, !
, . . . . . . , . . .
Noel W. SmithState University of New York at Plattsburg
CURRENT SYSTEMS IN PSYCHOLOGYHistory, Theory, Research, and
Applications
Australia Canada Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United
States
, ,
2003
88 159.9.019 50 Thomson Learning of Berkshire House. . . 50 .
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: , , , , , , , , . , . . , .
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ISBN 5 93878 082 9 ISBN 0 8304 1484 8 (.)
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16
, , , , , , , , . , , , . , , . , , , , . . , . . . 1950 ! , , (
) , . , , , , , , . . , , , . , , 30 , . , , ( , , , , ) , , . 16 ,
,
, . , , , . . , , : . , . . , (Q ) . , . , . , , (, ). . . , , ,
, . , ? , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , . ( ) , . . , , , , . ,
, ( , , , ). , ( ) , . , . .
17
( , , !), , ( , , ). , , . . , , , . , , . , , , XXI . 16 , , ,
, , . , , . , ( ) . ( ) . (, . .) ( , . .), . , , (, ), . , , , , ,
( , . .), , , () . , . , ( ) , , , . ( ) , , , . , , , , ( , ), . :
, .
? , , . , . , , . . , , . . , . , , ( ) , , , , , . . , , , , .
, ( ). , , , . , . , , . , ( ) , . , , , . XXI , , , , , (psycho
neuroendocrinoimmunology) , . , . . . . . . 08. 08. 2002 .
18
, , , . , , 1950 . , , , , , . , . , , XX . , , , , , , , ; . ,
. , , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , , , . , , , ,
. , : , , , . , , ; , . , , , , , , . , ; ; , , , ( , , . ). . ,
, , , , , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . ( . 6364 .) , . . , (Smith,
1973). , , , () , . , , ,
19
, , . , , , . , , , , , . , , , , . : , , , , (, ). (, , ), ( )
. , , . , V ( 912). , . , , , ; . ,
, [ ]. . , , , . . , . , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . . . ,
N. W. Smith Deartment of sychology State University of New York
lattsburgh, NY 12901 e mail: [email protected]
1
1
22
I.
? . ? (Melvin Marx, 1963) , : (biases) (, , ) (. 9) () () (.
43). . , (McGoech, 1933), . , , , . , , , . , , , ; (. 14). .
(Lichtenstein, 1967), , (. 233), c (McGoech) , . , , ; ( ) , ,
.
, , , 13. , . , ,
(Chou), 3000 , . , , , , . . ; , . , . , , , . , , , , . , , . ,
. , , , . , , . . . , , , , . , , , , , . , , (Attneave, 1974). , ,
, , .
1.
23
(. 8), : , , , (Marshall, 1996, p. 30). (Stam, 1990) , . , , ,
.
1 2: 2 , , . , . ( Hergenhahn [1997], Kantor [1963, 1969], Leahy
[1997].) 2 , .
(. 9), , , , . , . (. 12), , . , , . , , . (Schafer) , .
14: , , , , ( 2) . .
3 13: , , , , () ( ), () ( ), () () , () (: ). *, , 13. , . (.
8) . , , .
c 3 12 . , , , . . (. ), , , , . , . , , , . , ,
* . . . .
24
I.
. : ; , , ; / ; .
. , (McGeoch, 1933), . , , , , , . , , , . , , (. 6). (Gergen,
1994), (. 8), ; (. 4), . , (Kantor, 1959) . , . . , , . , , ? , ?
(ultimates) ? , . , ; , , , . ., , ; , ;
, . , . . . , , . , . , . (Pronko, 1988) , , , (. 155). , , , ,
, , , . . : , . , , , , (Kingry Westergarard & Kelly, 1990, p.
23). ,
1.
25
, , , . ( , , , .) , . , , :
() ; () ; () , () (), () () () . , , ; , . , .
2
2.
27
. . , , . . (Life of Reason I)
? ? ? ? , . , (., : Denmark, 1980; Skinner, 1963; Wile, 1977). ,
, , , , , , , . ? , . , , , .
. ; , ; . , , , . , 1, , . , . , , , . . , , , , , , , , . .
(Smith, 1985). , , ( ), (Smith, 1992) , , 15 30 (Clottes, 1996). 2
, (Smith, 1989). , , . . , (Hultkrantz, 1953; Bremmer, 1983). , , ,
. (free power) , .
1 , , , (. 9). , , , . , . , , , , , , , , . (unextended) . . ,
, . 2 .
28
I.
, , . (body power), , , . . , (soul), , . , , , , , , , , , . .
, . , , (Saliba, 1976; Spiro, 1966). . , , , (Smith, 1985, 1989).
(Hultkrantz), . , , (Fortes, 1949, 1965; Lienhardt, 1961). . , , ,
. , , (Smith, 1993b). ( [An]), (Ki), ( , ). (Enlil), , . ,
. , : , , (Oppenheim, 1964; Smith, 1974, 1993b). , , , , . ( .)
(20001780 . . .)3 , (Sia), . , , . (ba), (Smith, 1990b). , .
(Zabkar, 1968) , , , , , . ... (. 113), : , ... (. 56). , . . , ,
(Kuo & Lam, 1968; Maspero, 1978; Granet; 1975, 1922). , , . . ,
. ,
3 . ., (. BCE, Before Common Era), . ., (. BC Before Christ); ,
. ., , (. . A. D., Anno Domini). .
2.
29
. , , , , , . (= ) . , (xinli xue) (Petzold, 1987). , . , ,
(Yue, 1994; Petzold, 1994). , , (Kuo, 1976). , . (Maruyama, 1974;
Watanabe, 1974), , . , , (Kojima, 1984). . , , , , ( , ). , , , , ,
, , , , , , . , , (Smith, 1989). . , , , 5700 . , . , , , , . , , ,
. , , , , , ,
, (Bhawe, 1960). ( .) . . , . : . , , , ( ), , . , , . (Florens
Denmark, 1980) , (psyche) (soul) (spirit) . , , /psuche ( /psyche)
. , , , . . . , , . (Smith, 1989): (Kardia), , . (Menos), , . ,
mind (, ) . (Frenes), , , . , , (awe), , . , frenetic (, ), frantic
(, ), frenzy (, ) schizophrenia ( )*.
* , , . . .
30
I.
, , . (fren) 350 , , , . ( ) (noos, nous) . (appreciation) , , ,
. , , , (the first grade of actuality of a natural body (Aristotle,
De Anima, 412, 30))4*. (Thumos) , , , , . , , . , , . , , , , , , .
, VIII . . ., ( , (Tain Bo Cuange), **, , ) , , , . (Sawol), soul
(), , (Smith, 1989). , , ( 2818) . ( 184, 2422, 2820) ( 1742). (
801), , , , ( 1406, 3303). , (life's gore, sawuldriore,4
2693). , () , ; () () . , . (nefesh) ( , , ), , (living being)
(acting being) (Murtonen, 1958).
: . , , (graikoi), . , 600 . . . () 323 . . . , , . , , , , . ,
96 ( ) , . , , , , , . VIV . . . (Leucippos, fl. 440) (460 370 . .
.) , , . , , . (469399 . . .). V . . . , , . , ,
Smith (1974). * : ... ... (. . . 1 / . . . . ., , 1976. . 395.)
. . . ** . . .
2.
31
, . (), , . , , , , , , . , , . , (, 99, . . )5. , , , , ( , 99)
. , , . , , , , , . , , , ( : ... , , 99). , IV . . . , . , . , , ,
. , , . XXI . , , , , , , , , . , . (427347 . . .). 5
, . , . , , . . , , 6. , , . , (doer), , . : , . . , . , . , , ,
, . . ( , Leahey, 1987). , , . , . , . , (.: ) , , , .
(Henri Estienne), 1578 ., , , . . 6 , . Kantor (1963); Smith
(1993b).
32
I.
, , , , , ( : , , , , , 114). . , (immortality, persistence and
transmigration) (Kantor, 1963) (Green, 1990). , , (recollection). ,
. , . , , , , , , (Kantor, 1981a). , , (Cairns, 1961).
, , , , , . (384322 . . .). . , , , , , . (Everson, 1997). , , ,
. , (Kantor, 1963; Randall, 1960; Shute, 1944; Smith, 1971, 1974,
1977, 1993b; Tolman, 1994)7. 8, , (De Anima, 412, 2829)9 ,
. 2.1. . (De Anima), . (De Sensu) Parva Naturalia, VIII IX
(Historia Animalium). (Bekker) , 18311870 . : ( , 412, 31) : 412, ,
31 . , , . , , . , , , , , , , : (Shute, 1944), 5 (Randall, 1960) 9
(Kantor, 1963). 8 psuche (soul), , , , , . 9 . , . ; , , (Everson,
1997).7
2.
33
. . 2.1 ( , ) . , , , , , , . , . ; , . . . , , , , , , (De
Anima, 41825; De Sensu, 43640). , (Everson, 1997). , . , , () , ()
() , , (Smith, 1971, 1983). , , . [ ] , (De Anima, 425b, 2627), , ,
(De Anima, 420, 1920). , , . , , . , . , . , (De Anima, 418,
2024),
, , . (De Anima, 428434) . , , , . , . , , , , ( ), . , . , , ,
, (figure), , (indirect) , , , , . . , detachment) (Kantor, 1963;
Randall, 1960). , . , , . , , , , . , , , (generalities), , , . , ,
, ; , , , . , 10, . , , , (De Anima, 429b, 33) , o (De Anima, 431b,
ff.) , (nousing). (remembering and recollecting), , , (dreaming), ,
,
10 (mind), . , . . .
2
34
I.
, , , (), , , , , (respiraton), , (locomotion), . . , , , . , IV
. . . , , . , , , . (Sorabji) , , , , "" (Sorabji, 1972). (Modrak,
1987) , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , (Everson, 1997). . , , . , , ,
, , , . , ,
(. . 27), . , IV . . . , , , .
. , 323 . . . , 30 . . . (323146) , , , ( ), . 404 . . . (356323
. . .). (399 . . .). , , () (), . , , . , , . , , , . , , (Green,
1990). , , : , , (domestic) , . ,
2.
35
. , . , , , , , , , (Rostovtsev, 19381939, . 16). , , , . , , .
, , : , ( ), . , . . , , . () , . ( / cynics11, : ), , , . , . , .
( , , .) , , , , , . 11
, . , , . , . ; . (stoics), stoa () porch () , , . , . , ( ), ,
, , , . (reason), . , . , , , , , , , , . . . , . ( ), . , , . , ,
. , , , . . , , , . . , . , , .
(cynics) ( kunikos kuvikos), , , , ( , k , s, ) , , ( ,
Y).2*
36
I.
, . (Hegesias), , , , , . , , . ( , 340270 . . .) , , . , . , .
, , , . , . , IVIII . . . , , , , . , , , , . . . , . , . , . , . ,
, , , . , , . ( , , ) , . , , ,
, . (310230 . . .), , , , . ( ) , . , (Sarton, 1959). , (Singer,
1959). , . (275195 . . .) . , , , . (. 300 . . .), , ; (287212 . .
.), , (III . . .), ; , . , , , . . , . , , , . , , . . , , . , . ,
, , . ,
2.
37
(Green, 1990). . , (Green, 1990). . . , , , . , , (ublicani)
(Green 1990). , , : ; , , . , . , , . , , . ; , . , (Graeculus), :
, , ; , ... (Rostovtsev, 193839, . 1819). . 223 . . ., , . 200 150
. ( : 100 000 ), 296 . (Green, 1990). , , . , 75% . 136131 . 104101
. . .
. , , , , , 133 ., . ( ) , . 121 . , . , , . , , . , (Angus,
1975). . , , . . , . . , , , . . * (underlying) . . , , , . II . .
. (, Thrax) , . , , , . . , , , . . ,
* scholars , . . .
38
I.
, , , ( ), , . , , : , . , , , , (Randall, 1970a). . , , , ,
(Kantor, 1963). . 146 30 . . (Actium), . , . , , . ; . , (Murray,
1955; Rostovtsev (ff), 1957). , . , . , , . ( , , ) , . V . . . , ,
. (Tyche), .
, , , . : , , , , , . . , . , . , ; ( ); ( ) . , ( JHWH, ), , (
), ( ) . , , , , , ( , ). , , , . . , (Brandon. 1963, 1969; Eliade,
1954, Haydon, 1967; James, 1960, 1961, Turcan, 1996). , , , ( , ) ,
, , . , , . , , .
2.
39
: . (ax Romana) , . , , , . , , . (284305), (Barnes, 1965). , ,
, , . , , , , , (Randall, 1970a). , , (Kantor, 1963). , , ,
(Randall, 1970a). , , , , , (syche), . , , , I . . . (658 . . .), ,
. (9555 . . .), , , , . , , , . . (mind):
a , , , , . , , , . (Lucretius, 1951, III, 178 80 / , 1958, III,
170176, . . . ) , , , , . , : . , , , , . , , , . , . , , . , . .
IIVIII . , , . , , , . , , , . , () . , .
40
I.
(Kantor, 1963). III , , . , , , . , , . , . . IV . ( 394 .) . ,
, ; . , . , , , . , (. . 51), . , , : , , , , , (Kantor, 1963 p.
236). . , , , , , , , , , . . ? ? ? ? ? , , ? . , .
, , , . , . III . . . , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , . . . , , ,
; , , . , , , , , , . : , , .
. , , (Smith, 1990a). , ( ). , , , , ; . ,
2.
41
(, 10.33.23). ; (10.129.4). , , , ; , , . . , . (non world), , .
. , , , ? (Who?) . . , . , (the Ultimate). , , , . ( ) , ; . , (the
All). , . . . . , , . . . . , , . . , ( , , (Chhandogya U. 6.8.6,
6.9.4, 6.10.13, )). , , . , (undemonstrable). ,
, . , . ; . , , , , , , . . , . , , , . , (Mundaki Up., 2.2.1)
(Kena Up., 3) (Kena Up., 11). . , , , , , . , , , , , . (, ,
(mind)) , , . , 600 200 . . . , , . , , (mental). , , , , . . , , .
, , . , . . , .
42
I.
, . , , , . , , , . , . () , . , ? , , . , , , . , . , , . . , ,
, , , . , , , . (). , , . . . 2.2 .
, . , , , ,
, . , , , . , . , (31 . . 14 . .) , , . . (6312) , . ( I . . .),
, , . (131200), , , , . , . , 37 , , (23 79). (11627 . . .) , . . ,
, , . , , , . , , , (Barnes, 1965). , , , . . ,
2.
43
. 2.2. ** . ; , .
44
I.
. , . . , (One), . (204270), , , . , . 243 . , (Gordian).
(233304), , (orhyry, 1934, ar. 23). , . , , , . (sensory events), ,
, . . , , , . , , () , , , , (. . 2.3). . . , , (), , , (Mind). , ,
, ( ) , . , , , . , . (. 8). .
, , . , , (orhyry, ar. 2). , . , , () , , , , . . , . , ( ) (.
3), . . , , , , . . , , , , . , , , . . . .., , (Barnes, 1965). ,
(. ) . 235 . , . , , . , . , . , 313 . . (Theodosius), (375 395)
(392395) , , .
2.
45
. 2.3. . ,
, . (354430). , V . IVV . . ; . ; . , , , , , . , , 476 . 529 .,
, , , . . , . .
, , , , . . (mind) (. . 2.4). , . . , . , (Barnes, 1965) , . , .
. , ( ). , , , XIII . . , , . , , . (480524), , , . , (Theodoric),
, . , . , . 430 . (Caella) . : , , , , , . ( , ), , (Master of
Arts) . (VI .), (V),
46
I.
. 2.4. ( )
, . (490580) . (673735) ( . . . .), (Dionysius Exiguus, . . 545
.). (560636) , , VIIIIX . , . (Donatus, IV .) . , , (810880), , . .
, , , . IX . , XII ., , . , , . , , , , , . , . IX X . , ()
(Bautier, 1971).
, . , 500 1000 ., . . , , , , , , . IX ., XII . (Barnes, 1965).
VIII IX . , XI . . , , , , . , . , , , , , . , , , . , , . (, , .)
. , . IX . , 1088 . . 1200 .; . , , , , . , , , , . (mind)
(soul).
2.
47
, , . psuche/psyche . 2.5. ( , , ) . psyche, II . . ., (soul) IX
. . ., (mind) XII . ( psyche). , (I have a mind to take a walk), ,
(kee in mind) .
( ): (have a mind of), . , , men , . mens , . XII . . , , . , ,
, , , , .
. 2.5. psuche/psyche soul () mind ()* , , , . ( ) . , , , , , ,
. ., . . .
48
I.
, *. . , , , , , , , . , , , 12. , , , , 750 . , . , , , , . , ,
, , , , . , , , . ( , . . 850; (Abu l wafa) . 998; (Ibn Yunus), .
1009; (Omar Khayyam), . 1124; (Nazir al Din), . 1274); ( (al
Battani)), ; ( (Rhazes), . 924), ( ), ( (al Hazen), 9651039; (Kamal
ad DIn), . 1320); ( ; (al Balkhi), . 934; , . 957; (al Maqdisi), X
.), (; , . 994; /, 980 1037; / (Ibn Zuhr/Avenzoar), 1113 1162; , .
1369; (Masawaih al Mardini), . 1015 ( / (Abu l Qasim/Abulcsis), .
1013). , ; , , , . 12
, . . (Moorish Sain) , . . , . , , . , , , . () 1085 ., . 1492 .
, , , . , , , . , . (1193 12061280) , , . ( , 11261198) , . 1209 .
(Council of aris) , 1212 . , . (12251274), , ,
, , . , , , , , . , , , , , . . , . , , , , , . , , , , .
2.
49
(reason) . . . . , . , , , . , , , . , , , ( ), , , ;
(12141294); / (Witelo/Vittelo, . 1270), . . : . ; XVI (1473 1543),
, . , . 1600 . (15641642) , , , (non Hellenic Aristotle) , . , , ;
, . 1616 . , .
, , 1601 . . , , ; , , , , , , , , , (Il Saggiatore, 1624). , .
, , , , , , , , , , , , . , (. ), , (. 3). , (. 12), (. 10), (. 13)
(. 13), , . XVI . (15141564) , (15401603) , . (14941549) , , . , ,
, , *. XVII , . (15711630) ; (15781657)
* De Anima et Vita . , o , , . , . . . .
50
I.
, , ; (16271695) . (16291691) , . (16421727) , . . , , . , , , .
, . , , (. 10), ( 13) . XVIII . (17061790) . , ( , ). (17431794) ,
. (17341815) , , , , , , , . (Barnes, 1965) : , ; . , 16001800 ., ,
, .
; , . , , , . , . , , , , (gentlemen scholars). , , . , . , , .
XVIII . . , . . , . , , , , . , (Kantor, 1969). , . (17451826) .
XIX . (1834 1907) (Julius Meyer, 1830 1895) , , . , , , , .
2.
51
(18091892), . , (18001882). , , , , , () , , . , . , . , , ; ,
XVII , , , . , , . XIX . , . / . , , XVII , IV . (. . 40) , I . ,
(15961650) . , () (unextended) ( ), (). (sirits), , , . , , . ,
.
. , , , , ? , . , , ? , () , . , . ( , , , .) , , , . ( ,
16231677), , , , , , , , , . . , , . , , , . , . , , , , . , ,
(1646 1716) . , , , , , , . , , , , . . , ( ),
52
I.
, . , , , , . () , , ; , , . , , , , . (16231704), , , , ; ( ,
). , ( ) . (reflection) . , , , , , , , : , , , . , (1685 1753) , ,
, . , . , , (ackages) . , . , , . , , , . (. . 41) . : ; : ,
, , . (17111776) , , . , , , ( ) . (mental gravity), . ( )
(mental sensations). , , , . , . , , , , ( ). , . , , /, , , , , ,
. , , (16791754), . , , , , . , . , , , , , , . , , , () , . ,
,
2.
53
, , . (), . , . , . , , . : () ( ); () , , / () . , . (. 12). ,
, , , . , , () ( ); () ; () , . , . , , , . (17981857), () , ; () (
), , . , , , . , , , . , (18381916), , ,
, , , ( ). , , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , , (. 3) (.
4). () , . , , , . , , ( ) , 13 . . , XVIII , , : . , , , , , .
(17091751) , (an assemlage of srings) , , ... ... (La Mettrie,
1912/1748). , , .
13 (empirical) , , (exeriential), .
54
I.
. , , . , , , . , , (17571805), , , , (, ) . , . , . ,
(emergentism), , (. emerges) . () , , (17421804), , . , . ( ). , ,
, , , , . . , . () ( , ). ,
, , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . . , , . , , . , . , , ,
, , , : . , (. 3), , , , . . 2.1 . , , . 2.1
: , : , , MB MB
M (mind) /, B (body) . . .
2.
55
, , . , , , . . , , , . , , , . , , , . . (= ) () , . , , , . ,
, , . , , XX . . . XIX , . (17741842) (17831855) . , ( ) . (: ,
experiences), . , (18011858), , , .
. , () . , . , , , , , . , , , . , . , (18211894), : ; , , . , ,
, . , . , , : .
: . , (17951878). , , . , , . , 40 , 39 , 20 19,5 . , 1/40.
1/300. , , . . , ,
56
I.
, , . , , , , , , , . , , . (18011887), , . , . . , ,
(sensation), , . . , . . , . , , (mental unit). , , , . , , , . : .
(1832 1920). , , . , , , .
, , (1818 1889), , ( ), . ; . , . , , , 14. , , , (outworks) . ,
, . , , , , , . . , , , , . , , . , . , , , ; . , , , , . . ,
(apperceives)
14 consciousness () cum/com /, scio . Conscio ( ), : .... ,
conscienta , conscience (). , , , . , . XVII , (.: Lewis, 1960;
Oxford Universal Dictionary on Historical Principles, 1955).
2.
57
. , , Volkersychologie ( ), , , . , , . . , , , , . , . . (1850
1909) , , . , , ( ), . , , , , . () , ; () () () . , , , . , , , .
. , (1862 1915), , , , , . , ,
() . , (18791964) , , , (18711964) , . . , (18671927), ,
(17731836). , , , , . , , . ( , (18061873), , , , , .) , .
(elementary sensations), ( ). , . , , (contiguity). , , . , . . , .
(1969, . 301) : , , , (stimulus objects)? , , , , , , , . ,
58
I.
, , , , , . . (18421910), , , . , , . , . , . , . , , , . , , ,
. ( , 13.) , , , (fly wheels), . , . , , (cognitions), . (18591952)
, . , : , , , . . , : (Dewey, 1896). (University of Chicago): ,
(18691949), . : () ( ) ; () , , , , () , . , , . (18731954), , ,
, , , . , , , . , (exeriences) . , , . (18691962) , . : S R ( ), ,
. ( S) (R). , (drive), . , , , , , , , . ., , () (. ). (18741949),
, , (reason), . , . , , . , , ,
2.
59
(vigor) . SR . ( . connection ). . . . , , , . . (18291905) , .
, , . (18871927) , , . , , . (18571927) , (18781958). , . , . , , .
, . (Watson, 1913) , (. 174). , , . , , , , (Watson, 1919). , ,
.
, . , . . . , , . , : () ; () (, , ) ; () () , , . SR . ,
(inut), , (outut). , . (Natalicio), (Smith and Guthrie, 1921), , ,
, (. 3). : , . , . (18841952). , (drive state) , , . () (18861959)
, , , . , , . ,
60
I.
///, . (18861959) , , . . . (19041990) (. 6). 1930 1950 ., , . .
, . , () ; () , , , ; () . () , , () , . , . , , , , , , , ,
(Kantor, 1969). , , , . , , , , , (. 3), . , , , . ( (ictures),
, , . .). , () , () (de terminers) () , . . 1930 1950 . , , , .
, . , , . , . , (Jenkins, 1993). . , , , (18671940), . , ( ), , ,
(Woodbridge, 1909, . 368). , , (unity) , . , ( ), , (Zing Yang Kuo,
18981940). , , . , , . (. 13). . . (18881984) () , (. 10),
2.
61
(interbehaviors), , , , . . , . , , (articiating conditions), ,
. (19041979), , ( ) , (. 13, 3). (. 11) , . . . (mental) , . , , .
(. 13) . (. 9) . , , . , 15, , , . , , , , , . . ,
( , 4). , , , , , ( . . ) ( ). , , , , . , , , , , . , (, ) . ,
, , . . (18871967) . , . , , , : . . , , . , . (18901947) . , . (.
4) , . (. 7), (. 13) ( ) .
.
15 , , , .
62
I.
, , , . , , . , . . (), ; . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , ( ),
. , XIX 50 60 . XX , , /// , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , , ( ,
). (. 5), , , , , . (. 4) (self). (. 8) , , , . , , . , , . , ,
(. . ). , . , , IV . . ., . , . , , , . , , . , . , . , . , ? , (
)? ,
2.
63
, ? ? , ? ?
( ) . , 16 , . , . , (), .
. , , , . , , . , , (original) , : , , , , , ... , , . , , , , ,
, , , . . , . , , , (Ebel, 1974; Kantor, 1957, 1962; Lichtenstein,
1984; Observer, 1983). . , (believing), , , , , , . , ; , . , ,
(Bem & Looren de Jong, 1997), .
. ( ) . . , , . , , () . , , . , ? ? (osner & Rachel, 1994,
. 24). , , . , . (Bornstein, 1988), (unobservables) . , , . , . , ,
. , , , , . , , , , , . , ? , . ? , ; , . , , . (construct of
causality), , ,
64
I.
. , , , , . , . , ( ), , . , . , . () , , , , . , , . , , . , .
, , , . , , . . , (Kantor, 1979), , . , , . , , , (. . 80). , , , ;
, , (Kantor, 1938, 1973). , () (inferential) ,
(Clark & aivio, 1989). , , , , (. 510). , , . , (. 510)16. ?
, , , ? (Kantor 1981b) , , (. 6), . (Lichtenstein, 1984): , , , . ,
, . , , , () . , , , , . , , [ ], (. 471). . , , : . ,
16 , , (. 3).
2.
65
. VIV . . . , , , , . , . XX , . , (historical) , , , . , , , .
, (. . 7377). (Estes, 1989) , , , (). , , . , . , . , , ; , . , . ,
, , , , ( ) . . , . , (stimulus condition), , , (body
condition)
, . , , , . , , 17. (Kantor, 1957), (Tolman, 1936) , ,
(impressions) . : , . : , (intervening) , (suervening) . , , ,
(extravening) (setting factors) []. , , , , , , (Kantor, 1957, .
59). (Marr, 1983) , : ... , . , . , ... , ... (. 13).
17 . , , , , , , .
3
66
I.
, . , , , , (Wasserman, 1983, . 8). , . , , , . , . (Lewin,
1951) (. 7), (. 13) ( ), : B = f(P, E), B = , P = , E = ( ). P
(mind) , , , (B) (P), (B). , (P) (E). , . (Mahoney, 1977) , (: ), ,
. , . (Bandura, 1989) (triadic recirocal causation), , (: ) . . , ,
. S O R , , ( ) . , , ( ), , . , ,
, (cognized), , (Gergen, 1985, . 269). . , , , , , . , , ( , ,
), , . ( , , Q , , . .) , , , , . , . , . , , (Kantor, 1957), (.
59). ( ) , , , . , () , () ( , ) () , . ( ) , , . , , (Kantor,
1983), . , , . , , , , (1957, . 59). . ,
2.
67
? , (Kantor, 1957, 1978, 1981b), , . . (. 8) , , , , . , , , , .
. , . , , . , , , . , . , ; . , (interretive) ; . (intelligence), .
(corrigible) . , , (. . 7577). , . (. . 80). .3*
(. . 80). , , , . ? , , . ( ). (Barber, 1981), , , , , : , , . .
, , . , . , , . , . : , (MacCorquodale & Meehl, 1951). , , , .
(Ebel, 1974) , . , , , , , . () . : (And Still the Dryads Linger) ,
. , , . . , , , , . , , , , ,
68
I.
, . , , , . , . . , . (. 491). , , . , , , , ( ). , , , . , , ,
, , . , . . . . . , (). (refers) , . , , , . . , , , . , , , , , (.
Cole, 1983). , , , .
, , , (. 8), , , (Manicus & Secord, 1983). , , (multilayered
acts of people), , , , , , , . ,