א א א א 233 233
אאאא
233233
א אאא 233
،،אא،אW
א אאא א א א אאאא،אאאאאאא
א אאאאאאאא؛אאא
אאK
אאאאאאא א ،א אא
א א אא א א ، א א،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא،אK
אא ?אא ??אא?
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،א،אאאא
אאאאאK
אא א؛ אאK
אאאא
אאאא
אאאא
א
א
א
א
1
א אא אא 233 אא
1
אא
אא
Medical Measurements
אאWאאא
אאWאאאW
1K א
2K אאא
3K אא
4K א
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW4
אאWאאאא
אאWאאא
א אא אא 233 אא
2
אא
אא
Medical Measurements
W
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאK אאאאא
אאאאא،אאאא
אאאאK
אאאאW אאאאאאאא
אK ،אאאאאאK
א W א א אS א אאא א אאא אאאאא א،אא
אאK א Y אא א M ،
א1Kא،M אאאא zאYK
א אא אא 233 אא
3
אאL=((y,r))א?y?F?r?
אאאKE
1–א
אאאFאEאFאEאאW
א א א ، א א ،א
אאאאK
א א א א א א KאאK
Z = a • y + h
אאאאאא
אאK אא،K
א אStatic sensitivity W א אא Fא
אאא،aKE
אResolutionWאאאK
א אא אא 233 אא
4
אAccuracyWאאא?a?אאאK
אHysteresis W א א א
אאאאK אאW
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאFאאאאKEאאF
אאKE אאאאאK
אאW
אאא??،א
אאW J
FEאWInformation Gathering
אאאאאK
FEאDiagnosis :
א אא אא 233 אא
5
אאאאאK
FEאWEvaluation
אאאאאK
FEאאאWMonitoring
אאא،אא،אאK
אאאאאאאאKאאא
אא?אא?אאאאאא
?אK?אאא?אF?StethoscopeEאא،א
אאא?אK?
אאאאאאאאא?א?א
אאK
אאאאא،אאא?א?FRecovery Room Eאאאאא،
א אא אא 233 אא
6
אאאא?אאF?ICUEאאKא
אאTransducerאאאאאא
אאאאאאא?אאאK? אWRequirements
אאאאאאאא،אW J
FEאאW Range
،אאאאאאאאאאאא35
42K
FEאWSensitivity א،אאאFאאE
אאK אאא،אאא
F2KE
א אא אא 233 אא
7
F2Eאאא
אאאאאFEFEאאאFEF0.1EFFE0.5EKאא
אאK؟ JאWAccuracy
אאKאאא10٪،אא10٪אאאK
אאאא90٪אאאא10٪אאאK
אאאW
אאאFToleranceEאאK אאאאאK
JאאאאאאאK
א אא אא 233 אא
8
JK –אWSimplicity
אאאאא
אK אWאא
אא،אF3EאF4E،،W
1K אFאE 2K אאא
3K א
אF3WEא
א אא אא 233 אא
9
אF4Eאאא
אאאאK
אW،אאאאאאאK
אFאWE،אאאא
FEאאאאאK
א F Wא E א א א א אא،אFאE
אFאWEאFEאאא،אK
א א ،
אאא،אאאאאאאא، א אא א
אאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאאא
א אא אא 233 אא
10
אאא،אאK
אאא،אאאאאK
אF5Eאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
אF5WEאאאאא אאאFSIEW
אאאFSIFEאאאSystème International
d'UnitésEאא،אאאאאאאאאKאאא Jא J
א،אא Jא JאאאאFאאאאאאא
אאאEאאאאא،K
א אא אא 233 אא
11
אאא
7אאאאW
אא א ""
אאא א ""
א א ""
א אא א אא ""
א א א א אא، F(
6.0221415C10²³Eאא،אא א.
אא
אFE
א אא אא 233 אא
12
אאא
א א א
m
א kg
s
A
K אאא
Cd א
Mol א
א אא אא 233 אא
13
אא
F1EאאאאאאK
F2EאW
E אאK E אאK E אאאK
F3E Jאאאא
،אאאא؟ F4E Jאא؟א
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK אאא
אא Medical Measurementsא EvaluationאLאא MonitoringאLא Rangeא Sensitivityא Accuracy
א SimplicityאLאא Tolerance
א Diagnosis
FE Transducer
א Information Gathering
ال
אא
אאאא
א
א
2
א אא אא 233 א
14
אא
א Transducer
אאWאא
אאWאאאW
א אא
אא
אאא
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW4
אאWאאאא
אאWאאא
א אא אא 233 א
15
אא
א Transducers
א؟
א ،אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
א א א אא אאאאאאאKKKKKאK
א א א א אאאאאא
אK
א א א אא א אאאאאאאאאאFAmplifierE
אאאאאK
אאW 1 JאאאאK 2 JאאאאאK 3 JאאK
א אא אא 233 א
16
4 JאאK
אא؟א
א אאא אאK
אאW J
1 JאאWMechanical Transducers
א אא א אא
א א אא ،א אאאאK
אאאאאW J
אאWCapacitive Transducer
אאאFCapacityEא
) 1 - ( 0885.0 = pF
t
ANKC
W A WאK N WאאK
א אא אא 233 א
17
t WאאK K WאאK C WאאאpF
אF1Eאאא??אאאK
F1Eאא
אאאאא
אאאאאאFtEאFC KE
אאאאFRE،
א אא אא 233 א
18
אFPressureEאFCapacityEאאFCurrentEאאאאאK
אאWDifferential Transducer
אאאאF2EאFMagnetic CoreEאאאא Jאא
א،אאא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
א אא א א א אK אא א אאאאאאא
אאאאאK
F2Eאא
א אא אא 233 א
19
אאWInductive Transducer
אF3E אאFInductanceEאא אFMagnetic CouplingEא
אאFDiaphragmKE
F3Eאא
א א א א Inductive MaterialאאאאK
אאאWStrain Gauge Transducer
א אאאאFEFWheatstone Bridge Eאא
א אא אא 233 א
20
א FActiveE אא FGaugeE אFEFPassiveEF5KE
א א א
Funbonded E א Fbonded K E אא א א FDisplacementEאאFReferenceE
אאאK
אא،אF4EאאאאK
F4EFאEא
א א א FGauge FactorE
א אא אא 233 א
21
אאאאאאאW J
= LDL
RDRFactorGauge
FREאFLEאFDREאאFDLEאאK
אא25אאאאK
אאאאאאאאאK
א?א?؟
א F5 E א אאFE א ،אFREFreferenceEאאאא
אFvariableKE
א אא אא 233 א
22
F5EאאאFE
א א אא FאE א،אאFoutput SignalEאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
א א FPower Supply E אFACE אFDCEאאאאאFResistiveEאFImpedanceKE
א א א אא א א
אK
א אא אא 233 א
23
אאא
א אא א א א
א
Jאאא
J J
FE FE
Jאא
Jאאאא
Jאא אאאא
J א FOutput
Impedance E א א א א
אFResistive
Volumetric DisplacementEאFReactiveE
J א אא
Jא א אא
א
א
א
J J Jא א
א
J FACE
J אאאא
אאא
Jאא Jאא
FDisplacementE
J א Accelerometer
אא אאא
א א
J
FE J Jא א
JFACE J
אאאא
אאאאא
א אא אא 233 א
24
א J א
אF אאE
אאא J א א
א א FresistiveE،אFreactiveE
J אא א א אא
Jאא
FdisplacementE J אאא
אא א
א
א
J J א
אא J F
E FE
J אא FACE
FDCE J Jאא J
J א אא
א FforceEאF
pressure E א FshearE
אאFtorqueE
א אא אא 233 א
25
אאאWHeat Transducers
אאאא אא א א אא א אא א
، אאאא W Thermoelectric Effect א ? ?FSeebeck EffectE אאא1821 א אאאKאאא
אאאאאK אאultrasound transducers
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא،אאאאאאא0.81אא3אאK
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאא،א،אאאאאאאא،א
אK
אא،אאא،אאאאאאאאא
Fא،אא،E
،אאא،אאאK
א ?א?א א א א ،אK א א F Eאא
א אא אא 233 א
26
א ،אא،אא،אא
אאאK
אאאאאאאK
אאאאא،אא،K
C = 2. A. 1 (Joule/cm3)
W = Cאאא
=Iאא
=AאK
אאאאאאאא א א אא א
K
אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
א א א،א א אא א אK
א אא ،א אא
א אא אא 233 א
27
אאאאאאK
אאWLight Transducers
אא אא F Semiconductors Eא א אא א F E Felements
PhotoconductiveE א FCadmium Sulfide E ،אאF ( Visible Light،K
א،אאאF6E،א אא א א
אא אK
F6E
א א א א K
אאאאאאK אאאאאאאK
א א א אא אאאK
א א א Fא א EאאאK
אאאאFאאאאE
א אא אא 233 א
28
אאאאאK א א א א א א אאאאאK
אא
אאאאאא
אאאKאאMאאkOhmK
אאאF0.3 J0.4Eאא،אFאאאEK
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אא אאאאK
אאאאאאKאאא
אKאאאאאFאEאF7EאאאאK
F7E
א אא אא 233 א
29
אאאRFאEW
Rf = Kf E-α W
JKfαאאאאK JEאFאluxE
אF8EWאאאא
אF8Eאאא
אF8EאאאאאKאF7Eאא
אאאλFÀ°EאK
אאא)9EאאאKאאאRfאKאא
אאאאאKאאאאאK
א אא אא 233 א
30
9אWאאא
אאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאNPN
אא א Kא ILאאאKאאIB= 0
אIcאW
1CBOאאאK אאאא(+
1)אK אF10E
אF10E
א אא אא 233 א
31
אאאON/OFFאאאאאאK
אאא
אאאאאאאFLEDEאאאאאא
אאK אאאאאP-
N א א Kאא א א א א א Kא
אאאאKאאאאאFאאEK
אא
אאאאאאאאא א K אא אא א
אאאאK
אאאאאאאKאKא
אאאאאאאאK
אF11Eאאאא
א אא אא 233 א
32
F11E
אאאאאא
אאFLEDEאאK
אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאFאE
אאאאK א א F
אאEאאKאאאאאאאאK
א אא א א א W א א אא א Kאא אא א
א א FLED E א KאאאאאK
אWPressure Transducers
א אא אא 233 א
33
אאאאא
אאאK
אWFlow Transducers
אא א،א،אאאKא
אאאא، אאאאאאK
א FFlow E א ،אאא
אאאאאאאFאEFאKE
אאא،אא
אאאK
א אא אא 233 א
34
F13Eאא
אאאFTurbineEאאF13Eא אא א FA E
אאאאאאאK
F14Eאאאא
אא א א א אא א א
FRotameter E אF14 Eא אא א ?אF?FloatEאאאאאא
Kאאא א אאא אאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
א אא אא 233 א
35
אK
אאאאאאאאא،אF14Eאאאאא
אאאאK
א אא אא 233 א
36
אא 1 Jא؟
2 Jאאא؟
3 J א אא א ، א א
אFאE؟א 4 Jא אא א FEא א א א ، א
אא؟ 5 Jאא א،אאאא
אא؟ 6 Jאאא؟א
7 J؟א
א אא אא 233 א
37
אאא
Transducer
Mechanical Transducer Capacitive Transducer
Differential Transducer Inductive Transducer
אא Strain Gauge Transducerא Heat Transducer Light Transducer Pressure Transducer Flow Transducer
FE Photoconductor
14
אאאא
אאאא
א
א
א
א
3
א אאא אא 233 אא
38
אא
אא
Measurement of the temperature
אאWאאא
אאWאאאW
אא אאאא
אאאא
אאאא
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW 4
אאWאאאא
אאWאאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
39
אא
אא
Thermometer
אא
אא؛אאאא ،א אא א אא ،
J
،אא א אא א אא א אאbody metabolismאאאאאא
אאאאאאא J
אאא،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאא
אאאאא
א،אאאאא3 J4Lא1 J1 J5L J
א א א א א ، אאא J
אא א א א אא א א J
א אאא אא 233 אא
40
אאא،א J
אאא א אאאאFא א E א
אא Jאא،אאאא37 J
אא،אאאאאא؛אאאא J
אא
אאאאא Jאאאאא J
אאאאא Jא،א א 41 Jאא אא
אאא J ،אאאאא
אאאאאאא، J
א א אא ،אא א א א א אאאא J،אL
א אא א ، J ، F Eאאא،אאאא
אא J
אאאאאא JאאאאאאאאאאאאFאאאE J،
א אאא אא 233 אא
41
א ،א א אא אא א אא א א א אא Jא אא א ،
אאאאאאאאא J،אאאא J
אאאאאא Jאאא
אאא،אאא J
אאאאאא J،אא אאא א אא א ،א
א Jאאאא J
אאאאאא
אא אא אא אאאא Jאא،אאאאא א א אא ،
אאאאאאאא J،אא Fאא ،א Eאאאא
אא J
א א אא אא ?אאא? Jא
،אאא28 J31 Jאאאאא2733 J
אאאאאאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
42
אאאאHypothalamus J א אא Hypothalamus א J،אא
א אא א א א א אאא Jאא
،א אא אא א א אא Jאאאאאא،אא
א א א א אא א א א א Jא ،א ،
א J
אאאאאא،א?אאא? J
، א א،א א א א Hypothalamus
sympathetic אאHypothalamus ،אאאאאK
אאאאאאאא
4 J5אאאאאאאK
אאא?א?אאאאא
אאא
אאאאאאאאא
K א؛אאאאאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
43
אאאאאאאאK אאאאא
W - אא - אאא
- א
א א אא א א אא א א
אK؛אאאאאאא א א א אא א אא
، ،אאא א אא אאK
אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאא؛
W
λiאאאאאK
FΔθ(ºC ،אא אאאdK
،אא λiא ،אאאλi
אאאK
א אאא אא 233 אא
44
،אא א א ،א אא א ،אא א ،אא
אאאאאאאאK
،אאא،אאאאאK
א א אאא ،א אאאאאאK
אא אPpFW E א אא 2א؟אθ1W
W
AZאאא
Zאאאאאא ZאאאאאאאאK
אאאא،אאאאאאK אאא אאא
אאאאK אאא אPpFW Eאא
אW
W
Z؛אאאאאא W ơ Z
m2 • K 5.67C10-
6
א אאא אא 233 אא
45
AZאאא
Zאאא
א א א א אא א א א
אאאK
אא
אאאאא،אאאא J،אאאאאאא
א א א א אא Jא א אא א א אא J אא
אאאא،אאאאאא א א א א אא J
،א א،א אא אא א אא א א א J ،א
א אא אא א F E
א א אא א א א אא J
אאאאאאאאא J
אאא א אאא א אאא Kאאא،
א א א א א Fא אא אאpHאא א א א א
אhyperthermia therapies KEאא אא
א אאא אא 233 אא
46
אאאאאK
، אאא א א אא א א
Kאא
אLא،אאאאאK
،אאא א אא א אW
אW
אא אאאא Kאא אF25 J50Eא אא
אאK א
אאאאאאאא?א?אאKאאאאאא
א K א א W א א F אא JאאE ،HF JL0،2 KEא
אא K،א א אא FאEFE،א אאK
א
אאאאאא א Kא
א L ،א א א אאאאאKאא،FאEא
0،010،01،0.1 °C
א אאא אא 233 אא
47
K
F1E
אאK،אLאאאאא
אאאK،אא،אא אאא א
א ، אא ، א אא א J א J،אאאא،אאא
אResolutionאא،0.1 °CK
א
אאאאאאאאKא،א
אאאK
א אא א אא Fא E63 ٪א אא Kא אאא
א ، א ،אא K א ، אאאאא ،Kא ،
א אאא אא 233 אא
48
،א א א א אאK
א
،א،אאאאאא
א،אFאEאאאאK
א
אאא،אאאאK
،א אא א א אאא אאא
אאא
אאא אאאא
אאK אאאאאאאאFאא
אEאאאK אאFאאאE،אא
א א א ،א،אאאאאFאאאE
א ،אא א אאא א אא א א אא א
אאאאא،א
א אאא אא 233 אא
49
אאK
אאאאא א אא א אא א א א א
אאא J א אא،،אא،אא
א א Jא א א א א א Jאא،א،
אא،אאK
אאאאW
WC°L5-5 µV
אWC°L50 µV
אWC°L40 µV אWC°L40 µV
א א א א א אא א אא א אאאאאFSeed beck EffectKE
א אאא אא 233 אא
50
F2E
אאאאא،אאא
F2EאאJfJcFEא،אK
אF3Eאאא
אאא Jא،א אאאאא Jאא
אאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא J،אא
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאThermo-resistances and thermistors
א אאא אא 233 אא
51
FConductorsEאFSemiconductorsEFresistanceE
אאאאא،אאK
F4E
אאאאאא،אאFthermistorEא אא
אאאאKאאאthermalאresistor א אא Samuel Ruben 1930K א אא א
אאאW
ΔR = kΔT
ΔR = אא change in resistance
ΔT = אאאchange in temperature
k = אאא first-order temperature coefficient of resistance
אאאאאkאא
אאאא(NTC) אא
א אאא אא 233 אא
52
אאאא(PTC)KאאאFDR/REאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
F5E
אאאאאאאא
א FResistance Thermometers E אFPlatinumEא،FSensing ElementE
אא אא J א Wאאאאאא Jאאאאא
אPTCF אEPTCא אא א،،W
،אאא J،
אאא JאW
א אאא אא 233 אא
53
אאאאNi, Mn, Fe, Cu, Co א אא NTCF א E א אאאא J
אאאאאa,אW
אאא100450
א1000K
אא J4.5٪K
אאאאאאאא א Jא،אא، א
אK
אאLא،אא25אK
אאאא J אא א ،אא א
אK
א א א א אאK
،אאאאאאאאK
אאא،0.1אאא0.5א J
א אאא אא 233 אא
54
،אאאא אא J،אאאאאאאאאאאא Jא
אאאWאאאאאאK
NTCאא JאאאאאK
F6E
אWNTCPTC
אVAאאאאK
אW VA=Vt-R1/(R1+RT)
אאW VB=Vt-R3/(R2+R3)
،אא א RT אVAא א(VA-
VB)אאא J
،אאאRT80000R25R1אT3T1אאאT2K
VAR1אW R1=(Rt1 Rt2+Rt2 Rt3) – 2Rt1 Rt3 (Tt1 Rt3- 2Rt2)
א ، א א ، א
א אאא אא 233 אא
55
א،אאK
א ،א א ، K
א א א0،4 Ohm 3 K ohms KאאW3545אא
אW11،2 KohmK
אאאאאFE،אאאW
Rt = R0. e ^ [ B " 1/T-1/T0]
Rt R0 אאא T T0 ،BאK
F7E
PTCOאאא א א ?אא א ? אא א א
אאאאW
W
W؛אאא 1K WאאאאF298E
א אאא אא 233 אא
56
אאאאאאא
،אאאאאאאK
F8E
א אא א אא א אא
אאאאא،אK אאאאאFא J J Jא
אEאאאאא،100400K
א אאא אא 233 אא
57
אF9EאאאאNTC
אאאאא،،FאאאEאאאאאTZ298Z25K
אאאF1،10،100EאאאאאאK
1אWאאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
58
אF10Eאאאאאאאאאאא
אאא KאאK
אא ،אאאאאאאאאI1I2אאW
V0 = A (Vt - Vr)
אאאאאאK،אאאא0 J100אאא
א J10 א א ،VR VT אאאAFVR JVTE 10
אא100K אאאאאW
אאאK
א א W אאא ،RTא א אVTא א
אK
אאאFאE
א אאא אאאאאאא،אאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
59
א א אאא א אא אא אאאאאאאK
א א א א א א אא א אאאאאאאאא؛אאאא
،אאאאאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 אא
60
אF11Eאאאאא
א F11Eא א אא א ،
אאא؛אTminאא אא א א א אFRmin E א א א
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא א ،אא ،א אא אא א אא
אאאאK אF12Eאאאאאאאאא
אאאK
אF12Eאאאאאאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
61
א אא א אאאאא،אאאא
א،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאאK
אאא
אאא،אאאא
،אאאאאאאאW
W
RTWאאאT؛ RTOWאאאאToFE؛
aWאאאאאK
א a א؛ אא אKאאאאאa؛אא
אאאאF13KE
א אאא אא 233 אא
62
אF13Eאאאאא
אאאאאאאW אא א
אאאאאאאאאאאאאW
Eאאאא
J אאWap1, = 3.85*10-3 [ºC-1] J אW-220 → 850 ºC
،א ، א 100F אא א
R=100KE Eאאאא
אאW
אW
،א ،א א א 100Fא
א אאא אא 233 אא
63
RZ100E،Hאא J0.1אאH J0.2Kאאא،אא
אאאאK א ،א אא אאא
א Rא א א אא K ، אאFJoule effectEאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאאK
א אא א אא ، א אא אאאאK
אאא،K
א אאא אא 233 אא
64
אא
1 Jאאאאאאאא؟א
2 Jאאא؟
3 Jאאאא؟
4 J؟אאאא
5–؟אאאא
אא
אאאא
א
א
4
א אאא אאא 233 א
65
אאא א
Measurement of pressure
אאWאא
אאWאאאW
א אא
אאא
אאא
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW4
אאWאאא
אאWאא
א אאא אאא 233 א
66
אאא א
Measurement of pressure
אאא(systole)אאאא
אאאאK
א א אK א،א א ،אאאאKאאאK
،אאאאאאK
אאא،אאאאאאאא،אא،K
،א،אאאא120אא، diastolic 90 mm HgKאא
،א systolic אאאK
א،אאFאE،אאא א אא אF( myocardial ?
א?،א hemorrhage ?אKEKKK?
א א א אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאKאאאא אא א אא א
א אאא אאא 233 א
67
אא א א א ،אאא אK
א
،א א אא אאא א
אאK ، א א א א
אאא،אאK
א א ، ، ،א א א،אא א K F E א אא
אא א ،אא א אא אאאאאאא،אא،K
אאאאאK
אאאFאEא،،אאאאאא،אK
א א א א א א
،אאF BERNOULLIE،א،אאאאאאאK
אא אא א ، ، א
אFE،א،אא Kאא diastolic FאEא،
?mmHg?K
א אאא אאא 233 א
68
א אא א א א ،
אאאאאאK
WDefinitions אאאא،אאאא
F pascal E FPa K E אא א FPa=N/m2 K E אא א אFbar E אF105PaEF0,1 N/mm2KEאאFmmHgEFmm H2OE Fcm H2O E K א FTorr E א
F1 mmHgEאאאK ، א F13,6 g/cm3 E א F1,055 g/cm3E
א א Fאsaline E F1,04 g/cm3 KE W
1 mm Hg = 12,9 mm blood = 13,1 mm Saline אאא אF981 cm/s2E W
1mm Hg = 133, 322 Pa = 1, 33322 mbar 1mm H20 = 9810 Pa = 98,1 mbar
אאאאatm1אא 14.7 psi, 760 mm Hg 1.013x105 Pa K ، Kא
אStaticאאhydrostatic،؛אאdynamicאאhydrodymanicK
אאphysiologyאאאPascalsKאאאא
אא Kא א א אvacuum א absolute pressureאאatm1?אאgauge pressure ?אאא
א אאא אאא 233 א
69
?אdifference pressureK?
אאאאא،אאאKאא،אאא
א ،gauge pressures K א א א א א second order effect א
א،אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאKאאsealedאא
אאאאא،Kאאlong termאאאאא
properly corrected Kא20 mmHgאאאאאאאא
אCVPK،אאאאאאאאאK
אWPressure Transducers
אאאאאאF1Eאאאאאאאא?
F?DomeEאאאאאאאאאאK
א אאא אאא 233 א
70
F1Eא
אא אאאאא א
אאאאאאאאאא
אFE FWheatstone Bridge E א אאא א א א א א
K
אאא
אPressure Sensor
אא א א Kא diaphragm FE،
א א K ،א א
piezoelectric ? ? אא،Fא אEא ،
א אאא אאא 233 א
71
אKאאK
א א Fא א E א א F EאאאK
אF2E
R-∆R R+ ∆Rא א K، RאF P= 0 KE،אאאא
K ∆Rאא KאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא، ∆R K
אאא،אא،אאאאKאאאא
Kאאאאא
א אאא אאא 233 א
72
אא،אאvacuum chamber
KאאאאKKאאאאאאP1 Kאא
אאאאאP2 KאאאאP1אP2KאF3Eאא
F1EpinK
אF3Eאאא
אF1Eא
א א
א1
א2 א
א3 א
א4 א
א אאא אאא 233 א
73
1K אא
אF4Eאא
אF4EאאאOP 1 ICKא
אאKאא1~5אא200mmHgKOP 1DאאאVd1א5.1
אאZener D1KאאKאinstrumentation amplifierאOP 1 Bא
אאאאאאW
VinאאאVrאאOP1AKא
אOP1B ،5 ،Z9 א א 200mmHg K potentiometer،OP 1CZ51(Vout)
אאmmHgK
א אאא אאא 233 א
74
אאא
1–א؟
2 Jאאא؟א
3–אאאא؟
4 J؟אא
75
אא
אאאא
א
א
5
א אאא אא 233 אא
75
אא
א
אאWאאא
אאWאאאW
א
א
אא
א
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW4
אאWאאאא
אאWאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
76
אא
א
Spirometer
אאאא pulmonary FLE،אא א א ،א א אא
،א prophylactic אאאאK
אאאאא אא א אאא،אאאאK
א א א א ،א א ، א א ،א א
אK
אאאאאא VC in 1)E،אאאאאאאאאא،א FEV1 in
1Eאאא، PFא
MIFKאאאאאאK
א ،אא א ،אא א א א א אאאאK
א،אאK
א אאא אא 233 אא
77
א
אאא،אאאאא Jא،אא3אא J 1K אאא 2K א 3K אא
א
אא אאא K אא
אא،אאאאאאאאא א א Kא א א א א
אאKאאאאאאW
אאאW VC = TLC – RV
א אאא،אאאאאאאא،K
אאאאאK
،א א TLC RV אא א FVC ،،אאאא VC אאK
FEV1 , FEV2 and FEV3 א،אאאאא،אאאא،K،אאאFEV3
אא،K
،א 80٪FVC אא ،אאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 אא
78
אLאאאW
F1Eא
א،،אאאאאK
א א א אPIFא א ،א א ، אאFVC FEV1א א ،Lא ، ،א
אאאאא،אK
F2E
א אאא אא 233 אא
79
א FEV1 FVC אKא> 0.7Kאאemphysema FאאEא،א
K VC א א אא אאאא،K
א אאא א א K،אאא אK،אא،א
אKאאאאאא RV in 1 אאאא Kאא
אאK אא
א אא א א א א J
،אאאאאאאK
אאאF3Eאאאאאא،אא
א،אאאאא،אאאאא،
א אאא אא 233 אא
80
אF3E
אאאאא،אאא
אא Jא א אאאא Jאאאאא J،אא
אאאאאאאאFאא E א א אא א א א א
אK
אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
אF4E
א אאא אא 233 אא
81
RTVWאאK ERVWאאK
RVWאאאאאא VCWאאאא
TLCWאאאאאFאאKE ICWאאאאK
א א،אא،אאאא
א אאא א אא א K אאאאאאK
אאאאאאא12LK
אאאFאאE VT500K
،אאאW
FVCWאאאאFE
PEFWאFLE
PIFWאאFLE
RVWאאאאאFE
א
א א א FאE א ،אאאK
א
א אאא אא 233 אא
82
א אא א ، א א FאEאKא،א،אא
אK
א
א אא א ؛ אא א
optoelectronic Fא אאEאא א ،אKאאW 0.03 1/s to 15 1/s F0،031L151LE
אHFW J3KE٪
אא،אאאאא ، אא א ،אF EאLא
אאK
א،אאadaptor אאא Kא אא א،
א אא א ، K אאא،אK
א אאא אא 233 אא
83
F5E
אאא אאאאא
אאאאאאאא،א א א א א א אא א،א
א אא،א א א ،א ،אאא
אאאאK
אאא، J
אF6E אSpirometer
א א אא אא א א א א א א אא
אאאK א א א א א א
א אאא אא 233 אא
84
אאF7Eאאאאאאאא א FDeflector Eא אא
אFRotating turbine EאאF Light Eאא FPhoto CellEאאFCounter EאאאאאK
א ،אאא אא אאK
F7Eא
אOxygen Meter
א،אאאאא אא א אא א
א א אא א א א אאאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
85
א א א א אאאK
אא א א
א ? F ?Galvanic CellE ? א F ?Polarographic
CellEא،אאאא،אאK
F8E
א א אF8 Eאא א א א א א Fanode E
FcathodeEFelectrolyteEאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 אא
86
F9Eאא
אאאא،אא
אאאאא א א א א א
אאאאאאK
א א א א אF9KE
F9Eא
א אאא אא 233 אא
87
א א F10 E א א
אFEאאאK
אאאא אא
אאאאאאK
F11Eאא
א אאא אא 233 אא
88
אאאאאאא،אא،אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK אאאאאאאא
א א אא אאאאאאאא
אאאK
א،אאאא،אאF10Eא
אאאK
אאאאאא21٪،אאאאKאFCALEא
אK
א א FAlarm E א א FHigh E א אFlow Eאאא،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 אא
89
אא
אאאאאאW J 1 JאW J
JאאK JאאK
JK 2 JאW J
JאאאאK JאאאK JK
3 JאאאאאW J
JאK JאאK JאאאK
4 JאאאאW J
JאאאאK JאאאK JאאאK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
א אאא אא 233 אא
90
אא
א Polargraphic Cell Anode Cathode
Electrolyte
91
א
אאאא
א
6
א אאא אא 233 א
91
אא
א
Optics
אאWאאאK
אאWאאאW
א
אא
אא
אאא
אאא
אא
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW4
אאWאאאא
אאWאא
א אאא אא 233 א
92
א Optics
א؟ אא א א א א
אאאא אאא
אא،אא،אאא؟
אFReflection Eאאאאאאא
K
א א א א א ،אא
א،אאאאאאאK
1 JאאW
א?א?אW J FE JאאאאאK FE Jאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
93
א،אאאאאאFEאא
אF1EK
F1Eאאא
אאאאאFEאK
2 JאאW
אאFRefraction EW J
א אאא אא 233 א
94
FE JאאאFAngle of IncidenceEאאא
אFAngle of Refraction Eאא?אF?n =
Index of RefractionEאאאאK
sin
sin
r
in
אאאFiEאאFrE
אאאאאאFiE،FrEאאאאאK
FE Jאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK
F1WEאאאא20אאאא13.3 ،؟אא
אW
אW r = 13.3i = 20
אWאn
i
r
sin
sin
sin
sin .
.
..
20
133
0 342
0 230149
o
o
א אאא אא 233 א
95
? א ?אא א א אאאF?Absolute Index of Refraction Eא،FאאKE 3 JאאאאW
א אא א א FV1 E
אאאFV2EאאאK
FV1EאאFSin iE،FV2EאאFSin rKE
W J אאאאא
אאאאא
V
V
i
r1
2
sin
sin W J
V
Vn1
2
( 4 )
F2 W E א א 45 א ،א1.517א (g) א1.333 (w)אא،אא
א؟ אW
=
= معامل انكسار الضوء من الماء إلى الزجاج سرعـة الـضوء في الـماء سرعة الضوء في الزجاج
א אאא אא 233 א
96
n wg Vw
Vg
אאFnwEאFngEאאאאאאאאאאFVaEW
nwg Vw
Vg
Vw
VaVg
Va
Vw
Va
Va
Vg
אW n
n
nwgg
w
Va Vg
Va Vw
ngnw W
nwg 1517
13331137
.
..
אW n
i
r
sin
sin W J
nwg sin
sin.
451137
o
r W J
sin.
..r
0 707
11370 624
אאאאאr = 38.6
4 JאאWDispersion
א אאא אא 233 א
97
א
אאא،אאאאאאאאא،،،،FSpectrumE
F2KE
אF2E
1 J،2 J،3 J،4 J،5 J،6 J،7–
F2Eא
אאאאאאאאFWavelengthEאא
א אאא אא 233 א
98
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אFVisible LightEKאאאאFInvisible LightEאאאFInfrared
LightEאאFUltraviolet LightEאאאא אאF Eאא א א F E
K
؟אא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א ? א א א א א F
אEאאאא؟א
5 JאאFאEWPhotons of Light
אאFAtomsEאאאאאאFExcitedE
א F?Radiant Energy E א ? F?PhotonE אא אא
،אאאאאFStream of PhotonsEK
א אאא אא 233 א
99
א א א א אאא א אאאK
אאאFX-RayEאאא
א א א א א K
אאאאאאאFRadio WavesEאאאא،אא،
א אא א א אFE
אאא
א
אאאא
אא
אא
F3Eא
6 JאאWWaves and Particles
אאאא
؟
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK
א א
اتجاه زيادة طول ال
ناتاتجاه زيادة طاقة الفوتو
א אאא אא 233 א
100
אאאאאאא؟אאא،א
אאK
? F ?WavelengthE א F4KE
F4Eאא
אאא א א אאאאF3Eא،א א Kאא
אאאאK
אאא،אאאאאא א א א א אא א K
א אאאאאא אאאאאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
101
7 JאאWSpherical Mirrors
א א א FCurved SurfaceE א א א
אאאאK
אאF5KE
F5Eאא FCE?אF?Center of CurvatureEאא
א Fr E א FRadius of Curvature EאאFVEאFVertexEאאא
אXX`אאאאאאFCEFVEאאאאאFCE
א אאא אא 233 א
102
אאK
אאW J 1 JאאFConcave MirrorsEאFE
2 JאאFConvex MirrorsEאK
אאאFאEאאVirtual and Real Images
אאאאFPlane MirrorsEאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאא אאKא Projector) EאאאאאאK 8 JאFocal Point
אאFFEאאFEא،אאF6KE
א אאא אא 233 א
103
F6Eאא
א אא א א אאאא אFEאא،אK
9 JאאאW
אF7E،אאDAא)FEא
אאאFiEאאFr EאאFACEאאFCEאאאFiEFrEאACF
AF = CFאDA אא،A VCF = FV W
אFCVZEאאFFVE
2 F = R א א אא א
אאאאאF7KE
א אאא אא 233 א
104
F7Eאאאא FEאאאFF KE FEאאאאK FEאאאFC E
אאK
10 JאW Lenses
א א ،א א אאאאאאאאK
11 JאאW
אאאאאאאK
אאא،W J
1 JFEF8KE 2 JאF8KE
א אאא אא 233 א
105
F8Eאא 12 JאW
FEאאאאאאאא
،F9KE
א אאא אא 233 א
106
F9Eא ،אאאאאאא
אK
F10E
13 JW J
1 JאFWCenter of CurvatureE
א אאא אא 233 א
107
אאאאאK 2 JאאFPrinciple AxisWE
אאאK 3 JאאW J
אאאאאאK 4 JאאW J
אK 5 JאW J
אאW J JאאWאאא
אאK JאאWאאאאאא
אאאK 6 JאאFFocal LengthEW J
אאאFFEאאK
אאאאאאאאאF11KE
א אאא אא 233 א
108
F11Eאאאא
F E אאאא אא
אK F E א א א א א א
אK FEאאאאא
אאK 14 JאאאאאאFאEW
אאאאאאאאאאאK
F12 E،א אא א א
אאK
א אאא אא 233 א
109
F12Eאאא
F Eאאאא אאאאK
F13Eאא
15 JאאאאאאאW
א אאא אא 233 א
110
אF14EאאאאאאאF1E
אאאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
111
F1Eאאאאא
א א
א
א
א א
1
א
א
אא
אא
2
אא
א
אא
אא
3
אא
אא
אא
4
אא
א
אא
אא
5
אא
אא
א
א
אא
א
א אאא אא 233 א
112
אF14Eאאאאאאא
16 JאאאאW
א אאא אא 233 א
113
א א אאא אא Fu Eא
אאFvEאאFfEאאאF15KE
F15Eאאאא
אאאW J
1 1 1
f u v
אאאאW >>
W
א אאא אא 233 א
114
1 Jא Fu E ،
K 2 J א Fv E א ، א
אK 3 JאאFfEאאאFאE،
אאאFאKE 17 JאאאאFWMagnificationE
אאאאאאK FMEאאאK
א M =אFLE
אFLE
א אאא אא 233 א
115
אFאEW
אL
L
V
U
V
FM
' - 1
אאאאu،VW 1 JאאאFu،VKE 2 JאאאF
EFV KE 18 JאאW 1 JאאאFME< 1אK 2 JאאאFMZE1אK 3 JאאאFME>1אK
F1WE
10 CM 60 CM א 20 CM ،
א،؟ FWEאאK FWEאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
116
אW
FWEאאK
u = + 60 cm F = + 20 cm
אאא 1 1 1
f u V
f , u 1
20
1
60
1
V W J
V = + 30 cm
FVEא30 cmאK
אW
MV
u
30
60
1
2
א א א M 1 א אF LZEL x M K
L X cm'
1
210 5
א אאא אא 233 א
117
אW J
א5 cm 30 cmאאK FWEאאK
u = + 60 cm f = - 20 cm
1 1 1
f u V
1
20
1
60
1
V
V = - 15 cm
אאאא 15 cm
אW
MV
u
L X cm
15
60
1
4
1
410 2 5 .
אW J
א 2.5 cm 15 cmאאK
F2EW
א אאא אא 233 א
118
א 20 cm אK
FEאאK FEאאK
אW
FEאאK
M 4 f cm 20
M
V
u
4 4
V
uV u
אאW J
1 1 1
f u V
1 1
4
1
20u u
u = 25 cm א25 cmאK
FEאאK
M 4 f cm 20
א אאא אא 233 א
119
MV
u
4 4
V
uV u
אאW J
1 1 1
f u V
1 1
4
1
20u u
u = 15 cm
א15 cm אK
אאW 1 Jאא
אאא
אF16EאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
120
F16Eאא
אאאאאאFE
אFVKE 2 Jאא
אאF17EW J
1 JאאFאEObjective LensWאFf 1EK 2 JאאBinocular Lens WאFf 2EK
אאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
121
F17Eאא
FLEאא)( u 1אFf1
E)L1EאאאFu2EאFf2EF
אEFL`KE 3 JאאאFMonochromator E
אאאאאאא
א אא Kאא א א א אFHemoglobinEאא
אKאאאאא
א א א א FMonochromator E א F19 EאK
א אאא אא 233 א
122
F18E
F19Eאאאא
א אאא אא 233 א
123
אFS1EאFSEאאאאא א א א Fp E אאאאאאאאאאאא
FאאאEאאFS2Eאאאאא،א
אאאK
אא
אאאא،אאאאK
אFאEא،?K? אאאאא
אאאאא،FKE
אF20E
א אאא אא 233 א
124
אאאאאאאאאFФKE
אאא،אאאאK אאאאאאK א
אאאאאאאK
אF21E
אאאאאאא
K אאאא?W?
Фn1 . sen . = n2 .senK
אאא1.4אאF22KE
א אאא אא 233 א
125
F22E
אאLEDאאאK W 1.4 sen = 1 sen
אאאא90°אאאאK
אאאאאא90°אא45.58°K
אאאאK אאאאאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאאאK אF22Eאאאא،
אאאאK
אאאK אאאאאK
אאאאאאאא
א אאא אא 233 א
126
אאK ،אאאאאאאאאא
אK ،אאאאאא
אK אאאאא20٪א0.05٪
אאאא2 dB/KmK
אאאאK
אF23E
אאא1.5א1.4K
אאאא??א69°K אאאאאא69°א
אאאK ،א،אאאא
אK אאאאאא،אאאאאאK
אF24EאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
127
אF24E
אאאaאn1،n0אאאW אאאא
אאK
אbאn1אאאn2אאK ،אאאאאא
אאאאFאאEאאא،אLEDK
אאאcאאאאאאK
،אאdאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאאא
א אאא אא 233 א
128
אK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אattenuationאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK
אא،אK
אאאא،DCאאאאאאאK
،א،אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאFLEDEK
א،אאK
א אאא אא 233 א
129
אאאK
אK
אF25E
אאאאאאאK
אn،אאאאnאK
אאאאW אK
א?א?،אn1،אא
אn2אK אאאאא
א אאא אא 233 א
130
אא،א?אאK?
אאאאאK
אאאאK
אאאאאW ،אאאFאאKE
א אאא אא 233 א
131
אF26E
א אאא אא 233 א
132
אא،אאא
אאK
אF27E
אאאאאאW אאאאאZ90°אא،אא
אאאK
א1000אאאא،Z80.6°Z1014K
אאאאאאאאא70א nsK
،אאאאאK אאאאא،
W אאאאאאאאא?א?אא،ns/km30 ns
אאK
א אאא אא 233 א
133
א،א
K אאאאאK
אW אאא?אאK?
אאאאאא،K
،אאאא،אאאא
אK ،א?אאL?אps/kmW א،אאאא
אK אאאאאאאאK
אאא אאאא אא ،א א א אא
אאא אאאאא אF28EאאאאאאK
א אאא אא 233 א
134
אF28E
א אאא אא 233 א
135
אא
1 J؟אאאא
2 Jאאא20אא1.8
،אאא؟ 3 J؟אאאא
4 Jא؟א؟
5 J؟אאאאאא
6 Jאאא؟אאא
7 J؟אא
8 J؟אאא
9 Jאאאאאא
؟אאא 10 Jאאאאאאא
؟אאא 11 Jא10 cm
א אאא אא 233 א
136
WEאא، EאאK
12 Jא?؟א
אאא
א Reflectionא Refraction
אא Absolute Index of Refraction
אאא Infraredאא Ultraviolet
אא Wavelengthאאא Concave Mirrorsאאא Convex Mirrors
א Focal Point
א Lenses
אא Focal Length
א Magnification
אא Objective Lens
אא Binocular Lens
א א א
Monochromator
- 137 -
אא
אאאא
א
א
7
א אאא 233
אא אא
137
אא
אא pH Meter
אאWאאאK
אאWאאאW
אא
אאא
אא
אאאWאאא85٪
אאW4
אאWאאאא
אאWאאא
א אאא 233
אא אא
138
אא
אא pH Meter
FאאEאאאFpower of hydrogenEpHאאאאKאא
אאאא14אKאא7אאאא7
אKא7אאא25KאאאK
אFאאEא،אאאאK
pHא
אאpHאW
αHאאK
א אאא 233
אא אא
139
אאאFpH meterEאאאFאאEKFE
אאK
א1936אאאאK
א
אאאאאאאFbulbEאאאאKאאKא
Fא0.06אאKEאאאאאאK
א
אאאאאאאאK
אאאאא–201000 JאאאאK
אאאאאאא17KאאאאאאF0,059L
אאא، J0,059LאאאEאאאא7אאאא
אK
אאאאא25K
א אאא 233
אא אא
140
אא
אא3א2אאאאאאאאK
אאא7,01FאEאאאF10,01אא4,01אאE
אא25KאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאא
3.0אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאא1.5אא2K
אא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א אאא 233
אא אא
141
يالهيدروجين األيوننموذج بياني لقيمة
المادة أيون
هيدروجيني 1.0- م10 ,آلور الماء حمض 0.5 الكهربائية البطاريات أحماض 2.0 – 1.5 المعدة أحماض 2.4 الليمون عصير 2.5 الكوال 2.9 الخل 4.5 بيرة
5.0> مطر حمضي 5.0 قهوة 5.5 صحية (جلد) بشرة أو شاي 6.5 حليب
7.0 ماء مقطر 7.4 – 6.5 سليم إنسان لعاب 7.45 – 7.34 دم 8.3 – 7.7 البحر ماء
10.0 – 9.0 صابون يد 11.5 أمونياك 12.5 المالبس ُمَبيِّض
13.5 الصوديوم هيدروآسيد
א אאא 233
אא אא
142
א
1–א؟א 2 Jאא؟؟ 3 J؟אא
א אאא 233
אא
אאא FאאE
אאאW 1 Jאא
Wא א1994
אWאאא אא JאK
2 Jאאאאא
אאא
אאאW
Science
.BY : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Nova Edition , 1989
Biomedical Sensors , Fundamentals and Applications BY : Hanry N . Norton
.Publisher : Noyes Publications 1982
Hemodynanic Monitoring In The Critically ill BY : Paul W . Armstrong and Ronald S . Baigrie
.Publisher : Harper and Row 1980
Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology BY : Joseph J . Carr and John M . Brown .Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Health Devices and Product Comparison System
א אאא 233
אא
Publications 1993 . E C R I
Lung Ventilotor Performance Analyzer Instruction . Manual Medishield Harlow 1976
Digital De Fibrihator Analyzer , User's Guide
. Bio - Tek Instruments , Inc 1989
Checkmate Pneumotic Equipment Tester , Instruction Manual Mediq ( prn )
Life Support Services , Inc
א אאא 233
א
א
א אא 1
אאWא 3 אאאאא 3
אאא 3 4
אאWא 15 אא 16
אא 16 אא 17
אא 18 אא 18
אאא 22 אאא 22
אאא 23 אא 24 א 24 א 25
אאא 26 אאWאא 28
אאא 28 אא 31 33 אאאWא 34
א 34
א אאא 233
א
א 35 36
אאWא אא א
אאאא
אאWא 37 א 37 א 38
אאאא 39 אא 41
אאFאE 42 אא 43
אא 44 א 45
אאא 46 א 47
אא 47 א 47
48 אאאאאא 49 אאאאאא 50
אאא 51 אאאא 52
אא 53 אא 56
א אאא 233
א
אא 56 אא 57
אאא 57 אא
א 59
אאאא
אא א