الكيمياء كراسة االتمارين ج2 الصف الثاني عشر

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.,at:;!t ,r +lral -rti Jy; dr, {*kll 6-rJ \f^,J11 aJill .rlrtl.l tb J! wrt(Jr lj,o j.r.61

p.,-ittlr?l;.,h\"J-",l.t."l-a-iJt j;:.llyJlr+l,illc*i*rr a-t )r;ri:i, il.t-i,.-,ul uo cbdfidll 416t*r u UU"r(Jt .:t-r-ft ,j"-*:4i.rtJt .rU,,pt-elt ;ltan a.*, ..rleoj-oj .Lareî; :i q,Ut Jt*!t f ) t\ a;rg3 d-,t-tj s\ qt rl'r[l^*1 pt*Jt -r:.e

.<t!u- ,1(') *r; q", orj*trj-u+: cr^:*lt (Ft ut77 !K^s at-!r

r$e$J I J,Fs.a + AA >l-'Jlj 4 tgC | &fr l_,;q I

; k;l:t;;!r a-)-Jl ,>Vrz't 7Vt.:s-t Jtc4*it:fr +i JI.-,UI li,o {,rJ-#

ilt: ,t1* r.rAt pt.r;:-\ 4r J1!l :ot,tr+)l o-r-o U ey r"r4t r"gt.re *"ij UU"Slr \--fi otyrza j)a

?j_f l'ijrr !,JFa,-r:}l ,.:11:!11 ;;<r!r f ,J-.L':JI J, d-ll e:s tJ. .J .:Ur r.i," ,,-or*r,g-At f ;: .^;t=-{lt s)\,t :Jt rJ 4.-ui ,-.,Jt+n 4,S J)r.f +j!^5tF+-t.,.l.J1 i ajldl &:l_e,tl d$r a-.>{*Jl \u 6;},rle a--u:*11 .r[*Jl-9

.!rJl e.-,-Jt sl_.,k- a!*J j, '* t_:,:Ju.4-JJ-IS.JUl li^ ;;

g.J. LeyuA-b C {-*s oj*iJ-9 orl.relS ,* t:* L+L;; Jt;nî':tr .-Ul Ur-.,;J*

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.;rjt O.* dt U+'lt alt-(tt i;, Jrr ,.lt IFJJ| e.-,-Jt z61j \6

ij|;gia.+It

guAil a.r?fJ.

aiSt._rtgSJt eLgc.rSJf 9lezit

65 rld.JStl J4it AUAA)I-"IJ adECf 8l *l;71

82 ;'bli+tl r-Ula,ill

101........... ry9;lt llu.lr ,5 ar._,-:lr

106........... .JStilf !,-c 4t '.lJ .,Jtr.JrdSJl e)llalt ,6 a.r.r,-.:tt

c,tj$J'Jf *i ef il,{l dlct ai ,7 a.r.r,.*:tt

110........... ..... otilst*tr ztil-;ta,,cg

U,+J r,43t,.aiJf ,oi, ljri ,8 a.r.-,1,-.:lt

114........... !,r_j+Jt crlzS-,iA

pf'ri:r,rLr LggF I Jy.r.lyl 6t5t-t -c 19 a.r._;-.:t t

ll7 ........... ,jr9Jlj f"altuf t

121........... (!p_ji.r.! tuJ+,i) cf[r;yl &l*iiJf ' ^'i.< t10 a.rr,-;tt

127 enlrtf eqJ,-aff |h-

f*AIl at?fJlr

l'7 f,J'li'Jl?.r7l1,e*

Cll$Jf Olji:tf Z'r*Jo

.rilt .rt(It;i UrrlriJc-lr ,f *i :6f.e! Qt4t

:4+JkJl 4rrt;Yl aJ:tJJ dliYl c.+ti r*; .-5t .1

3A(aq) +B(aq) e ZC@q) + 3D(aq)

,, - lcl2lulrlAl'IB]

.;t-b'll Kq ,otJl k.a.JtJl ,.:Y:tJl"r Jn oliYl c-rti r,,+;.-;5t .i 2K = 0.1 NrOoG) = 2NOr(s) (l)

TNO"I2

ffi=o'tNHoOH(aq) = NHf(oq) + OH-(aq) (2)

tNHiltoH-l =),,1g_5

lNH4OHl

K = 54.0 H2(s) + I2G) c 2HI(s) (3)

IHI]2= 54.0

K=2x 10-s

lH2lu2l

K = r.8 x 10-2 ZSOr(s) + O2G) = 2SOr(s) (a)

[So-r] =1.8'lo-2

ls02l,Io2]

fJljy ,xe {lt;, $r ai{lt ;,s gr:,Z;(i),i+l .,r o+.,!r i.-tt!l ,y S1 .q

f,JliYl-r:-e.r)\-eti:Ir;,, $r {$t *t-c €peV gi .C

3 ptlA:ll

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q

--+2Nez@=Np4k)&tl#{r:il- .} 10

Ci_rLill

gOrjlr &$-Stf4l,xor,rr*i.Jl1s,t !t caa.btiJt tfrrna ai)n JtL .f S.gs<rtt CleLa:tl Za.* 69tu3 stl'/tt ctcuitt :-.r...

,Jt..nr Otjy xc {;jts.r)tctj:ll }-Sl.fid/r.iJ- v e* .q.a:+Bn).c'LajttJCitiJl j15 ti eZ+

.slJiJ !,.,.*t atlt ;1.:Jl.r,1o1r ,Urrlr afr'fr ,f *i ,#L*,

2NO(S) + O2(S) = 2NO2(8) :JtJt .r;tt g;tJt flJ;;Jl ,Jc[Or] = 0.50 M clNOl = 0.80 M :Jklt5 0t]nl .ue;5lll c-;ts

.JrLi;Jl U.d ,K Lri .--*-l .[NO2] = 0.60 M

or;vr -r:.c,|.ou:Jr -L# ott .N2(s) + 3H2(s) e 2NH3(s) :Jklr oFrJ|9Lirjl #,lil JetnIJ rK L+ .**>l .0.40 mol NH3 J 6.4 mol H, 14.0 mol N, ,* q-F-

f 1000 K;rt-,.ll 4.srJ c4L g 1,l*;'V;JI -F- 0ic-.le

1.1

0.0024 5

2

.rilt ot(It,/ Ut'ltaL-lr if si :6a.el Qta!

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.f,u!lJ"kJl (D

."*<,ltJoUtJt <.r>

.;JIFJ :1t-LJl rlrUJl (6)

.;Jl-rt-U ,."lll ,!.ot;:ll 1r;

CHrOH(g) + 101 kJ = CO(S1 + 2H2G):qJtjJl ,Jliyt aJ-:tJ fu 2

.tHrl e Y(C)

tCOl ;rt--,;,1!i .1 e

.tH) -\-i (i)

'[H2] '['(,./)t)l/l a+-,r:1W,l .2 "

,u*<.tt Sst;lt gt" Ci>

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s.b||t

glSttl

AgrCrOo(s) =r 2Ag+( aq) + Cfi]-(ad:qJtJl aJ.rtJJ l-iij "tll G a*bdl -vtf qts e A

fo)riJ,.eLeJr .lr/ c-ruJ 3*;t,p'Jr ,rl, u g;i

lAg+12[Cro42-] , \

--- I tc',l4e.t.lcrt{f rirA&qto-- '''

[AgrCrOal It{g+Tlerifl tvr

10

lAg+12[cro?-] ,.,4lrrgrgU t-t

2-7 f",,iJl at?l;.

Olji*f Cb-jil

.[CH3OH] JJ;; (r)

. [CH3OH] 4;r (g)

.tCOl,[c (:)

- /. rt,.K A4 r:,: y t6)I .e.+J! Ka4.Je*,- 151

I(

o#r *-* u ,*t '}5

,eL gi ,urotg) + C(s) e Hr(s) + Co(g) *.:,1 :qJuJl,dliYl aJ:uI ui1

:qJUl ,.:lr;Jl .:j-ul li! cOljYl6t-;jl

. i. ll

..:J+qlJt tUrl' al-rJl :tyll ,iljyl g-atj r.- :,La+..1^ s.,x.li y '\jr<r.F 6! ,agift :rr. tt rr3lr 6rj':fr c{BJ{'3 ,i1*:;+ y

.ZSOr(S) + Or(s) c 2SO3(S) + 100 kJ/mol :qltJl al.:tJt J:J dI*Fl p ict',, I a..*t-!l "rL!t .6

4;1 ;;it .* .;: .A1 GSO3 d.,, ifu i:*5 ",<t

et Ji .-+{ {:La.:il LD{, ii!.'Jl 'i, O-$; F. 4ief.;.all ;$-Jl ri# .-lii

.,itt*I../' tpulr *tb'a;:-6;; ,i Svti';; ri;.1^ .i

.aJhtl oJa :Lg,rtr||| deLa:Jl pr .6;-,lr ra ct3i ar;e nu+j+ Cii* 6lr d!r,La!t ar* eS ,gf- fi.U.f.Li

fJ"et,allJ>U a":.;;;. (l:a".;ti,jr>2.+_s: ub bllrla cSO3 ,y#.-5i J! ,F 3 "l;i;jr 6"lt>+lt l+tr fu$ Yi g+f &Str ,6tt-rrll r"lUalt Urtr!|t &Eif t e+r.r:l l;iiie itt>* l.?tr olc Jiti+lr g++

. [1i5 u.. ufr t dlrLat I z ^" ". &*v1.1' r r.ro 6l', (ps

o^^ ''' 'LaiL;t L6 .2)JU, rj:r,. U -* Jr , n g..r9rJ,.cll arJ|ilr zl...itr A.. jLa'Jr;ij y .Y

zNOr(s) ==

Nroo(s) :-n'Ar j u-l;: W (;,Utlu Jti aJtJl aJ-:tJl .7

.ol-,ltJl L: 0, 6"u u jbi;;0liYl 3_1lr> 49 ;h;; .55t: q# Noz jLl t-..r eilt p.r,c Nroo jti,

trr*<,.lrJrtiJl ,irulrJ.eL;lJt c,rb -J,y i,j)t 49 .iz;; sr.N2O4 ,&J'lrl F:t.L jtitl Cil* gUt ot23lll <'jt CU+,ltjj:tt 6l' ;,r.- dl3i efi aCtr-, .earft ra €rt ||| &La:Jl

11

3-7 eJ"AJl at?l;.

Cyr$lj .lc,fg.allj ubto-*f dl+Jt'..c + O!.;JSf

.rilr irKlr rl Ur'tr ir:-lr,f si : aj.ei Qta!

o3^Jl yac o1 JICJ+ l;& ( ,.-V Jl,JJlLt; 0, r,rqUl F J'fr i .t

.Jrt'- .C

.$* .)

.aJ.:1.':r.6

.aJ:L:, _gi o{J-eU tl a*z^- .J

., cbt"> .i

.g;.tpti .+

e.,;Jr jbJt J,'Ii J! J+-b p C! *it t ' 2

.[HrO*] , J-ifl ]b jbJt f ] jb.;;: .i

.[H:O*] +jr,j-Ul r'] jbJt f ; jbi;; .,+

.[H:o*] J.jEt t-,i jb,Jt F j et .e

.[HrO*] pto|'t'tt-rr jbJt f iei .)

JJtt i rll ;.rrtilt) J.,&Jt ibJt Cy,i !r 3

.4:bre .i

.qJeU ../

re=Lr W;.rcu,rb €-p-Jr4 J! P i+1151 i .4

.:+rl o.r-cLajt ,y Ft# "*s:"Uldr, "St* o|'{j .i

.l:*t.l{+Jl ;:y-1 f -t ;/4 .'-t

.-rJ:,+<Jt or,-1 o ,S ês o'ft .e

.Llitlt .or i;.*lt 6.r.et-iJl ,y F # o"& ..r

ctrl irptrill t<t2 ,)a->l ((1 u€^>)) + i.*JtJldF:Uld/ F d4SUl ;"rruJl-;-f l ,gzil tL .i 5.tt2 6-t.eLil

col-@d +HrO+(aq) = HCor(aq) + Hzo(/) (1)

l;.r-tg 2 rta* l.rz',.- 2zt-ts

uYof,-(ad + Hro(/) ? oH-(aq) + HrPo/ad Q)l;.r-tl 2,,2..- 2a's,a l r;"r-9'r.Jl ,Jr Jrr, (i),jft .J .dpu:Jr U $1 .* 2

J}JJ pH oli ,(i) "i.+l ;i (1) J"u ,J tulr J"talJl zor- 6:r-;rre .C i

t2.jbt;r111 Eilti

. i. U e-ltjjl ---rYl

.Ca(No)2 e{r u;i 0l t+<4o,jlll 6.rctilt-1 ibJt.;r* 61 S

.Ca(OH)r(a.q) e t,r.e,wl HNOr(aC) t^ ci,e.itl

.,rlr- W;.rctijcw aiJuJt d)tJrJ;r .7

NHr(cc) + HrO(/) = NHf(ae) + OH-(aq)

.K oljYl c-1ti r.'; .5t_ _ [NHilloH-]^=---------[w

..:JJiJ dr..}l Ult .J +tJt e--b t:r?ilull ilr..l ,f *i :,Jjt-,

.oUri(i; ,*t G 6:9;Il aJ.:tJJ Liil 'tlle HX ,ft-pt 'F Jeti:, A

.n2 6.r.elill c<1 6.rpUl c<<2.)a-->-D ct<l .)a->D+;ttriJt li. *i d.4$l.Jl ;JetiJt-Lr2Jl ,g+1t:-v .f

HX(aq) + HrO(f ?X-(aq) +H.rO+(aq)

1r;".- 2i.r.tE I;.r.tl 2r;a-

.lt}.lJf 14 K"J 0ljYl ,.:{tj r.+ c-51 ...r

lHaO*l = [X-] =2.0 x l0-5 moUL rra crlljYl lc trr{li)l.li .7-2t-r-Jl;ri

.KaA4.r.--t .tHXl = 4.0 x l0-2 mo1,//- I

-. [x-][Hro+]K-=-" [HX]

1.0 " LOa.c

13

r-Yl

4-7 fJ''iSl Z-t211,.c

tufiyf orjJf

.rilr ,r(lr d Uulr iJc-,lrd,r.ai :6,*rai aaQ!

.J-#r rid K,p: ,Jr*!r J-rlt d^, (d4Jl Jl) ;rbril a;)r,Jtc. rLJt J!rrlrt J/;l Ly AV .l.dtt .tr*t (D K,o & 4jr ql.jHlt J*et e

.Ci,ll ,or Jy'jt <vl K,p q)-*,-*-,r!r J-gl i

.C-i^ll cry Jpt q; K,ofJ* +-r!tJ-tIr !i

.P'rr .j1t*1 1r,

.AgrCO, dlAt oVgf C! et rJ 2t

.AgrCO, ClllJJ<;; il:L,.-51 .i

AgrCO.(s) / 2As+ (aq) + 2COT@q)

.Kse a.tli)l kV.:.1ti ,.'; "-51 .,-,

K", = [Ag*l2tCO?-l

,y +Wl4S c-;*i lil ($*t Jl ,irr"ulr :pUiJt U^.,t e):J," i/ilet;;Jliii .e g#Srtl d.eti:tl

Ag+.:Uyi

..:.UiJ,Jr.dr erlr,J .rrJr zh-* *Uhlr iltulr,f .*i r,! L,X2+,>v"1 ,y2* 10-3 mol/L 0i.-,.llq.Jlcj,f+;,' \ je o"'fr"U1 .j qt44,? qt-\+3rXCl2 3

.J/;r j +;

.a{l))l kv\:,ti r.,;-9 tXClrefu # d aj:tJl .-51 .i XClr(s) ? X2* (aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

K"- = [X2+][Ct-]2

.XCl2 J Kro -i .*l ..1 3xl0{

;g -*XCl2 J'! .+t!Jl .:t:f "r

Zn a"=;.)l 'k

3-7 Jr-r-lr J!...,r .U at'r-r;rlt 1*!t3 ilsira 'v

14

9{S*8ir+ 6

\II

.2.1x lOa 9/100. g HzO cAgrPOo U!1i dLi A

.AgrPoo Jk"#,ll il-:tJl .-:5l .iAetPoo(s) ? 3Ae+(aq) + Proi(aq)

.C-i"It Jlr r-r^ qrY:, ..*.'l ..-, 5'0 x l0{ M

fj-Jl t.rd Krp i^+ t- .n r.7 x roao

.1.5 x l0-2 moVL 6-LS j Cl- ,>uy-122.0 x l0-r mol/L u-;Si Pb2+,.:u"i ,* g-*"JF 5

.pbcl2 J a1t)yl J.,,.-c.4ti r.'; .5t .i Kse = [Pb2+][Cl-]2

.o>t-ei;t-Lrlt .:Ut:rtl 6-r*:*,j-rl!lJ-rt.!l ....-l .,-, 45 x 10-s

15

I

t JaJl r-Yl

AEiiiA ar?f'.

.rilt irt(ItJ Utrtt all-lri,e.-"f :A"e.e! alqt

:Jklt O;It g;l-Jt pt-E:Jl +l:r., r!.i; .1

N2G) + 2O2G) e 2NO2G) NI = +33 kJ/mol

:L-r;c trr*f.,lr ,i .,r,u!r) e)t -*,yuu g;i .otyYt -r.;-e

fNr;rv oJl-llr* .i s/{s"l ijl/cLa:tt

f.1U' Jt--.:!e* .V t.la.j.e6t e?+Y

!.-e..lt zE a',*s rttJt -[p ti;rjl -r., r .?I' v \ l, 'J' '(i- ,7rlrYt lr/rLa:rl

fplJill ettT az9 ylt .) *,rblr &La:fl

:a:JtJl aJ:tJJ UiyUt gi U:,!f )V q1x-

NHr(s) +HrO(/)=NHf,(ad +OH-(aQ +aiLb K=1.8 x 10-5

fc;.r.cLi (1 sh* U-r!t Jt4 J, .f €'-''

trr*<,tr J"kJl pi rr,ulr J-et;:Jt or;Vr f",bc6tt-lt ya,*il[, ..r s*s"tdEr.a:rl

. elJiJ dr..$r erlr,J +rJr ri,--P t*UuJr il*.,'jr E sl r #t-,jbeJJqr,Ut Jrlt ;t Jljy.r;r .r^-!t,-|.lJl l- € l-ay- ct-g-b ,_k cHCOOH *t-jJt F 3

.[H:O*] = 9.0 x 10-4 M -9 c[HCOO-] = 4.0 x 10-l M 1 ([HCOOH] = 2.00 M ;5tlt eits

,, [H.O*][HCOO-]

i " [HCOOH]

.;bJtt$ Ko .,-, 1.8 x l0{

.(K") *-t-.,l;l jb^> uL erl'i r.- \51

a-i. -*--l

t6

,;.oJt G.lkJt r-Yl

:q!u!t aJ.:tJ! Gi,,Utg HF JeLi,i A

HF(aq) + HrO(/) e HrO+(cq) +F-(aq)

.0.0270 M grt*, tHF] Oi OljYl r;l J+J c,tll g, 1.00 L ,J HF g.. 0.03ffi mol ql:! "t p

f .)lj)l Jl Jt* ),tJ.t g, I g ,|-A-HF "r 'Vy d .i 0'0030 mol

t[H3O+] r tFl g;rt*,- f .v Lrs*Kt 0'0030 movl-

fHF J Ko4.*l .U 33 ' loa

cJt^LJt q6 ,t Ztt a"-;Al 'k

3-7 Jr"At Libr, .'Ul ; .rtr-2jJl C# gL CaSOa(s) 5

a*;l CaSOa(s) ek;l cltiYt JeV qt -#sccrljYld.rL,.Sl .i caSon(s) * Ca2*(aq) + Sool(aq)

K,,Ksp= fca2+l[so42-] = 9.1 x loa

100. g ;i ,.:>r-.l/t{ 25"C6-)1 4-1> r*CaSOo(s) U!j: .-,.-l .,-, 4'1 x 10-2sl100' s H2o

.r[l;,

t7

. si}t r,Klt,J qtulr U:-lr,f *i : 3,1..e! a.1t2t

l-te t- Jl;:-t-;.r*Si.:)pW ()pbs aJtJl oY:tJlg++ i .1

CaO + H2O ---- Ca(OH), .(i)2SO, + Oz - 2SO, .(.:)2HgO --2Hg + O, .(6)

SnClo + 2FeClr-* 2FeCl, + SnCl, .(r)

MnO, ,J Mn

SsdS

CaClr rg Cl

Io;, i IJY

HCo; j c

Fer(SO.), j Fe

Fer(SOo), j S

,ry",F;.rJ!t "e * .2

i+4

56+ + xe- _-_> 32- .i 8

2B{ -Brr+ 2e-

Sn4++2e--Srf

fJf;:"-r qLr Jii o)Lei o:r,trll a:&rJl ,.:)\.cttJt U ,51

'+ r-c T * cJutJt .:t5..r ZZI a^;*'Jt,;' 1-g Jr-r-lr j ;:;l;Jl ,!X ,; calii sLa .4

-A!b>'l &Ai:iNaHeiCaH,

,J-Jc ru ..-J NarOrsiBaO,

.++ = (S) .:,-4 !l' .{y )rr qr .l-1(1 .rtr;Jt ,.r'- .l ,ri .e -- J€ri HSol

-l,7

+6

.)

..)

e.i

'g

l-

-l ;#!l ,Jt- j H .jt €):'a)-.-t t' .i

F2

18

1-8 F*,6Jf Za2l1*

Jljj;Y19;*X*r

.-r qs6-F J ;.rJ\tt )& W ,l;,i Y ;ru .r

JaJl C-rbJt f*'Yl

1r.'ll .r)\cU:Jl .-5lJ ca=!tJl o!.:r.lr+ or:-jl sttjJl ,y ,f ol Jt;t;t ,1 ;.r--S1 ql o.t*;ot5 l5! :L 5.Jr;*r-;.rJi k*i e,.r^r fl .:Ylll j Jt;--Yle;-rJ)\J

Ca(OH)r(aq) + 2HCltaq) .--- CaClr(aA\ + 2HrO(l) .i

.Cttt;t ei ;.rdi gri o.bi r

cHo(s) +2o2@)-cor(s) +2Hro(g) .q

CL -- C4* + 8e- , i.t "si ,3,rti

O + 2e- --- OL,Cllji:;t r3.b'.1

2Al(s).+ 3CuClr(aq - 2Alcl3(aq) + 3Cu(s) .e

Al -- Al3+ + 3e- ,;.rri g.r.ci

Cu2+ + 2e- --+ Cu ,lttj;:;'t,3.re.1

.KI .r Gu J jl J! rVtnOo u 6v Jle aiWl t;sIrJl I- JF .6

llzGIJ;#!l -:r-eL -i

,t.J'w-r^12J!t- J/ e

;l."Si

fI- ir 1 mol 12J"f*L.r:a tnOl-rii f+ Cl .:Uyr53yt :Jc L .6.iltjJ.J;st)lt gr 2 mol

t9

JBJI CrkJt f-'Yl

,-8 F,".aJl at?l-;.",

J ljji f -6.kS Y | &f .r[rr srlj

.riltot(lt,JUtlt it:-,'yr ,y -,,o;i:i;.ac iat2!

l-rr l- Jl;:;l-;#!l .rY:L, dj3 q!+ pf+Jf cS"rl o'Stf!..-+: ,r! * JS n .f

.otrjJt a;rt;J. cr)-.uir f., .(l.i--(J.t, 6:,*i;ll .ru-2;flyr .rt"rcia;;t-rl z+at al:tJt j o} Uir 4> .e)

.el,,jJt a;;trl dJi-Jt jy)t * .(q.)

. JAei;- ;Jr;..1t;,J:tJt qt5 .(:)

.Mno, J!Mno; JtFl ;9's- a

.w-ll dli^,J Mn J;.r$l t* ;p .i Mnot: +7 'Mnor: +4

foj-o Jl;:'Yt{1^-e.J Mn;} t-s.-<i ,,:lt .:U-9_,;iYt :-r-e L ..-,

.r-r J!+)rl ;.r-S! ;:il-)t ,*.;p!t;.r*S!tJ'w:5t .r-rJtyF 4)tt c,U_e,-i ;-rJi;r<r- S2l- ---> lr+ 2e-

;.41 .,[l G ,rS.St;D a{li,U

'Ft ,v e;.-b-:;.Jt o;(t ^t;*1 ,}At ,u

'* q::t a.lJr }r}r .;+ A

.rUy-i Jr<s GI) +-rlt .rU_r*i;.rJie t o .(III) +.rlr .:U.lai JIGD -r,_-rtr ouyi;.r--SI ,* trg' .+ry'il.'Vr;-r ,i ;.r*Si ra; r'rr-e 4&orJt.r)gti:Jl .ry:L. .it .i

Fe2+ --* Fe3* + le- ,;.r..si

Clr+ 2e- ---> 2Cl- td[j;:;t

.(II) 4.r.ltr ry'flt,L.4r Jr;;Yr; ;.r;!rJ'r;:J uil-)t U_r!l il:t*Ir .it ..-r

Ctr(ail + 2Fe2+(aq) ---> 2Fe3+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

.aj'.-:Jl J!t*rJt{ uil-r aJ:L, (.-') ,*l G aJ:dt O1 i. .e

0 + (+4) = +4 'J.+Tt &JLtl La{stt lJr.rijl

+6 + (-2) = +4 ,&+rl|t &j.tt Lz*Ktt trj.*ijl

20

.J"l'nll .rY:h, -Oj

d r,J-!t j ;:.1,+y't Jt;:;t-;.rJYl .r)l-eUJ ep'zuJl.r)\-et i:ll .rY:L, .-51 5

Mno2(s) +HCr@e * MnClr(aq1+ Cl2{u,) + HrO(f .i

2Cl- ---> Cl, + 2e- , i,.t .5i

MnO, + 4H+ + 2e- ---> Mn2+ + 2H2O ,;6;;l

MnOr(s) + 4HCl(aq) -MnClr(ae; + ClrG) + 2HrO(t)

S(s) + HNOr(aa) --- SOr(s) + HrO(/) + NOr(s) .+

(S + 3HrO --* SO3 + 6H+ + 6e-) x l,i.r."Si

(NO; + 2H+ + le- --+ NO2 + HrO) x 6 ,clrjij,l

S(s) + 6HNO3@e) - SO3k) + 3HrO(/) + 6NO2G)

HrCrOo@d + KrCrOa@q) +HCl(aq> - CrClr(aq) + KCI(aq\ +HrO(l) + CO2(s) .e

rc2of --->2Co2+2e-) x 3,tJ.,si

(CrOl + 8H+ + 3e- -> Cr3* + 4H2O) x 2 ,tJtFl

3HrCrOo@il + ZKrCrOo(aq) + lOHCl(aq) ---> 2CrClr(ad + 4KCl(aq) + SHrO(f + 6CO2G)

2l

;AI

3-8 F.,.,iJl Zaall.c

aljiitl JlfgrJlj 6.!"5gl &f9rJf

r'.r.}t ot(It r/ Uutr all-,lt df .-*i : 6,r.a! a{b!

qt:f.r ZZS a^;'-Jt,J'3-S J;"rlrCil-.,) .crill Jjgl J-Ul -:i csylr *r-Slt j.Ul ,+- tr f j :L .1

(JtlJt

J;t ,h6 Cu piga .i

S -r J-ti Na+ piAg* ..1

4 -r J-15 Fe2* pi ps3* .e

Ag*

a..;eJl,_& 3-8 J1-r-ftC'-lr) .Jt;*l-;-r*Si )sv' ,>yt- aJt<-l4lttltaltltrr oY:tJl.r JS,J TL 2

Mg + Sn2+ --- .i

Ag + Cu2+ --+ .r-/

Br, + I- --+ .e

(+tlJl -'t:S 6 235

F.r

a; al:tJl G *' ;+ tJ r,,*-t;Jl l& J-ctitJ ,*7 ,ga;; rt W! c6r;:* -p ,V Gy ,€Fe2+ $t-+ 3:aJUJl a;y,rll

Fe2* ---- Fe3* + Fe

. o)\-ci ;:r.-,rll aJ:dl o-1

3Fe2+ -* 2Fe3+ + Fe

.O2 J;.rJ!l :.tê ;ro .i

lt-Sy J-15;oo;\tt "l-+ t .r:-c co:te;6q.$l ;-tJi )re e"a.l:L .9

.r1-f q1flt' .,r+J!t rU .4

_,

22

JaJl Cj.lkJt -o*'YlI

J"tJ,/ d$ts;.rJ3lt,J,tlt \9:L, c;a3*5tr1j ,r:'r-SIJ d,.r+ qFJl ;.rJy .rYL- otk ,-'p .e

:\llJl iJ.:tJt C ur*_)l drlj>Yl

CuH,rOu(s) + 60r(9) - 6CO2G) + 6HrO(/)

eult j{! .g47s}r .l;ri .a4."r o.r.o .t)li .HrO r CO21 -2 slt Q.z-) 0 ;.r.x}r arr-- ,r >b:: 02 :L O tj! Js

9#.+4 ajtdll:1,,COz€61LgA t+.in+ 6;-) O;.r."si UE +e,C6Ht2O6Clr,LaIr L,lj|J.rs;-1i6 ..r.s-ll| &t'Jl

.iljjill &tr'| sA Orri .:'ltirlr.rf'U: ,r!1

:qJuJt a;r;rll -/ alrlJt J"t,l;Jl U^ '}:r

.?-t Jl l& J.etnJ )V cClr(aA) "Ul ,/ -,l.r,ll ;;J(JJ "qrut et*rtr 5Clr(ad + HrO(/) --- CIO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H+(aq)

t6j-rJi.:Yt-;; '>tri.:.1lltrlauJr j,..1-r-.,.rf1y cp.Jlr .:r_p ..li;a .i

,HrO 6r t;j+ OJSJ kJi., +1 ga Cn-. f.r,r*<rr ;-r..Si rac €lt.rS .HrO I CIO- rr'. l;j+ OJq tc,t;e -2 9,s O ;a."Si r.r.e

.JrUrJl li,6 err*,- U.r:,c rrJ(Jt .,|;#\tl ..rYL- olk U eClO + le- --+ Cl-,Ct-gln! dfrji.j.vr i9--3 iClO -+ Cl+ + le-.CIO-6u1>' tr..s*r g

f;r$tl,lew, i ClV

Ul;'Yt,l-eU;,.;CtY

;"-)'t ,F;,. o:ri;ll .:U-9r53yt :J-e L

;]t ;|5 ;,. iJtt .ru-e_,S3yt :.r.c L

le-

le-

.e

.)

.dJt*t-lrlj t'>t.ci :.,l,eJl ,|,cuJl .,| Cl- JICIO- 4.r 0-6 ,ii ,.-+r,*f ...o

.2r...i(lr nEdStYl gt\9e irjrailt dlL3JtSr}l clr+i.:lJ3r .l:l

.,tJ.l6- Clr,Jrtjj aJrL, ,..r-1 .)\- Lv

Clr(ad + HrO(/) ---> CIO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2H+(aq)

23

-nAt .\ttI

AE;JIAAt+l-;'.

riltoKlt d Ut"tt il!,ll if *1 : 6j.ai i.1Qt

.((r7-*Lj p-rc)) 1i 6((Jlji-lD ji ctti.rJil :J!aiJkJr ot)t\ ,-;L .1

02; NaO J!NazO, Ji .lwUIi p.Le

. .r -nr2 JlBr Jf .q

F"r* Jl pez* J'F .e

AtoJ.J )l tJg Oaa .J

;.r."Si

tJ."Si

it|;i;l

.rk&JJlj:-YlJ;$!l ,Jrtr r5l .i

Al -- Al3+ + 3e- , i.r."Si

.$JiJ ,ra4ttetltd,:Jl"e d,etl ,Ur'Jrilrlr ,f *i ,#L,:4"JuJl rijl;',It

^; al:Utt J-i; 2

KMnOo(aq) +HCl(aq) + Al(s) - AlClr(aq) + MnCl2@q) +KCl(aq) + HrO(/)

MnOl + 8H+ + 5e- ---> Mn2+ + 4H2O ,aJtjJ6l

.+tlJl q6 U23I-229,:.,t*-,i.aJl ,Jra;ll{+oJl .r).ctj:Jl a;;}el-.'--al;tJl 9j .e(MnOl + 8H+ + 5e- --> Mn2+ + 4HrO) ' l

(Al --+ Al3+ + 3e-) , 5

3KMnOo(aC) + 24HCl(aq) + SAl(s) --+ SAlClr(aq) + 3MnClr(aq) + 3KCl(aq) + l2HrOQ)

.J'Li'Jl li^ ;i +{}t,}.Ur a,-9 :L .e MnO;

24

JaJl Crkjt F-Yl

:qJklt ajr;rlt^; a;y-!t iJrtJt"!,L 3CIO- + H+ -* Cl, + CIO; + HrO

.c-r*Si >r.e, .*.aE *< C;t .i

:.tc ,CIOJ L.(:ll.a) Ora Cl ia."Si r.re .Ct, L.+1 p H i.r."Si r.re ,H+ L.-2rra Or +1ro Cl ;.r..Si r,rc, .ClO- 4-

.-2fo Or +lja H ;.r."Si r.r.e,,HrO 4.-2:o Or +5rra Cl i.r."Si

ftiijJJi rl' Cl ;ii Js M ( :-&l {*' .e

f..*,LrJt le & Jti, J"ctirJl U, J^ .)

.LAJL*j dt t;-r"lt tl.r;:.*, co)\.cio:-,,lflal:tJl bt .nsClO- + 4H+ -..r 2Clr+ ClO. + 2HrO

le-

25

1-9 Fr".allZl.2ly

ai:t.gSlf et-r*-rSJ | ,;L.P.u

.rilr,lr(Ir,J Uutril:-lr c* si:6a.rs a1Q!

.$yl-J;- G, d,br- JtiJlJeliJl .1

Cu2+ (aq) + Zn(s) - Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)

fr;!t :^ v Li gi .i

r!€Jlill ,:'tî

f:rJtit :a *Li €1 .q

c,,a[t 'itt '.'La

.lr.L.Jl lU +rl yl eSt .E

Zn(s) I Zn2+(aq) ll Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s)

..triKJt; :;!l dr" f .rr ,-rt-i.r-.,- j.iIl d/r&jJl iilrLi:Jl gYrt', .51 .5

Cu2*(sq) + 2e- ---> Cu(s) ,r33lStt J.i., tzn(s) --- Znz+(aq) + 2e- ,s3s\t 't;'c,

Vt:.o o1\r-;_:_f ,* ait.tJl dJti. .;taU Jtfts;.lJiJ"tJ,/ c..jJ, eJl*+ .r)\rtnlr'!.l e .()

. o;uJii Jtfts;-rJiJ'tr./ c.r)-ctnll e.GrV JUyt Jr(l .(./).:r;!l ,-&.rHl ol"t> '-1'1 .1US

.;5rrdr.c L^J--i +i1.5:x!t z)Lt.6a Jf e .(r)

'+ tJ (II) 4.rll, 1s$t,(* ll"r;j-U Ay+c 'h 14

2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+(aq) --- 2Cr3+ + 3Fe(s)

fptJiJl U-a.-i-4i Cl ;rLJl t-

.l),fri t-1" Jl4.rlt *u; v ous,;lyl.'$ .(i)

.\str aitl dJLj .(,J)

.rrgl +J- a--: JIC;Ft xr u*: a {;ft ; 'bjjl lr-qv.rL;;ai jF .(C)

.rs-flt \J- a-.; J!+"rlt # ,-;".: r, {r"Ut ; ,t;,ijl re iJt- .rujgi !"rn .(r)

"2

t3

26

,;At r*Yl

.alilg.tl3,Ji-!t j,&- .4

AgNO3

.rilj ,=4tJ'9li:jl .-51 .i

Cu(s)-Cuz+(aq)+2e-

rt/tl . t, I r. lr.rilAJ s;z-Jt J.cLLJl .-51 ...,

Lg*(aq) + le- + Ag(s)

.4J;lj osj)tsJn'J"Jl .-st .cCu(s) + 2\g+(aq) - Cu2+(uq) + 2Ag(s)

ol4l ,=d c;;Jlt ).*\'JAt al.llrFl.:.:U1;iyt#'iJ^,p-Jl JITrlU. .)

fd5tJl .L4Yl ;i piartJt ,=,1lie

a.c,t*tl cr.-;tic, ot13l I

tqs"tJt Ft.lt "-o

.:u;!!t j oCt ,51 C ,f )r JIL:-jr..r .j ltralt sJl glr*tt ar

27

JaJl i" 'UJl r-Yl

2-9 f'J4lll?.t?lJ.

#gr t;),t;Jf

.rilt or(lt d Ut'lt illlt,Je.r*i :6a..ai Qtq!

AL-l j i*,$l J>\-!l f a;o-illJtiil cL:Jll +rl ,J er.r..r e .1

',iu' 'd).o;!r 67 .(+)

.01;iyras- .(e).JrstitaSr.(")

frra U .a^*e.-J #ll !>Uft Jr o"JtiJt .:l-;tJl csvL e 2

.4-r ':t< a!'-l| fl .().*U; astb ur;.;'d-e: d;J.r,- a:l4l ;; Jl;;Yly ;"r--s\ttJ.ew .(.7)

.Ur.^5 alt J! J'y*s *r.|x<Jr urur .(e)

.*u..5 al! J! Jy*s a!;$tutut .(:)

r+ U fo ,ta.r) r,Jt^tJt .:15 ir ZSZa'-;pJl ,* l-g J_l-4t p.u:-l 3

Mnof- JlMnol- JlFl .i

Cf* J!Cr o-ri ..-r

+056 V

4.74V

SHE u:"tr1| .rr-:.;{<Jl .-li r}'t:,}'cUJt .6

Clr+ZBr --,2C1- +Br, .)

.JSTJ o, 5Yll cJr.€rlJll,)\!Jr ,r^-.,- :"F-e

-+J'!rf .r."Si:1 Oi J+g dE[i49 +.sJl U#i 7J9a": itstliil tfi:;

+0.29 Y

fJkll .:,;!l )ct; .;,a+ clS;.r*.rt-tU+Jl ,y WJ €1

Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) - Zn(OH)2G) + 2e-

.6*jrr ais3 art4r a.agtr a{litl

28

;At g3rkJt rYl9.r!"J.;JtJfi ;r"U ,"-, ,lS,#ll tFU.!:-l;.: ,* j .6

a4U.g<tr ilr,rtr3 .jlhtt ctatl 6z-asb,t €tyL t"oel o.r.i JrjJ;r-t.r{ll5ltr o).ctil 6* ,a.ut3,r a*gs 4sutr .1ir.1

.A)t'J";j.ESJ.atl Cb- ,rL etll g!.!3 a '^ }At )* iltit;StIl r.if,+ ct :SS

. el.lrJ,Jr..gt Ult .J vurt &-* lno"-UUJI ir!,lt,f si r #L":a.lUlt qJll UliU fP ,bq) .JlUt .+t5 cr ZSZ a'-;,At & l-9 J:rft l$:-t J

Al(s) | nl3+(aq) ll Cdz+(aq) | Cd(s) .i

Fe(s) | Fe2+(aq) llPbz+(aq) | Pb(s) .v

6Y(aq) + 2Aa3+(aq; --- 3lr(s) + 2Au(s) .e

+1.26Y

+0.28 V

+0.88 V

;+-r-lt a.rJll 6,1;i .X2+ o;r11jX"*A-bAl4 Jr.{ .+0.46 V L"; J!n*l-.rt*; & Jt*-r ,&i .*-.rt5 Cr 252a^;*Jt Jre l-g Jrrfr p-E-l .0.74Y tU Jl ;.Jjj.jijl ,-!-t ,osdl ri r#l .Wr .ri Oli

.i1l+>J frlJl-o.40 v

.X'.iU-Jt +* gi .c Cd

29

.+l,J9-.41

'i., ttijl r-Yl

3-9 F...6Jf ?*"|-.1.,

z{:*ljtsJ}'l !t;Jl

.{r;Jli*-,11 cp si:6ga! alQt

.t++15 L-6-. Ji ,qrrj(J)r a*l}l ri ,q!ll tJ.!t3. WtldJfu a-Jt'Jt .:t;LJl Uk Jf .1

6ul +rtj-cu;,:-r-.,- .,-,, adte4tl a+hjl

aiU J!+flJrW 6fr*: .C dialrrxrl' adr'Jt

ai\F ailt Jl*u""<lt a;tur ap.r &w JJ"-," .r a.ntr.atr airill

4jq"5 airl Jl *u/trJt il-bjl {l:r1 J'6 J"fr .-n ai4lJJislll :qd#rl

:r;!11 :r,iKJt cr;'Lill X5 rjl, Ut qF .)

;lJyr oyl:,; yt ..tlr C.:y!t .r:-c .(i)

..:riKJt -r-e .(v).i;rt ; pa\ a.b ,y .e)

.,-JtJt ,-till ..t;,o .(:)

l1

-.2

tsJl;il U C:;J't(Jl o4q wt, Jirt Ji ^S,t"ur,"\ o''r* e"r: q\ tr S

F .<il

I .(.;)Cu .(e)Cl .(r)

,+ Lr.-;i r,t3l o:te) o\Us t* ilTrlrU" lu;i-l r.c .4

.4t a;i:4:;5 lal;5 i)Ar ,i^ t^..; :,!t, .i

1Ji rl,r.r! L1tta{r fG;; lr,ri.e,9 .a.;*ff.;<f f ,1,.S ll*i rlriJt irtc,} il1t3 f-rrsi lJi Z,.plla1 i.-*.1 rtr-r tr !:,.c

. abc" aa-S,1.': .L3 ttelll f-rrs:Jr

.llr;i-Yt; j.-{t-Glê,J ai;tJzJr u| ajt-ut o\_f,s o_.rti ../

Etl".Jt a*f:+Sf r a.30.rl S's;7t,t;,1*f r a1f.. 2-J .A43U.45 erf" 1'f l alfr.-rgSrr ai0.rl Uj; A,*af r ln L

30

--- -r++lJ#

JaJl CrUJt r*,Yl

Jle zL*tr. $u. L+ cAu.--oiJU ,,lt; Jl dJ<r- 6 e?t,256a'-;aJt Je l4-g S(-;Jjtui;, 5.Au(CN),

,c,.lsjt :LAu(CN)3 dd+ll .,S-i .o*isg r-oi Jnr--}.i ,,'t:.li..i tj,t+,. l*-93 Olt-i ,a49r,asrr L3ttelllrer <rt!6U.-i

Ja ga$l !f ,,5.rlt dc,tiitl .ti3ii ,,oUr Jor-.rri r,.3 tir3S oryto .r,r;i gl,rlt F..dr u. Clr?i

Au3+(a4) + 3e- --+ Au(s)

.eJtl lB ir a;lr;.*l e,;K ;r,Jiif/!t J-Jr,;tVIâS O$: :)V .6

.a"frtr.J{,rtt a30.rt !, ;}1,S a5,,.ifA f f+r..-.r<S yJt'3) adiitdstt ail.. *#69Jr tB,l. ft.:f!'r 41tut,ld4

.?rrrtl ola a.is-}a! &, d3l+ l:Xjll'l lo'r3 irte! ,3S4 tej{1

,+ L"t .--*i,t^lJ q/r{r.6f #*Jtl Jtl l*i J.:riKJts .:;!l .r;r #*tlt al^t 4; tL .i

..r3lKtl ,l.ie &.-. r+4ll jtig ,rjnltr Jj.e C!+..Slt,;e 3jS1

.,rh )'J.ait.b JleB ei tluf e,.r 4-;r cirs d!rL .v.2

.a+Lag C^.{t rql 4f.Ai adl'ec, &l' ,a3U. .,J!eE 3,a:6l.ZE &..*t

fitrr.6l ,j*-lt,-Jo,ur o-tfi,t,# U .e

.H2SO4,.)r,tlis cgta;s3! (j, : t*te ajS af t;g

31

AE;JIAAt+f'.

.r'.rlr oKtt,/ Urrlr ifi-lr irp .-qf :6a"e! d{t?!

Jf ;tV +tU+ ;.'.; .r:-c ' .1

.as r a;r! J!+;qx(l utut .(i)

.a;u.,6 ajtl J! 1'/r iil-t .(.").ry\.6 aru Jlryt=-"<Jt a;tUt .(C)

.4jr.J al^b JIUlxit utut .(r)

.r>{.otj:J 6# Gt,6,lll,)\ul \ 2

...+ll;ny {gt .<il

.rirlaJt .(.:).alulr ;.r*s!r .G).#lr{sr .(:)

*;i ;trra<Jt,)LU i;rll ;Jjujl :i 3

.a-tJl.:!ti;Jl ft-t +S- .(i)

...1iUlt J',>l"J.ill rr^-'.,,- .(.:).t1'j Sy- .(6.)

.+lFJl ftj J\e"t- .(r)

iL*tJ4 *Jr;n)l J"F -,- aj.*;JlJi or.*1 | .4

.7Lt;!l6r- .(i)

..rj{!l 6 7 .(+).drj<rytaf,- .(e)

orttr)t aS r .(r)

:a+JUl aJ:tJ W:$y+l;,pr, J"kJl"f+ 5

Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) -Mg2+(aq) + Hr(e)

.iJ-!l o-r,o G uoqrrJl i.i-,a;tl --,)\-ctj:Jl .rY:L, .-il .i

Mg(s)+Mg2+(aq)+2e-

ZH+(qq)+2e--Hz@)

32

JaJl i" 'UJl

f:.i,a,'-tl )i!l ql; .J cr.r..: v;a JeV; gl .qMg(s) --+ Mgz+(aq) + 2e-

' .al-ll.l+J r'-)\LrYljrJl !51 .C

Mg(s) | Mgz*(oq) ll H+(aq) | Hr(S)

, .7 t-Li! t c .r U 1153! | 6 r rtn:t ti*>,, oo'i rr- >t-t r t' t.r.,;r:rHtf, ff; I

\rlg,^^.....:r..4!J

,i!l

+2.14Y .6

<- Mg2+

. elJiJ.rr..gl Llll \il .:ll"el.lSt.t,dtrlt il-,lt e -,,.;i, #t-,gJkJl

J,eLi:lJ +ll qrJi l- . +t.tJl qV ,y 252 a'-;,z.Jt 'Y

l-9 J:-At J! g;tMg + N(NOt2 -- Ni + Mg(NO)2

33

JeJl

l-l0,Fr.'iJl at?l-.1..

a

4{.4 b r-'S.-.tSJ | ^:3,1-9

.:ilr .r(Ir.J Urtlr iJ:-'fr d,r .-*i :Af.r! el*!

.7X>1 uz\t .i

.1.P.+

,.1K;,t;itt ,J .ir'u L.^t*i kts, etl o-y-frt u-'& ' ,t

.a+-gi:.1*. .g.0.11 ut\_t .j

.rs22sr2p2 .g

.1s22s22p4 .r

:^ or-rlt *Jt- ,/ ,lr.SlJ,J1liyl +ll | 2.rs22s22p3 .i

.rs22s22p2 .*

fq:Ul aJt.ll i o-'-flt 4t o'r9; ?*..^L*i &t, € u 3

3.v

.r11.: g. blS-,il3*;:-t -flt ol-st ,s'$i

.oyfrt -*6;1 ,.aV .i

.L;;,trtfJt .-t

.;l1i Lrl:-,

.*uct, aj.';!r a. aL.-' L,)1t

..r:,Fl et G?\ r*V .e. Lii il.:L:,. ,"cW .)

4.g5.s 2.i

.4

6, ral];l ,f 4,.:lr:;ny .L4l.Jl ;t'q . S

.qrt-i LIIJJ .i. rl ! t I

.A;,UJ ^lt)) .q

W F 4ts.ceill .rfe;-r-r-,Jr d;" oW G P.j!,,'.,:r:Jl .-,(L.o.J c+l+llJ4 e .6

a*4F e-t?. .^.btr .l

.*rr1 .e

cHo*6)a G ;:y-fit:l).ii;^r*d oJ<] J.sp4.) .sp3 .e .spz .q .sp .i

.sp4 .J .sp3 .e .sP2 .q .sp .i

'(;

CzHz,qt € u*flt J)jidr3.-6j ;t-& i .g

.drJ c-:5 .e.tu e, tL-:-, .)

a

34

,sp4' .5 .sp3 .e .sp2 .q .sp .i

,,;*Jt C.lkJt r-Yl

."r..,,sU )*, ,,-- ,r[],-ri ,a,.- 3, .lrrxfl rtJl .-rl/l ,)*-r,jt.fO.s.rtr.J{S Jl+r 4€lJ-r.:tl sla i-1rL3 OCS3 .tft! .:;rr- lfS 4J,' d5.i+ ,-,ral..t+tt L "-.'gdiltJ'+i iiEr,.t,iSJ}r Or*l

..r_r.,.SX {t-Llt ,-ll ,F i-r,6 )l*atu. -be .lld-rcYl ,-,Lr r r, glll

ri+ d3rb t{a.i+azAS. ay;:'l zi,tuiLa€ 'cgllJ+rl

argsr.f.iei t!*+aitl

-l I ' '9 'l.il se ; )t *l ,J"Ul J-r'Jr : )V .12

&tJi,-+11 s:Jt zJr^Lr:Jl J+lJjl OgS: .,j.r;i <rt! Orr.:S tJi !. jlj;aYl a3U' crLaSl J:!c, c,aql d-i'lr ;JlJ'+tl dLJi

.ri i dl;J3 !. U,rjrtaYt a3Uatt ZJ_g*t(jaf Oi {lti+ C+ai*ir .r.r+ a*E (,.i+ Ltt.' I n}r.-rstf

:qJuJl r q..,Jl u ,F G Jy.fl al*ilt;-,-4t r9 ,L .tl

.l

35

dirll rr

-.;

c',rtJ.

J4Jl i, ,t:Jl .vi................:...................- (v a I

I

.rilr oKIr.J Ur'lriblr ,f sl :aa.,a! Qtqt

.i5\J .r--lrJl stir,r.:,6,jt' r-71uJ,:Uulroqi+r :Jt .lHCItl

H-C-C-Htl

clH

.t.'.tt eqifl t3,rr.r,3i ,r.r.ycJ+lt cr+.rei ,lfr.-;Stl ill-;i C11 1;rUlr at rljl cl*9- ltJfJr aJ-J'.- e4,.i

HHtl

H-C -C-HtlCI CI

2-10 ?l'iltb2lt

ad3l.brJ I crt.rSj,l

HI

H H-C-H HtllH_C_C_C_Httl

HHH

CI CI\/C=C,/\HH

HHHHtttlH-C-C-C-C_Htttl

HHHH

HCIC=C

CIH

36

';elt - . q3tUlt rYl

TTT'-9f-9-"Hl"

"-f-HH

.CoHro J a;te e-,,JtS ryt+rl u..rJl p-rl 3

YTYT"-9-9-9-9-"HHHH

.C2H2Cl2(f) g -/t-i)J +iUl a;,"'atl

''--,rl A

CI CI\/C=C/\HH

.C2HzClzQ,);; ,,'J1,-N +it;.Jt a;..all ,.-tl 5

HCI\/C=C/\CIH

37

-t)t. l-lle)-' \lr

eJlt

.rilt oKltql Uulr iJ.t-lr;,c .-qi :6,pa! 4tq!

.Ci^ll o-yf st$U tt.;'\t g9s .1

.,l';r;*t nl_,;;rJt gr l;rbi a*.at*i J+tf.; e...-li d+69.JS tJ3 dS 69si 4;i0t ;rrs.JScJ+dt

:)Jc 2

,.$-:" .*,t+:tl :,LLJI G ou tfyQl ,,Ie J-s CrHrn*? ,lt<JlJ a,Ut a;..eJl .i

J.r3J:i alrcleJl L z+i-lL n r.JS ;Ji dS .ip. g'r:a,/Jig J.#J. a+y..;S*rro lt "l- di'tr 2a'qJt^ ii..{J JJPJS tJi !5

.nj{J,slt gr.llt ad.aU;f t J+tJ_tl cl".:S Os:t ,+l;!g41s1,rg 6-){

.L*i:*fl J-Ul .rli eUyr5r-.'++.U alUt ai*lt ge d;; CnHrna;tlt .>uKJ>tJ a1Ut a;,*,oll ..r

.sil+rl ,;tSl'r L tiJl3 r:++o4*a JtlJ. 13* Orr.J'S dlr-ri,+J'j Y

HHHttl Oi:! d*i,.-3

'(;

38

3-10 FrdJl ar?l-;'.

a,r+f I crtlg..-Fg1.r*dJ I

.IUPAC i:.i..*-1 a:JkJl 4i[il&,4J1 't*i .-5:l 3HHHttt

H-C-C-C-HttlHHH

HHllH_C-C-C-C-C-H .?

ttl llH HH-C-H HH

H

CH3-CH2 CHz-CHstlCH3 -CH2 -CH-CH-CHz -CH:

aFe')nJl

Olr5a cj+!s.3t.ir-4,3

JEJI

CHr-CHz .) &u+ dl*i"-3-dlij+!-3

I

cH3 -cH2 -9-CHr-CHrI

CHr

CH3-CH-CHz-CHr..l otiJ{+d+i"-2

I

CHr

:qJtJt .-,t5rÛ +t;.jl i+Jl"-Jl A(.rti9iJ,l;a,jli-30 .i

Y

HHHHttrlH_C_C_C_C_HlttlH H-C-H H_C-H H

HH

o\s-t &- Gui-2(2 .q

HI

H H-C-H HtllH_C_C_C_Httl

H H-C-H HI

H

Jt*fu ,p-2-,Fl u;t--a] .g

cHfcH2 cH2-cH3

cH3-cH-c H-c H-c H2-cH.1

CH:

39

.;eJl

4-10 FJ4.aJl at?lJ.c

ir-r-&l | .Xi Otl3r.r-_f3;.t*gJ I

.rilt .rKIt d Utrlti*-,lr ,y *i :6,t"ai !l4t

i; ot f-Jl .rl.,i d^{ UU t+Lj btst ,* €t' }t ou_y.f st$l !i .1

..:Qtii .6

lZL.rut(Ji .)

.îrL3 .5 .a*..;t-+;. .e

..rut(Ji

.,Jt+.(Ji

.ir-.ir.c-t .4:" -e .i

.i

;r ir5Aj \tst ,* €f jt euy.f y$r e 2

.^?-.r!,ii .i ..rQtii .g ..l\r(Ji .,-, ..rut(Ji .f

oE ralurrlr -,uy.f y-Qt1 .ret(J!t1 c,q$J!r u ,f "; i 3

c,'Sr$!,"tlt G qssY..rurr(J!r;.rq$J!r I A-tl. ?.A,b.t .r

.Ci^ll -,-* b-ttf s|.dt{ ) ."îf t & t 5.ari)t3ri a+|.Ll,t+lJt zJ/'/J*tt +rSi-ri Or.,.jS tiji d+ &+iJi .rrr.+St-r*a

..:u1r(J!t; .:t',i!r ,y -*ti, yi fu-9r! | oL ef 3.1+elr ',Jb .6

:.!*jjJf 2:f - Ltu .':,!d'{r-xi diEcjstyr ejri ya;'22;-n aSujultr nBr!r...f qJ+a,tr ol'

.IUPAC ....*r d:JkJl 4iL{l&.4Jl"t--i .-.5l J

CHz-CHz-CHz-CH: .?I

rA\z\eft

&*,ic.l.-j4lii+. evj-2,1

r].-j+ sl+,{. -3 -.J*ir*. - f

40

;'-Jt CrkJt r-Yl

CHr.-- -.CHt .-- -c: c. - '(:-p1-z -H

"1;)":t(Xr,-"r, r

a-sla -2-r

0F;;-2-u;

:a.JkJr d,G,llcr Ji +iUl a4r.tl p-.,l

u-t W Gti-3o-J.\-l-r .i

cH2-cH3

fi,cH,V...CH,

drF<!-3- ef .q

CH3-CH2 H\/C=C/\HCH

cHr. cH2-cH2-cH2-cH-r\/'C=C/\HH

r-cH:

69s-2-7 .g

4l

.iill ,JKlt,J."lttlt ef:-,'lr e g1 :6,+"a! e4Q!

:qJuJt .rt4;ft ,y F € ;:y,frt;,\) JF-s: Ly tL .1

crHo 'i

HCN .,.r

CH'O .6

sn3

sp

sp2

.JUliJlo*_.,J L.:[-uV * u +, 2

Jqyl .i t

.rbJl.V 3

o!.s-r Jt"- C6-2c2 .g 2

....".r- ,->lr'1S1ojft..tiai:;!r {",Ûr L,.l)}l olt ->Vy.f 1.r+4Jlet:*; V rJt 3iltAt+l l{t OJ*,3ig,r aglUil &lJi €JlIt t4 At dltir-j+tf Orr.jtt i3tJi {.!:r Lnb}t J+tJJJt {.b--r'Jr ObJJtt d+

.el.;&!t L.AAJit

,.,il.liJl oz9 S1i 4y.f :tgl al*l*1l Jet ;rU' :..p" .4

2

3r3r;9ll O'liJ,-;.ti SF U,rr-ji tol,t+ g:tl anidj+rl alXtl &.,rr-j* zt'UtFf.l.Lo 2r.-lg L&riJStt d3t_1i r.r.e,.rt1.tjt {l!

.6tiliJl a-. I L ca-x 1., d+ 6c k;+ dltirj+tt dl-ilJ,rsi a3u" fj$ a+ _.4! .dluJj,qJt C[i

A.cgiiAAt+f,.

:A.Jtijt *Ut eg-Jl J,Jf "L-iIUPAC .*.i, !-.5t sCH3 -CH2 CHz -CHt '"l-l-.iCHr -CH-CH-CH-CH2 -CH3

CH:

CH2:QH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 .9

O E+a d++ d 13 -5,3 -Cladit -4

Ctlsa-f

42

CHr .? &:rxr-r-ikiP-3r--{jI

CH3-CH-CH:CH2

CH3-C:C-CH: .) o:16gl-2

:.*JuJr .rGJ.r.r Ji air,,ll r!"a-lle-tl .6

u*.J*-3-J*!-t 'i

cHr-cH1l-

rAV..CH:

;l* Ou-<a J.t" ,J5t-4c2cl .?

CH.A2.",tl\./

I

cHr

CH=C-9H-CH2-CH3cHr

cH3-cH2-cH2

cH3-cH-cH-cH2-cH3CH:

.ft:e-1-J..r"-3 .g

,JL*<," ,F-2-|*it-3 .,

43

;eJt ;, 'l-:Jl

l-ll,fJ,'/Zrl at?l-.;..

fuJr,.b.J I crt.lSj, | villi'.^\g z, :, t^9t I crte3,.-r.t I

..:ilt oKIr;i Utrlril.a,'tr ,f sl :A t*e! dil4!

HHH HHHtttttlH-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-Htttttl

HHH HHH

HHHttlH-C-C-C-H .ittlH OHH

,Jst)*i-2

HHHrtlH-C-C-C-H.ettlOHOHH

lL-g't3t+ c_,H-2,1

:o*lulr .:Grlt,:r Ji 4jLJt &.4J1 r-Jt .1

Jyur*-t 'iHHHHrttl

H-C_C-C-C-HtttlHHHOH

o-a-L st* ;Dv-2( lcl .vFF

C=C

FH

A!,hst *76 .c

.IUPAC .-*.*1 d$JltJl a:i;tJt iatirzJl ,y F,t*,i .-St 2

4

JEJI f'*'Yl

.IUPAC ....*+ a,*,1 f tl1 (-rti Jn qt,rJ' tut*Jl p-rt .({;-fl ,>lyyyJ a+rlc4HeoH aii4lJ 3

tJ-grssp.-2 Jrrti-r*f - I

HHHHtttlH-C-C-C-C-OHtttl

HHHH

HHHlllH_C_C_C_OHltlH H-C_H H

I

H

Je3$a-2-laaa-2

OHI

H_C_C_C_HrtlH H-C-H H

H

HI

HI

.C5Hr2O a**t {al^:At tuJl &-Jl .51 .4

cHl-c H2-cH2-cHfcH2-oHOH

cH3-cH2-cH2-cH-cH3OH

cH3-cH2-cH-CH2-CH3

cHrcH2-cH-cH2-oHCH:

cH3-cH-cH2-cH2-oHcH: 9",

cH3-c-cH2-oHCH.-oH

I

cHfcH2-9-CH3cHr

OHI

cH3-9H-CH-CH3cHr

cHfcH2*cH2-cH2-o-cH3

cH3-cH-cH2-o-cH3cHr

cHrcH2-cH-o-cH3cH.

9".cHfc-o-cH3

CH:cH3-cH2{H2-O{H2{H3

cH3-cH-o{H2-cH3cHs

45

HHH HtttlH-C-C-C-C-Hlttl

H H OHH

ltJit+ cr- I -4i+.-2

\fl

2-ll e"iJ I asb,.

aJ-Js.bJ I c,t"6-1,4ll rSF\ Gl : . i

d,r,, ." .i5,i;,fl;i, ;J:l"r-,o.fji

HOHtilt

H{_C-C_HtlHH

H_C_OHtl

o

HHHttl

H-C-N-C_HtlHH

HI

H_C_O-C-HillOH

HI

H-C-C=OtlHH

C=C (i)H

\ (r)H

(-r)

Oi-S t

(.r)

,1(JUvt____-

;*l e

cnii .o

(r)

:qJr:Jr .rGJl ir Ji +itJl a4Jl .-;l 2

oi6.-2 .i

,t ,t ,a.1i:-;l--5.r _t*.r-f _h--> .tt

HHH H HttlllH-C-C-C-C-C-C-OlltlllHHHH-C-HH OH

I

H

€)(j)

HOHHHtilttlH-C-C-C-C-C-Htttl

H HHH

46

*l ,ks-r .e

HHHHlttlH-C-C_C-N-Httt

HHH

,>l jUy ']'.t-- ..l

-H .irJtitr.3.1'f

'tljgltirIt s;+-

6tirc+-2-eteq-3-H .C

HHHO Httril l

H-C-C-C-C-O-C-HtttlHHH H

OHH||llH-C-C-CtlHH

HOtllH-C-C-OH .?I

H

H O BrH HlillrlH-C -C-C -C-CtlllH HHH

47

t3-ll,F.dJl ar"l.F

fu_Js.bjI crtc,ta:JI

.rilt irt(tt.,l Utrlt eb'fr ,f *i:6a..a! Q$t

& q,,- -Crllg;r"r'Jl J./J.l i .1

.t-'v! Lly .(i)

.*U a!t.;.(v).t-'5Jlgaj oy.f .rt; .q)

.ai)u at*rr .<r>

.rL*Jl Jt,obss;':+Jl JlJotitJl Ly ,* Alb

.,rS*l ft"i!o+-1, d eJ- tr c5.:., -f ,€-tr J!,qf ,1;_,5 .:t z: .f Jt-r.:-t e

.-641f .,i ;r1t r:ll oy.-frt ,.>l'1s 1r, L* a ",g;a Jt;a .v

.'€-F j,.rtr: aeJe tla"r; yr!+.:.,tr: lere tla'rS .g

.a*i; "6/l ;r, tSl,7 31 ,St:'-p -r"-! .l

.;)tlu.,1 Gu.r6 tQ :sf.w *1 Jl;r$r dJq-*tek,r .,

o:'.r*{t b.l1-[ ,f ]1.;:53r O& .crUS t ,p t3-L41( U-ro crll ,c.rc gra iracd .J,L fr/r 3

d.tii '

aiu! i

.tKi r

.ji- e

,* q!'+szjlJttt,-- 4ay: J.c 4y.f st,',.+ Jl ,u-it J)e u LrLCa aiL.;.U oy.f-oy.f,d) &-uls6-1 4-) f s-lt r;ir Ji t ldlJ) r+ .,J"Jl

l1ll J"W rje dr.\'tJ a;.iJl rlcl;:lt Li Li cir..L * otf St{{Jl + gjt5 lS! .i

f'>biqlt L1jil e.>t

7 1 il aiL;!-r:e d/r.*r- d;Jl slrl,aJt LJ v, i-*,r.r o y. f s,tVJt i] o t5 trl .,.r

fo)rTa4lt bS.Jt

4a;: r:c o_yf s.t4l + JI *Wlts.ib-*f,rl J,J; "y't,lr,Jlt,,rid{ .e e.a'llp.

tc-:., F { * Jyf :.t+ a,!tJ^ .LrJJt "* q:j!.s$}l6jl>

:qlkJl .r)cult(tr 6.r -51

.d*yt .1r-,rl(Jr ru1 .i

c2H4cl2

48

..lt+)lf ,ll Cr:.1 Jt-t:-YtJoW .vCrHrl + Hl

gr otll iL .C

CrHn + HrO

HHtlH-C-C-HllHOH

.cnH22o', yfat u 6r u;<J,.it<i JcurJ C6Hr2o6 )f ,b Vr g;,^'" 5

fU^.;it(JlJ"F; J); Jlj iF:Jl "Ul ,>Vr:.r-e L .i 1

..iit-(ltJ'cLi:J tt.t-r6rrJt{ il:L. "-51 ...r

2CuIJrrOu- CrrHrrOr,,, + HrO

o_yf ;"tu.J=|kJl ui5 L;,;Ve .ds{.*".sb-e. e,1-r.lt J!-U.-JktlC. iiDyl .r)r.cu; r$ .6

."ul-9 (U ,lj(a ,6:".r':, AlJJJaL

.*-H-l eBrzJ,,tiJ 4itrJl&,4J1;fu atrt ,.-St .i

HHHHtttlH-C=C-C-C-H + Br,

llHH

HHHHtltl* H-C-C-C-C-Htttl

Br BrH H

.aLi Ur r-lfsl .,-r

Otig+ig,cJt dili3-2,1

fd{LJl JoLi:Jt GBtrJ!.nx-l J a"J-Jl +Jl l-.e

..:J4t-!Jb f;ur, -l 6 J:" t J! it-bb *,:JI Br2 .rY:, :& L .)

astiijr abrrjr BrrJ 6jlitr ,)clt ,J]r.9!,*e,aJ:l.il zljlt cJ!&Jtstlt ry){ij| at +lil B.zJ,J9!!.J4LC!=:?ft9!

.a;rbi zLitt cJ! CrSt).tt

l:l

49

JaJl r-Yl

.rilt oKlt ;i Uutr i'L.,'tr ;,r..-ai :6,tra! 4la!

.a*t , )1+* ut-*J-y JI Ur'Jr orl=llt .;L .1

Jlr$t .i g.*ab

ge%

,f++

t-*&

gc,lb

gs,V

.,J*tjJl

..:t-i r Jl' Jt'

', ,, ,i ,l Jlv-J.JJ- VJ.

,>r.iflr

,'"L . ., ,l Jl

,7

.j

.J

.()j" r,d,(lill -bt-blr) tsL*Jl L.,t,tt.rt:.:lf |t A.;,J d.*,_rirr& u qr; z.c4ril e"rlJ gs$yl t"+jJrfJ .i

lNel 3s2 3p4 ,i ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4

t;-r"rJt oj," j ;:-r,trlr ;:;lt ou-9r53!l :-r-c V.q 2

..rJ+-l 4:J*i."-drJ--L.:rril bt-6 * .e-iti*:r-ja 6u'/Ju Cti lqlii slt;! 1jl6. pg *gh LOrt_F bt+-g c6h +,b.rJs iJ.ri c"rJ,astr ilrJ! Ja.diJ,j

50

6rj r'l-,* Cl (rtr grti -op t'-Ay.s,*ut -UrÛfr or(,p ,JtJ.Jr wt.S ,/ ,r*llr b$ll e..,1 *rf 3

.dbh!.pe f,ti.1tr

.r 4itr Ji-J1Ei4.St tJlts CgBg.a;rj91 s.+:d.tr &U.tl

.uuyr .Al J,t--s ,.rti!r& V ,Jit' .4

.l;rbi J+fJJ yl 4i o"it,3tStltt3 ,CIJ,rb4,q l{Jtl.f Gi dSJ A'+LJ4i:t^lt1 ClLia,!rS1,;i .n+J

51

AEgiiAAt+tr.

.rilt or(It.J qlulr at-lr ,f sl :6.pe! 4t7!

.drrJl Jl6,lt a-dt flg. ,LJl J! 6:_2r_/l a-Ul a;ealt 6at-b .1otl

R{-R', .j

otl

R-C-O-R', .3

otl

R-C-NH2 .J'

R-X .lotl

R-C-H.v

R-G-R"6

R-OH .rotl

-C-OH.a

J'*s#lt jbJt a

Fyl

J-2*nt

.ilyr e

J5:!'rJL^ i

dl/!l r

"r+"rJ!t :-R' .1

f-re€<-I+ttlH OHH

TR

R_

or:SJt

.IUPAC q*j.*'.1 4:JtjJl 4jL'*ll&.4J1 'L-i .-:fl 2HHHHOttrrtl

H-C-C-C-C-C-HtttlHHHH

HHtl

H{{-C-OHtttlHHO

CICI HCIttttH-C{-C-C-Htttl

HHHHH

I

H-C-HIHIHrll

.l

d{UiliJ/t si.r

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faj- 11430 # "!Jt ;i t3r_r crtS c;iJl

.e-JJLJ ,reA*rerlr,J +rJr zh-P*Uklr ab,lr ,f si r,-[.,t-,

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'* ,:^;; oi lr**fl tJll .1

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a*gj;rlt Z.J"-htrt I r-aJliii

fla'cf osiit- (a:t+lJ*;l a

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.at(lt J,, Ja'-f ,LbiJlg. at+l

;J-t- p.l*.-l cl'Jf! 01/l OtS lS!

l+ -Ie "t-b-iJtC" t-F;, at+l

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.a*V

slE dgra^lt Zj'-edl &i\a,Ja4B ar:s

$Vtl ajt+l ils,f.a.; -r-, 3i+\ e-L, i Vriar;+r +,G &' 9a L.5 ,:;-.7aJ ig

.r-(+,r-tijl y i c(.7) J.*^lt5 ;"rI ar;+l ,fut ?eIJlJ.'ri A

J-r,; ,.liJ+.;";; :^+J ,!o grU,

Ld- .+rr t# eb) *e!tl* ,'b1 7 ,a;lri[i;5 i'rl.l)f La,l-E Jat+l:jjl .rLJl

a;ft..pf eLllt p"t-**l

,f i* 9lJ ctrl;Jl J!k.,tL;:

81

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(6) dsittl

ArJ+:ilf r-Ul+,ill

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.dliYl a\j\ ,P crt*'t5 #tll i trll .rlr;; !-A '.d*.l;tr _l ir.,,jht4 JliYlCUil ;r.

., ,A).:l;:lt drll ,ii-;.L.>t1 .

.a,)\*JlJ g.!t ,.rt'tr-I,-ib- .

.:>)pU:Jl.r r,i! J<& :o-p'+: .Jt5yt ,r:- +jL+.(Jl .:)\pt iJl P $-f;,* .(-r, i(;v 1leK;; Y;ru Vt-i -r-i .r;Q dl ,f .r)pu:Jl o-r-^ .aj'u]t

b tw Y o)ctj:Jl ,! dts.JL.sYl e (St Y a;!t s)\lL&Jl- r$Jt

,.:*,- g;iJl oljYl ;b--t.ql-r!t ..:)ct i:Il u"6 Jr.:J G., J"rtii J" (&Li:Jl

kal drJ>..r- Y c-e.., c:u-;L-;^ lc-*. "*<*tt

Jo6lr q'"t \tl J,.oL;:Jl 4j)t

.t tlt :.rtLi:Il .-'!J e b -l-,J ltJiJl 0L .*[t; -J

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ql-.p,;; CJ+ .ell ;r,'o.tilt # el"r!.d*ljtl l ir.n .,Jlc )t-:cYr{ Jitl-X. ;:4 crlljYl .r;.e a^-E:!t

'h G €.'.-s

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83

efrltf atfii,::.a) 45 ;C_ialtc.lgll

a.Jitfdlitt+ll / rlCl ayz',l

ol+-'5..r ,100 mL;;'-:t .l,r,2.5 g-ti 1tt;ou.:rt

;!" 4isl5 a1J 4CuSOo'5HrO;. 100 ml-.t J.rJ .Ul

d;; ) ,aj)ul ol U:-:J .lgJsf t

,;+J *+rll 'r,':...!t ,:*e. ir .0.025 M .i$:-11 gs

;f-.lt ,* 30 mL -u: ..:tt:.l LJI F::Yl

---r!S ar .100 mLro;"*,t 2&-Y,0.025 M (III) +r-rl

, :..î .i-efttt a-")l-l .:,tL!:-lHCI ;. 2 mL.r^ri .:L"r; ri,, ..'i ."ur .jr 80 mL;1 irrt

.FeClr.6HrO;r 0.67 g

a.)l.,r,Jl

.100 mL !t cJJ: s ".l-lic.[l:..911 cr" I L ]+,:*:J 3

,Jo., :.'i .0.025 M t.:-"E#ta+bts a* s Jl KSCN u^2.4 g

.r I L J! Jr--l i;rt ,Ut ;-'&J'rl

o-* J.50 mL,*:-:l .4

Ja,y, 1.0 M,,l113l5jJrdl, :.'-i .i-ru,tt ai>l-Jt stlalr:-l

HCI ,- 4.-1 mL . Lri -,.1'r; -i,!";rr ,Ut r" a$tS aoS JL F-'rl

.*J-l,l J. 50 mL.tt ,t ;l

NH.SCN 'rf*It-,,^-i-,i.i6 Jjl'

(6;- 24) v*t tt'- j'r-,a 'J-!F lJ 4"1t+j it- .

.:l,2Ui .

rz Jy-t'a.;tlji,-21}i.

100 mm x 13 mm c-,1k>-l qi\ .g r-r-c (rrl;tE) .lUf ai,i.: .:tL .

. crlr .:rj;; \jt ,W uy ce.Lba zi, ,*;ir ,'-r-tr j.eJt ea .2

cH3cooH

"Llll -r'+l ++ CH3COONa

FeCltKSCN

Ib,Js,r.il

"-n*Jt.,i aJlrl it s-o! j0.025 M dJ.'.."!t ,-e U ot,E l0 C,, 3

ej,l .rf+Jl ,^--i u;15 JP ,yi,t-l1sp| ,b-b\ .j,*Jl ,Jridr. JJ\tt.J.'r;r

:C.rl,br)Ae

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.ita eJliir 0rr{l+ :C..rtli-)le

:JpIt t11}t;'U I c/;t

.g;r_p fug.*ta+

d=bu rJ ir* 2 *$tM CuSOo dr, 3.0 -L y 5

.[Cu(HrO)o]2+

0.025 M CH3COOH .

CHTCOONa .

0.1 M CUSO. .

0.025 M FeCl, .

Fe(NO3)3 .

1.0 M HCI .

KCI .

KrHPOo.

0.025 M KSCN .

1.0 M NHt '

.Ft Jtye .:l-,ti,iJl, Jll o+lJl ;rtldl * .lv'J

(, a) t\/ (, (,

a) (.-, t a)t (, (, tII t/ tl o

r\ t (,

r^ Jy';l ,,? o;,:!l .rL*l ,-,ii 3i 0.1

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digrlttg rlClJtl- a4 100 mL ,,:*:.t 5r[tr,:-l !-). l.() M l+r-)'

it..t^,,. r.rl .Lnltll LUI;1S;r t,,n")r ;" 7.{r rrrL -lr;

.,t f t .Ut j-" 4+rts .+"S J!.$Lrl J'" 100 mL J!J--1, : r'|,5..r I00 mL x;-:l .6

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r'l: il...J I L.+r

'

C!.rlf air--;l.L

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kk i.>u..1' nlrJJ-i l,sl .._*t Jt y k;3t r

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gn3iltg s:..lrttl nqj.iia-Li.Jl ai)lJl ottL;-l gl;

rlgJl y -FLJI lic L4lLll,.4Jt+":SJl

J+ill J!3 !' z 'n'a!:r

,:.,.d -L,yJr:-ll ;r1 ..,1,

ar+,..11 -t f{,.+ .f$tlLYi

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!4 o-l;:tlj ' :/t:'d:ilnbLaitl

J^ a:"ts a!d; , :.:j .JCL-JI e*l,+,5lr+.-,:-.F 1.0 M NaOH

t0 e 8;al pH;rL .(ll).r-L-jjr.rl+ll-b>.-4 .'lJLlr . < .l!

84

Jltll ,J or':!t .;".r-- id C*": oltr.'c oi J1 t.0 M NH3 U ot-E a;\ .e

.1Cu(NHr)61'*:r

.;S|.| 81ii (,J! ltjl+lt )*il :eLbr)Ar

4J+ ir Jtut -h,.li JI 1.0 M HCI u ot-Ei-. € v7 J=-- -' vi L.v avr rtvr 6 -')

-sl6yf &b.'clJ zl4ii {l}lJl 9,a3' ^*4!t a1}t udJl +*:SJ.l3i$t r3o .

.NH3 nEJi+ r.'(,''#,:o:frff ,trjj' *,: "

s/rsrlr !!et;:Jr !tq3 HCI aSGt -[cu(H zo)iz* + 6NH3;= [Cu(NH3)6J2+ + 4HrO

.lJrblt +JELa:.S,.d-i siJl l4gr:f r ea J-l+ HCI ;r L-+_r.

#tjdt oJ{')t.irjrs r}rj o.t-ly ;;* €0.025 M KSCN 1O.025 M FeCl, V,f U ot,E5 6rt .9

.l:J* C ll .J"en,r*.tll .j-4Jl!-

.dSrr J,.--i jC J{IAJ :gtbrle

.osrr J,-..1i sJ!&Jdr d;r.i+ .l

-usrr .x-i J! -tJI+Ir S9^4 .2

-*ui o.tr.1 V 3

..r3illl 1+l-rc J! JJil+Il .tlr:+.1

)J

ht,;;\

c.,tlir*

j 3r!t,r,lt ,y F G ,9.;+t G opl i gilt JPt { 6.r--ly ;}'y .10

,P' Jt ]tu.;;1 .p;.,u";ps20,.;pi Jr.:,4 .r"rtJl -oAt,y;t_* :3 6 l;Ll cNH*SCN ,y 6t* :2;r;Ll cFe(NO3)3 { tr{ :l ;,r;Ll

K2HPO4 ,y 6,t-*.:4 olll cKCl

t+K. J!.r11:!t +1 .rAt j,ê oK: .rllrltC** .-rfrY .JJJJ appAt rjtlt ,J #t}rr .:g!"$t j, o"J-;.J.rVl

Y! q:tJt -.,t-tiJl oL-:r 1\ 6_1G*l j .,tj$.ll J, t:-1 ,ti Ji .ft.,-lJl ,k!1 -r+r _r:At a5-rr- J+ l'+* ,-tz+..1*;t .y'Jt a;;ty.

C1,-llilf3' 'dt:'tf,tfilbtaiJt s'.

85

olt) O.Z Jl (r^-!t o-#D q.Zir pH csr, oJ J*Jt ,^-i -uKJt :1Kiib1 .t 1Se d*lr3;*11.-r.:r,pl a;,"rH | "-*l.J d,r- s;iJl dll *t ;.(ri.r!l

..iJ.'./V'* Jr4 Jl .-l;Jl CHTCOONa

jSJi ;Ja H+ i3gr*i gr nqy:rt iiljj,.ri ilt-Lai j3J{t lp3grJlatt auyi !tr.gi .ri.c,

.pH ;.rtrj rrtt.Sii Lre -H+ fu+lt

c.aF&rrl

:ebjLe ff e

f [Cu(HrO) 012* ,s jJV .i

ftCu(NH)612* Jj L ...,

:ot,$rJJ+ 3

!51.: &rii

cr;jlt crll g;5 urt -;Jl 6l;- Jl U-r!r **l ur*- o"ri: qgjJl L .i

.JrLirJl t"t4l a;;rrlt al:tJl .-51 .t

JslJr .:;;!t Jetlt orl HCl ajLll .:i riU; *f,, _l ir., t-1.s:- .(

fc,.aL Oul J!

lcu(NHJ6l2+.i

[cu(Hro)o]2+ + 6NH33[Cu(NHj6l2+ + 4HrO .,-,

.NHf nBJ*i dls.i{ t{!_jJ ,?Jrbell Cl)L,LaIt , l-ru !- r3rr.9l,t ,NH3 gr HCI d.cl4 .C

cr-r+Yr rlrf L.3g.yr 1.; tii:r15 E:.i,f ,JLqtl .,Jt Olj.3)lt [.fr;r +*+;gf r r;t"

.at+t 65Yt 3jrttt €i:stJ:fl

qsjJl [FeSCN]2* t5ly'l JJ{!l SCN-,r-jg!lC. Fe3+ ..rrult ofi :1t(ii 4s .a

.[FeSCN]2+..l-;*!t rrrK:t il:j-y'l al.:tJt s;fl .d.,SlJl J^-!l Jlq ;"4Fe3* + SCN-=[FescN]2+

(1 ;rill) Fe3+.rur4i uut .i

(z;t'tDSCN-.:Uyi tV! .q(3 ;/ll) KCI ait;! 'e

.C3ulf ,[FeSCN]2+ &.J,.,si ai{S t+i:, A.! g'lt JtjiYl Clj+ .i

.Ci ut |, [FeSCN]2* tr #i a#s qJJ' &.it I sJ t Orji v I Crj+ . +

86

'3.d ;"5:' L.r;-e aJti Ci- 4$Jl .rl;ttJl jb'4 :CVt"r*,| .ts J!.t-,t .1

4gJl ,.r$fu:f .;.r .lUltt3 -U.-. U.r:e airiEi F €tlr4i Lr;*; .a-b.;Jl a1-{ Ueri,-a oltA & gp- CV),ya-cg'-a-,

a;;Jl .rlr: Jla"biJl A-F r!4 ,a;w^ll .:lrj,Jl oj,o {'.*;Jl ,ii al;ll.r_J5Jt.:tp, uuJt

AgCl 5 ngo+clo

U.6 dlj ,J.lJi c. .+r- J, a-,'.il\ atlJS ul.,*. ti.:. ,:tlVt .r<-,- #Jl iu...-.rJl 'tAqo p;t a*';:t *--t-F ,i"-*-t -r:-c .rfJt}l 6r d;"u.,- Y OljYl

.rlytJ.Jl d o.r'.r a;.rJl a*i; J^ Jr[i:Jl U^ ,:ife-,J .)-,-,!l J!Ct-Jl Jy-"-

,ui $" .."KuyJ ,jP -e;rll oj-o 4l? ;a;J;J;l4r-tJt q2l5 a'-*-:Jl

(f;,::Jtlt ;^tL^ d e7tJlW.rljq.;*f :il-->\-.)

!Sêr,(,JtjJt+ -al?jjr +sJj ,= - ..f-.-"JJSf tgLAhIt illJ! JJSj .an-,{.i.Jl illJtlijjl L

€.rll$lSJl;fi AjS:f Jr.:i -1JilSJl nlJ! ,lls ,r*l-!l L t"i .+.r+ ir" "+ "1!lJ{!1C.ptlA.iJllrLi.r

;JLr.-51 .e;S ot|:A{FjJl o.ral ai)i:Jl ,l;.-!l j oE :crlqbr-rl S# e..rlr5Jt oj-o 6^+ JabJ 6-r--l-9

J!3 .Orjil ajb e r3*.3r ptta.r +JEtEAgi 4iu 6i;oS; 4r=C €Jti.6 {lJS+ L,r;-c,

.J*frt ?9t"t',' g;Ul oQi:f I dt.7t2:a- lljJYl

87

€ o,ttt.F.+l Ko\

. i. U erljl

. ;"s it u j,-,s i:u's fi il r# | * rrr"^ r_ri #r.} (5jr.{J{lt k _/r.,rt4 . erslr etfiil..Jr;r j our*lr f ;". {- }r hr- .

.zir-;)t1+lt ;t*Yt .:u,--4J u;, alUr#t}t d HtO* ft j *;it-.

.d1t -!1 eJ a.ijl Kaa4 \-irq .

. a-)\*JlJ ;..!t .:t,tr""!,.ih .

or iu "$;^r uk UFt drt^,-!u .rrzJt r; ;r;l.rL; cKo crloJt dlk; *r-i

u;rAtt .6-# KoJ re # oe cLli*r 4k; +.it ;r^-!r 0i u, .,tlrt-3-1.r;j-1r5r",a.,.ôtll od\pLt) a!.-_Jt5 ,,jJt & i.:tll 6r.ri ,./r rî'; Ct

.f".lUll ","tilc1.0 M J.;*yl 'e ;.r J-P {by o)\;; iJ- \*Jt o} ,J

HCI cd!-,1;51t.t dl ;z-* if #B el)et' e (4*; oze) CH3COOH

f t Aa )cf1$ Or*- l.61 er-,rJl .rl,;;t;lldr" .uls 'St;4

re:g,;,*).Kou,.lJ.-,L--- ,!r.JUt l e!.-!t 'e JP C lyft4+Jt ,.:t;;1i

a;+: 4-5 ,C_talnnJJl

a.ditf,-|1ll+ll/rldl +'i

;- 0.1 M ;" -50 mL ,o.:-:t .lt:- !,,,t:;gl5rlrrall _;o

4.3 mL, , ,l .L)LJI :lelr-li o*uls 4+.S Jl Fy'l HCl.}..JrHr iF 50 mL;r J-J ,Ul

..p 0.1 M 3- -50 mI- ,+,^-tJ .2I i. \' .'- ilJ'. )+:.sr.

-':,r. r,sla

.F- rJ- 2.9 mL, :. ^l .n^).t-":t

-* a+K ++X,..t1 *=L:lt JL+-)r.&-Hl J- 50 mL;t J-t ,Ur

k)Ll"lta:Lell )l ,:r I rU- rL;' '.<- J;-ff;rl cr;1 +" a4.19i 11-"6

4t )+!l :9- k;f f,,:ll a;:,'tJt?

-l-:S 2 Je)l .-r+tr .r 9l .r- 5.l';P; raij I

ilgsl'g rfCl

.eJ-rlrl .:Jiiie ElJ.n:}r Jy-:" J111 cpl-9.rJl .,te u.errr a1$.Jr g;a e @

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.ioit 5 asr, afi +r(-;r .srJ ei^L t -,' g

1.0 M CH3COOH,dJ+.-!t '+1.0 M HCI cd-!.1fr-.,-t"dl

'+(;j- 24) ;lt Jt-- o^*a

a

a!*-)l;t-.-l i;.6--i .

+.ts,-hrv(.:l,tli) jtJl u,pr et-ov

88

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,l5,lqa-,!lajl irLIJl -i"o* .- L '

. .-

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.iyufl y ta;lrLe

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;l 1;I arJ63 _'.cl .:'<...;ll irLll

J-F .U { r ,-.. -.1,-:1r .i

L+--, J+ I'J:- L.i.*19,'l+-J!.oLt;;tl L:l- 4

. 1.0 M CH3COOH J-Je'.1.0 M HCI Jrt4 u o* JLs Je-t .l C!.tlf air-joCH3COOH U6,}u20 JJJrS y .j4EJt j- 6-rIj HCI U;-}l20 eb 2

)V ,tb;'rr J; .4-.)t rk>l -rts,1 CH3COOH JIJ HCI Jt i)eyf;l 3.-rq:tYl _rk* .:tEi Jtll "UU

pl c;l=;Yl -r'r .JtbJn +;t JqtYl' € : s t!,-v aL-l )' \-e-;';z

'c-- ; e? .4

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g;$t9 cF ,tlCfqj.ai

)k- ar+;-r :r..<;^r,:.u r!-.' l

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39)ij+ 6d* 4 -;,.j JjJ

rrd-Jl &;rr;. -)lL9*.r-n;ll + LjJ.tl

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.-rf ,l+;r..!Jr ,r ;. rsL .rl;)r

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.jFL+Yl JL i:. 6 100% a-i:'ti.

.4:FJl

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'v' '=.

l_d*i;:"j;rl tc IH.ro*i j!3.turJ

#:J .llJla.lj .9- 113.l,t ;oS;-JlS

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.e-;J;l JIL^J.J d;rt-tiJt aL*tt t-g.'.J,tt{ l,).,t5 Ug ;r;lf .;,

ClaJuJl ;ril;t G L.e '*it6aut .-^";r .1;frlt j.6,8.r;L ;:LJl oi^ ,"f sJ+i Cr ;llr Jl .-rur ; ,r**ir * $)Atr'i .,ut u;-E tB & ,S_f

i4uJl ;ri}l d 1.0 M HCI JTle!J) .o+.r+ i.)tr.+"r-+t Jy';tfi;t .t*r..-j* G0.010 M HCI r ,Jr!l .;+ujt e.;* G0.10 M HCl e c2ep;-JJ

(.,jtjjl -,i.+ult

o1l6flr, .i:Jtj:, ,--l+U ..rLJ--e "l:-" lt F g ij--Dl rjal .,i*;*:JtgU .6

G Ft;:t i+ t-:fl .1.0 x 10-6 M r. sp-J 1.0 M + i+ Jt+ d,î [H3O+] l-i.$Ut* JfJ*,-- ';!l :;Jt

89

i3l3-1tir9 ilUir)L

1.0 ' l0-3 M

1.0 ' lOa M

.r<4 rtQ a ** 1.0 ' l0-r M

.Xg+ rQ \ ,ti 1.0 ' 10{ M

f -ttdr".#lU glJ5J HCI & q-f Ct .Pt ,,*t ,a!*;r-.,k- e;;-t"- Jg-ijreir'Jr t apt-rt+;yt jv 7.vgy r-v .;:!r js.ilt Jl.J'!r

'F rk-l -r-ei ca.;;l-iJJ) ...:J;.-!t 'k JP G )Vl Ut-l,.r;r d,r.-J-

..t.cll 'U! tt+;Yl .,1k+ .:Ll+ clkil f -r'+ cpl .(gif .Si 3 dJS.-!t

o1 f6UrU1'lr o,( u"ro .Q-r;rl, +*.t €loJr-r) $,r >g-^- gr;r-re

JlJlt.ri -=*; .rici-&. (dr.-!l e* ;f 6At ep qli'-Hcl Jl#tjJ-/s pH €s -.^-Hcl Jl J:le ptt ,ri1 cp;;;4aJt orr! ".;d

'-S -;Jt Qp Ud

.gL\ ,^:,-311-6*, JfuY a+-.,, J!6e 6U*L e; ols lrl; .JJ.+-!l '*.^1-r_)t jV 7V, Jyy..*t.* 1_11 s\ c-2t;!t

A s.&8|g t.ijlAj:rl

&il4 JCt-ll ,lS ibt-,.fe14 elJi ,+ te ,<..r .l M NatCO-,

.a!.1 e-.;e

Oa.J6jJIg' 'dt:'iilfnLJLaiJt c;.

J#'.h39 cl+l,ti

;S!r c"-r; Cq.a^lJ t-,.;

=.*,- ffCf )

'S; Li ei:U-y. J>|;.r n;ult JL .S

q\4-y gtLs I l.:! :a-E->r-) .d.+-V F ,f 6tlt nap' ;L -. ti{tl"j

WK-. J!.rt_9.:!l +1 .rAt i dllê oK: ..:1-9:!16^+ ul; .1

) .dJJJ ^44A1+;llt .J #rlrr .rUr=q5Jr J, ,)"J;.,/-!'

Ylq:Ut .:t1UJl ..lt-lb 116_)Atj.:rj\-.fi oll,l: Ji.5*i.Fl ,k;;l -r+l4AteI-,,.:u J+ l'r.- .-!+...1*;t .rlJt ,aty.

JFfuy-e 1.0 M HCI Jr4 fur"*o;U :rlt;r-!:Jr,^lj .f.dr,t-!#e .1.0 M CH3COOH

dct3 .1.0 M HCI dJ'Ir., Zll€jr !.J{iSi Jl3i 1.0 M CH3COOH dg,l'.. a.LJr diSlS

Le.> 94A''ra:j"'11 ,;.t' vi -*ur LiB cfs.:c.r*i:g ,gz tz'o>.9a^'t.r..iu'r<or't*11

J{:f t L,. 9lr r,.;+ HCI d3'la. LJgSl'l i3$rr+}r .!,Le .clll LJ.i3 !lj+.*'fir*t '1.,-

.dbl+ll l;ta,

F $-_rg. urtld 1S\rr HCt Jl JJL+ d H:O* j"S J u :c.rUQ &s 2fe!.."!t

-jstrr ra ,10-3 M HClgi l0-2 M HCI 'axi9r"lr .r-i .ii r-9a+ Lli ir&irt cJ.e t/+i

90

C$t6 Ct+ CiS [H.O*] 6i 3glSa- !n lrifl s4 .,'t;:t,"]l d.' ,131*, g. tirtl"i

fl)U f 1.0 M CH3COOH Jrll ,J HrO* -hS J u :c'rlaLsrol dr$.:.,| 3

s.t., dFt.Lii siil olu 65t ,1(F3 M 9 l(r2 M ,l{ &tl"i L [HrO*] &lr+rii ursi 6i u+-r

ir*ii ngr+*l r.t., t{t 8r|sj l;rsl9 -td...:r aJ€rll kt c;Ul HCt dlijt.r, F*! Ca dtiidl

-HCl Jt cJ,tta.s ta*iil [H.O+] 9

:Jklt 9 CH3COOH J ibJt,jit *,; r.'; :6rG dnJer .1

,, - [HrO*][CH3COO-]"o-@

..:Jt."V p Jte K'.:LJ F;t ,V u 3;;Al i .ii+l+! ;.r**,1

3rlai 4 [HrO+] tta'Q.1-r.rtr Jlitg'l,s -[HsO*l iil-;.r.a3 sJ., J&i 4t Kon+ aij:j

. I 0{ ;,r K, A4..6 | c*rrJ,3i ..-.f , I 0-3 M rrJ I -. .23i

K

( _[H3O+][CH3COO-] _(10-3)(l0r) _ (t0-3r2=t, tOa'-u

[cHicooH] (l.o-lo-1) 1.0

t rl o1t.0 M CH3COOH J,P: HCI Jr; ,*-aS a; :65ti J$ .2

.CHTCOOHg HCI .er-rae+Jl tSb .&l+Il 4n63r1!f t r.r.c',r'lc, lJtr u.o Jft'.L4lEiA

.1l5 Jtt .r;t> eC*rgjJ+6tr n$g,ri ;r a*ii r-rrJr .lc9 iil'io:Yt i. A ".\i olSlt r-rrJt .fc

.f- +.if: ;S,;.r -*ti; glhJJ -gge ;a* HCI ;X r'rn dr.ri-r .;xag;.- -l,ArsrJr r j,r5;j

.p|j;fs'i-r cCta:fg ,-it1r,A {.;..} CH-TCOOH

e;-rlt 2-7 J1&l j;:_plt LiiaJlJ t6:..-- Cl K"a^4 r^{ otv :tit} F* .loS ,J b'

"l,kl airrtt i,.rlt ..,..- I .+tUl .:t5 cr 292

^^;.oJt ,Je.iFr

9l

.sltrLrYl ecijj

AALA$l9.itu/l

ilrit;!

Ci .1 .4 x r}a dti HOOCCHOHCH3 dJ$')\Jl e'J Koa.{- :ett;j gj 2oafutrr;k* g;1 j P\(j;,.,*'*'dj+s)Jl F,y J|gogli!

fubFJ. olt or{,* rt .4*n }S,;J:.J ei+,-!r jbJ J}e.#i tr_* CiiJ.:ltlJ .,rtr':1...Tr LA.'tt gitt.:tti ,r._rt'i KaJ 24i dLnS)Jt sF.' dll+

Oi :,,+f iln5){tl .;i,.' d+jii g;$r 6ldrr OF ,eU! g. .ad-Cr-;L:;r jlar +U;E

U J4s,a4-[HsO*] 6] ,0.0t M HCI !r]l'., 4+i+ 6irr Cas*rf r*F rr*lr*. Orq

r!+cacf";***r CJE.' djl'.. -'Jt grOi W.-r.0.01 r+..*: jo 1.0 M.lns)Jl o.A.r->

crt &llt 6p,0.001 M HCI J4ru9 0.01 M HCI cr3'l'!t,eJlriJt cJ..CtiJlitjfl rliln.iJl

92

. i. ll elLJl

.p;*::.,Jl +:-F u@\11 F^;..C-t^tl J,#t cr f+- C +liJl lJ-rpt A.t:E aIS ri^,- .

.p;*::âJl t-t_F oot.tj, \1req o

.l jrtAl +t_/i all)ylJ"rb .:1!,i ri-,_ .

.ct'- J/, Jl j,,l:.. Jy-l aivlt"u (t^" €t-'. a->l*Jl1 ;,.!l,.:t,t-,,-!.ih .

.z*-;rta 4+1r J-c c,-,l.dl U 6J.a;Jt i.(.Jl ,rf" C;t ,.lr;r €p.lryVr -rrc

.'rf e-:*.{ c.-jl-rjl ,b J',/-Jt g,ltit;a;S Jt ci.:Le ci,+ijr gl.Jrlr 6J:a-)-a,- a,:Jl.JljYl gru..* .+lJl j; JAtg ,trjr rjr- i JJ,Br g .:ura!t

_ eLr,,; Ji ourl ,yu"$t 6)L.!t Cs .K*a{t5YlJ,^zt - .rti alttl oio

uul:l.:jr liu ..it{t eur,-!t ;u ,)*v K,, O&ciJLryl G ^,ilerr1t--:,drr-=*J ,KryQ b i; ,Oj<; J6 C,t,lt J.:l;l .lr(. Oi r+ ,JuJull ;fti.ijill d,g!t i'u iretlijl .i.^ (5:-i .Jtiyl s;t 6t61 |* vt

#S ca;ll 3.21r- 4 o.r-.c NaCl ;)'11*r\tv P '-eJ-\V!l oj,6 u1

Ksp #t cilljYl c-ati ,ll; .-<jJ ,Jy'Jl G J,r-1 Jn ;lt ; ,.:Yltr j"S -fl:NaCl J.;'l= J!NarCuH s}j'll';!;U L;\J cairy't i,jrz 4f -r-c NaCl J

.ej-r1.1 ,:fif i,-rJ Ft J-r-l;u111 c;l1.rJt * +rjr alrEJl g"a e @

. \:J-tr,. .n-rl ki;r ql CUy, .gf Or.rr- e., lli.lib . ;iUas asL. i,-i {.,-.! J @

. i,p r,i,'^ ;ll ir-r$l .rt)tll h1l,cr;, r.6l cJer.re.:-,t r- S

93

a+f i}l {laL> ii+t3

.e1.rtrlr o>r..6lt iL,J le.(lr C..Jl{iCf ) @

rYl

ef.rlr at1'f1il,

e;+: 45 ,g_.fillcd3ill

a.d;lf&tt Jl / rt3il,l,,;X+i;i

:s:c-ojl :l ;- ',S: aJ lrl .l\.- ', S+ . y:;-tl o->-a 9= ; flt^.i- -i -,,>jrl9.9e4'tu r+!r 1P ctP'

( | | e l0 -l,rt-Jl) ,:r ilt jJ,tr' . "-', .i.,'

J+ 4!u'JPl lrjrrdr c)4ib:[o S ::orc.ajl :l '.i..-\r- r

>o;cJl illo S.:o:c.ajltr- r tJ- J

...grrgaJl u-o p ,i-isc;r4Jltr- 'sy-.r;i . p,9,ro--Jl +r9,

.>orc,ajl iLL J .:o:o-ojl\'. '3l:0...i .p,9,:*-Jt :l+>5#

.r. tji "t,

d4*l,:-f l ici.i .lJ{+FJl., i,,,l@ tur.fur e@ a)irr t$

frtuz.s!l.'!f.#t+u6;'i a>l-i a,i ei 1e:r".Jt otr;;

a.)a.rJl

* .L rrll cllj )l ^s)4.JJr\'' '

;d4 Uj.;n Jl rL^.. ^ll.talU;."j:.:tt

. LK-r ..1 ;eti.Jl 9: =->Jl -l+

nL-14 oJ6Gi,+ i14l,:f l .JL-+

-.i,-..-:- 4:'-U,dL.:JI vU o y.|!

.rL;i)lJ alut ,-i<rt Jt Jrl-.tl| -rl . | . .l-

J",) o9r.a) r q'.4, u' .J- $u

;rltl LE J-.:Ftr a-Ul

'iu.'re j 6si'Fq .a-!ojl

J,+: L"- a-|-ll J:.1: Jl ,:.r ^rl.;i;r ; ijl:;ll

- J- g

100 mm x 25 mm c1!il ?i\ . NarCuHrOT.2H2O (JrFl,>lryn' 'o j4 o-ts'

0;+..gJ tt+'-:l;a/;, + J+IVS o?. ?d .

AA-t G^- J-t-- '2 s,s-c ,G? f -f.qb dJr.:., .

*'-'I(e/

,+ Ji.-a., .alf dr, +;-tl ,--r;ii )sl:li J!.Af r*- Y .,:- .slr.:-V. '!'.,-. ,i,(Jt tt . ) J*.JI JII i'ivJlirl_v

,_rK ,!ar:.ft U+tg-rC.tJ.'Ju (e,y Kul,a;;1

;rirl {5Jt .-ilt .k*[.-l-4Jl

i ,/Ul J:tslr --Jr'ajt C{'c"6,l)A:7"* g,ot!t jra.,

.otll;,

,f ea rti;Les"-- .l# ,-e:,Jl;*ll ,-5J", F-:Jl

;L.o.or sq|\ Jlu"l-.l J-erft ,;i,lKJl

Jlr.r, ,e\b trte t1-u:.*, 5

J"* C{' J* u 10.0 mL

,,, 0.1 r* qsl JL(r ,-/;rdr, &l oi,o.-(-t .l Jpt

,F GCJINaCI Jy'=./;:Jl

NaCl .

.llj- ') sr-c c150 mL c4*t+j aV .

a;';4 L;L' o

pLov.J* o>-t '

glF u 4,-t+j ctL- .

l0 mL ,E1-u -.,13 .i";e ZiA' '

.Fl Jy--*e.rl-lLi.iJl ri)lt A.ilj)l ;-rt-tuJl Cb .l

,F\ ,b Jaa, L:llreu.r5r tL aiJr .!:t;41Jidr, Fl li^ ;i kY e.{i5.,,"l*; Ji r#Jl j^p 4i Jt6trr iJ- e;L.fij .aj<-ll eit:;Jl

t.5 .Ot.ja+lJ t':* +.-'.ylr r.i*g .oltl .,te |el-r 16* tr,.ig..al ) :i!.-$.ifS3rrrrJ gi "tLr OrUt ctltrF *=,..r-

.,tll;r, 25 mLJ!6Ur U 15 g ajL;lr cNaCl j'{"*iYrr.r',S G P 3

.l.u.,t,.-'.-L- j;,,,S,)4r

4.1^rû O+tf<*l"rt

,j. U^ e<lJt+'e.ajl C*i.-l

., :L1..

fit r1s.?.rlT

ngrlg rtCfa.lJrt^tl a.)l*tt nU.!:.- |

.lJ:)19 a;ltl ;)ll;;!l t.:! r-= .

).:i.ll c3J Jl* Jry'll rl)l,::ll+"L..tt ,L;:i i-l!r up){lt tîrl

. Y:xl+.)lJl rt!$-L ;yr,-f t j:

:!JLJl

GtaJr ;rtL;tt .lt!:'Jl Jc L; .::t"J ),:Xl J9-u;r9 olil;:!19

irL .1) l;l ...r...rHa! Jij<t;Js;:ltt !L;b '11;:. ajii:45

l r;*lc . r{,,JI 1...; 4t - . 2_ .UL

pr aLi<-i -b).i .),iJl oJ. ..dd-"

d!.Jl -'-ilL

;L; al;u9 F;ll ,= &)lqLJr. t-d-l r-:-l .!>tl ..rf+Jl

-. . .;Iil .tuI '-.\ o)utur 14 i .

li lrra -u <gL5.s ;rL.-.r:t:4:iq-sJl irUl ,L-rLb d,+){- J..L:;i .r.f,-_1-,t...,, P' ::* I

o:L;+ ol,r" dl ;r 5b ..:U:1r -,( -l:llF)r uto. ;:,ujJr ;GlL:

rlsll -!,gL- s-o , -lc ;:9>9,11

d lil .t{iG.:..; rjjl 4Jlrlrgls[3ll^,ll .-L ott$l 6;ri

Lj,c dLl-.1Lt-a uJ>ule!r; : .tj-tt ...r l9J1 rlt$)l

rl-)r .* (l oi i;L.J ;rL" *iL'

r-i 3ix.).;rl ;+L.GrJlk,t-lL J! Lr;:Jl rl4l FiLs

; )+; rl+45 t^:o :o .a-l-)t.;s]Jl ll:o( r !i '.

-;-:l

l-,r ..,; -_J >rri:_l rL ..! vJ . - \

x .a-ltl rp)ule JJLJI |'Jl: - .rirr.1

J' .a)'d' 4:+L+t' Q)' 9 3 t Jtu.,lL-)J ti^;r^ rr;:-l .ai",. ^:rlLo; ri a];Jr +-L;ll -,le)L

.rl ':<=Jl 9-

-esJL g= .ULtr-r .oLK.;)l .;+Lji .-,= .-K;l

...r "L ^ -l etl'il Gul t' :yu, .'rr- j

+ ).+^.(ll -L-!l I ur-u;, ) '...n.+rLJl ;!L-ijl LeL

a;r.l^, )^...<tl -LJl 'F Fl-;Jl.a-L;

94

LrtiJt ,n,'.;Jt j^*"'dS

U:IrNaCl JP fNaCl g /;:Jl J,+ aJS

NarCuHrO 7.2H2O ilS

a;)Lt gcs.t'Fi .(i).,$tr ,f ,;*9 L5 o* 4sqlJll J-tIt 3, .6

y .=+llt z'J'-, ,Jg.:lr;.:;- a'-b'.7t;'11._& OU-6 e-r2q ;"r'fle)+JlJ+tJ,L:r NaCl Jjt ;;.,=+Ut,,t,-i_, c;.r,Il e,);^lr Js. ri-!t J.q

.gul .:l,pjJt";+ ,ti Jll,[l ,y -fu"oi J1;o;;lleu . jtJti'-rJ. &i*rJlCU: r'.r- i;;; al,; e4.*Ul S-tr- ,iV {,iUl .:t;jJt .r4 t:! .7

.,--aLt{ F.A\ O-+ Krs cai-pt! U ot ?+i{ d."-,i .,si\;ti: 10

.L^jti .-j*rJ ae)*).;".:U.f ;p.; ,/ tbl.)1.+1l;-r1;itJlji*rJl ,y U ,ti.;L t-1-r;r* .8

. 1 J,e"rlt ;l ,lKJt ,;1"- .o.ot g ? fl Jl tl--tt i:tJ.t !e1.-.,t".-Yl q_*1 G kS-tl C-:Il NaCl J* u 5.0 mL;i .g

.,rltl ,rle NarCuH rOr.2HrO d.0.50 gQ* 'oS ,;;* a;J t-1.s:"-,.t0

.JJ;ut"1 J_rr. Gz,€',Jt aJKt'JL

.JItl-). jrr- .!'rt -.,t+;il v:*i JlNarCuHrO r.2HrO a;\ .tt.,.ixii ,,*t1 .-rjS4 :cruirle

y .otlt it'-,f qFr oI,/ #tltCt +,_r, 6l;-lt ,f,t- .l ArJl .:tqtiJl 4_)V G NarCuHrO r.2HrO ri NaCl O, ;rjtrt .:t"l(Jt Y

.J^l'. L#2

J. rr-rJl J,q ilS Ch. ,Hl j>,p i ij415n61a15:L :c-rUta p"!s .l.NaCl g. r-:Jl J,.e ilS

4450 g- 4136 g = 3.14 g NaCl

:rs t--*>l gi cNaCl J 4-Jl at-(lt 4-r.'*t €.tsJll J_l-r-ft lr;Lrt :c.rU! p Z./;:Jl ,p G NaCl eY,y

3.14 g, $ffi =o.o537 mot Nacl

F*Jl O>*

G

-t z f . t t4l.i) )-l> fr

95

gAjittg s.:J.tl dfkiijbtu Lt-G,.d dl ildCl

..',',i. -uJ >!r:,j &;s lll . ,;-;Jl

LoJ :l..i.tl f: ;lll-r"! ;!

;r;J L-;9 ;rjl, : t'..Lill aL;Jl.JiU:Jl i*:J_, ..t-* 4lt t t*"

CFts 4;.; C! f.,;:;,-.t< t)!r

-s JL+ 4 La:5JJ r 4+-:!.;Ln r9s .1rr 'ul^!l OG-JI

aFlg :l:. ^:ll ;/.; t',r * ;*1el;3! r9s9...;-:l a.+. -! C

d:-. (!l !..:Jl lcl'll f NaCl!.YL.

^r;:; .,i jr ,i lJlo .r.L;;l

C;jb4+-:Jl Ju;*iaoLaLi ,_ .

-*r; Ja.ir p3- 9^ CY es- , ,.t . ^tt elll JF a-Ul

-tl .--;f ,lS-r .rl)alJl -F!

JySJl c!!3 !r ari'3ti,

;i ..rr"e+ i*J.Jr .1i ,.y rS't:

+ 4-4n;.t4 e+iJl JrLf l

..U+-t:.grJl JgLf lJ6 3 ;'tJl, t ^

=:i q+.'--- ul vt9) 4J;;

L rt :.r;rJrXr _I|): UL-l.;3!iJl os 2 a, t-* ri ,-;;j-i..jl di{,-+ 4Jlr)l Jl ;l i. jtL Ftj

oislt ,,;:? , .:tf,Jl .:'r.^rl

Jl ld..:r elL _l+-rl 2 -" Iz_:L-. Jl --jllJl Jl:rll t g, *r+

'JJ-rl

a;&819 r..A{fiiittijbLailt rrr

J*ahsg ckl,t3

U eattiSg ' taE'iitt!liJLaiJl

-s Jal;:JJ a:9L;yli"X ;+elc,l^:a,"S9. Jl 9.a1 .eLl::tl

*i nU -f., aslrg-Jl +)#rr;-)l aUl ;K lrl .l1-l!"Jiljf l e-3 e: ;)Jsr,tt a>Ult oi

.Ul 3= e y. ^rt a>,t-i itrt ;s"os.ol:ll c;.a 2JJI-I1 .,.<-j

.A:;..gjJlNaCl J_P u 10.0 mL,J t'-rYlt -f -tt =1-l :outo1#4 3

o.osrz,;5ff-,ry=537M

"2tga e+ll drr'Jl 09q €Jtl NaCl,'r(f il' SljJyl thLr.

NaCl(s);= Na+(aq) + CY(aq)

.[Na*] = [Cl-] = 537 M ell .is,-lgr,-r3;r;g3E

.4 rJl j ;:11;Jl aJ:UJ oliYl c-1ti r.'; -!Sr :1Klirj"J.i .6

K,o = [Na+][Cl-]

.NaCl JJ KspJ i*iJt l+Jl ',tJ 6 j 5 ea-rJl '.-.vlp-r-.-l :cJUt* JJi

K-=(537)(537)=28.8

.K,pW +.r? !'. ,nti31!t jSt-1j &t-

'*:NaCl -l orjVr f i G LA *; a=Jt-:Jr .r6J.t u q\ :cJt Jlr JJ;sl-nr 11 e> 1At ou y.,fu.,p;JKJt a,1F,pe;I!t o4-S,e!.-!1

f p-rl)J"ajl

.f9*sjtSjl +JJS sgl NaCl ctgib.. e. !:l-Jni'fl &J+*lll'tiJ:dds giJl nE|gyl

.p34r3rcl I d3l-,f.ti,pgr3rcl t d3 t3je. JS#

.C-r^lt Jjr*r ..rj( 6jJl Nacl .k"J *;5lr aJ:tJt .151 :lKii c'Ir .4

4.r*:J 4 "r!l ,J i:.,l-eJl aJrtJty c3 ..rlJl j .:;t;Jl

'S,t\ puf-t :oUta *!s S

.Cj^ll J:tlt g Cl- I Na+ eu tll ft IcstJ-tst! 9a NaCl -Cl- 9 NaCl i*fr Na+ s NaCl ;p I : 1 zr.i 4'rirrr p lJr blr ix.6

;)LLIG,dXLt-), ,b,641 ,J:rrrJt ,ttjYr p:es"--'- :dJt Jh,JJ4 .1

.NaCl JJtr Jl NarCuHrO'.ZH.O u*bl t rt ( 11

jSJiJf !;:trj a;i .Na+ j$_! r!_jij e+rt NaCl dllr', sJ! Na3C6HsOr.2HrOAAlal

a.Lc,8L-tji:r,f

96

JhU L-6J ou"rt- (ID 4-r-lt .rk."i: (IID -r,-"rll .:l; 01 e, :1t$i,9*!,;,gG Jtlt o!ir,i.2r5yr

.-,,!t ti^ t"* ; .\tt G 4.r-!t ,a;.; +lrJola & Oi (III) .rr.qjr itsii"ij (III) +J+rt &tJ,:idt a+tjyr ,.t4;q't;J*fJt FniJt si,j

kfr+J h, l.l? ej-ls dlst+ €jlJJJaf ! Af-,3r,tr o.ra lJtj! itf: egl .3tr.g.rlt atrt3 rrgtr

.tuJilf L+.r+lt a*.SjJ_j.ri :&^6rdiar+

,l-,1.:u of "!a

,"tlt j J*tt rrrl.li a?is A $v-F Jre t:r^b- :$Ji go.L: Z

iltillit

t.fuJ:,l5yr J-zt - crti {-rs & 4pt aL-tr...jJnt*lJtr fg;- ,sy-I :jzr, Jat

)f dltlt .!:lii:i y JS{rt3 ,a,r.J+,:tr d!j. !.e t6+.rr3 &S€JlS4Ji a*ib.Ji 6i &. FAjt+

:r+3ii €i dl:irirf t &Ji$ &eS+ Oi ,03! ,(i+ yJ ,a+riyt &r> +t3 +.l'i !S,tJ

,-& cJ5 ;'r* ,y

;fut;rt;t.:t*r) ,y ia G,6 ,fu.Nacl !!y: *s ,p ,grs ji 3.il' ..:!tjJt,, r,(l e j)t4t ,* tt,_9rtr :1.-cl :JtJJl .:uf G At

.\l)l4-.rr f NaCl J :.,lrYt J-r'1-- -rtj ji1 ;5'J .ruj .rL$l oj.o

.b*asrii:: yi y+f fro .;Jrr+lr a+Jr g r'.+ ).r*13 NaCl ai-itr.ri;i:j

97

. i. u e.-rtill-vlI

rt.rltf at1.f1ir..Jr;:;r-;.r$lJ-cLitJ qr-gjJr -tLi: ,'.r-.1-9 cJt;*t-;"r--S!l .rlyL. oUi!'., -U"-'

. Jr;;r-;lJ!l J'UI:J e; il-r Jt f\ s;.*i al.>t-,,-.'(,-'

.Jr;-r-;.r$l ;/t . ^L-tJ4

J* JP f ; t:Jgi-.

. a-)\*JlJ ;,.!t .rt"t-! .;.L" .

'+ U nJ€;*S o,1t , q+ e fl ;.r-eUJl- jb^Ll ol;L, 4 Jenl j .:-;:i,l-W..r"; a4lU., aj-2LL p-u':*; +Jl oJ^ .J .6.r-eli dJ" oLiU :"'"t' 45

Fe3* Jl Fe2+ ,)J;tJ-Ut.ri,a (JlFl-;#!l ;J,t . ui .Jlj*l-;.rJi,J Mtt;JJii :-r-e dli +Jl oio er.r-+ L-r:-e .MnOi ,J:s',,l $Ul 4L-lJ{

lr^ ll-r;j-l JJ<r. .bJJ;<+ ."tr ..ir 4JJ1<i* 1 ,2+ )!+7 ,f ris tutnO;

c.lrr-;Jl"[^.(1 r-.r:r .Jt;:-t-;g\rtJ.otirJ ark Jl 4t; .,b aJYJJ olr ; j;:lr

.*trrl s\(-.o:f, ,.trt+' *** J"t-tl + Jl -lubi Mno; u Pb,ii olj

iJll L-Jl JJSr KMnOo Jr; a--$l arJY.;IlJ ;Jt Il;r ''a.!t

.:uu

a;+r 45 ,C=Fill c69ll

a.ailf

sltt+Il lstglt *2n.0.0200 M KMnOu )+;J .l;r KMnO* ;* 3.1 6 g ,- , :.'iJIJ--r ,j.;lr ,ut .1- ",x!

L"

uJ. JI.*IJ ..1et--lt 'p 1.00 Ll- l'r;:.-t ,-,=.r:Ulr -U:ei

,!+ -Ury ;':,ja'.:Jl c9s l9.LJl

-j, .0.15 M FeSO. t!.b-:] .2

L" e= FeSOl.THrO;- 41.70 g

J! J-r irrl ,ul ir-\?.!.l3J-Jt ,r 1.00 L

fuIr"ltgr 1.00 Lr+-J 3

sl,l;.l,rr-Y.0.1 M H,SOI

.y 56 mL,L" *l .d-)LJl

JF a+ts:j-s Jl jsy'l HrSO.+

e- 1.00 L Jl J--:J i.;rt ,Ut, :"ai9. L,i J"tsJl , :.:l .J}l=,ll

!K,i! ji-,r >l-:l .1et-.tt .r:]*:.1

.Ja ia

&lgrltf9 sfJtf

,,:Jr -.,u31Jr.* :Jrj-e i3- c)l;;l-;#\tlJ""urJ uil-)l aj:tJl;,, a+ra.:*fl

.FeSOo J:L+ qJYJ...'LJ A-)i

.eJ-.r){r: eliiP iJ-lJ Pt J-y-t ;ulli c;l1.rJl .Ja o"rrrr 6lrJa;lr g.a e @

.,:J.l'r Jtb klil kl cJ*+y, ri:lr.r,- .:-rsttib .UU.s a)u &-id..! t @

.ao;U.s Arr, aii .7ti.it c;d.:J.lr. t -,' I

2 )J9 i--t-t- 'l'r&t 9W '

7 .)', A>L*-,. Lt-- .LJJv

.i,-rrrJr c-r$' eL j lj3freqjl raig;a; ) <40.0200 M KMnOo '

1.0 M HrSOo .

100 mL ('tb 1S '4 )r-e 125 mL *:f tis)t .

2 )rs 250 mL 4.-taj.ri5 'FeSOo Jj+.gb,j,.E .

jri a+t+; .

98

r.lrjJir

400 mL {*t+j e/

.dIU-). J.-*:J ol;t* Jf.ra ,Z- .ttc:1"r..:/)ti a-t--, JS ft . j;, ,VrLt-i-, ;tlr4 50 mL ;a>t^r.-, ,:io Z

..rtirJlr aJlr) la;ll'tJq (Ji!l .,l't'; .ttFeSOa)) + csfll d"'t<Jl1 tr0.0200 M KMnOoD -t25O *L.rk o_* 3

a--t-*-, rlyc .tt.rilzi)) r 400 mL rr'5 O,* .3 c2 tl + c!;11.: a,)j.rrFeSOor + s7\t1<KMnOol +

)e )e-t .a."t ll ../'til j k5-t1 0.0200 M KMnOo ,y Q* 75 mL u"t .4.i.-r'tl .,r'r(Jt ; Q5-r: FeSOo J-Je u Q7 lS ^r

.:t ^(JtC.r:l .0.0200 M KMnOo;,. ,:.',lrill, ar-;o,.,>l"y dr>li ar-U-- J-jl sif 4li ,.:t^( .rl-,, er>ti a;iV i,-t**Jl pl .,.:)U;Jl .rk d aLJl

..r)t*a;Jt dK G.rt*.(Jt oj,og.+19 ,FeSOa JfU Q* 50 mL 1 6J-13 )-.1 .Jd', .rgJ*:J tli d4it**i 3, .6

.FeSOo J-P ;rti-;6 50 mLr cs;-!r'>\-lJ 0.0200 M KMnOo

J.. ,fti ,r:- KMnO o U*on +*ifj a,-t *Jl i,b .*.:>\;.;Jt dK y .7

.FeSOo Lt-*- 1. 4^,Jt ob )'f .)i,l Ji a-t-.*Il6;Jl .-rrJJl tli

U S -E 4l .i->1 t cl25 mL ,"P : f o y' J! i;lt ,Ut dr, 50 mL .-*i .S

d/' l0 mL,-h+1

e'5 mL -P;1 .t

u'w ,*-:.qr"lj il;6 a,t-n:-y (rt+ 6..ll U-o C; .0.0200 M KMnOo

.tu-kJl a-L.;; 4lxJ;JlJl -L# 1.

.d$t >li nJ.r"Yl a--t-,.*Jl ,>t"tlJIut* Jtr- ,f J*- .f,')t ,vSt JJ <,FeSOo.iH2O ttlt GI) +"rlr .-hrt J:ts

."v-)t l_t.o.J FeSOo JJtr J! 1 M H2SO4

a iCuil a.t*tl ill.Lti:r I

rliJlJa{3lrl ;JlL:ll *J,,."-J .).rjJl c;-, JIJJa ljgy'l3 crul;:t1

r<is a.y,,.rr orr.'r; i;r ..i+.L:f l 6" k;3U9

1r;:-l .r13,!l -l<...i1 Jl> L ., r,.-'r "y,g3i :rr,-;l_.e a,t3

dr-:ll ada3 Ly4;l .:r<...;tl ;rLll

,;r .L I r5-o -b*;fl .it +'"-.r J+ ljl-: |.a ,el9,rl+*ijl

.c,!Li.;ll 4i9L 4_

e$i;tte s:tsJl nliiitq.;St rlr rtSxl,:l,l ,.r,4 srj ,,.r-,

alr;il 4.-l-Jl ....,1rll 'p;2s9Y .--

-oi.-Jl .:l,1rL. != oLl*Jlt.rl:-:6i iyt;rt j: .;e|-;:t

4*L;Jl drkJl :l :i:ji-Y

-J'{:ilt d!3 L. " r:aU,ciJ- -, Jrj;j-l-;JJ:r 19<;. u;u

.'ri c,)LL::l ,'r rgjl lr.d,'So_vl,

1r<* 6+l-r .Arl]l 4l;n e:jicJYrls a-:rb4_, ;4ll , ,....;ll

."1tj;;t-;,...<!t

C!.rtf a.ar-j.

99

FeSOrp;-(mL) orglr

FeSOnp;-(mL) urta4xt

KMnOo p;-(mL) urg:rt

KMnOn p;r(mL) orrrirr

,b-)l ,*ffo elJ5 ,L,ii c"Le;Jl j FeSOo J!a-t"-*Jt;, KMnOo '4.;;1 Z

c8 6j,L.ll C 6-b di} !F-t#Jt Ollf J-#t o-rJ.ft!e t -r:c .ts11: s!<&..rt-l-**lJ ijk Jl .rl,lflJIUtc Jrr* ,?,j*

C2 s | 6rLl-tj;/tJl z)*e )"f ..r)|;,iJt./'tS C ;lYt,c:attl 3.3 s2ii.f' Gtsnl

eujs.-<-l .elhj a-LAt rjtlt j.r)u.;Jt u,\S ol-3..* c F .1 .,6\Jtl:L;, J+ l'"r '!+;;.*;r .tyt}t oro ,J *r"Fl ,trJJl ,v1 aye Y

.Fl't-6!l "t'ry a=l

.KMnOo 9 FeSOa ;o Jr;-r-;.r--S!r J'U:J ul)-)l aj:t lt .51 :1lK!i,*h" .1

MnOl(ae) + 8H+(aq) + SFe2+(aq) --+ 5Fe3+(44) +Mn2+(aq) + 4H.O(I)

..:>{:Jt .:Yt}l .,| lJ**flMnOl f,o EF ?.---l :c;U1"1 F* 2

15.0 mL + 145 mL + 15.5 mL = 15.0 mL

3

.WtFti lt tvtno+ oY-r :-\c '--->'l :c'ruto1 f"F 3

r5.0 mL KMnoo , #, E9#&= 3.00 , tor mol KMnoo

.t<j.r'Ji cj ,l' Fe2+ .rY-y :J-e., -*+-l :c.rb3&e $4 .A

3.0 ' l0{ mol I!InO; '5 mol Fe2+

= 1.5 x 1g-3 -o1 P"2+l mol MnOl

,>4,6 J:ie (q;Y-r) f .t P), J'-r'lt .-*-1 :c.rtab:-rl '.iiJ" 5.(D +-t}t

15 " 10-3 mol= 0.15 M

0.01L

-.aliill o r-.llAiiltijbLailt r,'.

J+"239 d*lt34 r;&1t9, ria'ditl

C,9Lairl

.elLiJl ,.J",r-1;:! i-ru i*,,.:l +lL-Jl ,r!:f dLJl J+lJl

J.+I-JI jts r:r .q,i*;r<.;i,&+ 4:J!,,' i,;3r.lt lt9+ri

.dJ i . Liii <]-, , FeSOa Jet*rldl .,.l.,r..rJijl J,rJ!Oi J!

u:"c 'J ' .l .0 M NaOH ;sL:L

!-!-.e!L;nl aiJL 4 a;r:rl ;iul

;el.!r9i ;.o-1 -F-';':t J:le9 o 5.'* oH

- ''i -.lt 1.0 M

.at,ll s '.e +45-lt

100

.i.u

ryJ;'rb)h'r.Cu-ZnUf ab 3r-.

.*r1 ,ie-*d4i!4 d-s &-..itJll U),t!t ::r<+,,.on- .

Jt;-Yt trg ,J +jlt.:ralty !)ulJ a*+U :;all il,k ltrtr; ..a*r;lr

. a->\*JlJ ;r!t .rt"t-rr.l,.;;L- .

il4jbe); .:t*:1 ,; c)lptt;.rJi ;), ,-oia.:)pUi o^/:l+J-dl tr)llt..J

.ei.,Ut -V ."Pt lj,o.:U;gi & e-*"JrV j tF,S"F +c.";rst-6-+1 .t-*t1Jcu:l Jr;:-Yr ,.s- L# t^1,$ Jt' ;/:&iJr jH i- C' '.J-r;ill.ilr J"I;.JJ ;"r--s!r

.el-rI,r.ilsp L-tJ Ft Jltlilll cpl3.rJl,,le..er.;Jr 6lrlulr g.a e @

..:J.fr, ,,+i3 g;r rd cf*ry. 1i Or.rr- e., jrrlib .ioi!.j Arb ;{f d,.} t e

75 ntL c0.5 M Al2(SOr3 .

75 nrL c0.5 M CuSOo .

75 n'L c0.5 M ZnSOo.

1 cm x 8 cm.prJl a,; .I cm x 8 cmr,g,"t*j 6J .

I cm x 8 cm,,;y,"tB Cl .p;-

"V .

100 mL (".tb -l:3.3 r-t-e 150 mL i,at.aj.l'6 .

$pn jtJ 'aoS-;ps .

-;;J1r'

101

3 :rc b!g ,!*t rJ>t-,i .

cfrltf 3t&i,a4!r: 45 ,C-j;tt c.39tl

dittdl/rtClr'r&na!3rJl r!;!3.|'1 ;i :r'- gt )s:.4rJe:Jl tij Cl+j.t ar_)F c*"i3

a.ditf,. 1.00 L r+;-:J .1

,r^ 144 g-;i ,0.5 M ZnSOo

[.-p 500 mL s=ZnSO..'1IIrQ

.,r^,r-11 4$; t-.;*.j.;f t .Ut ;.,J"-l .iat ,gr ;. t'+;.:,;i

.&J-rl Ji 1.00 L;t

AAyL,llll

cF 1.00 L )+'ta 26^ 125 g-ii ,0.5 M CuSOo

t1,-ra 500 mL r= CuSOo.THrQ. I rr-Jl ..:$-i t*:*.i^;f t

"Ut u.';-:: ,i.;.r.t .Llr ;- r+;, :.' i

.$qr:r 1.00 L Jlilt3slttg .rf$f

,. 1.00 L ro;-l 3297 g-)1,0.5 M AI2(SO4)3

4A|2(SO4)3.l4HrO s^.t.;lt

"Ut ,* Qr- 500 mLtt;, : i ..t^,r:Jt .11'a; t*:0.

1.00 L Jt !L-r .t;-tt .Ut g.'&il^'tl dJ-

,+siiu{lrill .Li lll .4

i5t 75 mL,i.-till fdJtsI I g Jl.1J+b-. -J.b .1.6j.

9 g e ,ZnSOo.THrO g. t+';:W22 g t,CuSOo.THrO g-

glli r( rl aj-a .A|2(SO4)3. l4H2O.q+i-,)^ .:,t Y3." c,ll ,|!Lf

""o'q: YJG ''...',t a;1e-rll otpYgtl;

.ql; u-yt e,>t Jr JIIJ;.-){." J.:.*:J -uV. Js+ jz--

6)r.Ls?*;,!t3 ,,1-*.sullJ u,l-*jJl3 fJtlll / j ;r.r5!r .+U J;i.l-6-l.r;j-Y (yV i d- ait* *r'ltCtrll y-i-t .rl;eJl

.ttZnSOo>; ttCuSOotr -9 <tAl2(SOa)31r 150 mL d)f ,.r>\i,l;*c 3

0.5 M CuSOo g-75 mL -9

ZnSO 4,-rg d, 0.5 M ZnSOo u75 mr.-(-t .t.CuSOo ,_rK G

.ZnSoo JP gil ..,JlJl-e ccusoa J* gd-[r ;]il e] s\ g> 2

.CuSOo JP G cr"t"dJl a_)sZnSOoJ"P 6 ,:*ltlt aj y 3

a)':*'.;uJl eJLJti spr$t a) .:h. i)-!l o\'b cli)tll e:^;-- .n

,P-; itpl v\ *s sre.,tLt aA J.-*t dLJJ "/r ':pJt .l; .u"t*iJl

i\t J"-.,/t i-h tr;e1 ,u,\.Jt a).1JJ:I ell*lj'+t iPt j\; .j.:Jllc;l*Jl ,q;u,.S-/ l5l l,i .;a*Jl ota.;tr .l;Jll ;A!",# Ji.-+r .;AP

d,Uur+ Jrr* i q'Jlt oJ] J;.j-Jll itlL. J)\-\tl k: *"rb "-<ru.;rUJl Jetlt

.p$td!]!! \A.b; l(; n-rt, #el f i b 5

J*;Jr "u C..?t . j;t "l.llg, lL Ui a*5-. Jy)uLlJ Lr"t-nJl g j J;t .e

pl .ZnSo 4,.rK 6 *o1Lt Cl J.;lt "L1 CuSoa ./i5 .J .rtxlt 6l.{;rr ; "tjjt G} u j.b ,f

.:;alt .:tJ <,JtLJt vt:f,J 4+r.rll ir"t*lJl Jt;-Yt ::<+ Jr-t+ lrii-l .7

cuy,olJ-l9 crrt-*;Jl ll.r;j-t t<*+ OiJJ<l-lt g;;!t !)ilJ ir-t "Jl

.6 Jl I ;r',>l3Lll G.- L^r;a4.P: c!)Lft oj-o.grl .frJ!t:

.l

2J*ltiJl

ll.rtf air-Jrl-

t*]l,l {5 Gj!d,-i.=lJ .5

l;:..J ,L'lr ,.* [*i .

':t a-L;Jr- g'- v

,t-"r-"a -.r+lt t;.o'Y-t .,,U" rs,:.tt.,;utt qirt" ",...1 0.1 M NaCl

;.J6-jnl a4l ;. ^l i.l ,t,: u11;

..* i J fu,lo! I ;t, ..' :, a.*IlJY

J9i-4+.U.* aL!-* a:;pt 3,:9

=; Jl .i rc 2- J. >i -"r. .NaCtL-J

.-o.J.tl9gl-iSl 6bl rlF. iJ:l\l.a',,Ut -iSt

:g. ;Vt

;. 100 mLr*,-:;.1 .6

-ri ,a.*lr ; J-iiu 1.0 M NaCl

r'" a+sls a5 >. ,NaCl .-t" 5.8 g

.&J-Il Ji 100 mL J! eL-jJ .Ul

a I e0^tt ar)*Jt dlu.l+, I

eliJl_ri;ltl ;Jlr::ll C;9,..-J ..J.;-Jl s3_9 JlJl JiJy'19 oljt;:tl

t<k *Y--,rr elr*',;i;1 ..A-l,:.tl g k;!rU.r

,i!-xs;ut9s al*i'-l JL e='i.---r'r-.r,rir,,^+ e -Elsrr LLI':.=

.4Jtir{SJl gLr-Jl

r02

0.5 M cu2+

(V) a.clritf

.-<-.-+,- .CJjJ '^-Let ur*' j.:)u;Jt aV o\F J. ".k .1 oalfrttg, :JE'iilfJt -3 _{rtilJ

.,-lJl ,l+Jl .r+-: fAt ;5rrto # lr.- eJ:+('.1|*;t

tss ,* Jp-t .i;*t g Jcl;J.:Y:t ,,t<+t, Ll- Jn -"S' :1t(iipls .t yfied{b34 fl fJ \$lJ ,1-9 J;41 J. e:;4!l g>\cti:lJ 4r-t=rJl al.lt ;-.";

..:y:dlZn(s) ---> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-

Eo = +0.76Y

Cu2+(aq1+ 2e- --+ Cu(s)

Eu = +034Y

Znz+(aq) + 2e- --> Zn(s)

Eo =-0.76Y

Al(s) --+ Al3+(aq) + 3e-

Eu = +1.66 Y

Al(s)+Al3+(aq) +3e-

Eu = +1.66Y

Cu2+(aq1+ 2e- --+ Cu(s)

Eo = +034Y

gAiltg s;Jrjl dlliEJ

*Jl .I+ a,4*-; ,4J9, L,l',u+r;.,oL-l a{:- .'ry.LJr +;*

t '!,t lts.rFr .,idiryi? l€lr lg.:t

,l.jYl P-;,1:Jl L-o:'-trt :*;!e,:[e;-K.l!l ;tr:t ;L"Utt

,., i,,,.-iJ)t*)r .A< a]r JJ

J1:jJl &3 laA/;'3l.J,l.t,,

-lr-J;)l-6 irJ)r :)lcL.i] ul-.

t-En-l .elJJ;jl tt)LiJL 1.6:3).t 9

po",-: ;*9; -iI=S Jx+J t+ r9--;r-X'Yt e,Jc !L-n : lt.. j :11:Jl

.J!^;L' 4!:,=-l--j + JlFl.\r -tr i 'ri) :LJaJail tr lJ* tr iGr-l

4-43 4-4rt -

:a-lrrll _,;rln)tal;:ll e+i-rl -ibrl

-YrLr LbS -lj

.LJL*-(. *<Jl$r:i9 L,lrJl -!l ^ll 3).{lL;

_ll ',:!Yl rc<+ a}^ !){-Jl \Jd-

-yr,:,rt 3i ;* r3i: .a-ro:rt

&L"Jl LUS;rLl ;i ;-eS;4;r-X:t a;*^ Jlj;)U uiîjl

-'i .;rL;)r 4'2s; ..ir^:,

JilJre J F;.Ir J.L,J' o"re;i9,39+,'lll;f l eL+l .,:..9t1

J+ t".l+ ur+.t: sJl !)t;lt rX+. j'all rL+ rrJl

U oattiJtg..a+Ej:rl

J""-LilrL3L'a i;-lSJy

jlb -lSJ

isL :;ULijJr

;rte! -|"'J.Jl L:-, :.= .$JaA

jS-+JULrl Li .k-lGj-l-S+ asL-Jr :l:-, +(ll".l,!)++

_u JD .kalrd-l ;rt4) l€lr;-

.'1i ; .*i,. nUJ r3>, Jl1:- I

+ llG:-YJ al:+a ,+s '9t:tlo.u..uJ,i!l ;o* e.*, a;V ;i

+JiJHl oja.,.(...: Y .aJ '+ll-l-',LiJl os e-:; X .aLJl o *

+a.bl+l 3h +ur ,i .11urr,.ot='LJl L-9L

al.:t .,rle JJ*-JJ (a;;.a-Jt tJeLi:Jt <,WFtalr Jng"-+l :c.rU! FF 2'dWlJot;:]l

Zn(s) + Cuz+(aq1 --- Znz+(aq) + Cu(s)

2Al(s) + 3Zn2+(aq) ---> 2\l3+(aq) + 3Zn(s)

2Al(s) + 3Cu2+(aq) ---> 2Al3+(aq) + 3Cu(s)

.a=l- Jn fl 'U ,f z+at,r)t-etirlJ fl ns lr;i-l :JKiiF}s 3Eo (Znlcu) = +0.76V + 0.34 V = +1.10 V

Eu (Allzn) = 4.76V + 1.66 V = +0.90 V

Eu (Al/Cu) = +1.66 V + 034 V = +2.00 V

103

rJl !)Lr i.-uJl )J4.|l g. k# Ct t yttt r=l-rJ' :r*41

rr;lri :c.rb.t{.F-iJ .4

fB):-lir" ,:,i t;tJ. -j .3

.1.0 M dl{tta. tJr.6L€ F FSI' ai+lill lrlaill s3g; ff .tsi ti9{+ lJ,altilt s//4344

.:uJln .1ttaiirt &.rr.-r "r39,d3tjr*$ bc-'Lyc*1 allr ti.j.all

,Jt-Li ei qF Ei ,\.*i Cl rJ++l .,lr lLj-. :d.rbl"n,rl.rlr J).r:-,t .ftrs!r

.(2.00 V)-115ltr l3uatr6:ii AVCu aP

-*'F o9,-l,:1)fa;!r J;AlJ-Ul f"PLi .,el;ur* )r-il--a- :1t5oi6"!r .2fa;!tJJtlJ-Ul

.Lcsjtr &t"rJa ocl,'JJr &ritj .Il)jjl dlljlall .l+.t931'r d;ill &L'llia frriflt

.de3!t

;Wirdr u->urr ly)./,y,p.:uirS3)r J's,,vtrl :1r(1i.9-Jo- 3..:Ut.,ll JrJ.

&lrljji/ll

r04

.l3UJ r,rgJ, !>$r cS; b! ,.:)\at iJt 6-* ,6 ,t* :Efro gi .f at3t;l''W '"3i ,.r."si:: s:lr ilrjlitr ''ii&!i .'ll GJ.IEU t.t-Ui+/b,zLg" r+){iJr c6j rit

.JJii$ sil I j$l I d3Li3gl

r-€* !l W d a-'Jll !>ult g" r$tt g-ua; aL-p fe :./tS F#./, 2Al-Zn4X;'.i-2Jli!drr'q t ,J,'U :a-E->{-) ;;*is ,n;.i:F a;j ,y ts

C,tV.* y;l dLLz,.lr JJ^1,, jil: l)l .gu-71i);1

s!A. .Znlcuzlu,g.\l/Zn alSS;;-g; ?# tal AVCu ais .in Jrifr iitr$r Sdfi

,1, J3ii .a'iljiJl ;rl,.rj &frrdaL+ ,lln& dlstr lJ)l'irl I oleg 13! ,n+i tJsta+ 6i l*.Uf t

10s

.i. ll e.*rlJl

.+-tbs,;P1,*J:"i! ,* e-# $:;5J{qlt,.r* .

iT";A F,Y-Ul ^*Jr;n)t dllte.r'.r*r .

d,-r*J- q5iJt"fsl.u k-:6 6:-2- 4-r.'.:l,J.r!l"Ft ,y +J;h&Il .rl"$JtJirrrr- .

. q-r+Jr Jr;*yr ) r4ip. r+r-irll ffO'fj .

'e y fpr-^lJ Jl,,r;"Ylrfcw ...:t;J;lt ;z'.q t-S';..liroL---!l#t.} J<-q.eU5 ,_& YU, p-t+ $:F st$l

MgG) +lct(ad --*ivlgCl2(aq) + Hoz(s)

rF *l . ur:; ,yl"Ji 6 z1i-s a;.y., *uP .Jl; Ji J"eui lr .rr;ux gft=.--

ur,Jy'jI .J +"Ji evrl JtFy +';t{,'6<Jr aiLbJtCr,uJl,ir,_,a(lr,>r-U-tr

lr-**ll )Wt Urou:i;Jl 1i;..,$..1r .rir<J-,rr* &,b4;;

0.1

oi)\t :lr.Ll -*-|t : :jtit(Fe)

Ag++e--Ag

tM HCI (Ji q- >t5 ri'.;

(Ae) .1 ,>UJt :t).t ;I;Jt ::J;!tAg-Ag* +e-

Ilt,Js,,til

,r .,;t.tJ.l .:l"FlJ ,>t;"e ,Zl.: j- qVJloi,r;;J.(U Lsv $ttr^ t6- gi4-rxJ

.dl*{Ir1 ,ilif EIJ .&t Jy-t;u111 c;t.9.rJl ,J, u"errr 3lrla;lt g,.a 1$ @...:lJL..rrt1 t{.[*;t kl cJ*y, 1f Or.l- e., ,i-rib .i;r*5 a3r, qT u..l t @

.i*W alr, eT eK-;r "r,rJ

clL er-,' e

CSU! | bAarLcJI ! r.r.-JI(sl t L>ut s

.l*"o*r ef rrr**1f ;r-* | :t;lfgry!+ sl; t @106

^..rYlI

cf.r*f atthya43:45 ,C-Fatlc.igll

zt!,stt

ddtt+Il / rt3il.Xraii

&l* a)" 1.00 L )+*x .lolLt1;.!t .r.-),Fecl3 .t1tJt

e* 40.0 g -;i .a.rutr

;r 900 mL >= FeCL.,.6H'O.Jtt+:l ;- 50 mLe..t;tt .Ut

oJc J--:J .Ul ;r aa.S, :.' i

JtJaa Ja 1.00 L ):;*:.l .1.00 L

rr,. 50.09 -;i .ZnSOo ,1!:rNH4CI 24.0 g,ZnSOo.THrO

.t9+r.)t crl ;r-;r 40.0 93

900 mL 4 (NH4)2HC6H'O7

,Lll ;r aeS, ;,.' i .,i-;f t ,Ut ;..l .00 L eJ4 !L--:t

At)l-'lt

-F Jtv ' 1.0 M cHCl . ilt3.rlttg rfJr.lfr -r - rt.1jl-9 oltEj .

t t. - \ | ,tl\.lA,'aO:S),.,e.llLlro'v !/

\t --llA-t--a | 49ua.l .

1-!r ;ll a-eL, .

,,i5 eLu ..-i"ia.:lJ cli .

Jt-tl ,.,*UiJ-1.- .

3 ;-t-c c6,6J lt-:;t .-tUi .

yd"(Jtj,Lt) a!.r'. E)lr.tjy,!L .

iir>l'1 ti)\, .

ZnSOo f '->1Fa

a

a

o

a

a

a

a

'/K of .ZnSoo '.6?\lJFeCl, + L-ol-r--i 150 mL #K ot' .2

.11.:!Grl r 400 mL Jl

.(0.77 g) aKJIJ (10 cm) Jul (./ aiiL.r.r"l-i J>\-i t>t fu 3

.lFI+rJ1*{ 6}a}:.,,L' ,,.,r .4

.dlUk J:r- ;i ,I(Jl ...1L .".U1 g>\-i .r--i atS.rt*J,n:At ol; p"u-l 5

2 */lJJI*IJ 6r:Jl -rpl LIL Lt)l)cr,r-.jjl ,!L LD,r ;AlJl*Jl ";p'"t-\'L rt .1

.(-) +Ut alru+Il g-b.

;\ xp L.iL ut)tt c+-rll a* Llj$.#rill;JLJI'6p';-1L;tt 2-r,-rlr 6J li,i-l .ou:i (.:) JiJt ,f ;* -;* tJ c(+).-*y'1 qrt4l ip4

.cr"tdJl CIL ;r,o t"-r.."+

drs L.aL ,yS-. LA-

rr<i-)! Latg-till c..,rl

\r<*-)'\i !"L.. L;ll c+:i

qiJs l2iL

,.-lrj .:Jl-

it. 1.00 Lr+-J 2el,tt2;)l J;-),1.00 M HCI

HCI rr. 82.6 mL.;;i .a".-9,urt

i.:tr .Ut o. +ts 4+"s -J! -Frll.&Hl .f 1.00 mL.J. ,.je;.t€L;),1 J39i9.l^.,. Jr-.Jl . ; î

Lr!J+J JJ.di vr{rjrlr "J td ')r>r.,r r...r .,-1;o .5i . -'-:t,,tt 4;-;lt

;jJl ; jlsrl .C..rU-;rs.- ot"-;ltgrr... g. a1-r3nJt 3[lotrl lj9

ir- f.tli .18 .r.l$4 .g-rt -9 t't.x.rF gtt+;1 ' :i:":ll jF jlasits lil .4-lG:-l d:;-l.l

, ,';-. ;i --=+ .i.J J<,! 4, )+ijlcr^l ..}tJl q JUI Jl+.iY-Xl.1.0 M HCI :L LarLi;l J+ +J+

2,fit

Chttf aAr-JrL

2 ljlt.r | 4..).{*J I iltLt{:r I

t<is a->t-,ll rlrL;;l i;sl .. i -', I :'.-.Jr.:.f t u Q;!U9

1-rll a+lll ;Jll:;ll l4jlr e; '.FjJl +J_rr)rl

rlgll 6sl gl<. .11 iJL '? o

9i . :o;-j;61r;:-l .i.,il:r:{l

f. +f :tr;rLlr d t+;r \*;...i"o 2- :L .1. 2 l,Jill L-cl

4.;j rl,3 -:+i e.L aarj ,rli-ijl

-t<;1 ilL 4-.n)L.dl al- e=

.r-rririrr\Mr@.&r@' o' _€l..>il

' ,'t i" L, c,-'"., . 'l r ;' ':ri ' u u

.kd4!r.LJl+

3 :rp cl0 cm d*',f6 JJL .

Q!-art

t- |,.Yt-tt 9v .

.rl-rl,ii .

i'

lt}.t

.,F Jy--rs .rljui g4l1caal1i.tV Y .1

FeCl, U "* J-F8 cm x l cm qly*orv Cj

8 cm x 1 cm c-t-.t- 6j..)lj.l

olj,t! Lt ,) 6 v airu+

400 mL,r,,l53:-tc c150 rnl. crriS

;-r., -L;L

..r:"1- C,

107

GDds,'t

.FeCl, Jl u"'t5 j FeCl, JF ,y 80 mL .-l-t 3...riil j +.rltC;J:.rt-.'ll dJL ui.; ,*;1.-rW .-lt4yt a-"u [.r*- .4

,1ct ir<.:-),tJl lJyll p.E-t .J-#l 6rt- al;"r,fl .Li)lll ,-,ii oi ,* ert.,-r'r(Jr _)+ &cjt*Jr

JI6',b,*,tIl .:;rlt;L .4-rll Cls"o-t;ldJl*Jl ertq:;ti:5 -r+ 5.Uti t.O .7;i

Jl- .,.:t1ult .rK,J J.*Jt "t- C"-?tJ c ,t;lt ,UU u,txJt dJL J*;I .6

.dJjuk J-rr- ul JJLJI Je- J.ttL1,

cK G sn-crtLt oVf ,J*s,w_sAt * Clg. 6-l ,->t jLtt jf .7

k".4r,rl ;'Jt JF ,.:Jl*Jt * ;, "it .J', +r-,./Hi JLJ ZnSOo Jt

q:UflLr"t-jl dL + -* 6iJl a*;.;^'lt, F :,J,"t-njlelL oi o ku .(u.{l}t{

Uai|tl gn.l:.tl n!ii:- -tr. r - ',.'- ,,.i. '-i-*-u'Lr:#Uo 4r (}a Su

cf,LiJl cru c,)dajJ! raUJl

+,!+J:Jt? e^[l r3i" a,!-Jtr Jrt_,

...r-:..,,....tjIt pl l.rl.r f<,iit+l {.î C;ri .,"..r1t a,-rtr orl

4 k "n::raJl a+rHL c.ljJ".,"ll

e )lJo,,.?j .::l::Jl ld1-itt fsjLi,,'tlt ..r 16 ..;'.;Jl Jt;.jiL JS

*'lSt :1a.; crdf .,g ,-U,<l;i9

&l* .'" 1d... ". crl.J:ll :L--,

jl+,! ...+l .a,1,)., ,F,jl.l .r>.{J.Jl

1d...:'. crli.Sjl 9: Jli:-il crl;t>dr. k "4 rrf l J)U._, ub€J Oj

nFteitt !, s.t;:tl.i,,i;:! c,L3L.* .,i+

;rr;ljC 5)153,!1:1i.- aj Yi :.:rLl : :ll

J. ..fFi aa;L:-.:.L3L 9il'.blJ lGL"l ai)L:Jl drrl;. rl

;t .r>.t-! t,sr,,ol-i.lr ..1>l-!

;e .::>t-l l,5l-r_, .+-JLjJl.5)|.lJI eL3LJl g*.rlrsJl

FeClr.:t gJ-l ;sr3,"r;.il;sls ZnSOoJt J!*l;st99

gr HCI Jt3.:,!t iiJl qr"is c,tJi,J.1L;i)l ,,'ril,i

a*;U.lt aX-!t , :rL::...*rt3:r:r'jj tdt...:l ;[ll3;911. rL

,i,Flr:fl iJ.bJi lrpcl L-:...1 ;rLcY

lli ,- Lro"' ,i! o-r.',+-i:-. oir]lll,::...1 ;rtel,.Frr .4J,r5 .i-:Lell

r3,'r,.s;;i u ol-:tl cl).t-i.4jl_, 1.0 M NaOH, c.-l3e

.4.r^tl9i ;,1-;titt til+ Js t{jca.sJl rllLr ^ l' :- , - ?r

. t{rl Jii-l ;; ls! q4-t liJ 19

4pr;il .gr.tl HCI Jl ,,.<..1

e$lsJl I- :....|*.iJt .:.ly-Yt a-:t ..:iLJru Oi o€ld:i! :. \!l

, :.. i .c,L[ixl o_kC.rL e)^ "t!

1.0 M NaOHcrl.gJ.pr1,o s,-,,p *iSt c,,q|,;:

t-r ejll p; .ol-tBJl3 asrl$lc,o: .c.!l.a';ll 2-,,....1r1

6i ;1 1.0 M H3PO4 + a,L;llg [<ir-tr 9 r 5 .l+ pH Jl g-l

.rtttl sb ,4r

.ill Lo"r-i.r,-! Y e-=.*., culAl ,;J*, iJY-!U JL*,t ri;L',-ui;..li

150 mL Jl .r"is *l \l.t]' i)-!t e.2 a,Ss .-* JL;1AL-tj:Jy-yt .;;"-

..,liirFJl

Jrr* i "rtt<lt tdLa J;J ..,,jltllej"t-nJt ,A-'e's;i ,i)\-!t 4_nr.r+ .g

ilKJt";;*"..J gUrr c$U! Jtr* C Cu Jt dJlJ 4-!r it-(Jr ,.;+; rei .10

.Cu Jl )r'e G (g) elLtl ;+-r-lt

qlrirJL!:'l 3 ejlt

,J ;t",-Yr .-,uiy .1.0 M HCI r Qp W: Jlrq*yr .--.,Uir,-k y.r .f f. .#............... u Y I & t--

e Lfi lLU,r;+!r 0_$; d1*.r clk;yt .#ui u F ul J>\-\rl J,tLt) e.l2.Q* 6u's -Wt.HCl Jl J,j

c.irlJ; .etrti;Jr./i5.J J:;Jr,t C.-?tJ !;Jr,tlt klil: :J)-!tf.)l.13,b l5o mL Jl ds e ijy*lry ..)uut J:-r+ G':J)t-\rl J;- ej,r!->t

-e

,-l&Jr J j ,t\yt-b JI ,fi Jizr.J>\-!t -L .r*>rs y e.r-..1 ajrJl.r.n, ki, y' c;U: tO J

ils'J*,J $uL., e L|J;J J)\-\rl ils ni .14.(g) HCI r4 dLJl ilS'-bp,J $ut ., Jrr- C t4J;J J)\-\tl aJs ni .14

o\#t *"'Ft J# ,tr.:t-La:Jl "^

;*l^J4-;b,-,t:r eti,. S-*.ts.fu Ct q--, tyt}t .J -.r1,-yt .*tii.r HCI Jt .<- F"..:t_uJtr,'K

.,.:t1G:Jl ./i5 .rUJs q*i

108

\rlle, drl^J rtJJl

''l't'P ttllf

\rllr, !,rb,J cll-,{.t}tl Cu

0J7 0J7 0.77 (g) dLJt al:r

299.00 301.00 (s +ti) ')lJlir.l0.89 0.82 037 (g) eJl*lJ ;+.r-f t aL(Jt

300.00 300.00 300.00 (s +ti) HCIJI 6 At u)0.77 0J7 0.77 (g) HCI Jl -t+;JLJI al5

:rrtlir){r

Ar.ilitr &rr(j ai ta+-r rlt tr .q ..tll*lr itJ' F{]UA'}.4Aifr ilg!+ o..iij 3i ?+i

.;;i .Jr<.1+ aSf {;f Cf--rtitr rJ#-r i.3r t iti r+d* +Jattl ..lJy-tlr sf., a",l'.

."rrt^tl &ljJ.ill .l. )l+13 dz#-.HClJl gr L+lbll J+ -.I-r'bJl o.

,*: q'Fl .-1"nl 6b drJ.+ qF:Jl t+'",'tl ,.r)\pL&jl .:Y:t . "5t :6iG.i..Ja;

,y F j :;!t l#. gl . ZnSoo Jli FeCl, Jl iF-i5 i ,t"Ul eJLJt

t;4ai(Jr u ,F ;; rit<Jl W ,S\: f;a."KJt

rrii,Fe(s) --t Fe*(aq) + 3e- '+.I-tt cC

rl3l5,Fe3+(44) + 3r --+ Fe(s) ,s{lrilt .:ll-

s$i,Zn(s) + Znz+(aq) + 2e-,Ot-st1!t tgl

ii35 ,Zn2+(aq) + 2e- + Zn(s) ,o"b;ltdJb

:J)\-i,)\! j.:^rf- gg-sVl1+.r.!l,-f .:Y;rtl1 .rt,lr.fl U € :g'Utd JiJ4fer"l-'uJl

... 0.12 g Zn ,0.05 g Fe

18 ' L(F3 mol Zn,9 ' 104 mol Fe

.eJ+r:;:-t ',-;1

-.i;fHcl 3; l-tl-:: J,i!l c-;tS.rlli 1l"FAI :Eus JJr![€Jtirh ai$.lt .:J)-ltl &';J t Jb .U.t i.i d3]l Otl5 Ctbf l'l+i €/.,Lt

jtt .:.ll*Jl

-iil.tii {3J.!- <,Jl tJ{i. iltelaa id(i HCI L +J+tlJ

109

#ed*l'3

a.b A$fj.ii;,ll

a3ttu-giitistltt ,r-i g, ?9>rif d^c,liS

; r.^' "|r

u; e., 1.r- ItJffit:.-T;ff :

.f :-lt JP aL-t1,^c.l.ll a3J U-ttt or+Ar{*Jl ..,:,r q^'* .

. a-)\*JlJ ;..!t .rt'tr-! dJ.{ .

.WotFl rrt;! rs o:3,+rlt aL".t)t Ly *oki Jl oU_yf s.:r*Jtp*i;,-'UJ4f il41 ar J! o*; t:t-i btst ,* 6 ,5-# 6Jt -t|y.f 1.,+*JU

q.:t--i L,t-r, 3.,i kj o-r-S o_,, Ji Oj<; e-* (saturated hydrocarbons) a,;Il

';^ O-;'(j "ri .(alkanes) .:Ut(J!l a-riJt oi.a ;*bsy .,si1,.:l_,1: 1. ?*.,*L-j

..rl;i lhd Jij<{ jn .(branched)zs'p:i (linear) L&., JF-)t-.rUt(J!tad ui .lgysloalkanes) a;l.Il .rUKJlt c:Jt; )l (.,^*;i t;;l- 6; G oyflt

;:rt c;g1yr{l ,>19 6' A j*ilt LJJI ,ri, .j't4 Y }l eV j;f 32-t aJl

& e* a;,iJl oj.aj (unsaturated hydrocarbons) a...1- F of y.f s*ck*; orFl .:l.,! d^.r UU ktst s_r j We;+ k C, c(alkenes) ot JJlr

oy.-fr|ol;:;s +>1, I'1tr-, r-*.r. k,t+r- k Ct (alkynes).rqKllf ,rle1

't{+: k- f..iij \JlSl .:)\pti:Jl ;r.. 6:i,:, Lli! -'U J.t f ilr/t Ca#

;'r-" J\ t-15 )1g;'r;r .lU Jr.,r*j f.rJl substitution reaction Jt.r.:-Yt J.etij ...:lr: aot4 11 ,6;1.rl-p c.:l-15

"(5-F JI,€-F ,J Uf ijL;!4Jy; e g.iJr addition reaction aiL;ylJ,et,i; .

sD &y deln "l)4lr l-';;-' c\f-ll o$ .J .*L"rla+1.: f/ ,* *.3S i tiliJl (sitt cdL dr-<^ ,* -p Jgf s.:+":r J-e!t :Q&5

J-F: culL Ot*<," cg* ttyf j.,rJtr..,y ,-;UJf "|.oLi;lf1

.CH2CL2rot* St_#..jJru'Jl uYil_tw qf i.J1!r .pu'tl i l$:-t dJl pl,Jt

.cJ+Ir: dlie i{rJ -&t JttrrJll lllJt..J, o*lrrr al0*tre} e @

. i. ll e:*rtJl

rf.rftf 3t;''hirl: :r;r 45 ,C_.F-aIl c6jil I

ariift&Jl+ll / rt3'tl.xAl

>c Jl lal* JLJ .''S, J ljl .l

J)Li -a)n :- ' 't :< 'o:' , lil-i rtAl ,: >o Jl to-tz *ir:i

aljLi3 ,*:Jl9 ,a>9 ul?-_9 ililgajlj; L JL.-l_, .->4t^ Jyys

't'+i

tiCtlt a.){*rl AUc!:.-ll{;.3["9 t6lS <r).l-Jl oL=.I; lasl .

'ir'L:Ll e"

AlLaiJl rrr c,.ch:tl..y,-U.:tl;49U *.-t :-i.l i*

.4.G:-Jl :ljll .r5ts9 "l4lL.tt

b|,-tlt

110

ilBKtltt r

...:l.ir, ;-rl +L;r kJ cJ+y, 1i Or.r,- r*ptib .i"rro.Sa3u niir..lt @

.ir-rrrJl o$t il- ,J l.p3lr CbJt rli g,.a ! @

CuHr, (g')- Jt*<'6 'CuHro (gt)- dn-<^'

BrrqlitJrle'C}J2Cl2 ot* s:-F iLi .

2 s* ,l-*\.-1rLji .

Jt-:-l ,y*uiJ-1.- .

dJtl- "L pt^- '

.$t!-)\., J.+J oU.:i;Jl .:Ut,Jl J1+ -'b1

1 mL ill gs c*1JLt,lu(lrg,. 1 mL L-^-r-i G yi c.lt-:il ,;i3+i rt .1

.f3.,,li ai-,p;u .11!l .:i!l -^b . ;;lLt ;**(Jt ,",trtr J-P u ot,E *.#tcn-(Cr & q-*g;Jl .:;+!t J1;-;i 2

.,.:Ut Jl J-rr- of ,$YY.r:-lJ $tt->\-. j; .q1atlt'6t: cr)36+3

i/l-!r ou(lr & e4.6jJl .731!l J!frll J* u ot-E ea4,-h)\ 3.:,t.;l.E,-y. ,j* .fty Jpt orl !-i,J C:J!t a3:s L| .tl.l,-. )pt gs

.oUt*ll Jfr- ot $YY.u-t,

k qlLYl .r'-r* ftll J*:rpft ou*<+tt ,* c-*-csJl ./l!t g-: .4

..:r.ir,Jl J:r- ;i 4:LY t- JL .Jtll o) G.!J-- v:*!r 1s Y) r-r*1 gL CL ,J *r*!l ,;* ,S7Sl dr ri4l.li! 5

..rU!Jl J:r- 4f CJ,!!*-|J JJUI-X. JL

tl -p9:"t't O_D .

10 mL tr.tb sV 'v- rl -O,SLll.! t

r I l. .

Qt3 +2t-S\-E: c

t::s Jy-t '.:l-;Ui '

J).t-,Jt i}r)tll 4FJl.frlt J-Jr: ,,,1-.r-<r.t

.p)GJr G f :-lt J*:o;l-,ru-fu .z

"tdt G f sil J P s,r;J--,lt*fu .:.QeJlt j>& 1t -r'+)

.tg.Jl r+ glll JF: o;L llt*fu .+

111

&l9rltt9 rf3tf

;a!r;lt

d!.ttf air--;'t

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. i. ll e*rLilt

.t-rj:lJl .:tilr^jt .i,.i^<J arJi:*r-j ,l-9:l., -ir-t6 O+ .

.1"-r.,-l Gr€) g$:*J6-i{ tili.rL*,-* .rl;L-, }.')U .

.rlyrlJl +tii r'....:.-.

liLs f JJ -p*Jt.:Uta t-1"r-*:..-, cr'-Jta--L-, Og,:1ol)l qbU; e1i1 .

u.bt-'i';J

. a-)\*JlJ ;r!l ol,tr*!,.ih .

e 4 s ci"rir* * 2ffiXn;li . lilr/

'f L;yl Jy;yt i, -* ,t j:t )t ,a-o

..,1-..*a-g (1:JxJt ;ti) tiJi .:!,^r.-a dll! tly:lJl ,F- .QF pUi+ gt+ ;,aCl-9B i uJi,,..-+ Jlrir ;;r\ueC ."F!r j .:Y:IJJ u;y loue;i1; t 1

J-dli."ra J\ ,t9:6;;1a.1..; .:l-rE dL.lli:-l *-:,h ;G tl9:lJl .Q r".-....1st3"-r'"5.*.li <,CJi g. .,"<+ o-9:lJl ;*i-t lilJt .aLi^. c*J .rl;tJl ol,^ J!

0i L(sr-, z)4 t'dt oj,o 6^+9 c(Bismuth) o_rlts eW)ts ftrtl Jl;,fJ cW;; ,At cWlt-*tr .Jy;Yleti..ri, ,,.-+t a+*;i e"f;

Jy;ytdr,4j-X JUltl g*1 i-rS .4b'22.6 6,.t-,a: y-o n,tl9pU.:)t-eti;Jl

.t33pu J;lr *,;tdr 6t lt "rj, ..ri..1*

1'.r)^-86rq*Alnn + |ue'r zlfeb +|ve"-\

zr*\1ti+jeOJ\

2lfr_o +_!e-\ z;!eb +\ue

li;,S ebbVri .eirq j,t9:lJl ,.rljUt 6_* u*:i3 .:r c+pl oi^,Ji'- .tiJi .:Lr.-a ol{ a..,L*=1 j"+,.srJr (CR-39) J!-)tJl 6-ur"-,'ir,..,,.#t Gc'ro,*, .CiLiab^j dr+ ,y ,{.rrK- 6i ,; 11,-Llr cl .--tKJrg;

.sy .4t' LiJi .-,Lr.-+.:lyL- ,-F f y-tpl -rJf.l.r.e e!-XJt;"u.C-rIt .r';c rl1:lJl !b.l ,1tt .;r " ' \;.:l.1tJl :-r-e.4.r--:J rrl.;LJl C'Js

.44 t' tr_9:lJllt-,; W y).i-all .rul=1Cio Cfrt2l

g9|,',hIf ..bviljJf , :a<

f*Yl

sfrlf at;ji,iJ.J'+iJ I o J.o : llir )4r

.L:i irJ_j;.i.lj

t"a; 6 gt:. - l._titl c,3Cl3 "-rFl

,- a, - .a;.s:45r.'w Jqs LA '..--a:.''(- -Li

.Lill el r..--J

a.di.tff1'11 llG:-), L:i^,rbll

Jsr) 6.25 M NaOH .10 mL .l(a43'*

,-_rF_ri looo mLnk.22:s,400 mL

.'n;,; 'oJ oi .,;. .,r 3lJ r vr ' ''

J<J I .'+i- Jlt::t -.-r*i .4

-X:.ir.;.,g rz^

u. I LJ*;"J .ettL:-l Ja,),6.25 M NaOH

r .i :yr .J.+ -il .4,.JJLll 4iul

I NaOH,.p 250.0 g .jb'iJl,.ai id. .L| ,ut ;. 750 mL

aF a+K a*.S .&J-.tl +r+ r.:,y I L-t }-d -G;Ll .Ul

;;.,,o- NaOH -:l &ts .&Irllgit .NaOH Jl u. jo ,,.,crj ric

'r .i !r.-rr ,lr. 3-in | -iu.i:l, iLi.Jl 9 .1t tl:ll

C" J;i;!c,3, o" :l,li ol:rS,.

....iFla;)ts fl,e:Jr- llGi-l ;S4l .,u xi--Jl -<&y+Jl ..,6J1 _l+

.cJ+1,1 ,:lif L-rJ -#t J,r-tJrllj rpllJt .Jc lJr.ljr alUirlrg., e @

...:J..i', pi3 qUr .kJ,:l*.t1,.ri :Jr.r- r* Vtib .tL.s a3u 41r-.l t @

.iirrrlr o>A.g' .L rf 1$rr ev jrrli Cf t <ry

,lL-neP,f"'-'>!.:-f6*\ b,i

g,!.-l rT d s\ & o_ts

Lt'.ll 9t.a,

y:fu,iait;sifu-),t'. 6 h* .

CR-39 d.r-)l{ .

(iltL. al*L dr, a;l-) -F uj. ._\_-

l0 cm x 6 cm 6i*U: iitLr .,/ ./.:A-l_A:r .

,j,_sj hi),l .

^-9) , cJ) .

L- VJ'

U4L '

.r.rKJt g,e |*fit.-F Jy-rS.rllUi ti111 c'a1313 otb ( .1

.{JJl ;itul g, 4 cm x 2 cm c>$:*, a,tit 2

d4J*lJtl# L;,l .r$l# Lta; t"6J.c CICR-3e dJ.'-)tJl q-1 :L 3

a'c).lllJf

&tgrlt3 rfglf

C!+rtl aAfJ.

" r.lt^tt a.)*Jl &t!.ld:r I

t{i.3tj9 klS L.)[Jl crl -il-: ir3t .''^'Lifl gl

e, 'J-..9 Jr .!r4r lrE.r.=

+tel NaOHJI &Jt--;Jtlt C- .1.0 M eJ4 L"isli

_xi oljl4e J1l9,4>-9 sl ?-,L.3l-,:+;r rjc -.!il Jfr--,r-f ;lF

L€^lr;=:-lj 6.25 M NaOH;r;*i a:t; r= ,L.r ..'irjr ;r€Ja-JL- J*i,i,r a-l-c 4 l+i -a:)-

-. J;lU ti*. - t-l-;; .1*teJL 3: reLJl "Gri) tiLscr,i 9- rs'b .&ttt,r.i gi t 9o

ar){Jl .1:,r g* aa:tl 30 ; 'i4 cle:r- q,i ;.*" or*ll !L; at:r

.4-Jt- J+i,:^: . r.Jl;

a

a

a

a

J-+l .dr-)'lJl a'l'i -t-b ,r Q; F a-r s\ p.t -e et rr;+: ;-r**l_9.e;tlt J! a;.r1Jl k4l J-ri e-i- a.iL .-lu-i e-\ b-r:J epe a'Ls o'

Jli Y Ct ,*4t .J!:) Cn-:9 .it:-)tJl 4J;J a:J.Lrl a-€41 ,;, kr:lt U, Ci.4JJl a;rLJlJ.h.-, ,,& *,!.i J<+ qj-Jir ,(":J*l ,J!t, ;t-U;

g- .e.t*->tJr qF 4*-.,81 a{+l .-} fl Wr- s\k,, cfl.r _,r-- d! .-51 .4

.l.,l,Jl a{41 J!CR-39 dr-)tJl oe( ..ri & ,o$t G €r}tp*tt,t\t o-t eJt J.;ip a-},; ge.cJ*->l.Jt +f "tL; f , G$ el--l 5

.:V g:t artr J^dJ *FlJ*- .('vrieti',. C -,"!r lj.a

"er:) .6,;;lcsijlitll ; J^r5rr .-"rKlr- .6

Cbj)t:.-,lr-b;Yt f l:4.;.rt^(Jt & Jir--,..1 .l J-9-r-lt j.:t -eJJl oj.o

.J!r ,_& CiLi 3 glr ria jdt ^5Jl ;Lt a!'.,-,lr+J J]î,. Jr 4li{ .,i.rt(Jt .r.oi abutt 61ulr "-W ;; .7

.Ll,-)t elll*"t;1

122

Atdsarl

Pt2,*lojlt,u$.r->tJt oFtgr CR-39 cJ";->tJt 6;i .8

.;iilrrr v Lt' d4J+-!Jrl $ 7tt: LUJIa3tulirdJr-\U ,rb!l .++l ,,1.e ,Jt u;l zl! d jl

4l.(.s 6:telcJ F o,,S t^;tr.k(+t-2 cCR-39

j, g* ,,o tJ ,e-p "|5

-u.c itL; n C*).()

;J-t; "lF! dJj-)tJl dti-..!ri .,!Jl t.r,o pu! g;J .g

NaOH JeL+ pt.ur-lf::-;Jtll or^ J)\r . "ill..:l1L-, gp + d.t-\U +*,.,f1 a;.-utillr)

'+i-r'6i ':L'=*>c.,tlLJt L I "gt

a;!Ar JrK;\rr -E--y .!U-\rr ; <w).1-futr u"3.;: .togi-;-l t-.r;p UJi.rL-*--+ r , .JL; oJl .-l,t*lJ.-,L..-a.1 kt=<.:j f cjlJl .rl;LJt .CR-39 dJj-)tJlu\ .*Vs *J<* *->\*Jl ei-;;t,rjJl uJ.-,t ..-a1 .J<-:; r;i C.Jt 6P P W Cl .rt;tJt

.a*. ajl;ci d.t-)tJl c.jj;l .,:Jl rjJi

\;.e k* p.r**l ..rl;LJl +::) q&eJlt ci i*i":-XJt 4+ U .llli," Fi .qf* 1'f-JJ \t)t ,F -b cV t';-rf.* ,1allG;,, a-<$-)^{

.l J1.r-lt G Ft U.o J; .(10 x) S:.a;,u'"-;rr+ .rUJlu.^ .& i; ; U\ u ku.cR-39 dJ.'-!J ,;'!l Ct-Jl ,rb .:l;LJ | + y .tz

f ,.:l.,t*tt oj.a .rr-1."*yt..1*^lt j ;r,ot-EJt eU! t&ir;.r+ .:l:tJt Oi-, -U*trYi .---- .pgrlJtr .ii;;oUlf ,/,b)r[l: CR-39 JJ;-XJIC-y fe+U!

,eS:.tc:Jti ,lt5l)l .4--ij ,i$l,:l-1tJl )Jrgi{ egl rl1-:lJl ,}eS P-,F F ,res @0 x) r'..(.1 a:JUl ;r$Jl .rl: e;;Jt a--r,Jt Jl J'r, c.:t;tJl ;,.4*t--r *&:*a>.)-; sle CR-39 4;:-)lq 6,!:'L3 g> .l\1a1jlt

.2 J1 .t j :t-re!l ,i^ FJ (:;Lia J:; tO j .:t;LJl xtr- ),r-l*

123

l;1i g.l -,...a gt1t...-

Gtisa'il

.JqJl :,tc irr.Llll lG:-l lili tJ;: Yi !:,ljtia l9.ri;r gl . ,-Triob y glrt iJl Je.rl ;.u9

ell AJ+irl Jr+Jl slju3 .ll . .rll

"e+o+U.--Uf l sliJl ol,:tl,'Ul-rl,,.=.jl-f l ..ilii- e=;**

+ic JntJl Jl ka! Jl)l::tlI r..r r ilr€.b4>, .f+bIJ r]J' J, r€4JJ

t{j,.,J€li:JI d;J sFlJl Jl abl.;L

-tsil JL4..:,\W.lr 3c'1. 1I a r,r iri .'.. rrêdr fl .,uL )9r J"i;.naOH

:-...,*3i .-L. I,,iL+ -t<...',)l:Jr f rl ,;6 J)L- .a&t a+;L;

c.l..;U!r [sr- ifS;i .,.r:.o">lj ; '' ^ Z:(rt ")1,

a-)-Jl ottlgU ;^-f,:f f j ::i!ltl

e*JlJ a:nlJ;JLL! plgrf l "-lc e; o

.,t: ;:- irl s-J,+i; ;;JJ_<Jtr.5;iu.-,i'' t;1 ..4.+n r

o. &+ lJs;rUl ,L.els .,to;,- 2r.rilq ,.',+,Jl , l.e ala*- 2-oLll

.i: a:<.i , i"t .u!: ,Lii ..:t r-!L;:L-"J J.i;ll 9= &JlJtJl.l'.{.1!.:-l 6}t .4JJS, oJCl

i._trt .4.jt j-J< i:Lr gt .*alt ) ot

ll ..tJ.rl+ .J. i-,3t+-r( ;:L,-., :t:

irtll ,L-eLb ,.4.+t- "J-

r-ri-lq , L-iJl , n'+ lL a-il*Sjlot i 6. ri'u ..rg3 ,1;i .,t.t-

gpl9 .".l.-Fl crl3Uo arl:.:. ni,,3

g1.+&i'q+cll ollt,:-)le:Jl aSl:-:<ll rl3ll c,L3L-t

c,tLl4-l )Si *I lrl .l.d-G:.i

;LL ,::. ^Nt 6[!r ,rl "-,,.r l3Jl c,tl"l.;-!l re .iLJs

-r'i ijt,,,.;:L \i ,3es ) .k $l. +;Ll != abG:Jl eliYl ,'r rSi

iiri:.Jl ,rr,rr ;rxu r*i -ri I,t :'e 3; .:*r. 11 t+t-rL J!

cl!4s +J-n, :. :?:t I ltla .:LES

'Jd":J!&9s JL f .4..1- Lc-l .

.:l,lS.*l)l,'rL::,._+j .ul<...'.1

.. ,r .!. . gte*r cJ U+ t]:"'. .rt | .rt r' i4:rfdlCt+i,Jt trt e.5 ) .

.,.e.q:t Jl c,ll;Jl agLin J- r^.-<tl z|> Jl .'-. €l;Jl

.a-licrlg:i ,r gsrJl u*:iti:9 rF;ll

.rlr:"lJ Jra l4rr;il,;r|!>

a39g e-a.at$ t gfgr otilr+

ilr .J .irt<Jl ys etu

ill i.-irKJl () uJairr cgt -LJl

^t? (ihit tlt a3 j);:tilgr

(... ,6.1'rJl 4 us/l

J Jl , i,tt

,-tKJt aJlr!e?ru

.,ijt<Jl aJlr!.:i-9

/ / r' r- t -?J\l1-r+t Ja'' Pe

.rt--L*, 10 j.-,l1tJl c-rz-\c$Ut*1 .,i aiJl 6i i-+.:cruta,r+tas .1

;.l.i-)tJl J' lbLn i.: *:, LL*, j -,llLJl"P !,r:.uJl -r-- .a.il.r'

CR_39

3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + ? + 7 + 4 + 3 + 8 + 6 --s})t,aI st*9v dli4ll10 ctJi'

a

ClbLaiJl s. c,-luJlNaOH -lt &J*. cr!U' JrLc

di ,.J.* 1.0M.;-. asL:L

,pH lr i,-"<*;- ,.i!l ,U:i -,rtpH Jl JL .!:.rJl ,+ .9 e 5 *

..f^1 Jrt fl 3tt^;tt tia{*+.rldl o;'a 4&f-fl ,, <...

4ir;n-C JJ;-ll,'lt:.. )tJ| .rr:-|

.+.:$Jl ijJl +.tjl.f,:f l

e*ltiiJ | 3 g;J.tl ilrr :;icb 4ii+ q.r J-)! J' u'

, :.r.ts ..rl*rj i}-"si gi tg,.ut<tta-L ;1cJ .o94l,:-tl 46'i+J,u.JS--,'(:fl llr;-l f S..ri

;!l ...11 . Jl J+!:f l zl,:*+- JsJ,

-'3b .a,t^9 L-irl eE> u-li;l.,0 ,i -0 .,^L.. ,^;] .* rf ,i

*Ul l gtJl cJc -. JS-e FiIl.e$-ry

J#h39 cl+lt'3

c-,uio rlS3ig

, -iEJl :jlG JJEi,:Il JA-Y l)li",!19 rl;l l^l lt.-+ ji e{,l,el3a;* l9Sr..1l9 ,a+l .:4-y

, ,.- -i "./rx ,qj+ J' rs f<+49 .)iJt-l

.|'-9lSJl &l-ll ;'" t+j';j ):i ail*"

i.,- aleL( a+J, .Ql

)L,r;r -.r+i Js+6.25 M NaOH

.b l<i.. ,1,-....yJI .Jdi,J*g>t Jp Jrll l^;l^ -il,: LalL

fata-lat31ll L:lqJ3)

t"6t-) ii-!:f l iri ar. J3'bX

.*Ui Jcr CR-39,,1r' -)r!t:.i , -.,urrl -b;t Jf j;!l JJL JJa

,,t,:...!Jl u-tiJ e@ Jlt:l)l.NaOH -:r + tt": CR-39

-: .{ -o'o$l) -'tSlr -:t .U. t.î| \vrt

_.L; j:- ..Ul 2 )L;!)l .. i.L:j

!uJ! arr ,gli: ea .Ul

i'" ,E t".,'^-f- 1A 3 .::oa; lQ

..5;9r,t1:. .Ul

.-*J',(J .46- t,#\j)l JL Jtl, ..rlrLJl :-rc c.=o-i :oula g.h's .2

..-'tJ JiIl .,}D l$i-l .#Il U.6 a.-t- *,e &-[ ,cm2 ,! elJtJl )rt(A = nr2 cd = 2r (6 jl)rplt :aL>\,) .a--Lll

A=;,rr2 = (3.14)( 0.l7cm )2- z: ' l0-2 cm2,----=-'

,.b jll.:r'Jl ,.-----l t 0 J 1 ga-uJl Q F: $i .rra-i ;-u-l :cJuUt Fls 3." 2

G,JIJLJJ53JL"r-

=230 ,t</cm20.023 cmr

124

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li^ f*il bts lst,J klJ .ijl,/.-,-t(lt eb; -t;J 6,rll :l-u,l

.Cll../ .jrt<Jl yr fUi :.rr,rle r.r,Jl

2301tuftm2=95 stulc 2l?gt

24.19 pa

tf"Le y'-tls ,dL.J .s;!r ,iJr d; .:Utc g. dJ;Ut* g.--l :c.,ul* FJti 56:'.r':, €ly € qCitL :BqtL+ rty:l.rJl +L:; .:t-4.*; J,I:iI"I k;:*

tu3rylf t ecjfi

e- e fu ,yjt v t' .ft"i 3.823 & t3?nn J ep-Jr r^r :1r$i6og .1

t,.1,9.:lJl ;r. 6:1,v I e t.nt+i 7.646 ,*;i d-i *;J,ee .r+ a:<SJr Cl."r d+

,b .C';+lill $v * 6;1 J.tp rr-e:lJl .:tiL;t ;A u :e1$p*+*oi 2j ;;r*iJ.t Jb./ ,*1 o,& oiJî,-,. c..rl;*Jt e.t-J"il; ;rr;'ur ,>totriJl

a;l*rraGll-,,!-Y \-i f .(.:UJr ol).;;,!r 4;"-rtsl-*,iJl'i,";"u e-JJ,t)t) ,LLA: & ,9"u e,>ti ;:i, Lwl,*u e,)if ,ri'!

. u 7,!4 dJÎ,. ";l tly . a ;!t ;tylt.!+3 .Lr-rlr;tr a'c:l*fr lrrtriJl eir+ ll--$*i A{jU.t e.'c Oi J. J3ii ..I.L:f r OJ,r.i aJi:i

12s

-p

,r CR-39 J:: .),lJl ,t+i! JrIcUI ,-J"i.

ei-",i.d::-ut c;.i- .1b9 r9

".*. L.-jJL. ;.!t .stls 2 ;;etl L)l;ll rttlr:- |

Jal .i,:ll .ai)LJl p,,.s;L-9 ,;-ll, 4+L&l .=,'.-4 Lr- 9- rz-L;)t,-t)t a-:.Li.l a.ElJl ,ri iiil-b

, ;o<;3[, .;r-tt _;;;.t !-.-jLX g9:l;Jl ;t . ^r .=i;

. rlxu :l^rL;Jl a,& N r>S-i, -ri" cR-39 .4{i->trjr 3\ t;t\

Jr 4:?L"-J;r!+lJ#l ;- J.:>+.4-lG:-l q4.;1L;Yl

: :1:,r : ;,r^ d.c NaOH Jt !"J.;ol;Lu, :.:,<J e!i),1,,.11 ,y.:,L1..,- uiil, .Ui rL3,1

ojr ll3al,Jl q;r+. rj J13 Bq/L Jl

Y l+JL Oo .(o4-.j-it nLl. . ll,i_.rL"!

"Jll a-J61.:.;ll ..rl ..rtst+

J3 dtS 2373 ;l*1cm2 17e,

370 pCilL u. e*liJ r:sr"l,:rl r$ .( I 3.69 Bq/L)

-,o)r Jt .Jr 'j -L-_J ^G_tI

.4J a{--l I

Lte iibEi:r.,f

.AJeLdl 6.layr_J'+i S 7fuJt

a;jJt1t*)U lLY e,,.1..+ #, CR-39 dJt-)tJlllr;i-lg<{ :.JJVer"".r 3JJ^l*. ii ti1 .4ult g)t*l -r-l ,-ru*-Y qr4 & .,*,-b;1*^{ or,=,-

-9

.\*lt -\b tdLLs

.t-eJi.rL..q diU2j .

.a{ll ,J ,r;:lJl +Lii .

.CiL^,all .r[i)\g ,}:-. tu jLjJl Lli)J ,*eL.l,)l tt*LJl .

dF a.r-rfr.itr ar)l-tr iirrt -lt gr+ l--girg3 niUaLn Oi .l'o .r5ii ..l.rbilr &:nr eini

.r3Jir..dl o.ta+r-.1+4 gl gLrtllt

126

€^lrtf ?g$ti,b-

,i.u C..*rtJl rYl

e'cttlf eeletl Ara)lt

a.c[c t i3 .1

ol;lfl ..lj, ..t-.t iG-21 :l'J-ol ""k Jf .:t-.1J''. dlJ*J;Jl*j-Yl oj.a p-E-l.dJ5.i a;r, aJuJl ,t;!l u ,f .)'t& l-dLjl ,r:Jl

,cV\f tb-r\l

e-lrdl

4i,Il k+l

.:t pJ a-;Jl .1.rt-all

ol-.;1) +il-r.ai-9 e---Jt Lyy J-?),)til^+ j;s-tt iI^+) .>=JJ t-f H(4;,;'>.'"U)

adf€tl AfJrlairl;_b JISt-f Jt- ,JJ .l-F.,rlt f :t ,71p,I i$l J--,uJt \tS Fi l,Jj'

.CJjiS t-F.rru $* <,;>Y g-.rU;r 6:.r-e

ir"l_Jl ......UrYt4t(tt

. iiir,6JtiJKJt

gyI tta-'r y.1i /u,t.iJt 6plt

iiiiri&ll6elll

4jl,pt ar*rJl rl.trl

irJterg ---------+Aot

128

g

e.lrtl J'J-.r.i:tl a:|gs a*[.c ar?lJ,r

JIC+ €lts a$.a- s;jJl 'ifl k+ J4' ili.-:fi r,,#JJl tCt a1t5;4;; oi -ra

.qlrllEt:(i q!? 4{ e"l'sl lLlJ L^1;: r55lg .'rl.4!

129

i*Jc*l arUSJl 2-J. .

a,."};) 0*tairst*--,Jt brLtt s\ ,Jsl W yla-,-;4Jt,lj;l

&r_Jli:qJtJt r;!tj^Si

,.:--Jl !13"-c

a-.r;ll

e-'.-Jl Ua;L

f-'-JJ,iJlz*Jt. v 'J l*J J

a.r)|ll

i*";rl ,:tJl

130

. i. ll i--.lJl f*Yl

(atFtt, agyc drfl) fL+df Jf zJJ,*'\ 3

e+ o-K Ji ,-& er).0.1t -, "*-l aUlt 'p y ciJ=q L*y 4r/ r'.r

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الكيمياء كراسة االتمارين ج2 الصف الثاني عشر

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