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Marion Mitchell MorrisonMarion Mitchell Morrison (born (born Marion Robert Marion Robert MorrisonMorrison; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), better ; May 26, 1907 – June 11, 1979), better known by his stage name known by his stage name John WayneJohn Wayne, was an , was an AmericaAmericann film actor, director and producer. An film actor, director and producer. An Academy Award-winner, Wayne was among the top Academy Award-winner, Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades, and was named box office draws for three decades, and was named the all-time top money-making star. An enduring the all-time top money-making star. An enduring American icon, he epitomized rugged masculinity American icon, he epitomized rugged masculinity and is famous for his demeanor, including his and is famous for his demeanor, including his distinctive calm voice, walk, and height. distinctive calm voice, walk, and height.

Early lifeEarly life

Wayne was born Marion Wayne was born Marion

Robert Morrison at 216 Robert Morrison at 216 South Second Street in South Second Street in Winterset, IowaWinterset, Iowa.. His His middle name was soon middle name was soon changed from Robert to changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents Mitchell when his parents decided to name their decided to name their next son Robert. As a next son Robert. As a teen, Wayne worked in teen, Wayne worked in an ice cream shop for a an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He Hollywood studios. He was also active as a was also active as a member of the Order of member of the Order of DeMolay, a youth DeMolay, a youth organization associated organization associated with the Freemasons. He with the Freemasons. He attended Wilson Middle attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale. He School in Glendale. He played football for the played football for the 1924 champion Glendale 1924 champion Glendale High School team. High School team.

Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was Wayne applied to the U.S. Naval Academy, but was not accepted. He instead attended the University of not accepted. He instead attended the University of Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He Southern California (USC), majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities.[16] Wayne also played on the USC fraternities.[16] Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. An injury football team under coach Howard Jones. An injury curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted he curtailed his athletic career; Wayne later noted he was too terrified of Jones's reaction to reveal the was too terrified of Jones's reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury, which wasactual cause of his injury, which was bodysurfinbodysurfingg at at the "Wedge"at the tip of the Balboa Peninsula in the "Wedge"at the tip of the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach. He lost his athletic scholarship and, Newport Beach. He lost his athletic scholarship and, without funds, had to leave the university.without funds, had to leave the university.

Wayne began working at the local film studios. Wayne began working at the local film studios. Prolific silent western film star Tom Mix had found Prolific silent western film star Tom Mix had found him a summer job in the prop department in him a summer job in the prop department in exchange for football tickets. Wayne soon moved exchange for football tickets. Wayne soon moved on to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship on to bit parts, establishing a longtime friendship with the director who provided most of those roles, with the director who provided most of those roles, John Ford. Early in this period, Wayne appeared John Ford. Early in this period, Wayne appeared with his USC teammates playing football in with his USC teammates playing football in Brown Brown of Harvardof Harvard (1926), (1926), The DropkickThe Dropkick (1927), and (1927), and SaluteSalute (1929) and Columbia's (1929) and Columbia's Maker of MenMaker of Men (filmed in (filmed in 1930, released in 1931).1930, released in 1931).

Early career Early career and breakthroughand breakthrough

While working for Fox Film While working for Fox Film Corporation in bit roles, he Corporation in bit roles, he was given on-screen credit was given on-screen credit as "Duke Morrison" only as "Duke Morrison" only once, in once, in Words and MusicWords and Music (1929). In 1930, director (1929). In 1930, director Raoul Walsh saw him Raoul Walsh saw him moving studio furniture while moving studio furniture while working as a prop boy and working as a prop boy and cast him in his first starring cast him in his first starring role in role in The Big TrailThe Big Trail (1930). (1930). For his screen name, Walsh For his screen name, Walsh suggested "Anthony suggested "Anthony Wayne", after Revolutionary Wayne", after Revolutionary War general "Mad Anthony" War general "Mad Anthony" Wayne. Fox Studios chief Wayne. Fox Studios chief Winfield Sheehan rejected it Winfield Sheehan rejected it as sounding "too Italian". as sounding "too Italian". Walsh then suggested "John Walsh then suggested "John Wayne". Sheehan agreed, Wayne". Sheehan agreed, and the name was set. and the name was set. Wayne himself was not even Wayne himself was not even present for the discussion. present for the discussion. His pay was raised to $105 His pay was raised to $105 a week. a week.

The Big TrailThe Big Trail was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of was to be the first big-budget outdoor spectacle of the sound era, made at a staggering cost of over $2 million, the sound era, made at a staggering cost of over $2 million, using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American using hundreds of extras and wide vistas of the American southwest, still largely unpopulated at the time. Unfortunately, southwest, still largely unpopulated at the time. Unfortunately, only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its only a handful of theaters were equipped to show the film in its widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted. The film widescreen process, and the effort was largely wasted. The film was considered a huge flop.was considered a huge flop.

After the commercial failure of After the commercial failure of The Big TrailThe Big Trail, Wayne was , Wayne was relegated to small roles in A-pictures , including Columbia's relegated to small roles in A-pictures , including Columbia's The The DeceiverDeceiver (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in (1931), in which he played a corpse. He appeared in the serial the serial The Three MusketeersThe Three Musketeers (1933), an updated version of (1933), an updated version of the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were the Alexandre Dumas novel in which the protagonists were soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North soldiers in the French Foreign Legion in then-contemporary North Africa. He appeared in many low-budget "Poverty Row" Africa. He appeared in many low-budget "Poverty Row" westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot westerns, mostly at Monogram Pictures and serials for Mascot Pictures Corporation. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared Pictures Corporation. By Wayne's own estimation, he appeared in about eighty of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939. In in about eighty of these horse operas from 1930 to 1939. In Riders of DestinyRiders of Destiny (1933) he became one of the first singing (1933) he became one of the first singing cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing. Wayne also appeared in cowboys of film, albeit via dubbing. Wayne also appeared in some of the some of the Three MesquiteersThree Mesquiteers westerns, whose title was a play westerns, whose title was a play on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding on the Dumas classic. He was mentored by stuntmen in riding and other western skills. He and famed stuntman Yakima Canutt and other western skills. He and famed stuntman Yakima Canutt developed and perfected stunts still used today. developed and perfected stunts still used today.

Wayne's breakthrough role came with director John Ford's Wayne's breakthrough role came with director John Ford's classic classic StagecoachStagecoach (1939). Because of Wayne's non-star status (1939). Because of Wayne's non-star status and track record in low-budget westerns throughout the 1930s, and track record in low-budget westerns throughout the 1930s, Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-Ford had difficulty getting financing for what was to be an A-budget film. After rejection by all the top studios, Ford struck a budget film. After rejection by all the top studios, Ford struck a deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire deal with independent producer Walter Wanger in which Claire Trevor — a much bigger star at the time — received top billing. Trevor — a much bigger star at the time — received top billing. StagecoachStagecoach was a huge critical and financial success, and was a huge critical and financial success, and Wayne became a star.Wayne became a star.

Commercial successCommercial success

Wayne's first color film was Wayne's first color film was Shepherd of the HillsShepherd of the Hills (1941), (1941), in which he co-starred with in which he co-starred with his longtime friend Harry his longtime friend Harry Carey. The following year, Carey. The following year, he appeared in his only film he appeared in his only film directed by Cecil B. DeMille, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, the Technicolor epic the Technicolor epic Reap Reap the Wild Windthe Wild Wind (1942), in (1942), in which he co-starred with which he co-starred with Ray Milland and Paulette Ray Milland and Paulette Goddard; it was one of the Goddard; it was one of the rare times he played a rare times he played a character with questionable character with questionable values. He would appear in values. He would appear in more than twenty of John more than twenty of John Ford's films throughout the Ford's films throughout the next two decades, including next two decades, including She Wore a Yellow RibbonShe Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949), (1949), The Quiet ManThe Quiet Man (1952), (1952), The SearchersThe Searchers (1956), (1956), The Wings of EaglesThe Wings of Eagles (1957), and (1957), and The Man Who The Man Who Shot Liberty ValanceShot Liberty Valance (1962). (1962).

In 1949, director Robert Rossen offered the starring role of In 1949, director Robert Rossen offered the starring role of All the All the King's MenKing's Men to Wayne. Wayne refused, believing the script to be to Wayne. Wayne refused, believing the script to be un-American in many ways. Broderick Crawford, who eventually un-American in many ways. Broderick Crawford, who eventually got the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically got the role, won the 1949 Oscar for best male actor, ironically beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for beating out Wayne, who had been nominated for Sands of Iwo Sands of Iwo Jima.Jima.

He lost the leading role in He lost the leading role in The GunfighterThe Gunfighter (1950) to Gregory Peck (1950) to Gregory Peck due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its due to his refusal to work for Columbia Pictures because its chief, Harry Cohn, had mistreated him years before when he was chief, Harry Cohn, had mistreated him years before when he was a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, a young contract player. Cohn had bought the project for Wayne, but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to but Wayne's grudge was too deep, and Cohn sold the script to Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly Twentieth Century Fox, which cast Peck in the role Wayne badly wanted but for which he refused to bend.]wanted but for which he refused to bend.]

One of Wayne's most popular roles was in One of Wayne's most popular roles was in The High and the The High and the MightyMighty (1954), directed by William Wellman, and based on a (1954), directed by William Wellman, and based on a novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won novel by Ernest K. Gann. His portrayal of a heroic copilot won widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in widespread acclaim. Wayne also portrayed aviators in Flying Flying Tigers (1942),Tigers (1942), Flying LeathernecksFlying Leathernecks (1951), (1951), Island in the SIsland in the Skkyy (1953), (1953), The Wings of EaglesThe Wings of Eagles (1957), and (1957), and Jet PilotJet Pilot (1957). (1957).

The SearchersThe Searchers (1956) continues to be widely regarded as (1956) continues to be widely regarded as perhaps Wayne's finest and most complex performance. In 2006, perhaps Wayne's finest and most complex performance. In 2006, Premiere MagazinePremiere Magazine ran an industry poll in which Wayne's ran an industry poll in which Wayne's portrayal of Ethan Edwards was rated the 87th greatest portrayal of Ethan Edwards was rated the 87th greatest performance in film history. He named his youngest son Ethan performance in film history. He named his youngest son Ethan after the character.after the character.

Later career John Wayne won a Best Actor John Wayne won a Best Actor

Oscar for Oscar for True GritTrue Grit (1969). (1969). Wayne was also nominated Wayne was also nominated as the producer of Best as the producer of Best Picture for Picture for The AlamoThe Alamo (1960), one of two films he (1960), one of two films he directed. The other was directed. The other was The The Green BeretsGreen Berets (1968), the (1968), the only major film made during only major film made during the Vietnam War to support the Vietnam War to support the war. During the filming of the war. During the filming of Green BeretsGreen Berets, the Degar or , the Degar or Montagnard people of Montagnard people of Vietnam's Central Vietnam's Central Highlands, fierce fighters Highlands, fierce fighters against communism, against communism, bestowed on Wayne a brass bestowed on Wayne a brass bracelet that he wore in the bracelet that he wore in the film and all subsequent film and all subsequent films. His last film was films. His last film was The The ShootistShootist (1976), whose main (1976), whose main character, J. B. Books, was character, J. B. Books, was dying of cancer — the illness dying of cancer — the illness to which Wayne himself to which Wayne himself succumbed three years succumbed three years later. According to the later. According to the Internet Movie Database, Internet Movie Database, Wayne played the lead in Wayne played the lead in 142 of his film appearances. 142 of his film appearances.

Personal lifePersonal life

John Wayne was married John Wayne was married three times. His wives three times. His wives were all Hispanic. His were all Hispanic. His wives were Josephine wives were Josephine Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Alicia Saenz, Esperanza Baur, and Pilar Pallete. Baur, and Pilar Pallete. He had four children with He had four children with Josephine and three with Josephine and three with Pilar. Pilar.

There were several high There were several high profile affairs in Wayne's profile affairs in Wayne's life. One was with life. One was with Marlene Dietrich and Marlene Dietrich and another with his former another with his former secretary Pat Stacy. Pat secretary Pat Stacy. Pat Stacy wrote a biography Stacy wrote a biography of her life with Wayne. of her life with Wayne. The book is titled 'Duke: The book is titled 'Duke: A Love Story'. A Love Story'.

DeathDeath Although he enrolled in a cancer Although he enrolled in a cancer

vaccine study in an attempt to vaccine study in an attempt to ward off the disease, John Wayne ward off the disease, John Wayne died of stomach cancer on June died of stomach cancer on June 11, 1979, at the UCLA Medical 11, 1979, at the UCLA Medical Center, and was interred in the Center, and was interred in the Pacific View Memorial Park Pacific View Memorial Park cemetery in Corona del Mar. cemetery in Corona del Mar. According to his son Patrick and According to his son Patrick and his grandson Matthew Muñoz, a his grandson Matthew Muñoz, a priest in the California Diocese of priest in the California Diocese of Orange, he converted to Roman Orange, he converted to Roman Catholicism shortly before his Catholicism shortly before his death. He requested his death. He requested his tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y tombstone read "Feo, Fuerte y Formal", a Spanish epitaph Formal", a Spanish epitaph Wayne described as meaning Wayne described as meaning "ugly, strong and "ugly, strong and dignified".However, the grave, dignified".However, the grave, unmarked for twenty years, is now unmarked for twenty years, is now marked with a quotation from his marked with a quotation from his controversial 1971 controversial 1971 PlayboyPlayboy interview: "Tomorrow is the most interview: "Tomorrow is the most important thing in life. Comes into important thing in life. Comes into us at midnight very clean. It's us at midnight very clean. It's perfect when it arrives and it puts perfect when it arrives and it puts itself in our hands. It hopes we've itself in our hands. It hopes we've learned something from learned something from yesterday."yesterday."

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