© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION Sixth Edition by Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation.

© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E

PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTIONSixth Edition

by Karen Huffman

PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation

Chapter 12Motivation & Emotion

Paul J. Wellman

Texas A&M University


Lecture Overview• Issues in Motivation

• General Theories of Motivation

• Issues in Emotion

• General Theories of Emotion


Motivation• Motivation refers to factors in a person

that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal– Factors include needs, desires, interests

• Motivation research topics include– Eating and drinking– Control of arousal– Achievement needs


Hunger• The body requires regular ingestion of nutrients to

provide fuel for the brain and muscles– Lack of fuel quickly leads to hunger, which motivates the

seeking and ingestion of food

• Internal hunger factors:– Cannon suggested that hunger is the pangs associated

with stomach contractions• But this view was later proven incorrect when removal of the

stomach (cancer surgery) did not abolish hunger

– Distension of the stomach reduces hunger– Blood borne signals include glucose, insulin, and leptin

• Leptin is a signal from fat cells that reduces eating


Stomach Cues for Hunger?

Problem: the balloon procedure may have been thecause of the stomach contractions noted in this study


Brain Control of Hunger• Eating is modulated by the

hypothalamus– Undereating occurs after

destruction of the lateral aspects of the hypothalamus

– Overeating occurs after destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus


External Control of Eating• Culture is a key factor in the control of eating

– When we eat (dinner at 6 pm or 10 pm)– What we eat (red meat versus vegetarian)

• Group size: the amount we eat increases with the size of the dinner party

• External cues of food may produce greater internal impact (salivation, insulin secretion) in some people


Eating Disorders• Obesity in America is increasing even though our culture is

obsessed with having lean bodies– Obesity has known adverse health consequences

• Stroke, cancer, heart disease, arthritis

– College students rated themselves more likely to date a prostitute than to date an obese person (Vener and Krupka, 1985)

• Eating disorders include– Anorexia nervosa

• Self-induced starvation• Loss of 15-25% of body weight• Distorted body image (seen as fat even when lean)

– Bulimia nervosa• Binge eating followed by vomiting or laxative use


Arousal• Arousal refers to a general

level of alertness and mental/physical activation

• Humans prefer to maintain a set level of arousal– Avoid over-arousal– Seek stimulation

From D.O. Hebb’s Organizationof Behavior, John Wiley and Sons,Inc., New York, Copyright, 1949.


Sensation-Seeking• Zuckerman notes that some people seek

extreme arousal, a trait termed sensation-seeking– Skiing off of a 5000 foot cliff with no parachute

• Four factors that contribute to sensation-seeking– Thrill seeking (driving fast)– Experience seeking (travel, drug experiences)– Disinhibition (letting loose)– Low tolerance for boredom


Achievement• Murray identified a need for achievement as a

human motive• Achievement motivation (nAch) is the need for

success, the desire to excel, and the need to master challenging tasks

• Achievement motivation seems to be learned in childhood; nAch is related to having parents who encourage independence

• Achievement motivation varies across cultures


Achievement Issues• Characteristics of people who are high

in nAch:– Prefer moderately difficult tasks– More attracted to careers and tasks that

involve competition and an opportunity to excel

– Prefer tasks that have a clear outcome– Are more likely to persist at difficult tasks– Achieve more than others


General Theories of Motivation• Instinct refers to fixed behavioral patterns

– Instincts are unlearned, are always expressed in the same way, and are universal within a species

• Drive Reduction: a biological need produces arousal that is aversive, satisfying the need is reinforcing

• Psychosocial theories point to incentives and cognitions


Homeostasis


Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Data based on Hierarchy of Needs in “A Theory of HumanMotivation” in MOTIVATION AND PERSONALITY byAbraham H. Maslow. Copyright 1979 by Abraham H. Maslow.Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row Publishers, Inc.


Emotions• Emotions are stirred up states

• Components of emotion include– Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and

expectations– Physiological: Internal physical changes

related to arousal– Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional

state


Brain Control of Emotion• Limbic system is

involved in emotional states– Includes the

amygdala, the hypothalamus, and cingulate cortex

• Frontal lobes modulate emotions (Phineas Gage)


Theories of Emotion


James-Lange Emotion Theory• James-Lange suggested that we infer our emotional

states from our responses to emotional stimuli• Cannon’s arguments against the theory:

– Visceral response are slower than emotions– The same visceral responses are associated with many

emotions – Transection of the spinal cord does not impair emotion

• Subsequent support for James-Lange theory:– Different emotions are associated with different patterns of

visceral activity– Accidental transection of the spinal cord at a high level does

greatly diminish emotional reactivity (prevents visceral signals from reaching brain)


Arousal and Emotion


Cognitive Influences on Emotion

• Schachter and Singer (1962): cognitive judgments are a critical part of emotional experience:– Subjects were aroused by an injection of

adrenaline and then exposed to either anger or happiness cues

– Subjects later reported emotional experiences that were in line with the emotional cues


Emotional Expression

• Emotional states are communicated via– Facial expressions

• Certain emotional facial expressions are recognized across cultures

– Body movements can signal emotional arousal (hair twisting, facial tics)

– Tone of voice can signal emotion (paralanguage cues)


Facial Emotion Expression• There is an evolutionary link between the

experience of emotion and facial expression of emotion:– Darwin argued that this served to inform others of our

emotional state

• Different facial expressions are associated with different emotions– Ekman’s research demonstrated that similar facial

expressions are recognized across different cultures– Blind and sighted children use the same emotional

facial expressions

• Facial expression can alter emotional experience


CopyrightCopyright 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.

© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Huffman: PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION, 6E PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION Sixth Edition by Karen Huffman PowerPoint Lecture Notes Presentation.

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