rSDatmifrvdkufEdkifayr,fh/ wG,f+id&dyfuav;awGu

b,ftxd pdwfud k vGrf;armaprvJ/ rpOf;pm;&JatmifyJaemf/ cspfvJwdwfwdwf/ajzvJwdwfwdwf a=uuGJ&dyfrSm tdyfvdk@vJraysmf/ ....ol@tay: woufvHk;/ tcspfqHk;qdkwm/a0;rSodwJha0'em ajzp&m&,fvdk@..../ tdyfraysmfolrsm; tzdk@awmh nqdkwmvGrf;p&mav;aemf/ taz:rJhol/ ar#mfwJhol udk,frS/ owd&p&m twdwfuzdwfac:." ( rdk;rctvGrf; oDcsif;xJrS)

154


armi fpdk;csdef ZGef 1/ 2012 n 11 em&D

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155


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156


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157


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vnf;??"

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158


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159


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udkcspfEdkif - "uJ udkawZ 'Dta=umif;awG qufajymvdk@r&ao;bl;/ uíefawmfvnf;

160


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armi farmi fvwf ( Roland Hardy )

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161


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Ba Maw

BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA

Memoirs Of a Revolution

1939 - 1946

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162


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EdkifiHa&;ygwD wpfcktaeESifh yxrOD;qHk; 4if;. rl0g'ESifh &nf&G,fcsufudk a=unmvdkufjcif; jzpfovdk/ qdk&S,fvpf oabmw&m;rsm; yg0ifo!fh ay:vpDudk azmfjyvdkufjcif;vnf; jzpfonf? ygwDtrnfu &nf!$ef;xm;ovdkyif/ u|Ekfyfwdk@. ay:vpDrSm awmifolv,form; vlwef;pm;wdk@. jy\em taxGaxGudk qdk&S,fvpf enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;zdk@OD;wnfonf? jrefrmwdk@. yxrqHk; &nf&G,fcsufrSm vGwfvyfa&; jzpfa=umif; ay:vpDutcdkiftrm qdkonf? xdk@aemuf v,form;wdk@. ajr,m jy\em rsm; / vdktyfcsufrsm;udkjyefvnfwnfaqmufay;&r!fh vkyfief;rsm;ESihf tpjyKxm;onf? v,fvkyfolrsm; vufxJv,f,majrrsm; jyefvnf&&Sdzdk@/ vufawG@jzpfEdkifor# rdrdudk,fwdkif &yfwnfay;Edkifr!fhor0g,r toif;tzGJ@rsm; wnfaxmifzdk@/ po!fh vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ESifh pDrHcef@cGJr_qdkif&m

163


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tqkdyg jzpf&yfu ESpfEdkifiHvHk;udk oifcef;pmaumif; ay;cJhonf? &v'ftm;jzifh

164


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165


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