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çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ% möo] Lo:i ,oa iru

ds- Vh- ,l- ljkvks

First edition: Delhi University, Delhi (2004)Second revised edition: CBBEF, Taipei (2005)© K.T.S. Sarao

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IkqLrd ds ckjs esa

bl iqLrd esa çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ ds dbZ egÙoiw.kZfo"k;ksasa dk vkykspukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA fiNys dqN o"kksaZds nkSjku cq) dh frfFk dks ysdj gq, fookn ij vius fopkjizdV djrs gq, ys[kd us bl iqLrd esa cq) dh frfFk dhx.kuk djus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA ckS) /keZ ds möo ds dkj.kksa]fo’ks"kdj ykSg rduhd dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj gq, fookn] dh Hkhijh{kk dh xbZ gSA bl iqLrd esa çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZds vfgalk ds fl)kUr ,oa efgykvksa ds çfr mlds #[k dkHkh foospu fd;k x;k gSA çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ dslkekftd n’kZu rFkk fgUnq lekt dh Js.khc)rk ds izfrmlds fopkjksa ij Hkh fVi..kh dh xbZ gSA var esa] ckS) /keZ dsHkkjr esa gq, iru ds dkj.kksa dh leL;k dk Hkh lek/kku <wa<usdh dksf’k’k dh gSA

ys[kd ds ckjs esads-Vh-,l- ljkvks fnYyh fo’ofo|kYk; ds ckS) v/;;ufoEkkx esa izksQSlj gSaA mUgksaus ckS) /keZ ij vkB iqLrdsarFkk 50 ls vf/kd ’kks/ki= fy[ks gSaA mUgksaus fnYyh odsafczt fo’ofo|kYk; ls ih-,p-Mh- dh mikf/k;k¡ izkIr dhgqbZ gSaA izksQSlj ljkvks ;wjksi] mÙkjh vesfjdk] rFkk iwohZ,f’k;k ds dbZ fo’ofo|kYk;ksa esa i<+k pqds gSaA vktdyog rkboku ds Qkxq’kku fo’ofo|kYk;ksa esa ckS) /keZ dsfoft+fVax izksQSlj ds :Ik esa dke dj jgs gSaA

Hkwfedk

çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ% möo] Lo:i ,oa iru uked ;giqLrd eSaus 2002 dh xehZ dh Nqfê;ksa esa rS;kj dh FkhA okLro esas a]bl iqLrd ds çFke ik¡p v/;k; eq[; rkSj ij esjh vaxzst+h dhiqLrd The Origin and Nature of Ancient IndianBuddhism ij vk/kkfjr gSaA D;ksafd bl iqLrd dks çkjfEHkd rkSjij u dsoy vaxzst+h esa fy[kk x;k Fkk cfYd blesa ç;ksx fd;s x;syxHkx lHkhs ds lHkh lzksr Hkh vaxzst+h vFkok jkseu esa gh viyC/kgSa] blfy;s xzaFk&lwph o iknfVIif.k;ksa dks mudh ewy Hkk"kk ;kfyfi esa gh fn;k x;k gSA mlh çdkj] la{ksi.k&lwph dks Hkh jkseuesa gh fn;k x;k gSA bl iqLrd dk igyk laLdj.k 2004 esafnYyh fo’ofo|kYk; ds fgUnh funs’kky; }kjk Nkik x;k FkkAysfdu mUgksaus Nkius esa vusdksa izdkj dh xyfr;k¡ djnh Fkha]blhfy;s eq>s bl f}rh; laLdj.k dks Niokus ij foo’k gksukiM+kA

esjs vusd fe=ksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa us u dsoyeq>s bl iqLrd dks fy[kus ds fy;s çsfjr fd;k vfirq blsfy[kus esa esjh lgk;rk Hkh dhA MkWñ jkts’k jatu ¼/keZ v/;;ufoHkkx] iatkch fo’ofo|ky;] ifV;kyk½ us çFke o NBs] MkWñ vuhrk’kekZ ¼iwoZ ,f’k;kbZ v/;;u foHkkx] fnYyh fo’ofo|ky;½ us f}rh;rFkk Mkñ ckyehfd çlkn ¼ckS) v/;;u foHkkx] fnYyhfo’ofo|ky;½ us r`rh; v/;k; ds vuqokn dk çFke ik.Mqys[krS;kj fd;kA fnYyh fo’ofo|ky; esa esjs lg;ksxh o fe«k MkWñrqylh jke ’kekZ us bl iqLrd dk çwQ+&’kks/ku djds vusdksacgqewY; lq>ko fn;sA esjs fe= lqjsaæz dqekj dh vuqokn djus dhfuiq.krk dk Hkh eSaus csgn Qk;nk mBk;kA MkWñ cS|ukFk ykHk ¼ckS)v/;;u foHkkx] tEew fo’ofo|ky;½ us Hkh vusd =qfV;ksa dh vksjesjk /;ku vkÑ"V fd;kA esjs vusdksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa] fo’ks"kdj lat;dqekj frokjh] dqekj lfPpnkuUn] gjh’k ckyqtk rFkk vuhrk lSuhus bl iqLrd dk çwQ+&’kks?ku djds vusd cgqewY; lq>ko fn;sA eSabu lcdk vkHkkjh gw¡A vUr esa] lquhrk] tjuSy] vuq] usgk] fuf/k]

çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ% möo] Lo:i ,oa iru2

dfudk] ekfud rFkk dfu"d us Hkh dbZ rjg ls viuk ;ksxnkunsdj eq>s ;g dk;Z lEié djus ds ;ksX; cuk, j[kkA

dsñ Vhñ ,lñ ljkvks 10 tuojh 2005

1

ckS) dkykuqØe dh leL;k,¡(PROBLEMS OF BUDDHIST CHRONOLOGY)

cq) dh frfFk (Date of the Buddha)dkykuqØe dh leL;k çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lokZf/kdfooknkLin fo"k;ksasa esa ls ,d gSA miyC/k lzksr fldUnj dsvfHk;ku ls iwoZ dh lqfuf'pr dkykuqØe&laca/kh tkudkjh ds fy,vi;kZIr gSaA ;|fi lkekU; ekU;rk gS fd cq) 80 o"kZ thforjgdj ifjfuo`ZÙk gq,] ij Bhd&Bhd dc ls dc rd] ;g fcuk1

vkykspuk dks cqykok fn, bafxr djuk dfBu gSA le;≤ ijijEijkxr ckS) dkykuqØe esa LokHkkfod fojks/kkHkklksa ¼innateinconsistencies½ dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA ;|fi vc vf/kdrj2

Yksfdu ;g vko’;d ugha gS fd š80› dks lgh vad ekuk1

tk,A euq";ksa dh vadksa dks iw.kZ ¼round off½ djus dh vknr dks iwjhrjg ls ut+j vankt+ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

‹. Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins2

to the ƒaka Era, tr.Sara Webb-Boin, Louvain-la-Neuve: InsitutOrientaliste, 1988:13-14 (originally published as Histoire dubouddhisme indien: Des origenes à l’ère „aka, Louvain: Bibliothéquedu Musèon, 1959:14-15); T.W. Rhys Davids, šThe Early History ofthe Buddhists,› E.J. Rapson (ed), The Cambridge History of India,vol. 1, Cambridge, 1922: 171-197; H. Kern, Manual of IndianBuddhism, Strassburg: Grundriß der indo-arischen Philologie undAltertumskunde, III, Band 8 Heft,1896; G.C. Mendis,šTheChronology of the Early PÈli Chronicle of Ceylon,› University ofCeylon Review, 5, No.1, 1947: 39-54; E.J. Thomas, šTheravÈdinand SarvÈstivÈdin dates of the NirvÈ‡a,› in D.R. Bhandarkar et al


fo}ku ekurs gSa fd cq) dhs eR;q 400 bZñiwñ ds vkl&ikl vFkokmlls vf/kd igys ugha gqbZ] rFkkfi cq) ds dky ls lEc) fdlh3

Hkh 'kks/k dk vuqlj.k djus ds fy, lEc) lzksrksa dk ,d u;k vkSjvkykspukRed vè;;u vR;Ur vko’;d gSA

cq) dh frfFk dh x.kuk ds fy, dbZ fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksxfd;k x;k gSA ijUrq buesa ls vf/kdrj fo’oluh; ugha gSa]fo'ks"kdj os tks ;k rks cgqr ckn dh lkexzh ij vkfJr gSa ;kfdlh u fdlh :i esa lafnX/k çÑfr ¼dubious nature½ dh gSaA;gk¡ ij ge cq) dh frfFk ls lEc) dsoy lcls egÙoiw.kZifjdYiukvksa ¼most important hypotheses½ ij fopkj djsaxsAysfdu] okLrfod fo"k; ij vkus ls iwoZ] ;g è;ku nsuk egÙoiw.kZgS fd paæxqIr rFkk v’kksd nksuksa ds flagklukjksg.k dh frfFk;k¡ cq)dh frfFk ls vfoekspuh; rjhds ls tqM+ha gSaA ;g U;wukf/kd fuf'prgS fd paæxqIr us yxHkx 317 bZñiwñ esa 'kklu djuk vkjEHk fd;k];|fi dqN fo}ku blls dqN iwoZ dh frfFk Hkh ekurs gSaA4

š,s.MkekSl ¼Endamos½ }kjk iq# ¼Poros½ dh gR;k vkSj 317 bZñiwñesa Hkkjr ls mldk çLFkku i;kZIr ladsr gSaA paæxqIr dh vxqvkbZ esa

(ed), B.C. Law Volume, vol. 2, Poona, 1946: 18-22; H. Bechert,šThe Date of the Buddha Reconsidered,› Indologica Taurinensia, 10,1982: 29-36; šA Remark on the Problem of the Date of MahÈvÏra,›Indologica Taurinensia, 11, 1983: 287-290; (ed), The Dating of theHistorical Buddha/ Die Datierung des historischen Buddha, 2 vols, 3 Folge, nos. 189, 194, Göttingen: Abhandlungen der Akademie derWissenschaften in Göttingen, 1991, 1992; (ed),When Did the BuddhaLive?, Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica Series No. 165, Delhi, Sri SatguruPublications: 1995.

foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa] H. Bechert (ed), Op. Cit.,3

1991, 1992, 1995.

jksfeyk Fkkij us cM+s vPNs <ax ls paæxqIr ds4

flagklukjksg.k dh frfFk dh x.kuk o"kZ 321 bZzñiwñ dh gSA ns[ksa, R.Thapar, A„oka and the Decline of the Mauryas, Bombay: OxfordUniversity Press, 1960:12-16.

CkkS) dkykuqØe dh leL;k,¡ 3

HkM+dk Hkkjrh; foæksg bl le; ls iwoZ laHko çrhr ugha gksrkA›5

bl çdkj š317 bZñiwñ ls igys paæzxqIr ds vf/kdkj&{ks= dhLFkkiuk gksuh vlaHko gS] gkyk¡fd uUnksa dks m[kkM+ Qsadus rFkkmuds ex/k lkezkT; dks çkIr djus dk mldk foèoald ç;kl325 bZñiwñ rd tk ldrk gSA› v’kksd ds 13osa f'kykys[k esa6

mfYyf[kr fofHkUu ;wukuh jktkvksa ds ukeksa ds vk/kkj ij v’kksddh jkT;çkfIr ¼accession½ dh frfFk yxHkx 268 bZñiwñ j[kh tkldrh gS vkSj vfHk"ksd ¼consecration½ dh frfFk] tks mlds 'kkluds pkSFks o"kZ esa ¼vFkkZr~ 3 o"kZ ckn) gqvk] yxHkx 265 bZñiwñA

cq) dh frfFk ds vè;;u ds fy, ç;qä lzksr eksVs rkSjij nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vs tk ldrs gSa% os lzksr tks rFkkdfFkrnh?kZdkykuqØe ¼Long Chronology½ dk leFkZu djrs gSa ;k os tksy?kqdkykuqØe ¼Short Chronology½ dkA ;s dkykuqØe eq[; :ils Øe'k% nf{k.kh vkSj mÙkjh ckS) fdaonafr;ksa ¼Northern andSouthern Buddhist legends½ ij vk/kkfjr gSaA JhyadkbZ ijEijk esa'kkfey nf{k.kh fdaonafr;k¡ v’kksd ds vfHk"ksd dks cq) ds ifjfuokZ.kls 218 o"kZ ckn ekurh gSaA bldh rqyuk esa] mÙkjh ckS)7

fdaonafr;k¡ v’kksd ds vfHk"ksd dks cq) dh eR;q ls 100 ;k 110 o"kZckn ekurh gSaA mu rdks± dk loksZPp losZ{k.k] ftUgksaus fo}kuksa dks;g fo'okl djus ij çsfjr fd;k fd cq) dh frfFk dh x.kuknh?kZdkykuqØe ij vk/kkfjr gksuh pkfg,] vkaæs CkkWjks ¼AndrèBareau½ ds 1953 esa Nis ys[k esa ik;k tkrk gSA nf{k.kh ckS)ksa us8

vkjEHk esa cq) dh eR;q dh frfFk dks o"kZ 544&543 bZñiwñ eku fy;k

N.K. Bhattasali, šMauryan Chronology and Connected5

Problems,› Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Part II, 1932: 283.

O. Stein, šThe Coronation of Candragupta Maurya,›6

Archiv Orientalni, vol. 1,1932: 368.

nhioal.VI.1, 19-20; egkoal.V.21; leariklkfndk.I.41, 1.25.7

A. Bareau, šLa date du nirvÈ‡a,› Journal Asiatique, Vol.8

241, 1953: 27-62.


FkkA ysfdu foYgSYe xk;xj ¼W. Geiger½ vkSj vU; fo}kuksa us blx.kuk esa lq/kkj dj fn;k Fkk D;ksafd Jhyadk ds jktkvksa dsdkykuqØe esa 60 vfrfjä o"kZ tqM+s gq, FksA nh?kZdkykuqØe dk9

cqfu;knh la[;k 218 gSA bl laca/k esa nhioal esa dgk x;k gS%

lEcq) ds ifjfuokZ.k çkIr djus ds 218 o"kks± cknfi;nLlu ¼v’kksd½ dk vfHk"ksd gqvk FkkA10

vkSj egkoal esa dgk x;k gS%fotsrk ¼cq)) ds fuokZ.k ds ckn vkSj mlds ¼v’kksd ds)vfHk"ksd ls igys 218 o"kZ Fks] ;g tkuuk pkfg,A

11

dgk tkrk gS fd ftl miæo ds dkj.k r`rh; laxhfr dkvk;kstu gqvk Fkk og ikVfyiq= ds v’kksdkjke esa cq) dh eR;q ds236 o"kZ ckn gqvk Fkk vkSj ;g laxhfr v’kksd ds 17osa o"kZ esa12

lekIr gqbZ FkhA blls Hkh egkifjfuokZ.k v’kksd ds vfHk"ksd ls13

218 o"kZ iwoZ iM+rk gSA pw¡fd] v’kksd ds 13osa f'kykys[k esa14

mYysf[kr fofHkUu ;wukuh jktkvksa dh frfFk;ksa ds vk/kkj ij v’kksddh jkT;çkfIr ¼accession½ dh frfFk dh x.kuk yxHkx 268 bZñiwñ

fooj.k ds fy, ns[ksa] W. Geiger, šIntroduction› to The9

MahÈva£sa or the Great Chronicle of Ceylon, London, PTS: 1908,1912: xxv-xxvi; G.C. Mendis 1947: 39-54.

}s lrkfu p oLlkfu vV~Bkjl oLlkfu p]10

lEcq)s ifjfuCcqÙks vfHkflÙkks fi;nLluksA ¼nhioal.VI.1.½

ftukfuCck.krks iPNk iqjk rLlsfHklsdrks]11

lëkjla oLllr}a b;a fotkfu;aA ¼egkoal.V.21.)

nhioal.VII.37, 44ff; egkoal.V.21.12

egkoal.V.280.13

nhioal.VI.1; egkoal.V.21. 14


ds vklikl curh gS] cq) dh eR;q ds o"kZ dh x.kuk fuEu çdkjls dh tk ldrh gS%

v’kksd us jktxíh ij vf/kdkj fd;k ¾ yxHkx 268 bZñiwñ+v’kksd dk jkT;kfHk"ksd gqvk ¼268-3½ ¾ YkxHkx 265 bZñ+iwñ---------1v’kksd dk jkT;kfHk"ksd gqvk ¾ 218 o"kZ cq) ds ckn----2cq) dh eR;q gqbZ ¼218+265½ ¾ YkxHkx 483 bZñiwñ15

nh?kZdkykuqØe ds leFkZu esa ;g vafdr fd;k tkrk gSfd rFkkdfFkr [kksrku dk bfrgkl ¼History of Khotan½ esa/kekZ’kksd ds flagklukjksg.k dh frfFk 234 bZñiwñ nh xbZ gS] tks nh?kZdkykuqØe ds 218 bZñiwñ ls vf/kd fHké ugha gSA ,slk Hkh16

crk;k tkrk gS fd bl dkykuqØe dk blds ledkyhujktuSfrd bfrgkl dh ?kVuk,¡ Hkh leFkZu djrh gSaA vtkr’k=qcq) dh eR;q ds 24 o"kZ ckn rd xíh ij fojkteku Fkk] vkSj17

rc] ,slk dgk tkrk gS] uUn jktoa'k dh LFkkiuk vkSj v’kksd dsjkT;kfHk"ksd ds chp 78 o"kks± dk le; chrk] gkyk¡fd ikSjkf.kd18

lzksr 78 o"kks± ls dqN vf/kd le; vafdr djrs gSaA nh?kZdkykuqØeds leFkZd ;g Hkh vafdr djrs gSa fd fofHké lzksrksa esa ex/kjktkvksa dh lwph ;|fi dbZ fo"k;ksa ij lkeatL;ghu çrhr gksrh

ysfdu ;fn 3 o"kks± dks ut+j vankt+ dj fn;k tk, rks15

cq) dh e`R;q dh frfFk yxHkx 486 ¼218+268) bZñiwñ esa iM+rh gSA ;gHkh ,d /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd fcUnqlkj ds jkT;dky dhvof/k JhyadkbZ ijEijk esa 28 o"kZ nh xbZ gS tc fd iqjk.kksa esa ;ghvof/k 25 o"kZ nh xbZ gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd JhyadkbZ ijEijk esav’kksd ds jkT;kfHk"ksd ls igys ds 3 o"kksaZ dks fcUnqlkj dsjkT;dky esa ’kkfey dj fn;k x;k] ysfdu rnuqlkj v’kksd dsjkT;dky dh dqy vof/k dks ugha cnyk x;kA

A. Bareau, Op. Cit, 1953: 51.16

nhioal.III.60.17

egkoal.V.15-22.18


gS] rc Hkh vtkr’k=q vkSj paæxqIr ds chp vusdksa jktkvksa dsjkT;dky ds ckjs esaa ;g lzkssr ,der gSaA bUk jktkvksa esa ls ,dmnkf;u Fkk ftlus viuh jkt/kkuh jktxg ls cnydj ikVfyiq=esa LFkkfir dh FkhA ,slk Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd ;fn gey?kqdkykuqØe dks eku ysa rc uUn oa'k dh LFkkiuk vtkr'k=q ds'kkludky ds rqjar ckn gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSA ysfdu nwljh vksj];g Hkh vafdr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd iqjk.k dqN LFkkuksa ijHkzkafrtud lwpuk nsrs gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ç|ksr ftlus voafr ls'kklu fd;k] dks ex/k dk ’kkld cryk;k x;k gSA ysfdu vcvf/kdrj bfrgkldkj bl rF; ls lger gSa fd voafr oa'kkoyhfdlh u fdlh çdkj ex/k jktoa'kksa esa feyk nh xbZ FkhA19

foYgSYe xk;xj }kjk nh xbZ dkykuqØe&lax.kuk dhiqf"V ds fy, rdks± esa ls ,d çeq[k rdZ foØefla?ks }kjk çLrkfor;g ifjdYiuk Fkh fd ,d dkykuqØe] ftldk vkjEHk 483 bZñiwñesa cq) dh eR;q ds :i esa ekudj gqvk] Jhyadk esa 11oha 'krkCnhds vkjEHk rd çpfyr Fkk( vkSj fd 544 bZñiwñ dk cq)o"kZlkekU;r;k ckn ds le; esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA rFkkfi]20

foØefla?ks dh ifjdYiuk] tks Hkzakfriw.kZ iwokZuqekuksa ij vk/kkfjr Fkh]ckj&ckj [kf.Mr dh tk pqdh gSA ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd21

gkyk¡fd la'kksf/kr nh?kZdkykuqØe ¼Corrected Long Chronology½jktk oêxke.kh ds ckn iw.kZr% fo'okl djus ;ksX; gS] ysfdu mlls

Cambridge History of India, vol. 1, Cambridge:19

Cambridge University Press, 1922:277.

D.M.Z. Wickremasinghe, šKiribat-Vehera Pillar20

Inscription,› Epigraphia Zeylanica, I, 1904-12: 153-161.

E. Hultzsch, šContributions to Singhalese Chronology,›21

JRAS,1913: 517-531; G.C. Mendis, šThe Chronology of the EarlyPÈli Chronicle of Ceylon,› University of Ceylon Review, 5, No.11947: 39-54; S. Paranavitana, šNew Light on the Buddhist Era inCeylon and Early Sinhalese Chronology,› University of CeylonReview, 18,1960: 129-155.


iwoZ dky dh tkudkjh ekSf[kd ijEijk ls yh xbZ Fkh vkSjdkykuqØe&laca/kh lax.kuk,¡ mu çkphure JhyadkbZbfrgklys[kdksa ¼historiographers½ }kjk cuk, x, dkepykÅvuqekuksa ij vk/kkfjr Fkha] tks vkt ds miyC/k lzkssr dks vk/kkjçnku djrs gSaA bl çdkj la'kksf/kr nh?kZdkykuqØe ds i{k esa dksbZBksl çek.k miyC/k ugha gSA bl çdkj] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS22

fd çkphu nf{k.kh ijEijk ds fdlh dkxtkr esa 483 bZñiwñ ;k 486bZ+ñiw +esa 'kq: gksus okys dkykuqØe dk dksbZ ladsr ugha gSA ;s laor~ckn ds ikf.MR; dk vkfo"dkj çrhr gksrs gSaA foUlsaV fLeFk us 160bZñiwñ ls igys ds JhyadkbZ dkykuqØe dks u dsoy iw.kZr%vLohÑr vkSj lansgkLin ik;k cfYd eq[; çfrKfIr;ksa esa Hkhfuf'pr :i ls mls xyr Bgjk;kA jktk fot; ls23

nsokufEi;frLl rd ds dky dh ijEijk bl lk/kkj.k vk/kkj ijlansgkLin çrhr gksrh gS fd fot; dk Jhyadk esa vkxeu rFkkcq) dh eR;q dk fnu ,d gh gS! blds vfrfjä] 'kkludkyksa dh24

vof/k dks xksy&eVksy la[;kvksa esa ,sls fn;k x;k gS fd os udsoy fdlh fuf'pr ;kstuk dk va’k çrhr gksrs gSa cfYd] nksjktkvksa] i.MqdkHk; vkSj eqVflo] dh vof/k çR;{k :i ls vlaHkoçrhr gksrh gSA unuqlkj] i.MqdkHk; 107 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ft;k25

tcfd eqVflo us cq<+kis esa jktk cuus ds ckotwn 60 o"kZ 'kklufd;kA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd šijEijk esa dqN ukeksa vkSj26

?kVukvksa dks] okLro esa] d+k;e j[kk tk ldrk gSa] ijarq fot; vkSj

H. Bechert, šThe Date of the Buddha Reconsidered,›22

Indologica Taurinensia, 10, 1982: 34f.

V.A. Smith, A„oka: The Buddhist Emperor of India,23

Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901: 57.

egkoal.VI.47. nhioal.IX.21-22 esa ,slk dgk x;k gS fd24

ml dk vkxeu cq) dh e`R;q ds gh fnu gqvkA

W. Geiger , Op. Cit, 1912: 12.25

OkghA26


cq) dks ledkyhu cukus ds fy, vafre 'kkludkyksa dks c<+k fn;kx;kA› ;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd nf{k.kh ijEijk ds ys[kdksa27

}kjk mls vius efLr"d esa dqN fuf’pr eqíksaa dks eísut+j j[kdjcuk;k vkSj iwjk fd;k gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA la[;k š218› vkjfEHkdçfØ;k dk va'k çrhr ugha gksrh] nwljs ’kCnksa esa] ;g ml ewyxzaFk]ftl ij nhioal vkSj egkoal vk/kkfjr gSa] dk fgLlk çrhr ughagksrhA nhioal esa tgk¡&rgk¡ vUrjky gSa ftudh egkoal esa fofHkéjktkvksa ds 'kkludkyksa dks ?kVk&c<+kdj iwfrZ dj nh xbZ gSAmnkgj.k ds fy,] nhioal esa cq) dks ;g dgrs gq, m)`r fd;kx;k gS%

šifjfuCcku ds pkSFks ekl esa çFke laxhfr vk;ksftr gksxh--- ,d lkS vBkjg o"kks± ckn rrh; laxhfr vk;ksftr gksxh---¼rc½--- ,d 'kkld gksxk--- vlksd/kEe ds :i esa KkrA›

28

geZé vksYMucxZ us bl laca/k esa dgk gS fd ;gk¡ r`rh;laxhfr eas f}rh; laxhfr dks iwoZdfYir fd;k x;k gS vkSj mUgksauslq>ko fn;k fd f}rh; laxhfr ds dqN rF; fuf'pr :i ls N¡Vx, gksaxsA muds vuqlkj] 25osa i| dh çFke vkSj f}rh; iafä;k¡29

ewy :i ls fdUgha nwljs i|ksa ls tqM+h FkhaaA muds muqlkj] ;gk¡f}rh; laxhfr ds ckjs esa dFku vkSj cq) dh eR;q ds 100 o"kks± cknmlds ?kVus okys fooj.k N¡V x, gSaA bl çdkj vksYMucxZ dgrs

OkghA27

ifjfuCcqrs prqekls gsLlfr iBela?kgksA28

rrks ija oLllrs oLlku~’vëkjlkfu p rfr;ks la/kgks gksrks ioÙkRFkk; lkluaA befLea tEcqnhifEg HkfoLlfr eghifr egkiq×¥ks rstoarks vlksd/kEeks lfr foLlqrksA

¼nhioal.I.24-26.½

H. Oldenberg, The Buddha, first edition: 1879, reprint,29

Delhi, 1971: 119 fn 1.


gSa fd 118 o"kks± ckn r`rh; laxhfr laié gqbZA f}rh; laxhfr dhfdaonfUr ds laca/k esa ;g Hkfo";ok.kh fd š118 o"kks± ds ckn ,d30

fHk{kq--- eksXxfyiqÙk ¼frLl½--- ml le; ikVfyiqÙk dk 'kkldvlksd Fkk---› vafdr djrh gS fd f}rh; laxhfr r`rh; ls 11831

o"kZ iwoZ vk;ksftr gqbZ] gkyk¡fd bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fdcq) dh eR;q r`rh; laxhfr ls 118 o"kZ iwoZ gqbZA

,d egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k ftlus laHkor% nh?kZdkykuqØe dhyksdfç;rk dks c<+k;k] og ;g rF; Fkk fd y?kqdkykuqØe dhlansgkLin la[;k 100 dh ctk,] nh?kZdkykuqØe esa lVhd la[;k218 gSA ysfdu] bldk rkRi;Z fuf'pr:i ls ;g ugha gksrk fdpw¡fd la[;k 218 xksy&eVksy çrhr ugha gksrh blhfy, ;g ,dlVhd la[;k gSA ;fn /;kuiwoZd ns[kk tk, rks nh?kZdkykuqØe dh,d nqcZyrk ;g Hkh gS fd og çkphure lzksr ftlesa ;g ik;kx;k] y?kqdkykuqØe dh rqyuk esa nks ;k rhu 'krkfCn;ksa ckn jpk32

x;k FkkA ;g fuf'pr gh ekuuk iM+sxk fd fdlh ?kVuk ds ?kfVrgksus vkSj mlds fy[ks tkus ds le; esa ftruk vf/kd varjkyjgsxk mldh fu"i{krk esa fo"k;fu"B =qfV ¼objective error½ dhlaHkkouk mruh gh vf/kd gksxhA

y?kqdkykuqØe Hkkjrh; lzksrksa ¼fou; fiVd½ rFkk mudsphuh vkSj frCcrh vuqoknksa ds lk{; ij vk/kkfjr gSA fou; fiVdds lHkh ikBla'kks/kuksa ¼recensions½ esa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd cq)33

dh eR;q v’kksd ds vfHk"ksd ls 100 vFkok 110 o"kZ igys gqbZAnwljs 'kCnksa esa] egkifjfuokZ.k dh frfFk yxHkx 368 ;k 378 bZñiwñgksuh pkfg,A mÙkjh ijEijk r`rh; laxhfr dk mYys[k blfy, ughadjrh D;ksafd bldk vk;kstu la?kHksn ds ckn gqvk vkSj blfy,nwljs laçnk; blls vufHkK FksA os fo}ku tks mÙkjh ijEijk dks

nhioal.V.16-29.30

Okgh.55-59.31

nhioal ¼4&5oha 'krkCnh½.32

Tkks ,d gh lzksr ls mRié gq, gSaA33


Lohdkj ugha djrs] dgrs gSa fd /kekZ’kksd ds vfHk"ksd vkSj oS'kkyhdh laxhfr dk ,d gh o"kZ esa gksuk vius vki esa ,d fojks/kkHkkl¼contradiction½ gSA ysfdu tks fo}ku bldk vuqlj.k djrs gSa]34

os dgrs gSa fd bl volj ds egÙo dks ns[krs gq, bl çdkj dhlaHkkouk dks vuns[kk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ysfdu la[;k 10035

çk;% ,d cM+h la[;k ds :i esa ç;ksx dh tkrh gS] ftldkvkerkSj ij lqfuf'pr egÙo ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] bldk ç;ksxvf/kdrj ,d xksy&eVksy la[;k ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA36

;|fi 218 ,d xksy&eVksy la[;k ugha gS] rFkkfi bls dbZ vU;vk/kkjksa ij Lohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] tSlkfd igys crk;k tk pqdk gS] blss ewyr% ,d NksVh la[;k ls/khjs&/khjs‘’kk;n blfy, c<+k&p<+k fn;k x;k Fkk fd fofHkéO;fäRoksa vkSj fo/kkvksa dks vfLrRo çnku fd;k tk ldsA v’kksddk 13ok¡ f'kykys[k rkezi.khZ ¼Jhyadk½ dks ,d ,sls ns'k ds :i esavafdr djrk gS tgk¡ mlus /keZçpkjd Hksts FksA pw¡fd ;gf'kykys[k v’kksd ds 'kkludky ds 13osa o"kZ ls lacaf/kr gS] vr%nf{k.kh ijEijk }kjk /keZ&ifjorZu dks 18osa o"kZ esa j[kk tkuk] ,dxyrh çrhr gksrh gSA okLro esa] JhyadkbZ bfrgklys[ku jktuhfrls çsfjr yxrk gS šrkfd fla?ky yksxksa ds bl nkos dks oS/krkçnku dh tk lds fd os cq) ds pqfuUnk yksx gSa--- ftluss fo}kuksadks bl fo'okl dh vksj cgdk;k fd ;g fo'oluh; ,sfrgkfldlwpuk dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gS--- ¼tks okLro esa½, fcuk fdlh,sfrgkfld vk/kkj ds] ,d iw.kZr% feFkdh; jpuk gSA› blfy,]37

nh?kZdkykuqØe dks fuf'pr gh çkjfEHkd y?kqdkykuqØe lsJhyadkbZ bfrgklys[ku dh fo’ks"k vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds

A. Bareau, Op. Cit, 1953: 27-29.34

H. Bechert, Op. Cit, 1982: 35.35

ns[ksa, M. Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary,36

s.v. ’kr.

H. Bechert, Op. Cit, 1982: 35.37


,d ç;kl esa fodflr fd;k gksxkA nh?kZdkykuqØe dh leL;k,¡blfy, vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrh gSa D;ksafd JhyadkbZ lzksr vius vki esabl eqís ij iw.kZr% ,der ugha gSaA okLro esa] vxj iwjs fo"k; dksfu"i{krk ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g çrhr gksrk gS fd la'kksf/krnh?kZdkykuqØe ds leFkZdksa us ,d šlalä ¼coherent½dkykuqØekxr i)fr cukus esa cgqr isphnk vkSj cukoVh rdks± dkç;ksx fd;k gSA›38

100 o"kks± dk fl)kar iwjs ckS) txr esa O;kid gSA frCcrhlzksr v’kksd dks cq) dh eR;q ds 100&160 o"kZ ckn Bgjkrs gSaA39

rkjukFk dgrs gSa fd frCcrh fou; ds vuqlkj v’kksd dh frfFk110 o"kZ cq)ksijkUr gksuh pkfg,A blh çdkj phuh f=fiVd esa40

v’kksd dh frfFk;k¡ 116] 118] 130 vkSj 218 o"kZ cq)ksijkUr fufnZ"Vgksrh gSA vafre pfpZr frfFk] çrh;ekur% dsoy phuh41

lqn’ku&foHkk"kk fou; esa ikbZ tkrh gS] tks Lo;a cq)?kks"k dhleUriklkfndk dk vuqokn gSA olqfe= ds o`Ùkkar ds vuqlkj Hkh42

v’kksd dh frfFk 110 o"kZ cq)ksijkUr gksuh pkfg,A áquRlkax43

¼Hsñan-tsang/ Xuan Zang½ ds vuqlkj] eR;q ds le; cq) usdgk Fkk fd švc ls ,d lkS lky ckn v’kksd jktk gksxkA›

44

vkxs áquRlkax iqu% crkrs gSa fd jktk v’kksd dk egsaæ uked ,dlkSrsyk HkkbZ Fkk ftlss v’kksd ekS;Z ds laca/kh ds :i esa tkuk45

OkghA38

nsf[k,, W. Geiger, Op. Cit, 1912: lxi.39

oghA40

OkghA41

oghA42

W. Geiger, Op. Cit, 1912: lxi esa m)fjrA43

S. Beal, Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World,44

vol. 2, London: Trñbner & Co.1906: 90.

ogh.91ff.45


tkrk gSA ,d vU; txg ij mUgksaus v’kksd dks fcfEclkj dkçikS=] vFkkZr~] vtkr’k=q dk ikS= crk;k gSA ij] pw¡fd v’kksd46

okLro esa paæxqIr dk ikS= Fkk] rLohj dqN fojks/kkHkklh çrhr gksrhgSA ysfdu ;gk¡ ij ,slk fo'okl djus dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gS fd;gk¡ ij lac) jktk dkyk’kksd Fkk] D;ksafd fooj.k dbZ rjg ls47

v’kksd ekS;Z ds lkFk esy [kkrk gSA fQj Hkh] ,d vkSj txgáquRlkax dgrs gSa%

fofHké fopkj/kkjk,¡ cq) dh eR;q dh frfFk dh x.kukdjrh gSaA dqN dk dguk gS fd rc ls vc rd 1200 o"kZ;k vf/kd gks pqds gSaA vU; dgrs gSa] 1300 ;k vf/kdAnwljs dgrs gSa] 1500 ;k vf/kdA dbZ vkSjksa dk dguk gSfd fuokZ.k ls vc rc 900 o"kZ chr pqds gSa ysfdu 1000o"kZ ugha gq,A48

;gk¡ nh xbZa fofHké frfFk;k¡ 552 bZñiwñ] 652 bZñiwñ] 852bZñiwñ rFkk 252&352 bZñiwñ ds chp dh frfFk ds vuqdwy gSaA vafrefrfFk ls áquRlkax dk vfHkçk; laHkor% ;g Fkk fd cq)+ dh eR;qv’kksd ls 100 o"kZ iwoZ gqbZA Fksjokfn;ksa] egh’kkldksa] /keZxqIrdksa vkSjgSeorksa ds fou;ksa esa egkifjfuokZ.k ls 100 o"kZ ckn rFkklokZfLrokfn;ksa vkSj ewylokZfLrokfn;ksa ds fou;ksa esa 110 o"kZ ckngqbZ oS’kkyh dh laxhfr dh frfFk dk lzksr ,d gh Fkk vkSjšblhfy, nh xbZ bu nks la[;kvksa dh ;FkkFkZrk dks ysdj gefuf'pr :i ls lansg O;ä dj ldrs gSaA› ysfdu pw¡fd euq";ksa49

esa çk;% ges'kk c<+k&p<+kdj dgus vkSj xksy&eVksy la[;k,¡ nsus

Okgh.85.46

TkSlk fd geZé vksYMucxZ ¼H. Oldenberg½ dk er gSA bl47

laca/k esa ns[ksa, Vin.I.SBE.Introduction.xxiii.fn.

S. Beal, Op. Cit. II.1906: 33.48

A. Bareau, šThe Problem Posed by the Date of the49

Buddha’s ParinirvÈ‡a,› H. Bechert, Op. Cit, 1995: 212.


dh ço`fÙk LokHkkfod :i ls ikbZ tkrh gS] la[;k 100 ,d =qfViw.kZvkSj xksy&eVksy la[;k ds :i esa gh O;k[;kf;r gks ldrh gS] tks,d yack le;kUrjky çnf'kZr djus ds fy, ç;ksx dh xbZ gSAšftu o`ÙkkUrksa esa oS’kkyh dh laxhfr dks ifjfuokZ.k ds 100 ;k 110o"kZ ckn j[kk x;k gS] muds jpukdkjksa us lgh esa fo'oluh;rkrFkk bZekunkjh ls ifjjf{kr nLrkost+ksa vkSj ijEijkvksa dk ç;ksxugha fd;k] ftuds lw{e ijh{k.k vkSj rdZ'khy fparu ls ,slh frfFkfuf'pr dh tk ldrhA mUgsa cq)+ dh e`R;q rFkk f}rh; laxhfr dschp chrs le; dk dksbZ Li"V vuqeku gh ugha Fkk cfYd os ;g Hkhugha tkurs Fks fd muds le; ls ijorhZ ?kVuk dks fdrus n'kdksaus i`Fkd~ fd;k FkkA› laHkor% oS'kkyh dh laxhfr dk vk;kstu50

cq) ds ifjfuokZ.k ls 62 o"kZ ckn gqvkA blls ;g rF; Hkh51

fo'oluh; gks tkrk gS fd lk.koklh] tks f}rh; laxhfr dsçfrf"Br O;fäRoksa esa ls ,d Fkk] vkuUn dk O;fäxr f'k"; FkkAckS) xzaFk fuf'pr :i ls la[;kvksa dks vfrjaftr djrs çrhr gksrsgSa] vU; lHkh Hkkjrh; /keks± esa Hkh /kkfeZd usrkvksa ds fy, ges'kkçkphurk dk nkok djus dh ,d ço`fÙk jgh gSA ysfdu bl dsfoijhr rdZ ds :i esa ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd eFkqjk dsiqjkdFkkdkj fHk{kqvksa us v’kksd ds ledkyhu mixqIr dks cq) dsdky ds vklikl ykus ds fy, de dkykof/k dk tky cqukA

,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd foYgSYe xk;xj }kjk ckS)dkykuqØe ds fd, x, foospu us y?kqdkykuqØe dh rqyuk esanh?kZdkykuqØe dks LohÑfr fnykus esa çHkko'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA52

Okgh.212-13.50

ns[ksa, K.T.S. Sarao, Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian51

Buddhism, 2 revised edition, Delhi: R&R Publishers, 1999:nd

Appendix I.

W. Geiger, Op. Cit,1912.52


vkaæs CkkWjks vkSj ihñ,pñ,yñ ,sXxekSZUV tSls vU; fo}kuksa us Hkh53 54

,slk gh fd;k vkSj nh?kZdkykuqØe cq) dh frfFk ds fy, vk/kkjcu x;kA ysfdu nh?kZdkykuqØe ds fy, lcls cM+k leFkZuQs&Nax&Qk¡x }kjk o"kZ 597 esa fy[ks yh&Fkk,&lku&ikvks&Nh ¼Li-

tai san-pao chi½ uked xzaFk esa vUrfoZ"V vafdr vfHkys[k ¼DottedRecord½ ds :i esa çkIr gqvkA bl xzaFk esa dgk x;k gS fdla?kHkæ ds vuqlkj%

š,d ijEijk gS tks f'k{kd }kjk f'k{kd dks ih<+h&nj&ih<+h lkSaih xbZ Fkh] tSls fd] cq) ds fu/ku ds ckn mikfyus fou; dks lax`ghr fd;k vkSj mlh lky 7osa paæ dh15oha rkjh[+k dks iokj.kk euk;kA mlh ekSds ij fou; dksQwy vkSj vxjcÙkh HksaV djus ds ckn mlus ¼,dnLrkost+½ ij ,d fcUnq yxk;k rFkk mls fou; xzaFk dsikl j[k fn;kA mlds ckn ¼bl çFkk dks½ gj lkynqgjk;k x;kA tc mikfy bl nqfu;k ls fonk gksusokykFkk rc mlus bls vius f’k"; nkld dks lkSai fn;k---nkld us lks.kd dks--- flXxo dks--- eksXxfyiqÙk frLl---pUnoTth dksA bl çdkj] mins'kdksa us var esa blsf=fiVd ds orZeku Lokeh dks lkSaikA ;g Lokeh fou;fiVd dks dSaVu ys vk;kA mlus tc--- viuh ¼ekrHkwfe½ykSVus dk fu'p; fd;k--- og fou; fiVd ¼mlus½ f'k";la?kHkæ dks lkSai fn;k---A iokj.kk eukus vkSj ;qax&feax¼489 bZ-½ ds lkrosa o"kZ esa lkrosa paæ dh ¼iaægoha frfFk

A. Bareau, Op. Cit., 1953. Yksfdu ckn esa vkaæs CkkWjks us53

vius fopkjksa dks la’kksf/kr dj fy;k FkkA 1995 esa çdkf’kr vius,d ipsZ esa mUgksaus fy[kk gSS% š;fn cq) ds fuokZ.k dks 400 bZñiwñds vklikl j[kk tk, rks ge ‘’kk;n ml ,sfrgkfld lPpkbZ lsvf/kd nwj ugha gksaxs] tks nqHkkZX;o’k vkSj vf/kd lqfuf’prrk lsmiyC/k ugha gSA› ¼A. Bareau, šThe Problem Posed by the Date ofthe Buddha’s ParinirvÈ‡a,› Heinz Bechert (ed), Op. Cit., 1995: 211-219).

P.H.L. Eggermont, The Chronology of the Reign of Asoka54

Moriya, Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1956.


dkss½ vk/kh jkr dks fou; dks Qwy vkSj vxjcfÙk;k¡ HksaVdjus ds i'pkr~ mlus ,d ikjEifjd dk;Z ds rkSj ij¼nLrkost+ ij½ ,d fcUnq yxk fn;kA ml o"kZ dqy 975fcUnq gq,A ,d fcUnq ,d o"kZ dh rjg fxuk tkrk gSA›

55

mijksä ds vk/kkj ij] bl çdkj] ge ikrs gSa%

cq) dh eR;q ¾ 489 bZñ&975 ¾ 486 bZñiwñv’kksd dk vfHk"ksd ¾ 486 bZñiwñ&218 ¾ 268 bZñiwñ

bl çdkj] vafdr vfHkys[k ds vuqlkj] cq) dkegkifjfuokZ.k o"kZ 486 bZñiwñ esa gqvkA fdarq ikNkvks us dgk Fkk56

fd pw¡fd vutkus esa bl vfHkys[k esa rhu vfrfjä fcUnq yxs gq,gSa] o"kZ 489 bZñ esa lgh fcUnqvksa dh la[;k 975 dh ctk, 972 gksuhpkfg, FkhA bl çdkj] egkifjfuokZ.k dh okLrfod frfFk 489 bZñ-972= 483 bZñiwñ gksuh pkfg,A57

ysfdu phuh lzksrksa ls Kkr ;g ijEijk Li"Vr% ,dLora= ewy dh ugha gSA bl çdkj ;g çrhr gksrk gS fd fcUnq58

fou; dks xkSjo çnku djus dh ,d ijorhZ [kkst gSA bldsvfrfjä] ftl rjhds ls bls lajf{kr fd;k x;k] ,d ih<+h ls

vaxzst+h vuqokn ds fy, ns[ksa, W. Pachow, šA Study of55

the Dotted Record,› JAOS, vol. 83 (3): 342-45.

foLr`r o.kZu ds fy, ns[ksa, W. Pachow , Op. Cit.344-45.56

Okgh] 345.57

vkaæs CkkWjks dk dguk gSS fd bl ijEijk dk möo Jh58

yadk esa gqvk Fkk vkSj blfy, bldk fo’oluh;rk ls ç;ksx ughafd;k tk ldrk ¼A. Bareau, Op. Cit.1953: 53½. Rkkdkdqlq Hkh igysblh rF; dh ckr dj pqds gSa ¼J. Takakusu, šPÈli Elements inChinese Buddhism: A Translation of Buddhaghosa'sSamantapÈsÈdikÈ, a Commentary on the Vinaya, Found in theChinese Tripi—aka,› JRAS, 1896: 436ff½.


nwljh ih<+h rd lkSaik x;k vkSj ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k rd ystk;k x;k] fu’p; gh og jgL;e; vkSj vfo'oluh; çrhr gksrkgSA bldh fo'oluh;rk ij lansg O;ä djus ds vfrfjä gekjsikl vkSj dksbZ jkLrk ugha gSA lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fdJhyadkbZ vfHkys[k vkSj leUriklkfndk] vkpk;ksaZ }kjk fou; dslapj.k ds lEcU/k esa mikfy }kjk vkjEHk dh xbZ ijEijk dh ckrrks djrs gSa] ij muesa gesa dgha Hkh çfro"kZ o"kkZokl ds ckn fdlhnLrkost ij fcUnq yxkus dh çFkk dk ladsr ugha feyrkA ,slhfLFkfr esa] ;g fo'okl djuk dfBu gS fd vafdr vfHkys[k dhijEijk mikfy }kjk 'kq: dh xbZ Fkh ftls fou;kpk;ksaZ }kjkflyflysokj f’k";&nj&f’k"; lkSaik x;kA blds vfrfjä] vxj59

okLro esa gh vfHkys[k dh ;g ijEijk mikfy }kjk 'kq: dh xbZFkh] rks vkpk;ZijEijk dk NBk vkpk;Z egsUæ Jhyadk vkrs le;vo’; bls vius lkFk ykrk vkSj mez Hkj bl ij çfro"kZ fcUnqyxkrk jgrkA ;fn ,slk gksrk rks fcYdqy cksf/ko`{k vkSj nar&vo’ks"k¼Tooth Relic½ dh rjg ,d ifo= oLrq ds :i esa bls Jhyadk esalqj{kkiwoZd j[kk tkrkA ysfdu ;g u rks ikfy ;k JhyadkbZ xzaFkksads ys[kdksa dks Kkr Fkk vkSj u gh Qkáku dh ;k=k,¡ ¼Travels of

Fa-hsien½ esa bldk dksbZ mYys[k fd;k x;k tc 5oha 'krkCnh dsvkjEHk esa Qkáku us Jhyadk dh ;k=k dh FkhA bl çdkj ;g ç’ufd;k tk ldrk gS fd D;k okLro esa gh egsUæ vius lkFk dksbZ,slh pht Jhyadk yk, FksA ;fn ,slh dksbZ pht Jhyadk esa ugha60

Fkh rc ;g Hkh iwNk tk ldrk gS fd dSls vkSj dgk¡ ls ;gvfHkys[k phu igq¡pkA oSls Hkh] pw¡fd çFke 'krkCnh bZñiwñ esanqëxke.kh ds le; rd fou; dk dksbZ fyf[kr :i vfLrRo esaugha Fkk] vr% bl ijEijk dh fo'oluh;rk dks Lohdkjuk dfBu

W. Pachow, Op. Cit, 1965: 346.59

OkghA60


gSA blds vfrfjä] š975 o"kks± rd çR;sd o"kZ ds var esa ,d fcUnqfpfàr djus dh çfØ;k vR;ar tksf[keHkjh gSA›61

nh?kZdkykuqØe dks tSu dkykuqØe ds lkFk gh iqjk.kksa lsHkh rFkkdfFkr lgefr ds vk/kkj ij leFkZu çkIr gSA ysfdu ;gè;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd iqjk.k vius vkiesa dbZ vlgefr;k¡ Hkhn'kkZrs gSa tks] okLro esa] cq) dh dkyx.kuk ds fy, Hkjkslsean ughagSaA ikyh f=fiVd Li"V n'kkZrk gS fd cq) vkSj egkohj ledkyhuFksA pw¡fd ,d rFkkdfFkr Lora=] gkyk¡fd ckn dh] tSu ijEijkdgrh gS fd egkohj dk fu/ku paæxqIr ds jkT;kjksg.k ls 155 o"kZiwoZ gqvk vkSj pw¡fd paæxqIr dk jkT;kjksg.k o"kZ yxHkx 317 bZñiwñ62

esa j[kk tk ldrk gS] egkohj tSu dk fu/ku o"kZ 317+155 =yxHkx 472 bZñiwñ esa iM+rk gSA ysfdu ;gk¡ eq[; leL;k;g gS fd ogh ikfy lzksr egkohj dh e`R;q dks cq) dh eR;qls iwoZ LFkku nsrk gSA ysfdu bl fofo/krk ds fy, nks63

vyx&vyx mÙkj çLrqr fd, x, gSaA çFker%] ckS) lzksr *ikok*uked nks LFkkuksa dks ysdj Hkzfer Fks vkSj laHkor% lacaf/krfrfFk&fu/kkZj.k ls Hkh Hkzfer FksA f}rh;r%] nf{k.kh ckS) nwljs64

lEçnk;ksa ds ckjs esa de tkurs gSa vkSj cq) ls iwoZ ejusokykvkthfod vxqvk eD[kfy xkslky FkkA egkohj dh eR;q dh vU;65

frfFk;k¡] tSls fd ijEijkxr ’osrkEcj tSuksa dh frfFk 527 bZñiwñvkSj fnxEcjksa dh frfFk 605 bZñiwñ] dks dHkh T;knk xaHkhjrk ls ugha

F. Max Mñller, šThe True Date of Buddha's Death,› The61

Academy, 1 March 1884, No. 617: 153.

Ikfjf’k"VioZu~.VIII.339.62

D.III.209f.63

šIntroduction› to H. Jacobi (ed), KalpasÊtra of64

BhadrabÈhu, Leipzig, 1879: 21.

A.L. Basham, History and Doctrine of the ¶jÏvikas,65

London: Luzac & Co. Ltd., 1951: 75.


fy;k x;k D;ksafd ;g frfFk;k¡ Lo;a vfo’oluh; çrhr gksrh gSaAtSu dkykuqØe dks ckS) dkykuqØe ds fy, u ç;ksx djus dk,d fu.kkZ;d dkj.k ¼l'argument le plus dècisif½ ;g Hkh gS fd;g dkykuqØe Lo;a ckS) ijEijkvksa] fo’ks"kdj JhyadkbZ ijEijk ijfuHkZj djrk gSA nksuksa] egkohj tSu vkSj xkSre cq)] ds66

ledkyhu gksus ds ckotwn] tSu dkykuqØe dks mldh vkUrfjd=qfV;ksa ds dkj.k ls ekuuk laHko ugha gSA

dqN fo}kuksa us le;≤ ij v’kksd ds lklkjke]:iukFk vkSj cSjkV ds rhu f’kykys[kksa] tks la[;k 256 dk gokyknsrs gSa] ds vk/kkj ij nh?kZdkykuqØe dk leFkZu fd;k gSA ;gla[;k bu fo}kuksa }kjk bu f'kykys[kksa ds çfr"Bkiu vkSjegkifjfuokZ.k ds chp 256 o"kks± ds le;&vUrjky ds :i esaçLrqr dh xbZ gSA bu f'kykys[kksa ds vk/kkj ij dqN fo}kuksa }kjk67

y?kqdkykuqØe ls feyrh&tqyrh frfFk çLrqr djus dk ,d ç;klHkh fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] VhñMCY;wñ jk;l MsfoM~t+ us] blvk/kkj fd la[;k 256 bu f'kykys[kksa dh LFkkiuk vkSj cq) dsxg&R;kx ds chp ds le; dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh gS] š426 bZñiwñvFkok mlds dqN lky ckn›dks egkifjfuokZ.k dh frfFk ds :i esais'k fd;kA rFkkfi] dqN fo}ku rks bu f'kykys[kksa dks v’kksd ds68

f'kykys[k gh ugha ekursA bu fo}kuksa dk dguk gS fd ;s69

f'kykys[k mruk ugha dgrs] ftruk dgrs cryk, x, gSaAmnkgj.k ds fy,] geZé vksYMucxZ dk ;g ekuuk Fkk fd bu

A. Bareau, Op. Cit, 1953: 56.66

G. Bñhler, šThree New Edicts of A„oka,› Indian67

Antiquary, 6, 1877: 149-160.

T.W. Rhys Davids, šThe New Asoka Inscriptions,› The68

Academy, XII, 14 July 1877: 37.

R. Pischel, šThe Asokan Incriptions,› The Academy, XII,69

11 August 1977: 145.


f'kykys[kksa esa u rks šo"kZ› ds fy, fdlh 'kCn dk ç;ksx fd;kx;k gS vkSj u gh ;s cq) dh dksbZ ckr djrs gSa] cfYd bu esala[;k 256 dk rks 256 çkf.k;ksa ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA70

nh?kZdkykuqØe dh ijEijk dks X;kjgoha 'krkCnh ds eè;ls igys fdlh Hkjksls ds lkFk ugha <wa<+k tk ldrk] vkSj tSlk fd71

ge vxys i`"Bksa esa ns[ksaxs] ;g ex/k ds jktkvksa ds dkykuqØe dslkFk esy Hkh ugha [kkrhA

bZñtsñ VkWel dk fopkj Fkk fd nhioal esa çklafxdifjPNsn ¼I.24&25 vkSj V.55&59½] okLro esa] y?kqdkykuqØe dsewy :i dks bafxr djrs gSa ftldk nhioal ds vkf[kjh Hkk"kkarj dsle; nh?kZdkykuqØe esa Lokaxhdj.k gksus ls jg x;kA çFke72

ifjPNsn esa ;g Hkfo";ok.kh dh xbZ gS fd šçFke laxhfr cq) dsifjfuokZ.k ds pkj ekg ckn vk;ksftr gksxh vkSj f}rh; mlds 100o"kZ cknA› nhioal dh pkj ik.Mqfyfi;ksa esa ls rhu esa in ^f}*¼nks½ dk lféfo"V ôLllrs* ¼lkS o"kZ½ ls iwoZ gqvk gS vkSj rhu esals dsoy nks esa] ckn esaA blh çdkj] f}rh; ifjPNsn esa Hkfo";ok.khdh xbZ gS fd šHkfo"; esa] ¼cq) ls½ 100 o"kks± ¼ckn½ v’kksd ds le;ikVfyiq= esa frLl vi/kfeZ;ksa dks ijkftr djsxkA›

mijksDr rdks± ds fu"d"kZ ds :i esa] ;g dgk tk ldrkgS fd ,slk dksbZ fo'ks"k dkj.k ugha gS ftlds vk/kkj ij bu nksuksa

Hermann Oldenberg, šDie Datierung der neuen70

angeblichen Asoka-Inschriften,› Zeitschrift der DeutschenMorgenländischen Gesellschaft, 35, 1881: 472-476.

M. Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature, vol. 2,71

Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1933: 597.

E.J. Thomas, šTheravÈdin and SarvÈstivÈdin dates of the72

NirvÈ‡a,› in D.R. Bhandarkar et al (ed), B.C. Law Volume, vol. 2,Poona, 1946: 18-22.


dkykuqØeksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks nwljs dh rqyuk esa Lohdkj fd;ktk ldsA

fQj Hkh] nks egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k] cq) dh frfFk ds fy,vis{kkÑr de le; dk leFkZu djrs çrhr gksrs gSaA ;s gSa%iqjkrkfÙod lzksr vkSj vkpk;ZijEijk esa fou;ikeksD[kksa dh rkfydkAxaxk ?kkVh ls lEcfU/kr iqjkrkfÙod lzksr çnf'Zkr djrs gSa fd¼laHkor% dkS’kkEch dks NksM+dj½ yxHkx 450 bZñiwñ rd xaxk lH;rkdh ubZ uxjh; O;oLFkk esa os uxj ugha Fks] ftudh vk'kk vk|ckS) lkfgR; dks i<+us ds ckn mRié gksrh gSA fuekZ.k esa iDdhb±Vksa dk foLr`r ç;ksx] iw.kZ fodflr ikuh fudklh ¼sanitation½

bR;kfn ckn ds le; rd mR[kuu esa ugha feyrsA vk| ckS)lkfgR; esa le) vkSj iw.kZ fodflr uxjh; dsUæksa dh mifLFkfrdks bfro`rkRed :i ¼as a matter of fact½ esa fy;k x;k gSAgkyk¡fd xaxk uxjhdj.k dh tM+sa yxHkx 500 bZñiwñ ds vkliklrd [kksth tk ldrh gSa] iqjkrkfÙod vfHkys[k Li"V% ladsr djrsgSa fd ftl çdkj ds uxjh; dsUæksa dk o.kZu çkphure ckS) xzaFkksaesa vkrk gS oSls uxjksa dk möo ik¡poha ’krkCnh ls igys laHko çrhrugha gksrkA bl çdkj ds rdZ ds vkykspd dg ldrs gSa fd ,slslanHkZ ;k rks ckn esa tksM+s x, {ksid gSa ;k fQj f=fiVd ds lac)Hkkx ckn dh jpuk,¡ gSaA ijarq bl çdkj dh vkykspuk udkjkRedçrhr gksxh D;ksafd vk| ckS) lkfgR; esa nf’kZr iwjk HkkSfrdokrkoj.k ¼material milieu½ uxjh; gSA ikfy f=fiVd esa ge dghaHkh ns[ksaa] ;g ,d ,slh uxjh; laLÑfr dks n'kkZrk gS ftlesafodflr jkt&ç.kkyh] ’kkld vkSj muds ea=hx.k rFkk /kuhO;kikjh ’kkfey gSaA fou; vkSj lqÙk fiVd esa de ls de 173uxjh; dsUæksa ¼ftuesa ls dqN feFkd rFkk ckn ds Hkh gks ldrs gSa½dk mYys[k feyrk gS tks igys nks fiVdkas esa leku :i ls QSys


gq, gSaA ;gk¡ ,d rdZ ;g Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gS fd laHkor%73

lEeku çkfIr vFkok vU; dkj.kksa ds fy, laiw.kZ ckS) lkfgR;fofHké uxjksa ij Fkksi fn;k x;k gks D;ksafd ckS) lkfgR; esaxzkeh;rk ¼ruralism½ ls lacaf/kr ’kCnksa dks] tSlk fd xke/kEe74

¼nq"V vkpj.k½ vkSj xkedFkk ¼nsgkrh cdokn½, tSls ’kCnksa dks cqjs75

’kCnksa dh lwph esa lfEefyr djds mudh vogsyuk dh xbZ gSA ijbl çdkj ds rdZ dks Lohdkjuk vlaHko gksxkA ;g dsoy uxjksadh ckr ugha gS] vk| ckS) lkfgR; esa rks loZ= og lc Hkh feyrkgS ftl ls uxjh lH;rk curh gSA yach nwjh dk O;kikj] iw¡thxrvFkZO;oLFkk] foÙkh; ysunsu] lwn[kksjh] fxjohnkjh] fodflr jkT;vkSj mldk lktks&lkeku] os';ko`fÙk] vkSj dbZ vU; fo'ks"krk,¡vk| ckS)&lkfgR; esa Li"Vr% ,d iw.kZ fodflr uxjhdj.k dhmifLFkfr dks n'kkZrs gSaA vxj ge vius lansg dks bl gn rd76

foLr`r djrs gSa fd ckS) lkfgR; ds ys[kdksa ds ckSf)d O;k;ke dks

buesa ls 80 ls vf/kd uxjh; dsaæksa dh igpku dh tk73

pqdh gSA ns[ksa] K.T.S. Sarao, šUrban Centres Reflected in EarlyBuddhist Literature,› a paper presented at the 8 Conference of theth

International Association of Buddhist Studies, Berkeley, USA, 8August-11 August 1987; šWho and What Originated EarliestBuddhism?,› a paper presented at the 7 World Sanskrit Conference,th

Leiden, Holland, 23 August- 29 August 1987 and later published asšBackground to the Origin of Earliest Buddhism,› IndologicaTaurinensia, 15-16, 1989-90: 305-318; Urban Centres andUrbanization as Reflected in the PÈli Vinaya and Sutta Pi—akas,Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to the University of Cambridge, 1989 andlater published under the same title, Delhi: Vidyanidhi, 1990.

D.I.4; A.I.211; J.II.180; VvA.11; DA.I.72. At J.II.180.74

xke/kEe dks oly/kEe ds cjkcj ekuk x;k gSA

Sn.922.75

Ukxjksa dh fofHké Jsf.k;ksa ds fy, ns[ksa] K.T.S. Sarao,76

Op. Cit, 1987, 1989.


bl ?kVukRed Bxh dk Js; nsa rc rks fQj rks xkSre cq) dksfeFkdh; vkÑfr ekuus okys fnuksa dh vksj ihNs tkus ls Hkh dksbZfdlh dks ugha jksd ldrkA ;g dYiuk djuk Hkh dfBu gS fdcq) ,d xzkeh.k lekt esa th;s gksa vkSj u,&u, iuis xaxkuxjhdj.k ds fnuksa esa O;kikfj;ksa vkSj O;olk;h&lsBksa }kjk blesaubZ tku Mkys tkus rd ;g /keZ f'kfFky jgk gksA dkj.k Li"V gSAxkSre cq) ds thou vkSj dk;ks± esa uxjh; f’k"Vrk bruh vf/kd>ydrh gS fd mUgsa iwoZ&uxjh; lekt esa jgrs gq, dYiuk djukdfBu gksxkA

egkifjfuCcku lqÙkUr ds ml Hkkx dks] ftlesa N%77

egkuxjksa dk mYys[k vkrk gS] çkphure ckS)&lkfgR; dk fgLlkekuk x;k gSA ;s egkuxj Fks% paik] jktxg] JkoLrh] dkS’kkEch]78

lkdsr vkSj okjk.klhA tc ge bu uxjksa ds mR[kuudrkZvksa }kjkfn, x, vi;kZIr lk{;ksa dks ns[krs gSa rks Li"Vr% y?kqdkykuqØe dslkFk lger gksus dk çyksHku gksrk gSA

lkdsr dh igpku ds laca/k esa vHkh Hkh dbZ leL;k,¡ gSaA;gk¡ dqN fo}ku dgrs gSa fd ;g v;ksè;k gh Fkh] ogha vU; blsiw.kZr% vyx cLrh ekurs gSaA ;fn lkdsr dh igpku v;ksè;k lsdh tk, rc lkroha&NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa ;g ,d >ksaiM+&iêh¼wattle-and-daub½ ls vf/kd dqN ugha jgh gksxhA ;fn79

iqjkrkfÙod lk{;ksa ij fo'okl fd;k tk, rks ;gk¡ dk fo’kkyijdksVk ekS;Zdky ds çkjafHkd Hkkx ls lacaf/kr yxrk gSA ,diDdh feêh ds dw,¡ dks NksM+dj ¼'kqax dky½ ;gk¡ ij dksbZ ikuh

D.II.146.77

G.C. Pande, Studies in the Origins of Buddhism,78

Allahabad: University of Allahabad, 1957: 98; M. Winternitz, AHistory of Indian Literature, tr. S. Ketkar & H. Kuhn, vol. 1,Calcutta: University of Calcutta,1933: 39.

ns[ksa, IAR 1955-56: 71; 1969-70: 40-41; 1976-77: 52-53.79


fudklh ;k lhM+ ¼sanitation or soakage½ ls lacaf/kr O;oLFkk ughaik;h xbZ gSA

jktxhj ¼çkphu jktxg½ esa pkjksa vksj [kkbZ80

okyk lcls iqjkuk ijdksVk] tks xhyh feÍh dk cuk gqvk Fkk] iôsrkSj ij 5oha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds igys dk ugha gks ldrkAgkyk¡fd ;gk¡ ds cq) ls lacaf/kr vf/kdrj egÙoiw.kZ LFkku tSls fdlÙkif..kxqgk vkSj fxT>dwV cgqr igys ls igpkus tk pqds gSa]ysfdu çkphu dky dk dksbZ Hkh ckS) vo'ks"k ogk¡ ls ugha feykgSA dbZ nh?kZo`Ùkkdkj egkd{k] tks feêh vkSj pwus ls cus iRFkj lscuk, x, Fks] muesa ls tks lcls cM+k gS vkSj ftldh dksbZ frfFkugha nh xbZ gS] mls eq[;r% ekS;Z dky dk dgk tk ldrk gSAgkyk¡fd fo'ks"k :i ls bl cLrh ds fuokl LFkku vkSj ijdksVs ijè;ku fn;k x;k gS ysfdu dgha Hkh dksbZ iqjkuh frfFk fl) ugha dhtk ldh gSA fuokl LFkku vkSj ijdksVs ds fy, tks jsfM;ks&dkcZu¼C ½ frfFk;k¡ nh xbZ gSa] os gSa% 245±105] 260±100 vkSj14

265±105 bZñiwñA fofHké x.kukvksa ds vuqlkj] u, jktxg dkijdksVk ftls vtkr’k=q ds le; dk dgk tk ldrk gS] yxHkx400 vkSj 300 bZlk iwoZ ds chp cuk;k x;k FkkA gkyk¡fd vHkh rdmÙkjh dkys ifj"Ñr en~Hkk.Mksa ¼NBPW= Northern Black

A. Cunningham, Archaeological Survey Reports, 1871,80

1873 & 1878; T. Bloch, šExcavations at RÈjgÏr,›ARASI, EasternCircle 1905-06; J. Marshal, šRÈjag‚iha and its Remains,› ARASI1905-06; V.H. Jackson, šNotes on Old RÈjag‚iha,› ARASI 1913-14;D.N. Sen, šSites in RÈjgÏr associated with Buddha and HisDisciples,› Journal of the Bihar Research Society (Buddha JayantiSpecial Issue) 1956: 136-158; A. Ghosh, š RÈjgÏr 1950,› AncientIndia, Bulletin of the ASI,7, 1951: 66ff; IAR 1953-54: 9, 1954-55:16ff, 1957-58: 11, 1958-59: 13, 1961-62: 6-8, 1962-63: 5f; A.Ghosh & M.H. Kuraishi, RÈjgÏr, 5 edition, New Delhi, 1958; S.M.th

Karimi, šRÈjag‚ha: The Magadhan Capital,› Journal of the BiharResearch Society, LV, 1969: 69-89; G. Erdösy, šEarly HistoricCities of Northern India,› South Asian Studies, 3, 1987: 1-23.


Polished Ware½ ds lkFk ik, tkus okys vU; en~Hkk.Mksa dhfrfFk;k¡ vLi"V gSa] bu ifj.kkeksa ds ckn Hkh jktxg ds mRFkku dkle; 500 bZlk iwoZ ls igys dk ugha gks ldrkA tks Hkh gks]jktx`g fuf'prr% Hkkjr ds u, uxjksa esa ls ,d gSA

fofHké voLFkkvksa esa cus lgsB&egsB ¼çkphuJkoLrh½ ds fo’kky ijdksVs ds çkphure Hkkx dks yxHkx 40081

bZlk iwoZ dk Hkh eqf'dy ls dgk tk ldrk gSA b±Vksa¼vO;k[;kf;r½ dk cuk <k¡pk yxHkx 275 bZlk iwoZ ds ckn dkyxrk gSA JkoLrh esa ekS;Z dky ls igys dh ikuh fudklh ;klhM+ ls lacaf/kr dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha feyh gSA ;g cLrh NBh'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls çkphu çrhr ugha gksrhA82

jkt?kkV ¼çkphu okjk.klh½ esa feêh dh bekjrksa ds <k¡pkas83

ds tks vo'ks"k feys gSa os NBh&ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls ysdjpkSFkh&rhljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds chp ds gSaA vxj mR[kuuvfHkys[kksa ij fo'okl fd;k tk, rks ekS;Z dky ls igys ;g txg

A. Cunningham, Archaeological Survey Reports I, 1871:81

317ff, 330ff; J. Ph. Vogel, šExcavations at Saheth-Maheth,›ARASI:1907-08: 81-131 and šThe Site of ƒrÈvastÏ,›JRAS: 1908: 971ff; D.R. Sahni, šA Buddhist Image Inscription from ƒrÈvastÏ,› ARASI:1908-09: 133-38; J.H. Marshall, šExcavations at Saheth-Maheth,›ARASI: 1910-11; IAR 1955-56: 71, 1958-59: 47-50; M.Venkataramayya, ƒrÈvastÏ, Delhi, 1956.

K.K. Sinha, Excavations at ƒrÈvastÏ: 1959, 2,Varanasi:82

Monograph of the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture &Archaeology, BHU, 1967.

IAR 1957-58: 50, 1960-61: 37, 1961-62: 58, 1062-63: 41,83

1963-64: 58-59, 1964-65: 44, 1965-66: 55; A.K. Narain & P.Aggarwal, Excavations at Rajghat, 1957-58, 1960-65, Varanasi:Banaras Hindu University, 1978; A.K. Narain & T.N. RoyExcavations at Rajghat: 1957-58, 1960-65, 4 vols., Varanasi:Banaras Hindu University, 1976-78.


dksbZ [kkl uxjh; ugha FkhA vly esa] jkt?kkV dk çeq[k uxjh;dky ekS;ksZÙkj dky ls lacaf/kr gSA

dksle ¼çkphu dkS’kkEch½ ds os mR[kuu vfHkys[k] ftuds84

vk/kkj ij ;gk¡ ds ijdksVs dh frfFk nwljh lglzkCnh bZlk iwoZ nhxbZ Fkh] dks vusdksa fo}kuksa us [akfMr fd;k gSA ysfdu bl ckr lsbUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd dkS’kkEch xaxk uxjhdj.k dsçkphure uxjh; dsUæksa esa ls ,d FkhA ;gk¡ cM+h la[;k esa Åij lsysdj çkÑfrd Hkwfe rd fofHké lrgksa dks rks fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkpqdk gS] ysfdu ;gk¡ ij fo'ks"k :i ls çkjafHkd ckS} f{kfrt dksfn[kykuk laHko ugha gSA dq"kk.k dky ds ,d fo’kky fogkj ds <k¡psds vukoj.k ds ckn gh dkS’kkEch dk ckS) /keZ ls lh/kk laca/kLFkkfir gks ik;kA

xkSre cq) ds paØe.k ds Åij okys f’kykys[k ds vuqlkjLFkkfir dh xbZ dfu"d çFke ds o"kZ 2 dh ?kksflrkjke ls feyh,d pØorhZ cq) dh eFkqjk&çfrek] dksle ls ik;k x;k lclsiqjkuk Lekjd fpà gSA ,d vafdr ifV;k dh lgk;rk ls fogkj85

dks tkus&ekus ?kksflrkjke ds lkFk igpkuk x;kA çR;{k nhokjsa86

dq"kk.k dky ls igys dh ugha gSa] ysfdu fogkj dk eq[; Lrwiigys dk gks ldrk gSA mR[kuudrkZZ thñvkjñ 'kekZ us bldh çFkevoLFkk ds fuekZ.k dks cq) dh eR;q ds ckn dh 'krkCnh esa j[kk gS]gkyk¡fd ,slh vVdyckt+h ¼speculation½ ds fy, dksbZ lk{;miyC/k ugha gSaA mUgksaus frfFk;ksa dks bruk c<+k&p<+kdj crk;k gSfd ;gk¡ ds ftl iRFkj ds Hkou dh frfFk mUgksaus NBh 'krkCnh

IAR 1958-59: 68, 1961-62: 9, 1962-63: 6, 1963-64: 8,84

1964-65: 7, 1968-69: 5-6; 1970-71: 7-8; 1971-72: 6-7; 1972-73: 8,1980-81: 9,; G.R. Sharma, The Excavations at Kausambi, 1957-59,Alllahabad: University of Allahabad,1960: 27-41; MASI 1969: 36-39.

K.G. Goswami, šKosam Inscription of (the Reign of)85

Kanishka: the Year 2,› EI, xxiv: 210ff; P. Chandra, Stone Sculpturein the Allahabad Museum, Bombay, 1970, no. 85, plate: xxxvii.

A. Ghosh.EI.xxxiv.14ff.86


bZlk iwoZ nh gS vkSj mls cq) ds ledkyhu mn;u ds lkFk tksM+kgS] mlh ds ckjs esa ,d nwljs mR[kuudrkZZ vuqHko djrs gSa fd ;gHkou bruk vfHkuo gS fd švly esa ;g lksygoha 'krkCnh bZñ dsvkl&ikl ds le; dk gks ldrk gSA› ,d nwljs fo}ku us bl87

Hkou ds ijdksVs dk le; ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ fu/kkZj.k fd;kgSA88

pEikuxj ¼çkphu pEik½ ds mR[kuu vfHkys[k89

fn[kykrs gSa fd ijdksVs dh frfFk ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZls igys dh vkSj blesa iDdh b±Vksa dk ç;ksx nwljh 'krkCnhbZlk iwoZ ls igys ds ugha gks ldrsA

š šlaiw.kZ fodkl ds Øe dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkSjcfLr;ksa ds vkarfjd çek.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij] dsoy ;ghfopkj iSnk gksrk gSS fd... ¼oS’kkyh vkSj dkS’kkEch ds½... nksuksaijdksVksa vkSj blfy, uxjksa ds möo ds le; dk fu/kkZj.kc<+k&p<+k dj fd;k x;k gSA› vxj ge bu N% cfLr;ksa ds90

vfLrRo dks egkuxjksa ds :i esa eku ysa rc Hkh xaxk

B.B. Lal, šAre the Defences of Kausambi Really as old as87

1025 BC?,› PurÈtattva, 11, 1979-80: 88-95; šThe So-calledSyenachiti at Kausambi: A Fallen Brick Mass,› PurÈtattva, 15, 1986:94ff; šWhen Did Udayana Rule?,› PurÈtattva, 15, 1986: 80ff.

G. Erdösy, šEarly Historic Cities of Northern India,›88

South Asian Studies, 3, 1987: 6.

IAR 1968-69: 4, 1969-70: 2, 1970-71: 4-5, 1971-72: 5,89

1972-73: 6-7, 1974-75: 8-9, 1975-76: 7, 1976-77: 11-12.

A. Ghosh, The City in Early Historic India, Simla: Indian90

Institute of Advanced Study,1973: 11.


uxjhdj.k ds möo dk le; 'kk;n ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZls igys dk ugha gks ldrkA91

tc viuh eR;q ls dqN le; igys cq) ikVfyxzke x,]rc mUgksaus ns[kk fd vtkr’k=q ds nks ea=h] lquh/k vkSj oLldkj] ofTt;ksa ds laHkor% vkØe.k ls cpko ds fy, ikVfyiq= dhfd+yscanh dj jgs FksA ;g rF; bl ckr dk ladsr gS fd tc92

cq) dk egkifjfuokZ.k gqvk ml le; rd ikVfyiq= us og [;kfrçkIr ugha dh Fkh tks mlus ckn esa jkt/kkuh ds :i esa çkIr dhAçlaxo'k] ikVfyiq= ds çkphu LFkku ls ikbZ xb± ydM+h ds [kEHkksadh çkphjsa ¼palisades½, ftudk ;gk¡ dh j{kk ds fy, ç;ksx fd;kx;k Fkk] laHkkfor% pUæxqIr ds le; ls lacaf/kr gSa vkSj ml pyjgh çfØ;k ds vafre :i ds çfrfuf/k gksa tks vtkr’k=q ds dkyesa vkjEHk gqbZ gksxhA D;k [kksnkbZ esa ik, x, LrEHkuqek&Hkou dhHkh ;gh fLFkfr gks ldrh gS ftls laHkor% Fksj mnsu dh lykg ij?kksreq[k }kjk cuok;k x;k Fkk? ftl çdkj ls efT>e fudk; esa93

bl dk o.kZu fn;k x;k gS mlls bl Hkou dh jpuk dh i`f"BdkfcYdqy fo'oluh; çrhr gksrh gSA bl o.kZu ds vuqlkj] cq) dheR;q ds ckn czkã.k ?kksreq[k mnsu ds ikl x;k vkSj mls crk;kfd og mls 500 dgki.k çfrfnu nku djuk pkgrk Fkk tks mlss[kqn dks vax dk jktk LFkk;h fHk{kk ¼fuPpfHkD[kk½ ds :i esa nsrkFkkA ysfdu D;ksafd fHk{kqvksa ds fy, šlksuk vkSj pk¡nh Lohdkjdjuk euk Fkk,› ?kksreq[k us šmnsu ds fy, ,d fogkj cukus dhbPNk çdV dhA› bl ij mnsu us dgk fd vxj og mlds fy,,d fogkj cuokuk pkgrk gS rks mls šikVfyiq= esa la?k ds fy,

yxHkx ±100 o"kZ laHkkfor C frfFk;ksa ds fy, j[krs1491

gq,A

D.II.86ff.92

M.II.163.93


,d lHkk Hkou ¼miëkulkya ½ cuokuk pkfg,A› vkxs blh ewy xzaFkesa crk;k x;k gS fd rc ?kksreq[k šus viuh LfkkbZ— ¼vkSj½--- vkxsdh fHk{kk ls la?k ds fy, ikVfyiq= esa ,d lHkk Hkou cuok;kA---¼ftls½--- ?kksreq[kh ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA› vr% dqejkgj dsLrEHkuqek&Hkou dks bu nksuksa o.kZuksa ls lh/ks tksM+us dh dksf'k'kfd, fcuk gh] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd bl rjg ds ¼ydM+h ;kiRFkjksa ls cuss½ Hkouksa dh ijEijk laHkor% cq) ds le; dh gksldrh gS] fo'ks"kdj ;fn cq) dh frfFk dqN le; ckn dhgksA xaxk ?kkVh ls feys iqjkrkfÙod vk¡dM+s n’kkZrs gSa fdyxHkx 500 bZlk iwoZ rd Hkh u;h uxjh; cfLr;k¡] okLroesa] os uxj ugha Fkha ftUkdh vk| ckS) lkfgR; dks i<+us dsckn vk'kk dh tk ldrh gksA94

Hkkjr esa flDdksa ds möo dh frfFk dks ysdj fo}ku ,der ugha gSA dqN fo}kuksa }kjk çLrkfor fd;k x;k gS fd xaxk?kkVh ds çkphure flôs pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds igys ds ughaekus tk ldrs] tcfd nwljksa dk dguk gS fd çkjafHkd flôksa dk95

dky fu/kkZj.k djuk laHko ugha gS] rc Hkh šflQZ bruk dgk tkldrk gS fd--- flôs--- ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa çpfyr FksA›96

gkyk¡fd mÙkjdkyhu oSfnd xzaFkksa esa flôksa dk dksbZ çek.k ughafeyrk] vuqekur% dherh /kkrqvksa dk ç;ksx Hkqxrku ds :i esafd;k tkrk FkkA elkvksa&Mhg ls mÙkjh dkys ifj"Ñr en~Hkk.MiM+ko ¼NBPW level½ ij 3000 dkSfM+;ksa dh [kkst] flDdksa ds

Lkaiw.kZ O;k[;k ds fy, ns[ksa, K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit.,94

1989: 15-18.

ns[ksa, J. Cribb, šDating India’s earliest Coins,› South95

Asian Archaeology, 1983: 535-554.

P.L. Gupta, Coins, New Delhi: National Book Trust,96

1969: 10f.


çpyu dh 'kq#vkr ls igys dh eqæk&fLFkfr ij vkd"kZdçdk'k Mkyrh gSA eqæk laca/kh okn&fookn esa tkus ls igys];g dguk lgh gksxk fd Hkkjr esa flôksa dh 'kq#vkr ik¡poha'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa gks xbZ FkhA ikfy lkfgR; ds çkphureHkkx Hkh ,d fodflr eqæk&ç.kkyh dh mifLFkfr dksLohdkj djrs gSa vkSj bl rjg dh eqæk&ç.kkyh] ftlesa97

Hkkjh ek=k esa lksus vkSj pk¡nh ds flDdksa dk ysu&nsu gksrkFkk] ds fodflr gksus esa t+:j le; yxk gksxkA

;|fi xaxk ?kkVh esa fofHké laLÑfr;ksa dk LFkykÑfrdØe vc vPNh rjg LFkkfir gks pqdk gS] lqfuf’pr dkykuqØzevHkh Hkh fooknkLin gSA vc vusdksa txgksa dh jsfM;ksdkcZu frfFk;k¡miyC/k gSaA gkyk¡fd fof/kor~ os fofHké laLÑfr;ksa ds dkykuqØze98

r; djus ds fy, i;kZIr gksuh pkfg,¡] ysfdu va’k’kks/ku¼calibration½ ds ckotwn dbZ frfFk;ksa dh vfu;ferrk usiqjkrÙoKksa dks mlh rjg ck¡V fn;k gS ftl çdkj fo}kuksa esa cq)dh frfFk ls lacaf/kr nks ijEijkvksa dks ysdj foHkktu gqvk gSA gesajsfM;ksdkcZu frfFk;ksa ij fopkj djrs le;] muls lacaf/kr cgqrlkjh fnôrksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk gksxk] fo'ks"kdj ;g rF; fdšos fy, x, uewuksa ds dky dk ;FkkrF; dFku ugha cfYd

Coins are mentioned by name at several places. E.g.97

KahÈpa‡a (A.V.83-84). Kings gave loans of capital to traders(D.I.135). Instances of large transactions are spread throughout thePÈli Canon.

foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa, G.L. Possehl,98

Radiocarbon Dates from South Asia, data-list circulated by the authorin September 1987.


laHkkO;rk ds vuqeku gSaA› ;g laHko ugha gS fd ge fdlh99

laLÑfr ds HkkSxksfyd {ks= ds lHkh Hkkxksa ls mlds möo ,oa vardh ,d leku frfFk;k¡ gh çkIr gksaA ckS) la?k ,d l’kä vkfFZkdvk/kkj ij vkfJr FkkA fHk{kq o"kkZokl ds le; fuf'pr txgksa ij'kj.k ysrs Fks vkSj ,slk cM+h uxjh; cfLr;ksa ds ut+nhd lc lsvf/kd vklku jgrk gksxkA cM+s uxj vc dsoy ç’kkldh; dsUævkSj inkokl ¼administrative centres and sovereign residences½

gh ugha Fks cfYd oss vc vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj okf.kT; ds eq[; dsUæ¼nerve centres of economy and commerce½ cu x, FksA blckr ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ekStwnk lanHkZ esaiqjkrkfÙod vk¡dM+s vfuf'pr vkSj vlarks"ktud ¼uncertain and

unsatisfactory½ gSa] ysfdu fQj Hkh cq) ds egkifjfuokZ.k dh frfFkdh x.kuk esas mudk >qdko igys dh vis{kk ckn dh vksj T;knkfn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ;gk¡ ij de ls de cq) dhfrfFk dks lkekU; :i ls ekuh tkus okyh frfFk ls yxHkx ,d'krkCnh ckn dh ekuus ds fy, vPNh fLFkfr fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

tSlk fd igys Li"V fd;k tk pqdk gS] Hkou vkSjijdksV&fuekZ.k ¼palace and fortification construction½ esa b±Vksadk O;kid ç;ksx] dkQh fodflr ikuh fudklh ¼well developed

sanitation½, iw.kZ fodflr jkT; vkSj mldk lktks&lkeku ¼fully

developed state system and its paraphernalia½] vkyh’kku Hkou¼palatial buildings½] foLr`r varjkZT;h; okf.kfT;d usVodZ¼extensive interregional commercial network½] 'kfä'kkyh vkSjçHkkoh O;olk;h ¼powerful and influential business magnates½]

šthey are not precise statements of the age of samples but99

estimates of probability.› (D.H. Thomas, šThe Awful Truth aboutStatistics in Archaeology,› American Antiquity, 43, 1978: 232).


iw.kZ fodflr eqæk&ç.kkyh ¼well-developed currency system½,foÙkh; ysunsu dh fofHké çFkk,¡ tSls fd f’kYila?k] lwn[kksjh]fxjohnkjh ¼guilds, usury, mortgage½, os';ko`fÙk bR;kfn lHkhikfy f=fiVd esa Li"Vr% of.kZr gSaA dsoy igys nks fiVdksa esa ghde ls de 173 uxjh; dsUæksa dk mYys[k vkrk gSA vk| ckS)100

lkfgR; esa fufnZ"V iwjk HkkSfrd okrkoj.k uxjh; gSA çkphure ckS)lkfgR; esa mfYyf[kr N% egkuxjksa ij miyC/k vk¡dM+kas ds ,df=rfo'ys"k.k ls ,slk yxrk gS fd bl vkdkj ds uxjh; dsaæ ik¡poha'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds var ls igys mifLFkr ugha FksA mÙkjoSfndxzaFkksa vkSj mudh lkekftd&vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr dh rqyuk esa vk|ckS) xzaFkksa esa] ,d Qyrk&Qwyrk 'kgjh thou] 'kfä'kkyh vkSjçHkkoh O;olkf;;ksa }kjk fu;af=r le) varjkZT;h; okf.kT;] vkSjxaxk ?kkVh esa ml le; ds vusdksa la?k"kZjr egktuinksa esa ls ex/kdk lc ls vf/kd 'kfä'kkyh jkT; ds :i esa mn; gksuk bR;kfnrF;] fn, x, gSaA ik¡poha ’krkCnh bZñiwñ esa xaxk ?kkVh dh uxjh;cfLr;k¡] okLro esa] os HkO; uxj ugha Fkha] ftudh vk'kk vk| ckS)lkfgR; esa ukxfjd thou ds ckjs esa i<+us ds ckn iSnk gksrh gSAfofHké uxjksa ds ijdksVksa dh cq) ds dky ls laca/k dh leL;k Hkh,d ,slh leL;k gS ftldk lek/kku cgqr eqf'dy gSA tciqjkrkfÙod çek.kksa dks ns[kk tk, rks xaxk ds lHkh uxj ¼laHkor%dkS’kkEch dks NksM+ dj½ ijdksVkjfgr Fks tcfd ijdksVs vk| ckS)xzaFkksa esa ckj&ckj mfYyf[kr gSaA /kuh yksx uxjksa esa 'kfä'kkyh ,oaçHkko’kkyh cu dj lef) dk thou O;rhr djrs FksA 'kfä'kkyhegktuinksa dk möo tks eq[;rkSj ij ckS) lkfgR; esa vfHkKs; gS]vr% NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ¼tSlk fd ge vc dgrs gSa½ dh ctk;ik¡poha 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa dkykafdr gksuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjä]

ns[ksa] K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit., 1999: Appendix-2.100


,slh foo`fÙk ls] uxjh; cfLr;k¡ vkSj muds çfroklh jkT;ksa dsØfed fodkl ds fy, i;kZIr le; Hkh miyC/k gks tk,xkA ;ghvarjkZTkh; okf.kfT;d usVodZ ds möo rFkk 'kfä'kkyh ,oa çHkkohuxjh; O;olk;h oxZ ds fodkl dks ysdj Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSAfo'ks"kdj cq) ds NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ds dky vkSj vk| ckS)lkfgR;] tks igys ls gh le) okf.kfT;d laLÑfr dks n’kkZrk gS]dks ns[kdj yxrk gS fd uxjh; O;olk;h oxZ dks fodflr gksusds fy, mrus ls T;knk le; dh t+:jr gqbZ gksxh ftruk fd gevDlj mls çnku djrss gSaA uxjh; dsUæksa] O;olk;h oxZ vkSjle) varjkZT;h; okf.kT; ds möo dh ,slh ckn dh frfFk ls ’kk;nvkgr&eqæk ¼punch-marked coins½ dk ijorhZ dky esa gqvk möoHkh Li"V gks tk,xkA dqN fo}ku ;g le>rs gSa fd ;fn cq) vkSjv’kksd ds chp ds vUrjky dks ckS) /keZ ds fl)kar&laca/kh fodkldks ysdj ns[kk tk, rks ,slk v/;;u šFkksM+h&lh ckn dh frfFkdks vf/kd laHkkouh; ekurk çrhr gksxkA› ckS)&dkO; dk101

vè;;u Hkh ;gh çnf’kZr djrk fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS fd la'kksf/krnh?kZdkykuqØe šfuf’pr :i ls le; ds fglkc ls cgqr ihNs gVkekywe iM+rk gSA› š,slk cM+h vklkuh ls bl dYiuk ds vuq:i102

çrhr gksxk fd vc rd ckS) /keZ us dksbZ Hkh Js"B Lekjd vkSjlaLFkk,¡ LFkkfir ugha dha Fkha] cfYd] bldh vis{kk] tc djhc 300bZlk iwoZ esa eSxLFkuht+ ikVfyiq= vk;k rc ;g bruk r#.k lk Fkk

Lambert Schmithausen, šAn Attempt to Estimate the101

Distance in Time between A„oka and the Buddha in Terms ofDoctrinal History,› Heinz Bechert (ed), Op. Cit., 1992: 143.

S. Lienhard, šA Brief Note on the Date of the Historical102

Buddha and Classical Poetry,› Heinz Bechert (ed), Op. Cit., 1991:196.


fd Bhd ls n`f"Vxkspj Hkh ugha FkkA› ,sXxekSZUV Hkh ;gh vuqHko103

djrs gSa fd šv’kksd ds le; ckS) /keZ cgqr r#.k FkkA›104

dkykuqØfed i)fr esa] ftl ij nhioal vkSj egkoalvkfJr gS] mikfy ls efgUn rd dh vkpk;ZijEijk us egÙoiw.kZHkkx vnk fd;kA ;g vkpk;ZijEijk blfy, egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksafdblesa Jhyadk vkSj Hkkjr ds bfrgklksa dh vfofPNéleØfed&laxfr ¼continuous synchronological connection½

lfEefyr gSA bu xzaFkksa esa bl vkpk;ZijEijk dks foLr`r vkSj laiw.kZ:i esa dk;kZfUor fd;k x;k çrhr gksrk gSA tSlk fd nhioal vkSjegkoal ds o`ÙkkUrksa ls Li"V gS fd muesa f'k{kd&f’k"; dk laca/k FkkvkSj ;g vfofPNérk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ gSA vkpk;ks± dh lwfp;k¡ tksfou;] JhyadkbZ vfHkys[kksa vkSj dqN vU; xzaFkksa esa fou;/kjksa ds :iesa feyrh gSa] os cq) dh frfFk dh x.kuk djus ds fy, vU; lzksrksadh rqyuk esa lokZf/kd fo’oluh; vkSj mi;ksxh gSaA pw¡fd vf/kdrj’kks/k la[;k 218 dks /;ku esa j[kdj gqvk Fkk] blls cq) vkSjv’kksd ds chp ds varjky ds fy, fou;ikeksD[kksa ds :i esavkpk;ks± dh la[;k dks ysdj ,d leL;k FkhA ;g leL;k Fkh]105

varjky dks Hkjus ds fy, vi;kZIr vkpk;ks± esa ls çR;sd dks

šIt would seem to be easily compatible with the103

assumption that Buddhism had not yet produced distinctivemonuments and institutions, and that, instead, it was still ratheryoung and not yet fully visible when Megasthenes visited PÈ—aliputraaround 300 B.C.›(W. Halbfass šEarly Indian References to theGreeks and the First Encounters between Buddhism and the West,›H. Bechert (ed), Op. Cit., 1995: 205.)

P.H.L. Eggermont, šNew Notes on A„oka and His Successors104

II,›Persica 4, 1969: 97.

Vin.V.2; nhioal.IV.27-46; egkoal.V.95,153.105


fou;ikeksD[k ds :i esa bruk vf/kd le; nsuk fd og vlEHkoyxsA bl mfä us ,d ;g xEHkhj leL;k Hkh iSnk dj nh Fkh fdftu vkB Fksjksa us f}rh; laxhfr esa nl mPN`³~[kyrkvksa¼nloRFkwfu½ ij fopkj fd;k Fkk mUk lc us cq) dks Hkh ns[kkFkk! Ysfdu ,sls rFkkdfFkr fojks/kkHkklksa dks Fksjokfn;ksa106

}kjk dh xbZ =qfViw.kZ fyfic)rk le>k x;kA jktkvksa dsdkykuqØe dks vf/kd egÙo fn;k x;k gS] gkyk¡fd bllsHkh eqf'dysa iSnk gqbZaA ;s lkjh eqf'dysa blfy, iSnk gqbZa fdla[;k 218 dks loksZPp ekuk x;kA

vkpk;ks± dh lwfp;ksa ij vk/kkfjr cq) dh frfFk dh x.kukesa geus v’kksd ds jkT;kfHk"ksd dh vis{kk pUæxqIr dsflagklukjksg.k ds o"kZ dks vk/kkj&o"kZ ekuk gSA blls cq) dh eR;qvkSj vk/kkj&o"kZ ds chp dk varjky de gksus ls xyrh dhlaHkkouk Hkh de gks tkrh gSA pUæxqIr ds flagklukjksg.k dh frfFkdh rqyuk esa v’kksd ds jkT;kfHk"ksd dh frfFk T;knk leL;kRedgSA blds vykok fd dqN fo}ku eksXxfyiq= dks ,sfrgkfld107

nhioal.IV.54-56; egkoal.IV.59.106

d/y'] mnkgj.k ds fy,] šDating the Buddha: A Red107

Herring Revealed,› Heinz Bechert (ed), The Dating of the HistoricalBuddha/ Die Datierung des historischen Buddha (Symposien zurBuddhismusforschung, IV, II), Gottingen: 1991: 238-259.vkpk;ZijEijk ds vk¡dM+ksa ds lkFk euekuh djus ds vykok] xksafczpdh ifjdYiuk esa lc ls cM+h deh ;g gS fd mUgksaus v’kksd dsjkT;kfHk"ksd dh frfFk dks vk/kkj&o"kZ ekuk gSA ,slk djus ls ogLo;a cq) dh frfFk dks u dsoy 404 bZlk iwoZ ls 422 bZlk iwoZrd ys tkrs gSa] vfirq eksXxfyiq= ij tkudkjh ds ç;ksx ls mUkdhx.kuk esa xyrh dh laHkkouk vkSj Hkh c<+ xbZA ns[ksa] mudk fn. 26.


O;fäRo ugha ekurs] muds uke dks xaHkhjrk ls u fy, tkus ds108

ds vkSj Hkh dbZ dkj.k gSaA muls lEcfU/kr o`ÙkkUrksa esa cgqr lkjhx+yfr;k¡ gSa vkSj ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd ;k rks v’kksd] egsUæ vkSjJhyadk esa ckS) /keZ ds foLrkj dks fo’oluh;rk nsus ds fopkj lseksXxfyiq= ds uke dh dYiuk dh xbZ Fkh ;k fQj muls lacaf/krrF; fdlh dkj.ko’k vfr’k;ksfä djds fn, x, gSaA mnkgj.k dsfy,] nhioal esa ,d txg crk;k x;k gS fd mudh eR;q 80osalky esa gqbZ] nwljh txg 80 lky dh vk;q esa vkSj rhljh109 110

txg mudh vk;q eR;q ds le; 86 lky nh xbZ gSA ,slk111

çnf’kZr fd;k tk pqdk gS fd eksXxfyiq= frLl] ftlds ckjs esadgk tkrk gS fd mlus fou; dh çkfIr flXxo ls dh Fkh] ogv’kksd dk lykgdkj fHk{kq Fkk vkSj mlus egsUæ dk /kekZUrj.kfd;k Fkk] lp rks ;g gS fd mls ,d dfYir fdaonUrh ¼a

fabricated legend½ ds }kjk lwph esa Mkyk x;k Fkk vkSj vly esaog ’kk;n rhljh ;k nwljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa if'peh Hkkjr esajgrk FkkA112

J. Przyluski, Le Lègende de l’Empereur A„oka (A„oka-108

AvadÈna) dans les textes indiens et chinois, Paris, 1923: 62-66; G.Yamazaki, šThe lists of Patriarchs in the Northern and SouthernLegends,› Heinz Bechert (ed), Op. Cit. 1), Gottingen: 1991: 317-318.

nhioal.V.107.109

nhioal.V.95.110

nhioal.V.94.111

G. Yamazaki, šThe Spread of Buddhism in the Mauryan112

Age, With Special Reference to the Milinda Legend,› Acta Asiatica,4, 1982: 1-16; šThe List of the Patriarchs in the Northern andSouthern Legends,› Heinz Bechert (ed), Op. Cit., 1991: 313-325.


mÙkjh lzkssr cq) dh eR;q vkSj v’kksd ds dky ds chp113

¼eè;kfUrd dks NksM+dj] ftudk uke fdaonfUr&dFkd fHk{kqvksa }kjklféfo"V fd;k x;k yxrk gS½ vkpk;ksaZ dh rhu ihf<+;ksa] vFkkZr~egkd’;i/ vkuUn÷ lk.kokl÷ mixqIr dh ckr djrs gSaA114

lk.kokl cq) ds le; ex/k dk ,d O;kikjh Fkk] tks cq) dh eR;qds ckn vkuUn ds xq#Ro esa fHk{kq cuk] ckn esa e/kqjk ¼eFkqjk½ pykvk;k vkSj ogk¡ mlus mixqIr dks fogkjoklh cuk;kA lk.kokl]vo’; gh eFkqjk/ vgksxax dk ogh lEHkwr&lk.koklh gksxk ftlusf}rh; laxhfr esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA pw¡fd dbZ lEçnk;ksaa esa bls ysdjlgerh gS] ,slk yxrk gS fd laHkor% f}rh; laxhfr esa lk.kokl usHkkx fy;k FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd mixqIr v’kksd dk vLFkk;hlykgdkj&fHk{kq Fkk] ysfdu çT+;yqLdh ¼Przyluski½ tSls dqNfo}kuksa us ,slk ekudj Hkwy dh gS fd ;g laiw.kZ lEcU/k] eFkqjk dsfHk{kqvksa ds }kjk vius 'kgj] lEçnk; vkSj iwokZf/kdkjh] çfl)mixqIr] ds xq.kxku ds fy, cukbZ xbZ eux<+Ur dgkuh gSA115

The A„okÈvadÈna (T 2042, ch. 2-3: 111b 28-121b 1;113

T2043, ch. 6-9: 149b 162c 10), the DivyÈvadÈna (348, 1.27-364,1.10), the MÊlasarvÈstivÈdin Vinaya, the Bhai–ajyavastu (GilgitManuscripts III, part I: xvii, 3-7; T 1448, ch. 9: 41c 18-42b 26), theK–udrakavastu (T 1451, ch. 40: 408c-411b 18), the Sa£yuktÈgama(T 99, ch. 25: 177b 12-19) and the Fén pieh kung té lun (T 1507, ch.2: 37b 16-27). EkSaus ;g lUnHkZ xzaFk&lwph ‹. Lamotte, Op. Cit.: 226

ls yh gSA buesa ls vf/kdrj dk Qzsap esa vuqokn J. Przyluski, šLe

Nord-Ouest de l’Inde,› JA, 1914: 493-568 esa miyC/k gSA

E. Frauwallner, The Earliest Vinaya and the Beginnings114

of Buddhist Literature, Roma:Is. M.E.O., Serie Orientale Roma, 8,1956: 34.

J. Przyluski, Op. Cit., 1923: 62-66; ns/ d/y'] G.115

Yamazaki, Op. Cit.1991: 314-316.


ysfdu y?kqdkykuqØe dks ns[kk tk, rks mixqIr v’kksd dsledkyhu ekus tk ldrs gSaA

nf{k.kh cks) lzksrksa ds vuqlkj] cq) dh e`R;q vkSj v’kksd dsdky ds chp esa ik¡p vkpk;ksaZ us ikjxE; fd;kA ;s ik¡p vkpk;Z Fks%116

mikfy÷ nkld÷ lks.kd÷ flXxo÷ eksXxfyiq= frLlA117

74 ¼o"kZ½ mikfy ds] 64 nkld ds]66 Fksj lks.kd ds] 76 flXxo ds]80 eksXxfyiqÙk% ;g mu lc dh milEink gSA118

;|fi ;g i| ik¡pksa vkpk;ksaZ dh milEink ds o"kksaZ dhckr djrk gS] ysfdu] okLro esa] ;s o"kZ mudh eR;q ds le; dhvk;q ds o"kZ gSaA ;g rF; Åijh i| ds igys vkSj ckn ds i|ksa esaLi"V fn;k gqvk gSA tSls fd nhioal.V.103 esa crk;k x;k gS fdmikfy us 74 o"kZ dh vk;q esa fuokZ.k dh çkfIr dh FkhA

fo}ku mikfy iwjs le; fou; ds çeq[k Fks]Fksj nkld ¼çeq[k cus½ 50osa ¼lky½ esa] lks.kd 44osa esa]flXxo 55osa lky esa eksXxfyiq= ¼uked½ 68A

119

;g è;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd Åij fyf[kr i|dk vFkZ vdlj ik¡pksa vkpk;ksaZ dh fou;ikeksD[krk ds dky dh

nhioal.V.55-107; egkoal.V.95-153.116

nhioal.V.95-96.117

prqlÙkfr mikyh p] prqlfë p nkld]118

Nlfë lks.kdks Fksjks] flXxoks rq NlÙkfr vlhfr eksXxfyiqÙkks lCcsla milEinkA ¼nhioal. V.95½.

lCcdkyfEg ikeksD[kks fou;s mikfyif.Mrks]119

i×¥kla nkldks Fksjks prqpÙkkjhl¥~ p lks.kdks]i×pi×¥kloLla flXxoLl] vëlfë eksXxfyiqÙkslOg;ksA

¼nhioal.V.96½


vof/k yxk;k tkrk gSA ysfdu ,slk ekuuk eqf’dy gS D;ksafd udsoy fdlh Hkh vkpk;Z ds fy, brus yEcs le; rdfou;ikeksD[k cus jguk vlaHko jgk gksxk] cfYd bl i| dk120

vFkZ Hkh bruk ugha gS ftruk yxk;k tkrk gSA bl i| dhcqf)laxr O;k[;k rks ;gh gks ldrh gS fd ;gk¡ ij nh xbZa la[;k,afofHké vkpk;ksaZ ds fou;ikeksD[k cuus ds le; dh mezsa gSaA mikfyds lanHkZ esa lCcdkyfEg ¼vFkkZr~ iwjk le;) dk vfHkçk; gS fdmikfy cq) dh e`R;q ls ysdj viuh e`R;q rd ds iwjs le;fou;ikeksD[k FksA blds vfrfjä] nkld] lks.kd] flXxovkSj eksXxfyiq= ds ekeys esa] fou;ikeksD[k cus jgus dkvof/k&dky ugha gS cfYd çR;sd vkpk;Z ds fou;ikeksD[kcuus ds le; dh vk;q nh xbZ gSA bldk rkRi;ZZ ;g gS fdnkld] lks.kd] flXxo vkSj eksXxfyiq= esa ls çR;sdØekuqlkj viuh vk;q ds 50osa] 44osa] 55osa vkSj 68osa o"kZ esafou;ikeksD[k cukA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] çR;sd dh Øekuqlkjfou;ikeksD[k cuus ds le; 49] 43] 54 vkSj 67 o"kZ vk;qjgh gksxhA bl ;qfä ds vk/kkj ij] igys pkj vkpk;ksaZ dsfou;ikeksD[k dh vof/k dks bl çdkj fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS%

ikeksD[kdk uke

e`R;q dsle; vk;q

fou;ikeksD[kcuus ij vk;q

fou;ikeksD[k dhvof/k

mikfy 74 44 30 o"kZ

nkld 64 49 15 o"kZ

lks.kd 66 43 23 o"kZ

flXxo 76 54 22 o"kZ

dqy 90 o"kZ

D;ksafd og dkQh cM+h vk;q esa fou;ikeksD[k cus gksaxsA120


pw¡fd bu pkjksa fou;ikeksD[kksa dh vof/k dsoy o"kks± esanh xbZ gS vkSj eghuksa rFkk fnuksa dks NksM+ fn;k x;k gS]geus xyrh dh lhek dks de djus ds fy, çR;sd ikeksD[kdh vof/k esa ,d o"kZ tksM+ fn;k gSA bl çdkj] bu pkjksaikeksD[kksa dh dqqy vof/k ¼vFkkZr~ cq) dh e`R;q vkSj flXxodh e`R;q ds chp dk le;½ 90$4¾94 o"kZ curh gSA tSlkfd ge vxys i`"Bksa esa ns[ksaxs] flXxo dh e`R;q o"kZ yxHkx303 bZlk iwoZ esa gqbZA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd cq) dhe`R;q o"kZ yxHkx 397 ¼303$94½ bZlk iwoZ esa gqbZA

,slk yxrk gS fd mikfy us la?k esa dkQh çkS<+voLFkk esa ços’k fd;k FkkA mldk tUe ,d ukbZ ifjokj esagqvk FkkA mlus 'kkD; jktdqekjksa ds ;gk¡ ukSdjh dh vkSjckn esa mUgha ds lkFk la?k esaa ços’k fd;kA cq) ds thou121

dky esa Hkh] fHk{kq mlds v/khu fou; lh[kuk viuk lkSHkkX;le>rs FksA mlus fou; ds v/;;u esa fuiq.krk çkIr dh122

vkSj fou;/kjksa ds chp izeq[k LFkku cuk;k ¼fou;svXxfufD[kÙkks½ vkSj blh fof’k"Vrk ds dkj.k dk’;i us mls123

jktx`g dh laxhfr esa fou; fiVd ds ladyu dk dk;Z lkSaikFkkA crk;k tkrk gS fd tc cq) dh e`R;q dks 16 o"kZ gkspqds Fks rc mikfy 60 o"kZ dk FkkA bldk rkRi;ZZ ;g124

gqvk fd cq) dh e`R;q ds le; vFkkZr~] tc og fou;ikeksD[kcuk] rc og 44 ¼60&16½ o"kZ dk FkkA ysfdu] tSlk Åijcrk;k x;k gS] mldh e`R;q 74 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqbZA blçdkj] mikfy 30 ¼74&44½ o"kZ rd fou;ikeksD[k jgkA ;g

Vin.II.182; DhA.I.116f; BuA.44 bR;kfnA121

Vin.IV.142; VA.IV.876.122

DÏp.IV.3,5.123

nhioal.IV.33, V.76.124


rF; nhioal esa Hkh lh/ks rkSj ij crk;k x;k gS fd mikfy30 o"kks± rd fou;ikeksD[k jgkA125

nkld] ftudh e`R;q 64 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqbZ] oS'kkyhdk ,d fo}ku czkã.k Fkk vkSj mlus çkS<+ voLFkk esa /kEeds v/;;u ds fy, la?k esa ’kj.k yh FkhA tc mikfy dh126

e`R;q gqbZ rc jktk mn; vius 16 o"kZ ds 'kkludky esa ls6 o"kZ iwjs dj pqdk FkkA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd mn;127

ds ’kklu ds vafre 10 ¼16&6½ o"kksaZ ds nkSjku nkldfou;ikeksD[k FkkA ysfdu tc nkld dh e`R;q gqbZ rclqlqukx ds 10 o"kZ ds 'kkludky esa ls 8 o"kZ chr pqdsFksA pw¡fd vuqjq)d/eq.M us mn; vkSj lqlqukx ds128

jkT;dky ds chp 8 o"kZ rd 'kklu fd;k Fkk] ,slk yxrk129

gS fd nkld dqy feykdj 10$8$8¾26 o"kks± rdfou;ikeksD[k jgkA

lks.kd] tks dk'kh ds ,d dkjok¡&eqf[k;k dk csVkFkk] us jktx`g esa 15 o"kZ dh vk;q esa la?k esa ços’k fd;kA130

tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa] lqlqukx us 10 o"kks± rd 'kklufd;k vkSj nkld dh e`R;q lqlqukx ds ’kklu dky dhLkekfIr ds 8 o"kZ ckn gqbZA lqlqukx dh e`R;q ds ckn]131

nhioal.IV.34, V.89.125

nhioal .V.95; Vin.V.2; VA.I.32, 62, 235, VII.1304; Dvy.3ff126

bR;kfnA

nhioal.V.97.127

nhioal.V.97.128

vkxs ds i`"B d/y'A129

Vin.V.2; VA.I.32, 62, 235, VII.1304 bR;kfnA130

nhioal.V.98.131


nl cU/kqvksaa us 22 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;k vkSj muds'kkludky ds 6 o"kZ lekIr gksus ds ckn lks.kd dh e`R;qgqbZA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gqvk fd lks.kd lqlqukx ds132

'kkludky ds vafre nks o"kks± vkSj nl cU/kqvksaa ds'kkludky ds vkjfEHkd 6 o"kks± ds nkSjku] vFkkZr~ dqy2$6¾8 o"kZ fou;ikeksD[k jgkA

flXxo] tks ikVfyiq= ds ,d ea=h dk iq= Fkk] us18 o"kZ dh vk;q esa la?k esa ços’k fy;kA mlds fe=panoTth us Hkh mlds lkFk la?k esa ços’k fy;kA flXxo133

nl cU/kqvksaa ds ’kkludky ds vfUre 16 ¼22&6½ o"kks± dsnkSjku fou;ikeksD[k jgkA tc flXxo dh e`R;q gqbZ rcpUæxqIr ds ’kkludky ds 14 o"kZ chr pqds FksA nwljs134

’kCnksa esa] flXxo dqy feykdj 30 ¼16$14½ o"kks± rdfou;ikeksD[k jgkA ysfdu tSlk fd ge vkxkeh ifjPNsnksa esans[ksaxs] pUæxqIr nl cU/kqvksa ¼ftUgksaus viuk 'kkluikVfyiq= dh vis{kk dgha vkSj ls 'kq: fd;k Fkk½ dkmÙkjkf/kdkjh ugha Fkk] D;ksafd dgk tkrk gS fd lqlqukx dk,d dkyk’kksd uked iq= Fkk tks ikVfyiq= esa 28 o"kks±135

rd lÙkk:<+ FkkA ,slk yxrk gS fd lqlqukx ds 'kklu136

ds le; 10 o"kks± rd jkT;iky ds in ij jgus ds ckn]dkGk’kksd us 28&10¾18 o"kZ ikVfyiq= ls jktk ds :i esajkT; fd;k vkSj laHkor% jkT; ds foHkktu ds ckn nl cU/kq

nhioal.V.99.132

VA.I.32, 62, 235, VII.1304 bR;kfnA133

nhioal.V.73, 100.134

nhioal.V.25.135

egkoal.IV.7.136


mlh txg ls 'kklu djrs jgs tgk¡ ls lqlqukx us fd;kFkkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ,slk yxrk gS fd pUæxqIr ikVfyiq=esa dkGk’kksd dk vkSj jktx`g esa nl cU/kqvksaaa ¼laHkor% uUn’kkldksa½ dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh cukA dgk tkrk gS fd tcpUæxqIr us vius 'kkludky ds nks o"kZ iwjs fd, rc flXxo64 o"kZ dk FkkA pUæxqIr dk 'kklu o"kZ yxHkx 317 bZlk137

iwoZ esa 'kq: gqvkA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd o"kZ yxHkx 315¼317&2½ bZlk iwoZ esa flXxo 64 o"kZ dk FkkA ysfdu pw¡fdflXxo dh e`R;q 76 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqbZ Fkh] og 315 bZlkiwoZ ds ckn 12 ¼76&64½ o"kZ vkSj thfor jgkA bl fglkcls flXxo dh e`R;q o"kZ yxHkx 303 ¼315&12½ bZlk iwoZ esagqbZA ,d vU; lanHkZ esa Hkh bldh iqf"V dh xbZ gS tgk¡ ;gcrk;k x;k gS fd tc flXxo dh e`R;q gqbZ rc pUæxqIr ds'kklu ds 14 o"kZ LkekIr gks pqds Fks] vFkkZr~ flXxo dh138

e`R;q o"kZ yxHkx 303 ¼317&14½ esa gqbZA

Åij dh x.kuk dk ifj.kke fuEufyf[kr gSa%

flXxo dh e`R;q yxHkx 303 bZlk iwoZ esa gqbZAlks.kd dh e`R;q flXxo ls 30 o"kZ igys] nklddh lks.kd ls 8 o"kZ igys] mikfy dh nkld ls26 o"kZ igys vkSj cq) dh e`R;q mikfy ls 30o"kZ igys gqbZA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] yxHkx 303 bZlkiwoZ vkSj cq) dh e`R;q ds chp 94¼30$8$26$30½ o"kksaZ dk vUrj FkkA bldsvuqlkj] cq) dh e`R;q yxHkx 397 ¼303$94½bZlk iwoZ esa gqbZA

nhioal.V.81.137

nhioal.V.73, 100.138


tc f}rh; laxhfr vk;ksftr gqbZ] rc lqlqukx dkiq=] dkGk’kksd] ikVfyiq= esa 'kklu dj jgk FkkA139 140

f}rh; laxhfr esa lCcdkeh] lkG~g] jsor] [kqTtlksfHkr]141

oklHkxkfe] lqeu] lEHkwr&lk.koklh vkSj ;l dkd.MdiqÙkuked vkB çfrf"Br Fksjksa us Hkkx fy;k FkkA dgk tkrk gS142

fd mu lcus cq) dks ns[kk FkkA vkuUn ds f'k";]143

lksjs;~;&jsor] ftUgksaus f}rh; laxhfr esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk] usHkh cq) dks ns[kk FkkA JhyadkbZ vfHkys[kksa esa crk;k x;k144

gS fd f}rh; laxhfr dk vk;kstu dkGk’kksd ds jkT;dkyds 11osa o"kZZ esa gqvkA bldk rkRi;Z gS fd f}rh; laxhfr145

dk vk;kstu cq) ds ifjfuokZ.k ls 62 o"kZ ckn vFkkZr~

VA.I.33.139

nhioal.V.25.140

LkCcdkeh / lCcdke dk tUe cq) dh e`R;q ls igys141

gqvk Fkk (DPPN.II.1033).

nhioal.V.21-23.142

nhioal.V.24. pw¡fd bu lc us cq) dks ns[kk Fkk] cq) dh143

e`R;q ds 100 o"kZ ckn rd bu dk thfor gksuk vkSj f}rh; laxhfresa Hkkx ysuk yxHkx vlEHko çrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu] tSlk fd geus lq>ko fn;k gS] ;fn f}rh; laxhfr dk vk;kstu cq) dh e`R;qds 62 o"kZ ckn dk eku fy;k tk, rks ,slk lEHko gks ldrk gSA

Ekgkoal.IV.57, 60.144

nhioal.IV.44, 47; Ekgkoal.IV.8. Yksfdu ckn ds lzksrksa]145

tSls fd egkcksf/koal vkSj lkluoal] esa f}rh; laxhfr dk vk;kstudkGk’kksd ds jkT;dky ds 10osa o"kZZ esa fn;k x;k gS] (ns[ksa, W.Geiger, Op. Cit, 1912: lv).


yxHkx 335 bZlk iwoZ esa gqvkA r`rh; laxhfr ij tkudkjh146

ds fy, çkphure lzksr Øe’k% nhioal.I.25 vkSjnhioal.VII.34-59 gSaA vfUre lzksr esa nh xbZ tkudkjh dkslaiknd/ laikndksa }kjk vad 218 dks lgh lkfcr djus dsfy, vëdFkk esa c<k;k x;k yxrk gSA ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX;ckr gS fd ckn ds le; ds fopkjksaa vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks/;ku esa j[krs gq, fofHké çdkj dh foLr`r tkudkjh layXudj nh xbZ gS ftls lansg dh n`f"V ls ns[kk tkuk pkfg,Ar`rh; laxhfr dh frfFk fu/kkZfjr djuk eqf'dy ekywe iM+rkgS] gkyk¡fd ;g tc vk;ksftr gqbZ Fkh rc v’kksd ikVfyiq=esa 'kklu dj jgk FkkA

;gk¡ ij mu jktkvksa ds laca/k esa dqN Li"Vhdj.knsuk vko’;d gS ftUgksaus cq) dh e`R;q vkSj ekS;ksaZ ds chpds dky esa jkt fd;k FkkA ekS;kZsa ls igys ftu jktkvksa usikVfyiq= ls 'kklu fd;k Fkk os Fks mnbHkí/mnk;h]147

eq.M vkSj dkGk’kksd A ,slk yxrk gS fd vtkr’k=qq dh148 149

e`R;q vkSj pUæxqIr ekS;Z ds jkT;kfHk"ksd ds chp] jktx`gvkSj ikVfyiq= nksuksa us ledkfyd jkt/kkfu;ksa dh Hkwfedkvnk dhA

d/y', K.T.S. Sarao, Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian146

Buddhism, 2 revised edition, Delhi: R&R Publishers, 1999:nd

Appendix I.

Vin. Texts.II.102 fn 1.147

A.III.57.148

S. Beal, Si-yu-ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World,149

vol. 2, London: Trñbner & Co.1906: 85; nhioal.V.25.


fcfEclkj cq) ls ik¡p o"kZ NksVk Fkk vkSj mlus dqy52 o"kZ 'kklu fd;kA og 15 o"kZ dh vk;q esa jktk cuk]vius thou ds vfUre 32 lky cq) ds vuq;k;h ds :Ik esafcrk, vkSj 67 o"kZ dh vk;q esa mldh e`R;q gqbZA vtkr’k=qus 32 o"kZ rd 'kklu fd;kA egkifjfuokZ.k ds 24 o"kZ cknmldh e`R;q gqbZ vkSj cq) dh e`R;q ls 8 o"kZ igys mlusjkt djuk 'kq: fd;kA bldk rkRi;Z gS] fcfEclkj us150

8+50¾ 60 o"kZ cq) iwoZ ¼397+60¾ yxHkx 457 bZlk iwoZ½ ls8 o"kZ cq) iwoZ ¼397+8= yxHkx 405 bZlk iwoZ½ rd jktfd;kA vtkr’k=q us 8 o"kZ cq) iwoZ ¼405 bZlk iwoZ½ ls 24o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼397&24= yxHkx 273 bZlk iwoZ½ rd jktfd;kA nksuksa us jktx`g ls jkt fd;kA

ikfy lzksrksa dk mn;/mnk;h/mn;Hkí ogh Fkk tksiqjk.kksa dk mnkf;uA ikfy lzksr Li"V crkrs gSa fd mn;Hkívtkr’k=q dk csVk Fkk vkSj mldk mÙkjkf/kdkjh cukA151 152

ysfdu iqjk.k n’kZd/oald/nHkZd dks bu nksuksa ds chp j[krsgSaA yxrk gS fd ;k rks iqjk.kksa us mlss xyr :i ls153

’kkfey dj fy;k gS vkSj ;k fQj mlus jktx`g vkSjikVfyiq= ds vykok dgha vkSj ls 'kklu fd;k FkkAmn;/mnk;h/mn;Hkí mikfy dh e`R;q ds le; 6 o"kks± ls

nhioal.III.60.150

D.I.50.151

nhioal.V.97.152

ns[ksa, P.H.L. Eggermont , The Chronology of the Reign153

of Asoka Moriya, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1956: 145.


'kklu dj jgk FkkA mikfy 30 o"kZ fou;ikeksD[k jgk154 155

vkSj bl rjg ls 74 ¼30&44½ o"kZ dh vk;q esa mldh e`R;qgks xbZA bldk rkRi;ZZ gS fd mn;/mnk;h/mn;Hkí156

vtkr’k=q dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh cuk] D;ksafd mldk 'kklu cq)ds egkifjfuokZ.k ls 24 ¼30&6½ o"kZ ckn 'kq: gqvkA mlusdqy feyk dj 16 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;kA bl rjg mlus157

24 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼397&24= yxHkx 373 bZlk iwoZ½ ls26+16=40 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼397&40= yxHkx 357 bZlkiwoZ½ rd jkt fd;kA

egkoal dh lwph lansgkLin yxrh gS D;ksafdmn;Hkí] vuq#)d] eq.M vkSj ukxnkld& bu lcdks bdësfir`?kkrdksa ds :i esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vuq#)d vkSj eq.Mds ’kkludky dks 8 o"kZ fn[kk;k gS tcfd iqjk.kksa vkSj158

nhioal esa nh xbaZ lwfp;ksa esa muds uke Hkh ugha gSaA ;gtkuuk Hkh fnypLi gksxk fd eq.M/egkeq.M rFkkvuq#)/vuq#)d ,d gh O;fä FkkA eq.M tSu lzksrksa esa159

nhioal.IV.43; V.97.154


;g nhioal.V.95 Ikj Hkh fn;k x;k gSA156


Ekgkoal.IV.2-3.158

fnO;konku.369 esa crk;k x;k gS fd eq.M mnk;h dk iq=159

Fkk] tcfd DA.I.153esa vuq#) dks egkeq.M dk iq= crk;k x;k gSApw¡fd mu nksuksa ds ’kkludky dks dqy 8 o"kZ dk fn[kk;k x;k gSmUgsa ,d ;k nks ’kkldksa ds :i esa ysus ls gekjh x.kuk ij dksbZvlj ugha iM+rkA


vuqifLFkr gS ysfdu egkoal vkSj vaxqÙkj fudk; esa mldkmYys[k feyrk gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd og ,d ,sfrgkfld160

jktk FkkA iqjk.kksa }kjk nh xbZa lwfp;ksa esa dqN çR;{kxyfr;k¡ gSaA tcfd ok;q iqjk.k nl jktkvksa dh lwph nsrk gS]eRL; iqjk.k viuh lwph esa nks vkSj jktkvksa dks lfEefyrdjrk gSA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd gkyk¡fd šok;q iqjk.k xqIr161

vkSj nwljs jktoa’kksa dh ckr djrk gS] rc Hkh ok;q dhlkexzh eRL; iqjk.k ls vf/kd iqjkuh gSA› vuqq#)d/eq.M162

ds 'kkludky ds 8 o"kksaZ dks 'kk;n 40 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~¼yxHkx 357 bZlk iwoZ½ vkSj 48 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx 349bZlk iwoZ½ ds chp j[kk tk ldrk gSA

,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd lqlqukx us] ftlss ukxnkldds ckn j[kk x;k gS] okLro esa] ukxnkld ds lkFk gh'kklu 'kq: fd;kA ukxnkld laHkor% bu jktkvksa ds oa’kls lacaf/kr ugha Fkk vkSj mls bl lwph esa] egkifjfuokZ.kvkSj f}rh; laxhfr ds chp 100 o"kZ dk varjky fn[kkus dsfy,] 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k yxrk gSA ,sXxekSZUV Hkh ,slk163

gh vuqHko djrs gSa fd šukxnkl ,d ,slh vkÑfr gS] tksckn esa jktkvksa dh lwph esa vkbZA› ;fn mls ,d164

,sfrgkfld jktk ekuk tk, rc mlus 'kk;n fcuk fdlh

Ekgkoal.IV.2-3; A.III.57.160

ns[ksa] P.H.L. Eggermont,Op. Cit: 145.161

V.R.R. Dikshitar, The Matsya PurÈ‡a: a Study, Madras:162

University of Madras, 1925: 74.

Ekgkoal.IV.8.163

P.H.L. Eggermont, Op. Cit,: 162.164


fo’ks"k miyfC/k ds 48 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx 349 bZlkiwoZ½ vkSj 52 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx 345 bZlk iwoZ½ ds chpikVfyiq= ls 4 o"kZ 'kklu fd;kA

,slk yxrk gS fd ukxnkld ¼;fn mls ,d,sfrgkfld jktk eku fy;k tk,½ dh e`R;q ds ckn] lqlqukxus vius iq= dkGk’kksd dks ikVfyiq= dk jkT;iky fu;qäfd;k vkSj [kqn jktx`g ls 'kklu djrk jgkA lqqlqukx dk'kklu nkld dh e`R;q ds nks o"kZ ckn lekIr gqvkA pw¡fd165

mldk 'kklu 10 o"kks± rd pyk] ,slk yxrk gS fd mlus166

48 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx 349 bZlk iwoZ½ vkSj 58 o"kZ cq)i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx 339 bZlk iwoZ½ ds chp 'kklu fd;kA ,slkçrhr gksrk gS fd lqlqukx dh e`R;q ds ckn nl cU/kq¼laHkor% uUn ’kkld½ mlds mÙkjkf/kdkjh cus tcfd mldkcsVk dkGk’kksd ikVfyiq= esa lÙkk:<+ jgk ¼firk dh167

vuqifLFkfr esa laHkor% iwjk vkf/kiR; vius gkFkksa esaysdj½ A nl cU/kqvksa us 22 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;kA168 169

lqlqukx ds 10 o"kZ ds 'kklu dks egkoal esa c<+k&p<+kdj170

18 o"kZ crk;k x;k gS vkSj vkxs uo uUnksa dks tksM+ fn;k171

nhioal.V.95.165

nhioal.V.93.166

nhioal.V.25.167

nhioal.V.25.168

nhioal.V.98.169

nhioal.V.98.170

Ekgkoal.IV.6.171


x;k gS] tks yxHkx fuf’pr :i ls nl cU/kqvksa dk172

f}xq.khdj.k ¼duplication½ gSaA tSu lwph fcYdqy nks"kiw.kZ gSvkSj ;gk¡ mldh ppkZ dh vko’;drk Hkh ugha gSA nwljs dqNfojks/kkHkklksaa dks Li"V djrs gq,] xk;xj crkrs gSa fd tcpUæxqIr ls igys ds jktoa’k us ,d ckj ’kSs’kqukx ds ukedks xzg.k dj fy;k rc mldh egkurk vkSj iqjkrurk dhç'kalk djus ds fy,] ewyiq#"k vkSj mlds rkRdkfydmÙkjkf/kdkfj;ksa] ftuesa fcfEclkj vkSj mlds mÙkjkf/kdkjhlfEefyr Fks] dks lkjs jktkvksa dh Üzkà[kyk esa Åij j[kfn;k x;kA blesa igys vkSj nwljs v)Z ds Øe dks mYkVkdj fn;k x;kA tSlk fd geZé tsdch ¼Hermann Jacobi½

173

dgrs gSa] tSu lzksrksa ds Jsf.kd vkSj dq.khd] ikyh lzksrksa dsfcfEclkj vkSj vtkr'k=q gSaA dkGk’kksd vkSj dkdo.kZ ,d174

gh O;fä ds nks uke Fks] gkyk¡fd vuwBs rjhds ls iqjk.k175

fllqukx vkSj dkGk’kksd dks vtkr’k=q ls igys j[krs gSaApw¡fd os lqlqukx ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh cus] mudk 'kklu 339bZlk iwoZ ls 317 bZlk iwoZ rd pyk vkSj ,slk yxrk gS fdvius firk lqlqukx dh e`R;q ds ckn dkGk’kksd usikVfyiq= esa laiw.kZ lÙkk vius gkFk esa ys yh vkSj pUæxqIrds }kjk yxHkx 317 bZlk iwoZ esa mrkj Qsad fn, tkus rd'kklu fd;kA bl fglkc ls] dkGk’kksd dk iwjk 'kkludky10$18¾28 o"kZ curk gS] vFkkZr~~ fd 52 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~

Ekgkoal.V.15.172

W. Geiger, Op. Cit, 1908: xlii.173

ns[ksa] W. Geiger, Op. Cit., 1908: xliii.174

W. Geiger 1908: xlii ij m)`r fd, vuqlkjA175


¼yxHkx 345 o"kZ bZlk iwoZ½ ls 62 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx335 o"kZ bZlk iwoZ½ rd jkT;iky ds :i esa vkSj 62 o"kZ cq)i’pkr~ ¼yxHkx 335 bZlk iwoZ½ ls 80 o"kZ cq) i’pkr~¼yxHkx 317 bZlk iwoZ½ rd jktk ds :i esaA

iqjk.k ekS;ksaZ ds iwokZf/kdkjh uUnksa ds 'kklu dks 100o"kZ dk fn[kykrs gSaA bu 100 o"kks± esa vdsys egkiù uUnds dk;Zdky dks 88 o"kZ vkSj mlds 8 iq=ksa ds dk;Zdky176

dks dsoy 12 o"kZ fn[kk;k x;k gSA ysfdu vk’p;Z dh177

ckr ;g gS fd nhioal esa uUnksa ds ckjs esa dksbZ ppkZ gh ughadh xbZ gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gks ldrk gS fd mUgksaus igyhnks laxhfr;ksa ;k fdlh vkSj ckS) xfrfof/k esa dksbZ Hkwfedkugha fuHkkbZ gksxh vkSj vly esa] ckS) /keZ esa mudh dksbZ#fp ugha jgh gksxhA ;g ekuuk vlaHko gS fd egkiù us88 o"kks± rd 'kklu fd;kA ;g t:j c<+k;k&p<+k;k x;kvad gSA lEHkor% uUnksa ds 'kkludky dh vof/k dkQh NksVhFkhA egkoal esa uUnksa ds 'kkludky dh vof/k dsoy 22 o"kZnh xbZ gSA egkoal esa nh xbZ jktkvksa dh lwph dks178

è;kuiwoZd u dsoy blfy, gh ugha ysuk gksxk fd bldslaiknd/laikndksa us nhioal esa fn, x, vk¡dM+ksa dk ç;ksxfd;k ysfdu blfy, Hkh fd vad 218 ¼tks igys ls ghnhioal esa dqN vfo'oluh; :i ls ços’k dj pqdk Fkk½ dks

F.E.Pargiter, The PurÈ‡a Text of the Dynasties of the Kali176

Age, facsimile of first edition, Varanasi: Chowkhamba SanskritStudies, 1913: 69.

oghA177

Ekgkoal.V.15.178


blesa mfpr Bgjkus dh dksf'k'k esa dbZ u, ukeksa dkvkfo"dkj fd;k x;kA 179

vUr esa] ;g ckr /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd ;fn geçR;sd jktk ds 'kkludky rFkk fou;ikeksD[k dh vof/k esa,d o"kZ rd dk fopj.k ugha ekurs rks gekjs lzksrksa dhx.kuk ;FkkrF; ugha gksxhA jktkvksa ds 'kkludkyksa rFkkfou;ikeksD[kksa dh vof/k;ksa dks laiw.kZ o"kks± esa fn;k x;k gSvkSj eghuksa rFkk fnuksa dks vuns[kk dj fn;k x;k gSAyxHkx 100 o"kksaZ dh x.kuk esa dqN o"kksaZ dk b/kj&m/kjgksuk LokHkkfod gSA blfy,] 397 bZlk iwoZ dks cq) dh e`R;qdh frfFk ds dsoy vkl&ikl dh frfFk ds :i esa gh ysukpkfg,A

nhioal.I.24-26V.25 dk /;ku iwoZd fo’ys"k.k fn[kykrk179

gS fd bu i|ksa dk vfHkçk; ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd egkifjfuokZ.kvkSj r`rh; laxhfr ds chp 118 o"kZ dk varjky Fkk ¼ns[ksa, K.T.S.Sarao, Urban Centres and Urbanization as Reflected in the PÈliVinaya and Sutta Pi—akas, Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Universityof Cambridge, 1989: 18½. bl dh rqyuk esa xk;xj ¼1908½ dk rdZ]fd pw¡fd f}rh; laxhfr ls lEcfU/kr dqN iafä;k¡ NwV xbZa gSablfy, 118 o"kksaZ dks f}rh; vkSj r`rh; laxhfr ds chp dsvUrjky ds :i esa le>uk pkfg,] Bhd çrhr ugha gksrkA vad218] tks nh?kZdkykuqØe dh vk/kkjf’kyk gS] ckn esa vfLrRo esavk;k yxrk gSA


ikfy fou; vkSj lqÙk fiVd dk dkykuqØe

xaxk uxjhdj.k ds Hkwxksy ds ,d O;ofLFkr fooj.k dslkfgfR;d lzksrksa esa] ikfy fou; vkSj lqÙk fiVd fu%lansglwpuk ds lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ lzksr gSa] rFkkfi os ,d ,slhlkexzh ds fudk; ls cus gSa tks çÑfr esa vR;f/kd /kkfeZdvkSj dkykuqØe esa cgqr leL;kxzLr gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa]çkekf.kd ,sfrgkfld rF; gsrq] çFker;k lHkh peRdkfjddFkkvksa dks ijEijk ls gVk dj] 'ks"k dk vkykspukRedijh{k.k djus dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA ,sfrgkfld lkexzh]tks bl fudk; ls çkIr dh tk ldrh gS] og eq[;r%miekvksa] dFkkvksa] çR;{k okd~&fooj.kksa vkSj oLrqijdvUos"k.k ds :i esa gSA laHkor% ek= ,d va'k çR;{k,sfrgkfld fooj.k ds :i esa gS vkSj og Hkh] okLro esa]cgqr vkSipkfjd gSA ;g cgqr nqgjkoiw.kZ gS vkSjfojks/kkHkklksa ls Hkjiwj gSA ysfdu bl lkexzh dh vfrvkdfLed çÑfr bfrgkl ds ,d lzksr ds :i esa bldhegÙkk dks c<+krh gSA fiVdksa esa vf/kdka'k mins'k vkSj opuu dsoy cq)opu ds :i esa fn, x, gSa] cfYd iw.kZr%ifjfLFkfrtU; :i ls tgk¡ vkSj ftu voljksa ij xkSre cq)us mUgsa dgk Fkk] ls tqM+s gSaA ysfdu] okLro esa] ;g Kkrdjuk cgqr dfBu gS fd blesa ls fdrukas ds fy, Lo;a cq)dks Js; fn;k tkuk pkfg,A bu xzUFkksa esa lekfgr mins’kksa]opuksa vkSj inksa esa ls dqN muds eq[; f'k";ksa }kjk jps x,gksaxsA ysfdu] D;ksafd ;gk¡ gekjk lEcU/k ikfy fou; vkSjlqÙk fiVd ds dkykuqØfed LFkkiu ls gS] fdlus D;k fy[kk]okLro esa] orZeku lUnHkZ esa ;g fopkj&oLrq ugha gSA


ijEijkxr :i ls] ikfy f=fiVd dh jpuk çFke nkslaxhfr;ksaa ls tqM+h gqbZ gS] çFke jktx`g esa ¼egkifjfuokZ.kds rqjar ckn½ vkSj f}rh; oS'kkyh esaA f=fiVd dks çFke lnhbZñiwñ esa Jhyadk esa jktk oêxkef.k vHk; ¼29&17 bZñiwñ½ ds'kkludky ds nkSjku fyf[kr :i fn;k x;k FkkA ;|fi180

,d ckj f=fiVd ds fy[ks tkus ds ckn] vUrosZ’ku dhlaHkkouk vo'; de gks xbZ] rFkkfi 'krkfCn;ksa iqjkuhys[kdh; ijEijk ds nkSjku vYi la’kks/ku ds fy, dqN txgvo'; jgh gksxhA f=fiVd ds leku ,d fo'kky laxzg ls181

iwoZ vo'; gh egÙoiw.kZ lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;k¡ gqbZ gksaxhvkSj blds vo;oh va'k vo'; gh bl xfrfof/k ds fofHkéHkkxksa ls tqM+s gksus pkfg,¡] tSlk fd f=fiVd esa rduhd dsifjorZu ls çnf’Zkr gksrk gSA ysfdu ikfy f=fiVd vkSjvU; çkjafHkd erksaa ds /keZxzaFk&laxzgksa dh vkilh lekurkbl vksj ladsr djrh gS fd ikfy lkfgR; dk möo dkQhigys vkSj /keZ ds fofHké lkaçnkf;d foHkkxksa esa c¡Vus ls iwoZgqvkA

dqN fo}kuksa us çFke laxhfr dh ,sfrgkfldrk ijlansg O;ä fd;k gS] D;ksafd] çFker%] egkifjfuCcku lqÙkarmís'; rks çnku djrk gS ysfdu laxhfr ds l= ds laca/k esa

,d 'kCn Hkh ugha dgrk vkSj f}rh;r%] pqYyoXx-XI]XII182

DPPN.II.818.180

K.R. Norman, A History of Indian Literature, Vol VII,181

Fasc 2, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1983: 6.

H. Oldenberg, Op. Cit, 1979: xxxi; 1898: 613-32.182


ijEijk ds ,dek= Lora= lzksr Fks vkSj laxhfr dk fooj.knsus esa egkifjfuCcku lqÙkUr ij vk/kkfjr FksA ;g Li"V:is.kvlaHko gS fd fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa fou; vkSj lqÙk fiVd dsvkdkj ds fo'kky fudk; dk çFke laxhfr esa iw.kZr% çiBufd;k tk ldk gksxk] ;|fi f=fiVd dh jpuk dh fn'kk183

esa ,d çdkj dh 'kq#vkr dh tk pqdh FkhA vr,o çFkelaxhfr ;fn fdlh :i esa gqbZ Hkh rc Hkh ;g fdlh cM+hegÙkk okyh çrhr ugha gksrh gSA f}rh; laxhfr dh,sfrgkfldrk vf/kd fo'oluh; gSA ;g u dsoy nlmPN`³~[kyrkvksa ¼nloRFkwfu½ dks nwj djus cfYd vkB eghusds ,d l= ds nkSjku er dk iqujkoyksdu djus gsrq Hkh

lEié gqbZ çrhr gksrh gSA pqYyoXx-XII esa fn, x, fooj.k184

ij n`f"Vikr djus ls ,dne fo’okl gks tkrk gS fd ;fncq) ds i'pkr~ çFke lnh us f=fiVd dh jpuk u Hkh ns[khgks] rc Hkh ,sls xzaFk gsrq de&ls&de ,d ewy lap; vo';fufeZr gks x;k FkkA185

nhioal esa dgk x;k gS fd jktk v’kksd ds dky esar`rh; laxhfr ds volj ij ,d okLrfod f=fiVd ladfyr

H. Kern, Manual of Indian Buddhism, Strassburg:183

Grundriß der indo-arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde, III, Band8 Heft:1896: 103; G.C. Pande, Studies in the Origins of Buddhism,Allahabad: University of Allahabad: 1957: 10.

nhioal.V; egkoal .IV.184

M. Winternitz, A History of Indian Literature, tr. S.185

Ketkar & H. Kuhn, vol.2, Calcutta: University of Calcutta:1933(reprint, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: 1990): 5.


fd;k x;k FkkA bl le; rd ckS) /keZ esa dbZ laçnk;186

gks x, Fks D;ksafd v’kksd Lo;a viuh ,d jkt?kks"k.kk esapsrkouh nsrk gS fd fo/kehZ fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kqf.k;k¡ cfg"Ñr djfn, tk,¡xsA ifj.kkeLo:i] mlds fy, ;g ,dne187

LokHkkfod Fkk fd og lgh cq)cpu LFkkfir djus esa ,dlfØ; vfHk#fp yssrs] ysfdu v’kksd ds f’kykys[kksa esa r`rh;laxhfr dh dksbZ ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gS] ;|fi oLrqr% ,slkdksbZ fo’ks"k dkj.k ugha gS fd mls ,slk djuk pkfg, FkkAHkkczw&cSjkV jkt?kks"k.kk ¼tks dydÙkk&cSjkV f’kyk vfHkys[kds uke ls Hkh lq[;kr gS½ fHk{kqvksa vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa }kjk lkrxzaFkksa ds ikBu dh vuq'kalk djrk gS vkSj bu xzaFkksa dhigpku dh tk pqdh gS ¼;|fi iw.kZ vk’oklu ds lkFk ugha½AvfHkys[kksa ls çkIr çek.k dks bl vk/kkj ij ,d rjQ fd;ktk ldrk gS fd os LQwV:is.k ;g ugha dgrs gSa ftulqÙkarksa] fudk;ksa vkSj i|ksa dh ckr os djrs gSa vc ogh gekjsikl gSaA bl çdkj ds rdZ dk vuqlj.k djus okys dqNfo}ku vc ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd fiVd fdlh Hkh çdkjHkkjrh; xzaFk ugha gS vkSj JhyadkbZ Nù lkfgR; gSaA bulansgksa dk mÙkj jk;l MsfoM~t+ }kjk fn;k x;k gS fd188

;|fi ,d LoLFk vkSj ;qfäiw.kZ la'k; ,sfrgkfld vkykspukds fy, ,d ewY;oku vuqnku gS] ysfdu ;g oSls la'k; ds

nhioal.VII.39f, 57ff.186

E. Hultzsch, Inscriptions of A„oka, Oxford: Clarendon187

Press, 1925: xliii fn.

DB.I.xvii-xviii.188


laca/k esa ugha dgk tk ldrk gS tks mu fo'oklksa dksvLohÑr djrk gS] ftldh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/kdvfo'oluh; fo'oklksa dks LohÑr djrk gSA ,d lk¡l esagesa fo}rkiw.kZ ew<+rk] lkaçnkf;d ladh.kZrk] lkfgfR;dv;ksX;rk] ;gk¡ rd fd JhyadkbZ ckS)ksa dh tjkth.kZrk dkHkh Lej.k djk;k tkrk gS vkSj vxys esa gesa ,slh çKfIr dksLohdkj djus dks dgk tkrk gS ftlds vuqlkj ogh ckS)foLr`r nLrkost+ksa dh tkylkth ,slh ,sfrgkfld 'kq)rk dslkFk vkSj vius eè; orZeku fopkjksa vkSj çkphu n`f"Vdks.kksads chp ,sls uktqd foHksn ds lkFk djus esa brus l{ke Fksfd os vius lelkef;dksa vkSj fojksf/k;ksa dks vklkuh lsew[kZ++ cuk x,A ,d ,sls la'k; dks xzg.k djus esa] tks ,slsvuwBs] vkSj blfy, ,sls vfo'oluh; fu"iknu esa fo'oklO;ä djrk gS] f>>duk v;qfäiw.kZ ugha gSA ;g dgk tkldrk gS fd v’kksd dk ;qx fou; fiVd] nh?k fudk;] vaxqÙkjfudk;] lqÙk&fuikr vkSj efT>e fudk; ds dqN Hkkxksa lsifjfpr FkkA tSlk Hkh gks] ç;ksx fd, x, fofHké189

ikfjHkkf"kd ’kCn fiVd ;k fiVdksa ds :i esa tkus okys ckS)lkfgR; ds vfLrRo ds fu.kkZ;d çek.k gSaA v’kksd }kjk190

mldh jkt?kks"k.kk ds ekè;e ls mikldksa ds dÙkZO;ksa ijMkyk x;k cy] fudk;ksa dh ;kstuk ds nk;js esa gh vkrk gSA

Hkjgqr vfHkys[k esa isVfdu~ ¼fiVd/fiVdksa dk Kkrk½ 'kCn dk

M. Winternitz, Op. Cit, 1933: 606-609; Oldenberg &189

Rhys Davids 1881: xxvif.

T.W. Rhys Davids.DB.I.xiii.190


gksuk n'kkZrk gS fd fiVd 'kCn tu mi;ksx dk vax gksusgsrq i;kZIr:is.k yksdfç; gks x;k FkkA vr,o] ;g çrhr191

gksrk gS fd ekS;Z dky dh lekfIr ls iwoZ] f=fiVd ds :iesa dqN&u&dqN vfLrRo esa Fkk] tks cq) }kjk mPpkfjr ekuktkrk Fkk vkSj tks vxj ikfy f=fiVd ls iw.kZr% leku ughaFkk rks mlls cgqr fudVrk ls vo’; feyrk&tqyrkgksxkA 192

vc ge O;fäxr xzaFkksa dks ys ldrs gSaA

fou; fiVdfou; fiVd esa nks ckS) laxhfr;ksa ds la;kstu ls lacaf/krvè;k;ksa dks lkekU;r% çkjafHkd xzaFkksa esa i'pkr~orhZ193

ladyu+ ekuk x;k gSA tSlkfd geus igys dgk] pqYyoXx-XI

esa laxhfr dk çfrosnu gels cgqr vf/kd fo'okl djus dhvk'kk j[krk gS vkSj ;g rF; blds çkphure :i esatSlkfd ;g Lo;a f=fiVd esa gekjs lkeus vk;k gS]fo'oluh;rk ds foijhr tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g fcYdqyvlaHko gS fd fou; vkSj lqÙk fiVd] xkSre cq) dh e`R;q dsrqjUr i'pkr~ vfuok;Zr% ,sls gksa tSlk fd ge vc f=fiVdesa ikrs gSaA oLrqr% ;g laHko gks ldrk gS fd ckS) /keZ dsxq#tu egkifjfuokZ.k ds rqjar i'pkr~ er ds eq[;fl)kUrksa vkSj la?k ds vuq'kklu ij lgefr O;ä djus ds

ns[ksa, K.R. Norman, Op. Cit, 1983: 16f.191

M. Winternitz, Op. Cit, 1933: 18, 608.192

CV.xi-xii.193


fy, tek gq, gksaxs vkSj blfy, ;|fi ge ijEijk dksiw.kZr% vk/kkjghu ekuus esa U;k;ksfpr ugha gks ldrs] ;gfopkjk/khu çdkj ds f=fiVd ds ladyu ds fy, vR;f/kd

de dkykof/k FkhA blds vfrfjä] pqYyoXx-XI, pqYyoXx dsvU; fdlh vè;k; dh rqyuk esa vpkud 'kq# gksrk gSA ;gegkifjfuCcku lqÙkUr dh rjg çkjEHk gksrk gS vkSj vUrfoZ"k;esa cgqr fudVrk ls blls lac) gSA ;g vlaHko ugha gS fd

ewyr% pqYyoXx-XI] nh?k fudk; dk ,d Hkkx gks vkSj ;k194

fQj pqYyoXx-XI,XII vkSj egkifjfuCcku lqÙkUr ,d Lora= xzaFkds :i esa vyx ls fo|eku gksaA [ka/kdksa esafo"k;oLrq&vk/kkfjr Øe esa dgkfu;ksa dks mi;qä [ka/kdksa esalfEefyr fd, tkus ds dkj.k os vyx gks xbaZ vkSj blfy,[ka/kd dk;Z ds ys[kd ds ikl oSlk iqjkuk fooj.k miyC/kFkk] tSls fd cq) us vius çFke vuq;kf;;ksa dks ewyHkwrfunsZ'k fn;kA ysfdu 20 [ka/kdksa ds ladyu dh frfFk195

¼Åij ds nks dks NksM+dj½ ekS;Z&iwoZ dky dh gS vkSj vU;nks f}rh; laxhfr ds cgqr ckn jfpr ugha yxrs] D;ksafd;fn [ka/kdksa dk ladyu mlds ckn gqvk jgrk rks ;gk¡ ckndh laxhfr;ksa dk fooj.k Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gksrk]

G.C. Pande, Op. Cit, 1957: 10.194

E. Frauwallner, Op. Cit, 1956: 135; K.R. Norman, Op.195

Cit, 1983: 23.


fo'ks"kdj ml laxhfr dk tks v’kksd ds 'kkludky dsnkSjku gqbZ FkhA196

fou;&ys[kuh] ifjokj] Jhyadk esa jfpr gqbZ Fkh

D;ksafd blesa ppkZ gS fd ;g fefyUni×gks ds ckn fy[kh xbZ

vkSj dky dh n`f"V ls fou; ds vU; Hkkxksa dh vis{kki'pkr~orhZ gSA thñihñ eyylsdj vuqHko djrs gSa fdifjokjikB ds dqN vè;k; fou; ls çkphurj gSaA ysfdu197

lPpkbZ blds foijhr çrhr gksrh gS D;ksafd nhioal esa dgkx;k gS fd egklkaf?kd mls vius xzaFkksa esa ls ,d ugha ekursvkSj ;g rF; bldh çkphurj ,sfrgkfldrk ij lansg mRiédjrk gSA vr,o lHkh ,sfrgkfld mís';ksa ds fy,] ifjokjikBçFke lnh bZlk iwoZ dk gS tc bls vo'; gh oÍxkef.k dsdky esa frfiVd esa Mkyk x;k gksxkA

fHkD[kqfoHkax vkSj fHkD[kquhfoHkax okys lqÙk foHkax dhjpuk vo'; ekS;Z&iwoZ dky esa gqbZ gksxh D;ksafd blesa fn,x, lHkh ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ egkifjfuCcku ls cgqr ckn dsdky ds ugha gSaA

dSjksykbu jk;l MsfoM~t+ ds fopkj esa] ikfreksD[kvf/kd uohu möo dk gS vkSj og ifjdYiuk djrh gSa fdtc f=fiVd dh eq[; dk;k dk laxzg fd;k x;k] ml dkyesa ;g ;k rks orZeku ugha Fkk ;k bruh uohu frfFk dk Fkkfd bls ikou ys[kfu;ksa esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k tk ldrk

B.C. Law, A History of PÈli Literature, 2 vols, London:196

Kegan Paul Trench, Trñbner & Co. Ltd, 1933: 15.

DPPN.II.162.197


FkkA ysfdu vksYMucxZ ds vuqlkj ikfreksD[k ckS) fou;198

dk çkphure lkfgfR;d fooj.k gS D;ksafd mlds fopkj esalaiw.kZ foHkax dqN ugha cfYd ikfreksD[k dk ,d foLr`r ikugSA ;|fi ;g ,dne vlaHko çrhr gksrk gS fd fu;eksa199

dk iw.kZ leqPp; ,d le; fufeZr gqvk Fkk vkSj buesa lsdqN fu;e fcuk lUnsg rc cus tc vko';drk çdV gqbZgksxh] rFkkfi ge fu'p; ds lkFk dg ldrs gSa fd200

çkjfEHkd ikfreksD[k fu;ekoyh ¼vFkkZr~ 152 fu;e½ lqÙkfoHkaxls çkphurj gSa D;ksafd lqÙkfoHkax 75 lsf[k; fu;eksa gsrq ekxZç'kLr djrk gSA bl çdkj ikfreksD[k dks iwjs 227 fu;ekssals ;qä igpkuk tkrk gS] tks ikfreksD[k fu;eksa dslafgrkdj.k ds ek= f}rh; ;k vafre pj.k esa laHko gqvkgksxkA

lqÙk fiVdcq) dh e`R;q ds ckn] muds f'k";ksa us muds mins’kksa dksçFke pkj fudk;ksa esa ,d lkFk laxzfgr fd;kA bu pkjfudk;ksa us cq)ls vk/kh ’krkCnh i'pkr~ rd Hkh viuk vfUreLo:i ugha viuk;k FkkA vU; mins'kksa vkSj i|ksa dks] ftuesals vf/kdka'k Lo;a cq) ls ugha cfYd muds f'k";ksa ls lac)Fks] ,d vfrfjä fudk; esa j[kk x;kA v’kksd ds dky rdbl fudk; esa dqN gYdh&Qqydh o`f);k¡ dh xbZaaA vkSj dqN

C.A.F. Rhys Davids, Outlines of Buddhism: A Historical198

Sketch, 1 Indian print, Delhi, 1978: 6.st

H. Oldenberg, Op. Cit, 1879: xvi-xx.199

K.R. Norman, Op. Cit, 1983: 20.200


NksVs xzaFkksa& fo'ks"kdj cq)oal] pfj;kfiVd] isroRFkq vkSjfoekuoRFkq esa fodflr ik, x, fl)kUr n'kkZrs gSa fd osçFke pkj fudk;ksa ls vf/kd ;qok gSaA çFke pkj fudk;]f=fiVd ds çkjafHkd Hkkx ls lacaf/kr gSa vkSj Hkk"kk rFkkçk:i esa Hkh muesa dksbZ vko';d erHksn ugha gS] ;|fivaxqÙkj fudk; vU; dh vis{kk ckn dk gks ldrk gS] ysfducgqr ckn dk ughaA ;g rF; fd pkj fudk; iwoksZÙkj201

lEçnk;ksa }kjk fookfnr eqíksa ij vf/kd è;ku ugha nsrs]fuf'pr:is.k lq>krk gS fd os O;ogkjr% f}rh; laxhfr rdiw.kZrk çkIr dj pqds FksA jk;l MsfoM~t+ ds fopkj esa mÙkjHkkjr esa cgqr igys fudk; Kkr Fks rFkk os cq) dh e`R;q202

vkSj v’kksd ds jkT;kjksg.k ds chp ds dky esa çkphurjlkexzh ls laxzfgr fd, x, FksA vksYMucxZ Hkh lqÙkUr203

lkfgR; ds eq[; lkj dh frfFk oS'kkyh dh laxhfr ls iwoZj[krs gSaA vr,o bl ckr ij vke lgefr gS fd fudk;204

laHkor% ckS) bfrgkl ds lcls çkjafHkd dky dks çfrfcfEcrdjrs gSa] laHkor% ,dek= viokn cq) ds 'kkjhfjd vo'ks"kksads iqufoZrj.k ls lacaf/kr egkifjfuCcku lqÙkUr dk vfUreHkkx çrhr gksrk gSA ;g va'k ekS;Z dky ls laca) gS] tSlkfd chñlhñ ykW us cq)?kks"k }kjk bl lanHkZ esa dh xbZ ckr ds

M. Winternitz, Op. Cit, 1933: 69.201

DB.I.x.202

T.W. Rhys Davids, Op. Cit, 1922: 195.203

H. Oldenberg, Op. Cit, 1889: xxxvii-xxxviii.204


vk/kkj ij fn[kk;k gSA [ k q í d f u d k ; d s205

[kqídikB] /kEein] bfroqÙkd] foekuoRFkq] isroRFkq] fuísl vkSjifVlfEHknkeXx tSls xzaFkksa dks dkykuqØe ij fopkjfoe'kZ lsckgj j[kk x;k gS] D;ksafd os gekjs orZeku fo"k; ij vf/kdlwpuk ugha nsrs gSaA

mnku ds dbZ lqÙkksa dh :ijs[kk fou; fiVd esa [kksthtk ldrh gS] vkSj ;|fi ;g dguk dfBu gS fd fdlusfdlls m/kkj fy;k] ;g laHko çrhr gksrk gS fd nksuksa xzaFkksaus ml ekSf[kd lkexzh dh egku dk;k ls lqÙkksa dks çR;{kr%m/kkj fy;k tks ckS) /keZ ds çkjfEHkd fnuksa esa vo'; jghgksxhA vf/kdka'k NksVs vkSj lqanj opu fuLlUnsg dkQ+h206

iqjkus gSa vkSj muesa ls dbZ laHkor% Lo;a cq) ds okLrfod;k muds lcls çeq[k f'k";ksa ds opu gSa] rFkkfi blesa207

dksbZ lansg ugha gks ldrk fd i| vkSj x| mnku esa nksvyx vkSj fof'k"V Lrj gSa ftuesa çFke cgqr çkphu gSaA208

okLro esa] ;s o`ÙkkUr ladyudrkZ dk gLrdk;Z çrhr gksrsgSaA bl çdkj] mnku ds i| ekS;Z&iwoZ dky ds gSa tcfd209

x| r`rh; lnh bZlk iwoZ ls vf/kd çkphu ugha yxrsAFksjxkFkk vkSj FksjhxkFkk ckn dh frfFk esa jfpr gq,

çrhr gksrs gSA rFkkfi bu xzaFkksa ds dqN xhrksa vkSj i|ksa ds

B.C. Law, Op. Cit, 1933: 3, 30f.205

K.R. Norman, Op. Cit, 1983: 61.206


G.C. Pande, Op. Cit, 1957: 71.208



fpà pkj fudk;ksa esa [kksts tk ldrs gSa] ysfdu rc Hkh ,degÙoiw.kZ la[;k esa ,sls i| gSa tks vo'; gh ijorhZ möods gksus pkfg,¡] vFkkZr~ cq)&iwtki)fr vkSj bu xzaFkksa esa210

fodflr dbZ çdkj ds peRdkj ijrhZ egk;ku xzaFkksa ls iwoZfodflr gq, ugha gks ldrs FksA vkxs vëdFkkdkj211

/kEeiky crkrs gSa fd FksjxkFkk ds dqN i| fcUnqlkj ds dkyds ,d Fksj }kjk jps x, Fks vkSj os r`rh; laxhfr esa laxzgesa tksM+s x, FksA vr,o] ;g çrhr gksrk gS fd tgk¡ rd212

mudh ,sfrgkfld mi;ksfxrk dh ckr gS] ;s nksuksa xzaFkekS;Z&dky ds fy, lzksrksa ds :i esa ç;ksx fd, tk ldrsgSaA

tkrd] ftlesa ,sfrgkfld vkadM+ksa dh çpqirk gS] usviuh frfFk ls lacaf/kr ,slh leL;k,¡ mRiUé dh gSa fdvusdksa fo}kuksa us mUgsa bfrgkl ds ,d lzksr ds :i esa ghvuns[kk dj fn;k gSA nks uohu mnkgj.k ikaMs; vkSj213

okxys gSaA jk;l MsfoM~t+ mUgsa iw.kZr% iapesy214

¼heterogenous½ ekurs gSaA foaVjfuV~t+ Hkh ,slk gh vuqHkodjrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ;s xzaFk ,d foLr`r le;{ks= dks

M. Winternitz, Op. Cit, 1933: 110; K.R. Norman, Op.210

Cit, 1983: 77.


Oldenberg and Pischel, Op. Cit.,1883: 46 ij m)`rA212

G.C. Pande, Op. Cit, 1957: 1-76.213

N. Wagle, Society at the Time of the Buddha, Bombay:214

Popular Prakashan, 1966: 13.


lekfgr djrs gSa vkSj laHkor% NBh lnh bZlk ckn rd dsgSa vkSj muds vuqlkj štkrdksa dh frfFk;ksa ds fu/kkZj.k dsfy,] u dsoy çR;sd cM+s [kaM vkSj çR;sd o`ÙkkUr] cfYdçR;sd ,dy xkFkk dks Lora= :i ls tk¡puk gksxkA›

215

yssfdu foaVjfuV~t+ ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd lkekU;r%i'pkrorhZ x|ka’kksa dh rqyuk esa] ftudk laHkor% ckS)fHk{kqvksa ds gkFkksa laiknu gqvk] xkFkkvksa dks ikfy lkfgR; dsçkphure Lrj dk Hkkx ekuk tkrk gSA dkslkEch ds fopkj216

esa] štkrdksa ds fy, lkrokgu dky vkSj jkT;{ks= lokZf/kdvuqdwy gksaxsA› ysfdu 'kekZ bl n`f"Vdks.k dh ;g dgrs217

gq, vkykspuk djrs gSa fd vFkZ'kkL= esa O;kikj laca/khfofu;eu ds ek/;e ls ,d foLr`r vFkZO;oLFkk dh dYiukdh xbZ gS vkSj Hkwr dh dFkk,¡] ftuesa ifjn`'; eè; ;kif'peh Hkkjr ds gSa] v’kksd iwoZ dky dh gSa] tcfd orZekudh dFkk,¡] tks iwohZ Hkkjr ds uxjksa ;Fkk jktx`g vkSjJkoLrh esa ?kfVr gksrh gSa] dkykuqØe esa ckn dh gSaA218

esgrk dqN i|ksa vkSj x|&o`Ùkkarksa dks ckS) iwoZdkyhu ikrs

M. Winternitz, Op. Cit: 1933: 122, 156.215

ogh.119-125.216

D.D. Kosambi, An Introduction to the Study of Indian217

History, Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1956: 259.

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit., 1958: 85.218


gSa vkSj og] okLro esa] tkrdksa dk cq) iwoZ&Hkkjr ijifjppkZ gsrq cgqr mnkjrkiwoZd mi;ksx djrs gSaA219

;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd QkSlckWy ¼V.

Fausböll½ }kjk lEikfnr tkrd xzaFk ewy ugha gSa] cfYdokLro esa] ;g tkrd ij ,d vëdFkk gSA tkrdksa esa ewyr%ek= xkFkk,¡ Fkha] D;ksafd mudh Hkk"kk vf/kd çkphu gS vkSj osx| dh rqyuk esa ifjorZu dh vksj de mUeq[k Fkha vkSjblfy, mudk f=fiVd ls lacaf/kr gksus dk nkok vf/kdetcwr gSA blds vfrfjä] Hkwr dh dFkkvksa vkSj orZeku dh220

dFkkvksa ds eè; foHksn dk dksbZ dkykuqØfed egÙo ugha gSD;ksafd nksuksa ,dgh fVIi.khdkj ds dk;Z gSa vkSj inksa dsfo'kky fudk; gsrq 'kq) var%dj.k ls] r`rh; lnh bZlk iwoZls çkphurj dky bafxr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vkSj fuf'pr:i ls fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrk] vkSj vf/kdka'k x| bZlkds ckn ds dky ls lacaf/kr gSaA221

dqN tkrd ,d ;k nwljs :i esa vU; frfiVdh;xzaFkksa esa çLrqr gksrs gSaA pfj;kfiVd esa 35 tkrd gSa] ;|filHkh QkSlckWy ds laLdj.k esa ugha ik, tkrs gSaA dqNtkrdksa ds fpà fou; fiVd vkSj fudk;ksa esa <w¡<+s tk ldrsgSaA ,pñ duZ vkSj chñ ,eñ c#vk us n'kkZ;k gS fd HkjgqrvkSj lk¡ph f'kYi fl) djrs gSa fd muds fuekZ.k dky

R.L. Mehta, Pre-Buddhist India, Bombay: Indian219

Historical Research Institute, 1939: xxi ff.

M. Winternitz 1933: 119; E. Cowell, Op. Cit.,1895: xiii.220

M. Winternitz 1933: 119-122.221


¼vFkok yxHkx 100 bZñiwñ vkSj bZlk ds eè;½ esa Tkkrd ckS)yksd ijEijk ds ,d vfHké vax ds :i esa tkus tkrs FksA222

;g çrhr gksrk gS fd xkFkk,¡ ;fn ekS;Z iwoZdkyhu ugha gSa rksvo’; v’kksdiwoZ dky dh gSa] x| va'k rks vkSj Hkh cgqrckn ds gSaA ;|fi dqN ifjPNsnksa esa çkjfEHkd rÙo fefJrgS] ysfdu os viuh orZeku fLFkfr esa dsoy dq"kk.k vkSjlkrokgu dkyksa ds fy, gh fdlh egÙo ds çrhr gksrs gSaA

vinku ;|fi de mi;ksxh gS] ijUrq tkrdksa dsleku gSA pw¡fd vinku Fksjksa vkSj Fksfj;ksa ds Hkwr vkSjorZeku thouksa dks tksM+rk gS] ;g tkrd dk ,d ifjf'k"Vçrhr gksrk gSA ;g vfuok;Zr% ;fn ikfy f=fiVd ugha] rksde ls de [kqíd fudk; ds vfr uohure xzaFkksa esa ls ,dgS] D;ksafd ;g gj çdkj ikfy f=fiVd ds 'ks"k xzaFkksa dhvis{kk laLÑr vonku ds vR;f/kd fudV gS ;|fi bZñ223

ewyj ¼E. Muller½ vkSj ,lñ ysoh ¼S. Levi½ us bl ds dqNva’kksa dks laLÑr vonku ls Hkh ckn dk ik;kA224

cq)oal 24 cq)ksa dh ckr djrk gS tcfd çkjfEHkdxzaFk muesa ls ek= 6 dks tkurs gSaA vr,o ;g f=fiVdh;lkfgR; ds uohure mRiknksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk

H. Kern, Op. Cit., 1896: 2; B.M. Barua, šIdentification222

of Four JÈtakas at Bharhut,› JASB, New Series, 1923: 349-356.

M. Winternitz 1933: 159-169.223

Okgh. fn 2.224


gSA blds vfrfjä ;g xzaFk cq)&iwtu vkSj225

cq)&nSohdj.k ls Hkjk gqvk gS] tks iqu% ikfy f=fiVd dsvU; xzaFkksa esa vKkr gS vkSj egk;ku laLÑr lkfgR; lsvf/kd ltkrh;rk çnf’kZr djrk gSA

pfj;kfiVd i| :i esa 35 tkrdksa dk ,d laxzg gSArFkkfi tkrd inksa ds lkFk rqyuk djus ij] pfj;kfiVd dsi| eè;eJs.kh; gSa vkSj tkrdksa esa vçkI; HkkoukRed vkSjijk&çkÑfrd rRoksa dk ifjp; djkrs gSaA okLro esa]pfj;kfiVd cq)oal ds 'ks"kiwjd dk dk;Z djrk gSA226

ikjferk dk fl)kUr] tks ckS) mikluk&fof/k ds mÙkjoÙkhZpj.k ls lEcU/k j[krk gS] vkSj bl xzaFk ds çLrqrhdj.k dkLo:i] n'kkZrs gaS fd pfj;kfiVd ,d cgqr ckn dk xzUFkgSA227

mi;qZä muq’khyu ds vk/kkj ij xzUFkksa dks rhueq[; dkykuqØfed oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSAysfdu ,d ckj iqu% bls Li"V djus dh vko';drk gS fd'kk;n gh dksbZ ikfy&xzaFk ,fdd mRiknu gksxk vkSj lHkhxzaFk fofHké frfFk;ksa dh lkefxz;ksa ls cus gSaA blfy,fuEufyf[kr oxhZdj.k u rks ty&fu#) ¼water-tight½ gSvkSj u gh vafreA ,dek= rF; tks ge fuf'pr:is.k dg

M. Winternitz 1933: 162; K.R. Norman, Op. Cit., 1983:225

93f.

K.R. Norman, Op. Cit.,1983: 95.226

M. Winternitz 1933: 164; K.R. Norman, Op. Cit.,1983:227

95.


ldrs gSa] og ;g gS fd ;s xzaFk cq) ds fnuksa ls ysdjlkrokgu dky rd ds dkykuqØfed le;&foLrkj dkslekfgr djrs gSa vkSj ;g xaxk uxjhdj.k ds çkjafHkd dkyksads iYyou ls laxfr j[krk gSA fQj Hkh dqN i| ;k x|va'k gekjs foHkktu ls ckgj jg ldrs gSaA ysfdu tc Hkh,slk dksbZ x| ;k i| va'k ç;qä fd;k x;k] tks uhps fn,x, foHkktu ds vUrxZr ugha vkrk] ml Hkkx dh frfFk dkfu/kkZj.k ge vyx ls djsaxsA

vf/kdka'k ekS;ZiwoZ dkyhuxzaFk

vf/kdka'kr%ekS;Zdkyhu xzaFk

vf/kdka'kr%ekS;ksZÙkjdkyhu xzaFk

fou; fiVd

¼pqYyoXx&xi, xii, lsf[k;fu;eksa o ifjokjikB dksNksM+dj½nh?k fudk;efT>e fudk;vaxqÙkj fudk;mnku ¼dsoy i|½

pqYyoXXk&xi, xii,lsf[k; fu;e

mnku ¼ek= x|½FksjxkFkkFksjhxkFkktkrd ¼vf/kdrji|½

ifjokjikB

tkrd ¼ek= x|½vinkucq)oalpfj;kfiVd

2

ckS) /keZ dk möo

cq) dh frfFk&fu/kkZj.k ds leku] ckS) /keZ ds möo us Hkh dbZrjg ds fooknksa dks mRié fd;k gSA uxjh; laLÑfr dk möo ,oafodkl cq) ds tUe ds le; rd gks pqdk FkkA ,slh laLÑfr dkçHkko ,d lkFk d"Vdkjd ,oa m)kj djus okyk (agonizing andemancipating) nksuksa rjg dk FkkA çkphu lkekftd&/kkfeZdO;oLFkk] ftlds fl)karksa dh uhao czkã.k ijEijk ds deZdk.Mksa ijvk/kkfjr Fkh] oSfnd lH;rk ds iwohZ {ks=ksa esa viuk çHkqRo cuk,j[kus esa vlQy jgh FkhA blds vykok] uxjhdj.k dh ubZlkekftd O;oLFkk us bl oSpkfjd 'kwU;rk (ideological vacuum)

dks vkSj Hkh c<+k fn;k FkkA blds ifj.kkeLo:i] ,d iw.kZr% u,,oa foLr`r /kkfeZd ,oa nk'kZfud fpUru ¼religio-philosophicalspeculation½ dk tUe gqvkA bl çdkj dh vlkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksadh foo'krkvksa us u dsoy buds u, fo'ys"k.k [kksts cfYd u,lkekftd fu;eksa ¼ethos½ ds fy, Hkh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj dhA ifj.kker%ozrnhf{kd vUos"kdksa (professional seekers) dk ,d fo'ks"k oxZcM+h rsth ls iuius yxk] ftlus u, ç'uksa ,oa muds laHkkformÙkjksa ij /;ku dsfUær dj] ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dks <k¡pkçnku djus dk ç;kl fd;kA

çkjEHk esa dqN fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk Fkh fd ckS) /keZ fofHkéçdkj dh çkd~&ckS) dky esa mRié ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fodkl ¼tSls&;kfKd deZdk.Mksa }kjk tho fgalk] vU/kfo'okl rFkk ckSf)dxfrjks/k dk mRié gksuk] fyax ,oa tkfr vk/kkfjr vlekurk vkfn½ds fo#) ,d vkUnksyu ek= FkkA ,lñ jk/kkÑ".ku rFkk Mhñvkjñ1

S. Radhakrishnan, Indian Philosophy, vol.1, London:1

Library of Philosophy, 1923: 352.


Hk.Mkjdj tSlss fo}kuksa dh ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ckS) /keZ ,d ,slh2

uSfrd O;oLFkk Fkh] tkss oSfnd /keZ esa mRié dqjhfr;ksa dks nwj djusdk ç;kl dj jgh FkhA jk/kkÑ".ku rFkk Hk.Mkjdj ds fopkjksa esa3

=qfV ;g Fkh fd mUgksaus ckS) /keZ ds vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftdvk;keksa dks vuns[kk dj bls iw.kZr% oSpkfjd vkUnksyu ds :i essans[kkA thñlhñ ik.Ms rFkk thñ,lñihñ feJk us ckS) /keZ ds m:o4 5 6

dks oSfndsrj rFkk çkd~&oSfnd Je.k ijEijk ds iqu#RFkku ds :iesa ns[kk gS] tks czkã.k /keZ ls ijs fojfä ij vk/kkfjr FkkA muds7

fopkj esa ;g ijEijk] ftlus lalkjfujks/k rFkk lalkjeqfä ij tksjfn;k] _XoSfnd dky esa dk;Z'khy ijEijk }kjk nck nh xbZ FkhAysfdu Je.k ijEijk us Lo;a dks iquçZfrf"Br fd;k rFkk bls nq%[khekuork }kjk] ik.Ms ds vuqlkj] rc Lohdkj fd;k x;k tc dk;Z

bl lanHkZ dks G.B. Upreti, The Early Buddhist World2

Outlook in Historical Perspective, Delhi: Manohar, 1997: 25 lsfy;k x;k gSA

Buddhism was an ethical system that was endeavoring to3

cleanse the Vedic religion of its aberrations.

They viewed Buddhism purely as an ideological protest4

movement without any economic or social ramifications.

G.C. Pande, Studies in the Origins of Buddhism, Allahabad:5

University of Allahabad, 1957: 251-332;šOn the Question of theSocial Origins of Buddhism,›Mahesh Tiwary (ed), Bodhi-Ra„mi,New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1984: 5-8; Œrama‡a Tradition: ItsHistory and Contribution to Indian Culture, Allahabad, 1978.

G.S.P. Mishra, The Age of Vinaya, New Delhi, 1972;6

Development of Buddhist Ethics, New Delhi, 1984.

The resurrection of the non-and-pre-¶ryan „rama‡ic7

tradition, which unlike BrÈhma‡ism was based on detachment.

ckS) /keZ dk möo 61

rFkk iwtk] /ku rFkk dY;k.k] euq"; rFkk çÑfr dh oSfnd lerkddZ’krkiwoZd rksM+ nh xbZA ckS) /keZ lcls vf/kd lQy gqvk8

D;ksafd ;g çkd~&oSfnd rFkk oSfndsrj Je.k ijEijk dh vR;f/kdO;ofLFkr rFkk lqLi"V vfHkO;fä FkkA gkyk¡fd ;g udkjk ugha tkldrk fd ckS) /keZ us cgqr lh çkd~&ckS)dkyhu ladYiukvksa dksxzg.k djus ds lkFk&lkFk muesa la'kks/ku fd;k ijUrq blifjdYiuk dh deh ;g gS fd blesa ckS) /keZ dh ekSfydrk rFkkiw.kZrk (originality and wholeness) dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;kx;kA thñ,lñ ?kq;sZ rFkk ,uñ nÙk tSls lkekftd oSKkfudksa us9 10

lq>ko fn;k fd ckS) /keZ rFkk blds lelkef;d er czkã.kksa dsfo#) {kf=;ksa }kjk lkekftd opZLo gsrq pyk, x, la?k"kZ dkifj.kke FksA muds vuqlkj {kf=;ksa us vius egÙo dk nkok ml11

le; djuk 'kq: fd;k tc czkã.k ;kfKd deZdk.Mksa ij vius,dek= çHkqRo }kjk {kf=;ksa lfgr lekt ds vU; o.kks± ij viuhJs"Brk LFkkfir dj pqds FksA {kf=;ksa us czkã.kksa ds bl feF;kfHkekuij çgkj djus ds mís'; ls vke tulewg] fo'ks"kdj lekt dsfodklksUeq[k lEié oxks± tSls çHkko'kkyh O;kikfj;ksa] dh lgk;rkpkghA ;|fi ;g ugha udkjk tk ldrk fd {kf=;ksa us czkã.kksa dsbl feF;kfHkeku ij jks"k çxV fd;k] ijUrq ,sls jks"k dks gh ckS)/keZ tSlss vkUnksyuksa ds möo dh i;kZIr O;k[;k ugha ekuk tk

The Vedic equation of work and worship, wealth and8

welfare, man and nature was rudely broken (G.C. Pande, Op. Cit.(1984): 62.)

G.S. Ghurye, Caste and Race in India, London, 1932: 67.9

N.Dutt, Origin and Growth of Caste in India vol. 1,10

Calcutta, 1968.

This resulted from the struggle for social hegemony waged11

by the khattiyas against the brÈhma‡as.


ldrkA ;g lR; gS fd cq) u dsoy {kf=; dqy esa iSnk gq, Fks12

cfYd rRdkyhu jktkvksa us Hkh ckS) /keZ dks lgk;rk çnku dh FkhvkSj ckS) /keZ }kjk lkekftd o.kZ&O;oLFkk esa {kf=;ksa dks czkã.kksals Å¡pk LFkku fn;k x;k gSA bu nks vuqRiknd oxksZa (non-producing classes) esa dqN oSeuL;] tks LokHkkfod Fkk] vo’; jgkgksxk ijUrq bls vR;f/kd egÙo ugha fn;k tk ldrkA vLrq VhñMCy;wñ jk;l~ MsfoM~l dh ,slh /kkj.kk gS fd _XoSfnd dky ds13

tM+kReokn (animism) us] tks vkReu~ vFkkZr~ O;fäokn dh i)far(cult of Ètman or individuality) ds :i esa fodflr gqvk] ,slhgj oLrq ij çgkj fd;k tks lkekftd :i ls dY;k.kdkjh(socially healthy) FkhA blds foijhr] ckS) /keZ us bl çfØ;k dksmyVus ds fy, bl ij çgkj fd;kA ,ñ,uñ cksl dk lq>ko gS14

fd ckS) /keZ çksVsLVsaV /keZ ds leku O;kikfj;ksa rFkk jktkvksa dhmHkjrhs /kuk<îrk dk riksRiknu FkkA blh çdkj] fjpMZ fQô15

vuqHko djrs gSa fd cgqr ls jktkvksa dk u'kkiku] Øwjrk]nq'pfj=rk] fo'okl?kkr] v/kkfeZdrk vkfn rFkk iqjksfgrksa }kjkjktkvksa dks viuh euekuh djus esa lg;ksx nsus dh rRijrk ds

Though it cannot be denied that the khattiyas resented the12

brÈhma‡ical pretensions, but such a resentment is not a sufficientexplanation for the rise of movements like Buddhism.

T.W. Rhys Davids, The History and Literature of13

Buddhism, Varanasi, reprint, 1975: 26.

As against this, Buddhism attacked this process in order to14

reverse it.

Buddhism was byproduct of the rising fortunes of the15

merchants and the monarchs. (A.N. Bose, The Social and RuralEconomy of North-East India, vol. 2, Calcutta, 1945: 266-67).


dkj.k tulk/kkj.k dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ vR;Ur fo"ke gks xbZ gksaxhA16

jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u dk lq>ko gS fd cq) us lelkef;d lkekftdço`fÙk;ksa ls çHkkfor gksdj lkSnkxjksa] jktkvksa rFkk lwn[kksjksaa ds oxks±ds fy, vuqdwy fu;e cuk dj mUgsa iqjLÑr fd;kA MhñMhñ17

dkslkEch us dgk fd fofHké çdkj ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkkjktuhfrd ifjorZuksa us lekt dks fofHké Lrjksa ij vO;ofLFkr djfn;k Fkk vkSj fodkl dh fofHké voLFkkvksa esa ;s fHké lkekftdlewg ,d lkFk mifLFkr FksA muds fopkj esa ;|fi yksgs dk18

ç;ksx mÙkj oSfnd dky esa çkjEHk gqvk] fQj Hkh cfy çFkk dsçpyu ds ifj.kkeLo:i vkfFkZd lalk/kuks a ij dkQh ncko iM+k(over-strained) vkSj blus] cnys esa] lekt ds nks mPp oxks± dsfgrksa dks mRiknd oxZ ds fo#) çksRlkfgr fd;kA ifj.kker%mRiknd oxZ ,sls u, lkekftd n'kZu dh ryk'k dj jgk Fkk tkslaLÑfr ds fufoZ?u fodkl dks lqfuf'pr dj ldsA e/; xaxk?kkVh esa czkã.kh; /kkj.kkvksa ,oa laLFkkvksa ds vkxeu ds dkj.kmRiknd oxZ czkã.kh; lnk’k;rk dks xzg.k dj ldrk FkkA19

R. Fick, Social Organization in North-East India in16

Buddha’s Time, tr. S.K. Mitra, Calcutta: University of Calcutta,1920: 101-02.

The Buddha, being influenced by the contemporary social17

trends, rewarded the merchants, monarchs and usurers by layingdown rules which favoured their class interest.(R. Sankrityayana etal, Buddhism: The Marxist Approach, N. Delhi: People’s PublishingHouse, 1978.)

D.D. Kosambi, An Introduction to the Study of Indian18

History, Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1956: 40.

In his opinion, though iron came into use during the post-19

Vedic period, yet the economic resources were over-strained as aresult of the sacrificial cult which, in turn, promoted the interests of


nschçlkn pêksik/;k; us dkslkEch ds er dks :ikUrfjr djrs gq,20

bl vo/kkj.kk dks çLrqr fd;k fd pw¡fd czkã.kokn dsdeZdk.M;qä LoHkko dh rqyuk esa mÙkj oSfnd dky esa /kkfeZdvkUnksyuksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vf/kd foLr`r Fkk] vr% os blls larq"Vugha FksA muds fopkj esa tutkrh; laLFkkvksa us vUnj ls ghfo?kfVr gksuk çkjEHk dj fn;k FkkA fot; ,oa foLrkj dh mxz21

o`f) esa çkjfEHkd jktrU=h; jkT; O;ofLFkr :i ls cph Lora=tutkfr;ksa ds vfLrRo dks feVk jgs Fks; vkSj ftu {ks=ksa ij mudklh/kk çHkqRo Fkk] ogk¡ šuhp yksHk] fueZe O;fHkpkj] ?k`f.kr/kuyksyqirk] lkoZtfud lEifÙk dh LokFkZiw.kZ ywV› tSls u, vo;omHkj jgs Fks] ftuls gky esa ihNs NwVha tutkfr;k¡ vufHkK FkhaA22

the two upper classes at the cost of the producing class. Theproducing class, in turn, was looking for a new social philosophy thatwould ensure the smooth growth of culture. Due to the advent ofbrÈhma‡ical ideas and institutions in the middle Ga×gÈ region, theproducing class could buy the very bonafides of the brÈhma‡ical

ideology. (Okgh.167ff.)

D.P. Chattopadhyaya, LokÈyata, New Delhi: People's20

Publishing House, 1978: 459ff.

As the religious movements in the post-Vedic period had21

a far wider view than the ritualistic nature of brÈhma‡ism, they werenot contented with it. In his opinion, the tribals organization hadalready begun to disintegrate from within.(Ibid. 468.)

In their frantic drive for conquest and expansion, the early22

monarchies were systematically annihilating the surviving free tribes.And within the orbits of their direct domination, new phenomena-šbase greed, brutal sensuality, sordid avarice, selfish plunder ofcommon possessions›- phenomena that were unknown to tribalsrecently left behind, were emerging.D.P. Chattopadhyaya, LokÈyata,


nwljs 'kCnksa esa] O;fäxr lEifÙk dh mRifÙk] tutkrh; ,dkRerkdk vUr] fujadq'k jktra= dk möo rFkk fgalk] yksHk vkfn tSlhvlkekftd ço`fÙk;ksa ds fodkl vkSj fxjoh] dj] lwn[kksjh tSlhlaLFkkvksa ds fodkl us tu&lk/kkj.k dks Hk;Hkhr dj fn;kA blçdkj ds Hk;iw.kZ okrkoj.k esa cq) us ,slh fopkj/kkjk çLrqr dhs]tks tulk/kkj.k dks euksoSKkfud 'kkfUr igq¡pk ldsA cq) us blçdkj dh n’kk ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst esa u iM+rs gq, yksxksa dslkalkfjd ¼HkkSfrd½ nq%[k dh txg lkoZHkkSe nq%[k ds Kku }kjk mUgsavkn'kZ lek/kku fn;kA ftUgksaus laU;klh cus jguk gh mfpr23

le>k mUgsa ckS) la?k] tks tutkrh; thou&'kSyh vFkkZr~ Lora=rk]lekurk ,oa Hkzkr`Ro ij vk/kkfjr Fkk] esa txg feyhA Vªsoj fyax ds vuqlkj bl {ks= esa Ñf"k ds fodkl us vR;f/kd l?ku vkcknh,oa uxjhdj.k dks tUe fn;k vkSj cnys esa uxjhdj.k uslkekftd Lrj ij O;fäokn dks rFkk jktuhfrd Lrj ij fujadq'kjktra= dks tUe fn;kA O;fäokn ,oa jktra=okn ds fodkl usO;fä dh uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed lksp dks vLr&O;Lr dj MkykAbl nqfo/kk us ekuoh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds çfr vlarks"k iSnk fd;k vkSjcq) ds fy, O;fäxr nq%[kksa dh ;g ckr gh muds ekuoh; n’kk dsfo'ys"k.k dk vkjfEHkd fcUnq cuhA24

468.

The Buddha, instead of going into the causes of such23

developments, provided them with a perfect solution by replacing thematerial suffering by universal suffering.

The development of agriculture in this region witnessed a24

high density of population and urbanization. And urbanization, inturn, led to individualism at the social level and autocraticmonarchism at the political level. Growth of individualism andmonarchy led to the unsettling of the individual morally andspiritually. This dilemma created dissatisfaction in the human


dqN fo}kuksa dk fo'okl gS fd oSfnd dky ds vfUrele; esa ykSg rduhd ds fodkl ,oa mlds ç;ksx dsifj.kkeLo:i lekt esa xq.kkRed ifjorZu vk;k Fkk rFkk blusxaxk ?kkVh ds uxjhdj.k dks tUe fn;kA vkxs ckS) /keZ dh mRifÙkdks xaxk ?kkVh esa uxjhdj.k ds lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gSA nwljs'kCnksa esa] ckS) /keZ ds möo dks xaxk ?kkVh esa yksgs ds midj.kksa dsc<+rs gq, ç;ksx ds ifj.kke ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA bu fo}kuksadk dguk gS fd ykSg rduhd us Ñf"k ds {ks= esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedkvnk dh] ftlls vf/k'ks"k mRiknu (production of surplus) esalgk;rk feyh vkSj bl çdkj uxjh; dsUæksa] tks fd nLrdkjh ,oaO;kikj ij vk/kkfjr Fks] dk möo gqvkA bl uxjhdj.k ls cgqr lhleL;k,¡ iSnk gqbZa ftudk lS)kfUrd ¼oSpkfjd½ Lrj ij lek/kkuvko';d Fkk rkfd Ñf"k dk vk/kkj vf/kd foLr`r gks rFkk çHkkohlkekftd <k¡pk (prevailing social structure) vf/kd n`<+ gksldsA bu fo}kuksa dk fo'okl gS fd cq) us bUgha dkj.kksa ls i'kqfgalk dh fuUnk dh rFkk f'kYi] O;kikj vkSj lwn[kksjh vkfn dksoS/krk çnku dhA mUgksaus vlac) efgykvksa (alienated women)rFkk lkoZtfud Hkkstuky;ksa (public eating houses) dks lkekftdekU;rk çnku dhA ckS) /keZ dh vksj tulk/kkj.k dks vkdf"kZrdjus ds mís'; ls ckS) fHk{kqvksa dks lykg nh xbZ Fkh fd os czkã.kiqjksfgrksa ds vkMEcjiw.kZ] yksHkh ,oa vla;eh thou ds foijhrlknxhiw.kZ vkSj ifo= thou O;rhr djsaA bl çdkj ykSg rduhdds c<+rs ç;ksx dks ckS) /keZ ds möo ,oa lQyrk ds ,d

condition and for the Buddha this point of individual sufferingbecame the starting point of his analysis of the human condition. (Trevor O. Ling, The Buddha: Buddhist Civilization in India andCeylon, London: Temple Smith, 1976: 104-117).


mÙkjnk;h dkj.k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ij bl ifjdYiukdks foLrkjiwoZd ij[kuk lkFkZd gksxkA

çkphu Hkkjr ds ifjisz{; esa yksgs dh Hkwfedk dks 1950 dsn’kd ds vkjEHk esa mBk;k x;k Fkk tc MhñMhñ dkslkEch us cq)dky esa yksgs dk ç;ksx gksus ij tksj fn;k FkkA muds ckn bl25

fo"k; dks dbZ fo}kuksa us vkxs c<+k;k rFkk bldk leFkZu djrsgq, mUgksaus ykSg rduhd dh Hkwfedk dks egÙoiw.kZ Bgjk;kA bl26

D.D. Kosambi, šAncient Kosala and Magadha,› JBBRAS, XXVIII,25

1952: 108-123; šThe Beginning of the Iron Age in India,› JESHO,VI, Pt. III, 1963: 309-318.

For instance, N.R. Banerjee, The Iron Age of India, Delhi: Motilal26

Banarsidass: 1965; D.P. Agrawal, šSteps Towards Urban Revolutionin the Doab: Archaeological and Ecological Data,› cyclostyled paper,1971; K. Deva, šObservations on Chakrabarti’s Paper,› PurÈtattva,6, 1972-73: 33-34; M.C. Joshi, šObservations on Chakrabarti’sPaper,› PurÈtattva, 6, 1972-73: 35; and šEarly Historical UrbanGrowth in India: Some Observations,› PurÈtattva, 7, 1974: 90-91;R.S. Sharma; šMaterial Background of the Origin of Buddhism,› M.Sen & M.B. Rao (eds), Das Capital Centenary Volume: ASymposium, Delhi: People’s Publishing House: 1968: 58-66;šMaterial Milieu of the Birth of Buddhism,› a paper read at the 29th

Conference of the Orientalists, Paris, 1974; šIron and Urbanizationin the Ga×gÈ Plain,› IHR, I, 1974: 98-103; Perspectives in Socialand Economic History of Early India, New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal: 1983: 105-127; Material Culture and Social Formationin Ancient India, first edition, New Delhi: MunshiramManoharlal:1983, paperback reprint, Madras: Macmillan: 1992: 89-134; R. Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations,New Delhi: Sangam Publishers: 1978: 236-37; S.P. Gupta, šTwoUrbanizations in India: A Study of Their Social Structure,›PurÈtattva, 1974: 53-60.


ifjdYiuk ds çLrkodksa us ;g crk;k gS fd NBh lnh bZñiwñ lsvkxs ykSg midj.kksa us e/; xaxk ?kkVh esa [ksrh ds mís'; dslkFk&lkFk mifuos'k ¼cLrh½ gsrq ?kuh ouLifr;ksa dks lkQ djus esaegÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA gkyk¡fd os ;g Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSa fdbl dk;Z esa vkx us Hkh lgk;rk dh] ijUrq os bl ckr dks ekuusdss fy, rS;kj ugha fd taxyksa dh lQkbZ esa ykSg midj.kksa dhvis{kk fdlh vkSj pht us Hkh vxz.kh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA blifjdYiuk ds vuqlkj] ;fn vkx dk ç;ksx fd;k Hkh x;k gksxk]rks Hkh tyh gqbZ ouLifr;ksa ds BwaBkas (stumps) dks gVkuk laHkougha jgk gksxkA vkxs e/; xaxk ?kkVh esa ge ikrs gSa fd o`{k27

viuh tMsa+ {kSfrt :i ls idM+rs gSa vkSj Ñf"k dk;Z rc rddfBu gksrk gS] tc rd tM+ksa dks yksgs dh dqYgkfM+;ksa vSjdqnkfy;ksa ls gVk u fn;k tk;A bl {ks= esa fLFkr mÙkjh dkysifj"Ñr en~HkkaM (NBPW) okyh cfLr;ksa dh vi;kZIr tula[;k28

iRFkj ds vkStkjksa }kjk bl dk;Z dks ugha dj ldrh FkhA bldsvykok ;g Hkh nkok fd;k tkrk gS fd yksgs dh dqYgkfM+;ksa ,oaQkoMka+s ds mi;ksx ds cxSj m".kdfVcU/kh; ouksa dh tM+ksa vkSj Bw¡Bksaadks gVkuk laHko ugha FkkA bZ[k] ljlksa] /kku vkfn tSlh Qlyksa dschtkjksi.k ds fy, dkQh xgjh tqrkbZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS tksfd fo'ks"kdj fcgkj vkSj iwohZ mÙkj çns'k ds dBksj ,oa e.e; feêh;qä {ks=ksa esa] fcuk yksgs dh Qky okys gy ls vlaHko jgh gksxhAnwljs 'kCnksa esa] ouLifr;ksa dh tM+ksa dk mUewyu ykSg rduhd dhlgk;rk ds fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS29

R.S. Sharma, Perspectives in Social...: 120.27

gkyk¡fd NBPW dh frfFk ds ckjs esa fo}kuksa esa vHkh rd28

dksbZ lgefr ugha gS] ysfdu yxHkx 500&200 bZlk iwoZ dks xaxk/kkVh ds fy, rdZlaxriw.kZ çfrfuf/k frfFk ekuk tk ldrk gSA



fd e/; xaxk ?kkVh ds vf/kdka'k {ks=ksa dh feêh dBksj gS vkSj blij ydM+h ds gy }kjk Ñf"k dk;Z dj ikuk laHko ugha jgkgksxkA rFkkfi jke ’kj.k 'kekZ us dgk gS fd lkfgfR;d lk{;]30

fo'ks"kdj vkjfEHkd ikfy lkfgR; rFkk ikf.kfuÑr v"Vk/;k;h esaykSg vkStkjksa] tSls fd Qkyksa] dqYgkfM+;ksa] dqnkyksa] njk¡fr;ksa] gFkkSM+ksavkfn dk mYys[k gqvk gSA muds vuqlkj bu lHkh lkfgfR;d lzksrksadh dkQh gn rd iqf"V dkS'kkEch vkSj oS'kkyh ls çkIr yksgs dsQkyksa] dkS'kkEch] oS'kkyh vkSj okjk.klh ls xfrZdk&;qä (socketed)yksgs dh dqYgkfM+;ksa rFkk oS'kkyh] çg~ykniqj vkfn tSlh txgksa lsdqnkyksa] njk¡fr;ksa vkfn dh çkfIr ls gks tkrh gSA fQj Hkh bl31

dky esa Ñf"k esa dke vkusokys yksgs ds vkStkjksa ds u feyus dhO;k[;k i;kZojf.kh; çHkko }kjk dh tkrh gSA 'kekZ dh ekU;rk gSfd if'peh mÙkj çns'k rFkk fcgkj dh vEyh;] vR;f/kd vkæZ vkSj m".k tyks<+ feêh tks fd vR;f/kd {k;dkjh ¼la{kkjd½ gS] ykSgmidj.kksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, gkfudj fl) gqbZ vkSj blusvkWDlhdj.k ls bUgsa Hkwjh&yky /kwy esa ifjofrZr dj fn;kA vkxs32

pydj tc fiVosa yksgs dh txg LVhy dk ç;ksx gksus yxk rc;s midj.k fVdkÅ rFkk vf/kd mi;ksxh lkfcr gq, ,oa v|ru ;sç;qä gks jgs gaSA blds vfrfjDr ;g Hkh crk;k x;k gS fd ftudsUæksa dh vc rd [kqnkbZ gks pqdh gS ¼tSls fd pEik] jktxg]okjk.klh vkfn½ ;s ç'kklfud] O;kolkf;d] f'kYidkjh ;k /kkfeZddsUæ Fks vkSj ;s lHkh Ñf"k dk;Z esa mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys

R.S. Sharma, Material Culture...: 120.30


R.S. Sharma, Perspectives in Social...: 93-94. Sharma has32

taken this cue from H.C. Bharadwaj, šAspects of Early Technologyin India,› D.P. Agrawal & A. Ghosh (eds), Radiocarbon and IndianArchaeology, Bombay, 1973: 393-397.


vkStkjksa dh çkfIr ds fy, mi;qä LFkku ugha gSaA blds vykokfofHké cfLr;ksa dh [kqnkbZ esa ç;qä fof/k;ksa dh [kkfe;ksa dks Hkh bumidj.kksa dh vuqifLFkfr ¼vHkko½ dk nks"kh Bgjk;k x;k gSA de33

ls de 500 bZñiwñ esa vkgr&eqæk (punch-marked coins) dsfuekZ.k esa ykSg rduhd ds ç;ksx tSlss dqN vçR;{k lk{; HkhçLrqr fd;s x, gSaA cgqr cM+s iSekus ij ydM+h dh lajpukvksa dhmifLFkfr] tks eSxLFkuht+ us ns[kh Fkha] mUgsa Hkh ek= ykSg rduhdds ç;ksx ds ifj.kke ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA bl çdkj ;g rdZfn;k x;k gS fd f'kYi] m|ksx rFkk dqN O;olk;ksa dh vHkwriwoZo`f) (unprecedented growth) ykSg rduhd }kjk vkjEHk gqbZFkhA la{ksi esa] bl iSekus ij ykSg rduhd ds mi;ksx dk34

ifj.kke Ñf"k {ks= esa vk, ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu ds :i esa ns[kktkrk gS ftlls vf/k'ks"k mRiknu gksus yxk vkSj ml vf/k'ks"kmRiknu us gh O;kikj&okf.kT; ,oa uxjhdj.k dks tUe fn;kftlls vUrrksxRok ckS) /keZ dk möo gqvkA35

yksgs dh ØkfUrdkjh Hkwfedk dk fl)kar cgqr lkjs fo}kuksadh LohÑfr ugha çkIr dj ldk gSA fugkjjatu js us vkjEHk esa ghbl vk/kkj ij vkifÙk mBkbZ Fkh fd xaxk&;equk ?kkVh esa ekS;Z'kklu ds vkjEHk ls igys ykSg rduhd vkSj ykSg midj.kksa dkçpyu bl Lrj ij Fkk fd muls lkekftd ifjorZu gq,] ftUgsayksgs ds ç;ksx ls vk, rduhdh ifjorZuksa dk ifj.kke crk;k x;k

R.S. Sharma, Perspectives in Social...: 93-94.33

Okgh-95-34

Use of iron on this scale is seen as resulting in a revolution35

in agriculture, which in turn produced surplus and this surplus led tothe origin of trade, commerce and urbanization; and ultimately to thebirth of Buddhism.(R.S. Sharma, Perspectives in Social...: 96.)


gSA mUgksaus vkxs fy[kk gS fd iqjkrÙoh; lk{; ykSg rduhd ds36

mi;ksx }kjk cM+s iSekus ij ouksa dh lekfIr dks ugha n'kkZrsA bldsvfrfjDr] ykSg rduhd us u rks xq.kkRed :i ls vkSj u ghifjek.kkRed :i ls bruh vf/kd fofo/krk çkIr dh Fkh fd ogegÙoiw.kZ lkekftd ifjorZu yk ldsA mudh vkifÙk bl vk/kkj37

ij rdZlaxr çrhr gksrh gS fd fpf=r /kwlj en~HkkaM (PaintedGrey Ware= PGW) dsUæksa ls tks ykSg midj.k çkIr gq, gSa os38

/kkrqey rFkk vkdkjjfgr dkVus ds vkStkj] ok.kkxz] Hkkys dh uksd]pkdw] Nqjs] dqnkyh] clwys] njkarh vkfn gSa vkSj Li"V :i ls]midj.kksa dh lwph esa yksgs dh dqYgkM+h (xfrZdk&;qä ;kxfrZdk&jfgr)] yksgs ds Qky ;k ,sls vU; midj.k 'kkfey ugha gSaftuls cM+s iSekus ij ouksa dh lQkbZ rFkk Hkwfe Ñf"k ;ksX; cukdjfoLr`r iSekus ij Ñf"k çpyu ls laHkor;k uxjksa vkSj 'kgjksa dsikyu&iks"k.k ds fy, vf/k'ks"k mRiknu iSnk fd;k tk ldrk gkssA39

ydM+h ds Qky;qä gyksa dk ç;ksx Ñf"k dk;Z esa gksrk jgk gksxk]ijUrq dqnkyh }kjk Ñf"k (hoe-cultivation) dk çpyu gh vf/kdloZO;kid jgk gksxkA vkjfEHkd ckS) lkfgR; esa dqíky ¼dqnkyh½40

tSls 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx Hkh 'kk;n blh vksj ladsr djrk gSA [kqnkbZesa dqN dqnkfy;k¡ çkIr gqbZ gSa vkSj ykSg rduhd dk iw.kZ ç;ksx

N.R. Ray, šTechnology and Social Change,› PurÈtattva,36

No. 8, 1978: 133.

Iron technology was neither qualitatively nor quantitatively37

diversified enough to bring about significant social change ¼Okgh%133-½

PGW may be dated between c.1000-500 BC, though these38

dates are not universally accepted.

N.R. Ray, Op. Cit.: 133.39

Vin.III.144; A.I.204, II.199; D.I.101; S.II.88, V.53;40

J.V.45.


ekS;ks± ls igys ugha gqvk FkkA ;g Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd41

gy dk gfjl ¼uaxy&bZlk½ fdlh Hkh oLrq dk] ydM+h ls ysdj42

;gk¡ rd fd gkFkh nk¡r dk Hkh cuk gks ldrk FkkA gkyk¡fd43

mÙkjh dkys ifj"Ñr en~HkkaMksa (NBPW) ds Lrj ls yksgk ,dvk/kkjHkwr rduhdh ?kVd cu x;k Fkk ijUrq çkjfEHkd mÙkjh dkysifj"Ñr en~HkkaM Lrj okys fdlh Hkh dsUæ ls foLr`r iSekus ijyksgs ds midj.k ds mi;ksx dk lk{; ugha feyrkA ean xfrekulekt esa yksgs dk çHkko Hkh ean gh jgk gksxk vkSj blus šlekt44

dh HkkSfrd lef) esa dksbZ rst+ xfr iSnk ugha dhA› bl çdkj]45

yksgs dh Hkwfedk dks mRçsjd dh vis{kk fLFkjhdkjh ls vf/kd ughaadgk tk ldrkA 46

;gk¡ ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd lEiw.kZ xaxk ?kkVh esayksgs dh tkudkjh yxHkx 1000 bZñiwñ ;k mlds vkl&ikl dsle; ls Fkh vkSj ykSg rduhd dk foLr`r çlkj xaxk ?kkVh esa

N.R. Ray, Op. Cit: 130-138.41

S.I.104.42

ns[ksa] mnkgj.kr;k] PED. s.v. nangala-ÏsÈ.43

In a slow-moving society the effect of iron is likely to have44

been slow] (A. Ghosh, šObservations on Chakrabarti’s Paper,›PurÈtattva, 6, 1972-73: 35.)

šdid not produce any spurt in the material prosperity of the45

society.› (A. Ghosh, The City in Early Historic India, Simla: IndianInstitute of Advanced Study, 1973: 10).

šthe role of iron cannot be seen as more than a stabilizer46

as against an initiator.› (D.K. Chakrabarti,šThe Study of Iron Agein India,› PurÈtattva, Nos. 13-14, 1984: 85).


igyh lgLkzkCnh bZñiwñ ds çFke Hkkx esa gks pqdk FkkA Ñf"k&dk;Z esa47

mi;ksx esa yk, tkus okys midj.kksa dk {k;dkjh feêh ds dkj.kugha feyus dh ifjdYiuk rdZlaxr çrhr ugha gksrh] D;ksafdrFkkdfFkr vEyh; ,oa vkæZ feêh us Ñf"kxr midj.kksa ,oavkyfiu] dhy vkfn] tks ml dky dh [kqnkbZ esa çkIr gq, gSa ftldky dk ge v/;;u dj jgs gSa] esa i{kikr ugha fd;k gksxkA blçdkj cq) dky esa ykSg rduhd dh vpkud vkSj ØkfUrdkjhHkwfedk dh ifjdYiuk fo'oluh; çrhr ugha gksrhA fnypLi ckr;g gS fd fcgkj ds ykSg Hk.Mkj eqxy lkezkT; ds vfUre le;rd mi;ksx esa ugha yk, x, FksA vo'; gh yksgk dgha vkSj ls]48

laHkor;k ekyiqj ¼jktLFkku½] ujokM+ ¼jktLFkku½] dfyatj¼bykgkckn ls yxHkx 70 ehy nf{k.k&if’pe esa½] e.Mh ¼fgekpyçns’k½] jkex<+ ¼dqekÅ¡ igkfM;k¡½] cqjgkuiqj ¼e/; Hkkjr½] xatke

OkghA yksgs ds möo vkSj mldh Hkwfedk ds ckjs esa foLr`r47

tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa, D.H. Gordon 1950: 58-78; N.R. Banerjee, TheIron Age of India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: 1965: 4-5, 224-225;D.K. Chakrabarti, Op. Cit.: 1973: 336-338; šThe Beginning of Ironin India,› Antiquity, 50 (198), 1976: 114-124; šDistribution of IronOres and Archaeological Evidence of Early Iron in India,› JESHO,XX, Part II, 1977: 166-185; šIron in Early Indian Literature,› JRAS,1979: 22-30; šThe Study of Iron Age in India,› PurÈtattva, Nos. 13-14, 1984: 81-85; F.R. Allchin & B. Allchin, The Rise of Civilizationin India and Pakistan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:1982: 345.

foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa, I. Habib 1982: 41 and map48

10B.


¼mM+hlk½ rFkk Xokfy;j {ks= dh fdlh ,d ykSg&[knku ls vk;krfd;k tkrk gksxkA49

tgk¡ rd ouksa dh lQkbZ dk ç’u gS] bldh cgqr lhlaHkkouk,¡ jgh gksaxhA vkx dh Hkwfedk dks de ugha vk¡dk tkldrk] fo'ks"kdj rc tc ge ;g tkurs gSa fd vR;k/kqfudmidj.kksa ds jgrs gq, vkt Hkh taxy dh vkx dks dkcw dj ikukcgqr dfBu gksrk gSA ;fn vkx }kjk o`{kksa ds Bw¡Bksa dks lekIr ughaHkh fd;k tk ldk gksxk] rc Hkh lHkh Bw¡Bksa dks gVkus dhvko’;drk ugha Fkh] fo'ks"kdj rc] tc i;kZIr ek=k esa HkwfemiyC/k FkhA blds vykok fuf'pr :i ls lEiw.kZ Hkwfe ouksa ls ghvkPNkfnr ugha FkhA rRdkyhu tula[;k dks /;ku esa j[kus ij]ftldk vf/kdka'k Hkkx f'kdkj vkSj fofHké çdkj ds taxyh thoksaij fuHkZj Fkk] ;g lansgkLin fo"k; gks tkrk gS fd Ñf"k ds mís';ls foLr`r iSekus ij ou Hkwfe dh çkfIr gsrq dksbZ xEHkhj ç;kl dhvko';drk FkhA vkjfEHkd ckS) lkfgR; ouksa dh dgkfu;ksa vkSjçlaxksa ls Hkjk iM+k gS vkSj ;g fo'okl djuk fd ekS;Z dky lsigys ouksa dk lQk;k dj fn;k x;k Fkk] fo'oluh; çrhr ughagksrkA ;g mYys[k djuk Hkh jkspd gksxk fd fpf=r /kwlj en~HkkaM(PGW) dky esa ouksa dh lQkbZ ds lHkh midj.k miyC/k FksAblfy, vko’;drk iM+us ij ouksa dh lQkbZ rkez&dkaL; midj.kksals Hkh dh tk ldrh FkhA gkyk¡fd mÙkjh dkys ifj"Ñr en~HkkaM(NBPW) dky esa vkStkjksa dh la[;k nqxquh gks tkrh gS] ysfdubl en~HkkaM dk {ks= Hkh nqxquk gks tkrk gS rFkk midj.kksa dhla[;k esa o`f) ekSfyd :i ls NksVh oLrqvksa tSls dhy vkfn esagksrh gSA gesa fpf=r /kwlj en~HkkaM dky esa u rks mi;ksx fd,tkusokys vkStkjksa dh rduhd esa vkSj u gh muds foLrkj esa dksbZ

I. Habib, An Atlas of the Mughal Empire, 1982: 38 and49

maps nos. 4B, 6B, 8B, 9B.


i;kZIr ifjorZu fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA xaxk ?kkVh ds dqN bykdksa ds50

fd, x, losZ{k.k ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd laHkor% fdlh çdkj ds ouksa dhlekfIr dh fcYdqy Hkh vko';drk ugha Fkh] mnkgj.k ds fy,]dkuiqj ftys esa] tks fd xaxk ds eSnku dk vPNk çfrfuf/kRodjrk gS] fd;k x;k ,d losZ{k.k ;g Li"V djrk gS fd rRdkyhule; esa dqy Hkwfe ds 3 çfr'kr fgLls dh gh ewy :i ls Ñf"kdk;Z ds fy, vko’;drk Fkh ftldk vf/kdka'k Hkkx ufn;ksa rFkk>hyksa ds fdukjs eqyk;e tyks<+ fefê;ksa (soft alluvial soils) ,oataxyksa ds e/; fLFkr [kkyh LFkkuksa ds :i esa miyC/k FkkA51

vkjfEHkd ckS) lkfgR; de ls de taxyksa dh lQkbZ lEcU/khfØ;kdykiksa ds ckjs esa ekSu gS rFkk ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd 'kriFkczkã.k ds vYik{kj ladsr dks gh cgqr c<+k&p<+k dj is'k fd;kx;k gSA blls vkxs ;g Hkh dgk tk ldrk gS fd gy mlh le;pyk, tkrs Fks tc feêh esa mfpr ek=k esa vkæZrk fo|eku jgrhFkh] D;ksafd fcuk vkæZrk ds cht lk/kkj.k rkSj ij vadqfjr ughagksrs gSaA ,slk 'kk;n gh lquus dks feyrk gS fd dksbZ fdlku xaxk?kkVh ds eq[; [kk|ké /kku dh [ksrh ds fy, ml le; gy tksrusdk ç;kl djrk gS tc rd mfpr ek=k esa yEcs le; rdtykiwfrZ miyC/k u gks vkSj tqrkbZ ds le; Hkwfe vPNh rjg lsvkæZ vkSj eqyk;e u gksA blfy, ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ydM+h dk gyfVdkÅ u gksus ds ckotwn Hkh leku :i ls mi;ksxh jgk gksxkAblds vfrfjDRk /kku ds ikS/kksa dks yxkus ls igys Hkwfe dks vPNhçdkj ls ydM+h ds Hkkjh r[rs dh enn ls cjkcj fd;k tkrk gSvkSj ;g çfØ;k /kku dh [ksrh dk vR;f/kd egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA

M. Lal, šIron Tools, Forest Clearance and Urbanization50

in the Gangetic Plains,› Man and Environment, X, 1986: 85.

Okgh.51


bl rF; ds ckotwn fd xaxk ?kkVh esa yksgs dk çpyuyxHkx 1000 bZñiwñ ls Fkk gesa mÙkjh dkys ifj"Ñr en~HkkaM dkyrd lkekU; cfLr;ksa ds Js.kh&vkdkjksa (size categories) esa dksbZ[kkl ifjorZu n`f"Vxkspj ugha gksrk] tcfd bl le; rduxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k ,d okLrfodrk cu pqdh FkhA ;fn xaxk?kkVh esa vkjfEHkd ,sfrgkfld uxjhdj.k dh çfØ;k esa yksgk gheq[; dkjd Fkk rks Js.kh&vkdkjksa rFkk cfLr;ksa dh jpuk esa ;gmiØe fpf=r /kwlj e`n~HkkaM dky esa gh gks tkuk pkfg, FkkA52

bl çdkj ls ;g vuqeku djuk mfpr gksxk fd xaxk ?kkVh esaykSg rduhd ds iw.kZ :i ls fodflr gksus ds iwoZ] bldk fodkldkQh yEch vof/k] de ls de bZñiwñ 700 ls ekS;Z dky ds e/; esavo’; gqvk gksxkA bl ubZ rduhdh vo;o us fuf'pr :i lsvkfFkZd vk/kkj dks etcwr fd;k gksxk] ftls çkFkfed :i lsuo&ik"kk.k] rkez&ik"kk.kokfl;ksa }kjk çkjEHk fd;k x;k gksxk] ijUrqbls fuf'pr rkSj ij ugha fy;k tk ldrk fd yksgs dk möo ghxaxk ?kkVh esa uxjhdj.k dk vk/kkjh; çsj.kkFkZd dkjd FkkA53

xaxk ?kkVh esa uxjhsdj.k dk fodkl vpkud ugha gqvkAbldk fodkl xaxk ?kkVh ds lekt ds lexz fodkl dk vfHkévax FkkA fofHké laLFkk,]¡ ftUgksaus xaxk ?kkVh esa uxjhdj.k ds möorFkk fodkl esa Hkwfedk vnk dh] muds fodkl dk ,d yEckbfrgkl FkkA yxHkx lHkh cq)dkyhu egÙoiw.kZ uxj] egÙoiw.kZjkT;ksa dh jkt/kkfu;k¡ Fks vkSj bl :i esa os jktuhfrd lÙkk dsdsUæ FksA os lHkh xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa ds foLrkj Fks] tgk¡ le; dslkFk&lkFk 'kkld oxks± us Lo;a dks BkV&ckV ,oa xkSjo ls laxfBr

D.K. Chakrabarti, Op. Cit. (1984).52

It may not be taken for granted that the advent of iron was53

the basic causative factor of urbanization in the Ga×gÈ valley.


,oa LFkkfir dj fy;k FkkA blds vykok] 5oha lnh bZñiwñ esa mu54

cfLr;ksa dh la[;k rFkk vkdkj ftUgsa uxjh; dgk tk ldrk gks]brus foLr`r ugha Fks fd muds fy, mRiknu&i)fr esa cM+s iSekusij rFkk vpkud ifjorZu djus dh t+:jr iM+h gksA55

vf/k'ks"k dk loky (Question of Surplus)vf/k'ks"k dh ladYiuk dHkh&dHkh dkjdoknh dkjd çrhr gksrh gS]ijUrq T;knkrj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bls fodkl ds fy, vko';ddkjd ugha rks bls i;kZIr dkjd rks ekuk gh tkrk gSAfodklkRed ifjorZu esa bldh çklafxdrk dks nks eq[; Hkkxksa esack¡Vk tk ldrk gSA çFke] vf/k'ks"k mRiknu mu HkkSfrd lk/kuksa56

dh ek=k dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] tks rRdkyhu lekt dh ewyvko';drk ls vf/kd çrhr gksrk gSA ,eñtsñ glZdksfoV~l us57

bls bl çdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k gS& švko';drk dh vYire ek¡x

They were extensions of rural settlements where, with the54

passage of time, the ruling classes organized and establishedthemselves with all their pomp and glory.

In the 5 century BC, the number and size of thoseth55

settlements which could be called urban, were hardly of a magnitudethat would call for a major and sudden shift in the mode ofproduction.

;gk¡ vf/k'ks"k mRiknu ls lacaf/kr eqís ij fi;lZu (H.W.56

Pearson) }kjk dh xbZ fVIif.k;ksa ds vk/kkj ij foospu fd;k x;k gS(šThe Economy has no Surplus: A Critique of the Theory ofSurplus,› K. Polanyi et al (eds), Trade and Market in the EarlyEmpires, Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1957: 320-341).

Surplus is taken to represent that quantity of material57

resources which exist over and above the substance requirements ofa society in question.


ls vf/kd oLrq,¡› rFkk ohñ xkWMZu pkbYM ds fy, lkekftd58

vf/k'ks"k š?kjsyw vko';drk ls vf/kd [kk|ké› gh FkkA ;g59

crk;k x;k gS fd bl çdkj ds vf/k'ks"k us] tks fd rduhd ,oamRikndrk ds fodkl ds lkFk çdV gq,] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZdlaxBu ds ,d Lrj dks nwljs Lrj ls vyx fd;kA f}rh;]vf/k'ks"k mRiknu dks egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd ?kVukvksa dkvk/kkjHkwr dkj.k ekuk tkrk gSA O;kikj vkSj cktkj] eqæk] uxj]60

lkekftd oxZ&Hksn] ;gk¡ rd fd Lo;a lH;rk] bl çdkj dsvf/k'ks"k dh mRifÙk dk ifj.kke ekus tkrs gSaA 61

;s nksuksa fo’ks"krk,¡ Li"V :i ls ladsr nsrh gSa fdthou&fuokZg dk ,d Lrj (subsistence level) gksrk gS vkSj mlLrj rd ,d ckj igq¡p tkus ij mlds Åij vf/k'ks"k mRié gksrkgSA vko’;drk,¡ dSlh Hkh gksa] ;g vf/k'ks"k muls Åij gksrk gS vkSjfuiVkjs ds fy, miyC/k gks ldrk gS% tSls fd bldk ckgj lkSnkfd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k nLrdkjksa] lkodkf’kdksa vkSj lekt ds vU;

šan excess of goods over the minimum demands of58

necessity› (M.J. Herskovits, Economic Anthropology, New York,1952: 395).

Social surplus was the šfood above domestic59

requirements.› (V. Gordon Childe, šThe Birth of Civilization,› Pastand Present, II, Nov. 1952: 3).

Surplus is seen as the root cause of typical social and60

economic developments of prime importance.

V. Gordon Childe, What Happened in History?,61

Harmondsworth: Pelican Books: 1942; šThe Birth of Civilization,›Past and Present, II, Nov. 1952; M.J. Herskovits, Op. Cit.; R.H.Hilton, šThe Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism,› Science andSociety, XVII, 4, Fall 1953.


vuqRiknd oxksaZ ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k esa ç;qä gks ldrk gSA nwljs62

'kCnksa esa] ;g dkQ+h tfVy lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd laLFkkvksa dsmn; esa eq[; ifjorZuh; dkjd cu tkrk gSA ijUrq] pw¡fd vf/k'ks"k'kCn šthou&fuokZg gsrq vko';drk ls vf/kd vfrjsd› dks|ksfrr djrk gS] vr% thou&fuokZg dh vko';drkvksa dksifjHkkf"kr djus dh t+:jr gSA bu vko';drkvksa dks tSfod ;klkekftd :i ls fuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgk¡ ,d O;fädh U;wure thou&fuokZg dh vko';drk dks fuf'pr dj ikukdfBu gS] ogha lEiw.kZ lekt dh U;wure tSfod vko';drkvksa dksrks fuf'pr dj ikuk vlaHko gh gSA ;g loZfofnr gS fd yxHkxçR;sd lekt dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k ;k NksVk va’k ,slk gksrkgS tks thou&fuokZg ds Lrj ij thou thrk gS vkSj ftlsoSKkfud :i ls vi;kZIr le>k tkrk gSA blds ckotwn] rdZ dsfy, ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd ;fn thou&fuokZg dh vko';drkdk tSfod :i ls fu/kkZj.k gks ldrk gS] rc vf/k'ks"k] ftlds ckjsesa dgk tkrk gS fd ;g vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds mijkUr mRiégksrk gS] furku vf/k'ks"k (absolute surplus) gksxkA rkRi;Z ;g gSfd ;g og ek=k gksxh tks tSfod :i ls t:jh vko';drk dsvfrjsd lkekftd :i ls vifjHkkf"kr mís'; ds fy, gksxhA ;fn;g ekuk tk, fd thou&fuokZg dh vko';drk dks tSfod :i lsu ifjHkkf"kr dj lkekftd :i ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,] rcfurku vf/k'ks"k ds fl)kar ds fy, dksbZ txg ugha jg tkrh gSD;ksafd rc vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa ds c¡Vokjs dk fu/kkZj.k ek=thou&fuokZg rFkk vU; vko';drkvksa ds chp bl çdkjifjHkkf"kr vko';drk ds iw.kZ çlax esa fd;k tk,xkA ek=

It may be traded abroad, or used to support the existence62

of craftsmen, a leisure class, or other non-productive members of thesociety.


thou&fuokZg dh vko';drkvksa dks lekt }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk ls dhxbZ laiw.kZ fØ;k'khy ek¡xksa ls vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ;fnvf/k'ks"k ds fl)kar dks ;gk¡ ij FkksM+k Hkh ykxw djuk gks rks] ;gfuf'pr :i ls lkisf{kd ;k jpukRed vFkZ esa gksuk pkfg,ArkRi;Z ;g gS fd vf/k'ks"k rHkh gksxk tc lekt oLrqvksa ;k lsokvksadh ,d nh gqbZ ek=k dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ls vyx dj bldh?kks"k.kk fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; gsrq dj nsA rc bl Js.kh esa dqN ,slsinkFkZ] tSls fd vkuq"Bkfud Hkkst ,oa ;K gsrq [kk|ké vk ldrsFks] tks Hkfo"; esa deh dh laHkkouk dks ns[krs gq, oSfnd dky lsfd;k tkrk FkkA ;g lR; gS fd ,sls vf/k'ks"k HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dsvçR;kf'kr o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk ;k mRiknu {kerk ds vf/kd LFkk;hfodkl ds lkFk&lkFk çdV gksrs x,A ijUrq ;s vf/k'ks"k oLrqvksa ;klsokvksa ds ,d mi;ksx ls nwljs mi;ksx esa iqufuZ/kkZj.k dj] mudsthou&fuokZg dh ek=k tks Hkh gks mlesa fcuk ifjorZu fd, HkhmRié fd, x,A bl çdkj lkisf{kd vf/k'ks"k ds mRié gksus esaçkÑfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa] egÙoiw.kZ lalk/kuksa dh vksjeukso`fÙk rFkk mudh x.kuk dk lkaLFkkfud rjhdk o mUgsa vyxj[kus vkSj miyC/k djkus dk ;ksxnku vf/kd FkkA oLrqr% thoufuokZg&Lrj ds fl)kar dks LokFkZghu (altruistic) lanHkZ esa gh ç;qäfd;k tk ldrk gSA

vFkZO;oLFkk HkkSfrd vfLrRo ds çR;sd Lrj ij euq"; vkSjmlds okrkoj.k ds chp ,d nwljs dks çHkkfor djus dh oglkekftd çfØ;k gS ftlesa oLrq,¡ ,oa lsok,¡ viuk :i ifjofrZrdjrhs gSa vkSj ,d ls nwljs gkFkksa esa ?kwerh gSaA bl çfØ;k dkvkdkj fdlh ,d dkjd }kjk fuf'pr ugha gksrk cfYd euq"; dsvfLrRo ds larqyu ds fy, ,d nwljs ij voyfEcr Lrjksa tSlsi;kZojf.kd] çkS|ksfxd] lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd dk dqy ;ksxgksrk gSA šlekt esa jgusokyk euq"; vf/k'ks"k mRiknu rc rdugha djrk tc rd og mls ;g uke ugha nsrk vkSj rc bldk


çHkko bls laLFkkxr :i nsus ds rjhds ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA›63

oLrqr% ;g vLohdkjk ugha tk ldrk fd ifjorZu'khy çkS|ksfxdhrFkk mRikndrk lkaLFkkfud fodklØe esa viuh Hkwfedk vnkdjrh gSaA ;gk¡ ij ljy rdZ ;g gS fd os lkekU;r;k miyC/kvf/k'ks"k dks mRié ugha djrs] D;ksafd bldk rkRi;Z gS laLFkkxrlewg ls çkS|ksfxdh fodkl] tks fd bldk Hkkx gS] dks vyxdjukA šlkisf{kd vf/k'ks"kksa dh mRifÙk dh fuf'pr laLFkkxrvko';drk,¡ gSaA --- ifjpkyu lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk&lkFk foyxko dsfy, ç;kstu] x.kuk] lap;] HkkSfrd lk/kuksa dh ykecUnh rFkkekuoh; lsok,¡ vFkZO;oLFkk ds laLFkkxr <k¡ps }kjk vo'; ghmiyC/k dh tkuh pkfg,¡] ;fn vf/k'ks"kksa dks fdlh fo'ks"k mís'; dsfy, miyC/k djkuk gksA› ;g fopkj djuk Hkh vko';d gS fd64

vkjfEHkd euq"; dk v/;;u ;g fn[kk pqdk gS fd og dsoyviuh nSfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq thfor ugha Fkk cfYdmlesa nwjnf'kZrk Fkh rFkk og fofHké çdkj dk la;e ç;ksx djrkFkkA çfr"Bk igyq (prestige factor) dh Hkh mis{kk ugha dh tk65

ldrhA dqN thoksa] gkyk¡fd os [kk| inkFkks± ds egÙoiw.kZ vo;ocu ldrs gSa] dks [kk;k ugha tkrk gS D;ksafd os lekt ds fdlh ufdlh çfr"Bk ewY; dks vfHkO;Dr djrs gSaA

šMan, living in society, does not produce a surplus unless63

he names it as such, and then its effect is given by the manner inwhich it is institutionalized.› (H.W. Pearson, šThe Economy has noSurplus: A Critique of the Theory of Surplus,› K. Polanyi et al (eds),Trade and Market in the Early Empires, Glencoe, Illinois: The Free

Press, 1957: 326.)

Okgh % 335-64

R. Firth, Op. Cit.: 9.65


vUrr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd vf/k'ks"k fpjLFkk;hloZO;kid Lrj ij çPNé :i ls miyC/k gksrs gSaA ysfdu vf/kdegÙoiw.kZ gSa mUgsa vfLrRo esa ykus ds laLFkkxr lk/kuA tgk¡ rdHkkjrh; fLFkfr dk laca/k Fkk] vf/k'ks"k dks miyC/k djkus ds fy,'kfä ds jktuhfrd dsUæhdj.k ls cpuk vlaHko FkkA ekYFkql(Malthus) ds çkphu lalkj esa vHkko ,d vke ckr Fkh ftldsifj.kkeLo:i iafä ds vUr ds O;fä;ksa dh eR;q gks tkrh FkhA,sls yksxksa dh] ftUgsa vko';d :i ls ejuk Fkk] igpku igys ghgks tkrh FkhA blfy, Ñf"k esa ØkfUr vkbZ ;k ugha] blls dksbZQdZ ugha iM+rk Fkk D;ksafd tc rd xaxk ?kkVh ds eq[; uxj'kfä'kkyh jktuhfr ds dsUæ jgs os ges'kk vf/k'ks"k fupksM+ ldrsFksA ,d fuf'pr voLFkk ds i'pkr~ Ñf"k {ks= esa tks fodkl gqvkog cgqr gn rd uxjh; dsUæksa dh ek¡x ds pyrs gqvk u fdfdlh vkSj otg lsA

vkfne rFkk lerkewyd lektksa esa Hkh xqIr vf/k'ks"kgksrk gS ijUrq bldk mi;ksx xjhcksa dh enn rFkk çÑfr dh66

vfuf'prrk ds fo#) cpko ds fy, gksrk gSA ijUrq iqufoZrjdlektksa (redistributive societies) esa vf/k'ks"k dks cyiwoZd vyxj[kk tkrk gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] fdlh u fdlh çdkj dk vf/k'ks"klHkh lkekftd lewgksa esa gksrk gSA fdlh ,d rÙo }kjk blvf/k'ks"k dk fdukjs fd;k tkuk vkSj ckn esa mlds ç;ksx }kjknwljs rÙoksa dk ’kks"k.k gh uxjhdj.k dk Øe r; djrkgSA gesa ;g Hkh vo'; ;kn j[kuk pkfg, fd vHkko rFkk67

Covert surplus exists in primitive and egalitarian societies66

too.

It is only the cornering of this surplus by one element and67

its subsequent use to exploit other elements that triggers off theurbanization sequence.


vi;kZIrrk ds ckotwn] xjhc ls xjhc Hkh ukprs&xkrs rFkk ;q)yM+rs gSa ,oa bl çdkj vius lalk/kuksa dks vuqi;ksxh :i ls ç;ksxesa ykrs gSaA

Hkkjr esa gky&fQygky rd nh?kkZof/k rFkk fo'oluh;vf/k'ks"k mRié djus dh u rks laHkkouk Fkh vkSj u gh vuqekufd;k tk ldrk FkkA le;≤ ij lw[ks rFkk ck<+ us u dsoyvf/k'ks"k dk [kkRek fd;k cfYd Hkw[kejh dh fLFkfr Hkh mRié dhvkSj bl çdkj ls vf/k'ks"k ds laxzg dks vlaHko cuk fn;kA vr%uxj ds fo'ks"kkf/kdkjçkIr miHkksäk] ftuds ikl ;g vf/kdkj gksrkgS fd mRiknd ds ikl tks dqN Hkh cpk gks mlls Nhu ysa rFkknwj&njkt ds {ks=ksa ls] tgk¡ fd ifjfLFkfr çfrdwy u jgh gks][kk|&inkFkks± dks çkIr dj ldsa] dh rqyuk esa [kk|&Qlyksa dsmRiknd dks vf/kd d"V mBkuk iM+rk Fkk ¼vkt Hkh ,slh ghfLFkfr gS½A gesa [kuu }kjk ;k lkfgfR;d lzksrksa esa ,sls fdlhfo'kky xksnkeksa ;k vukt&laxzg ds Hk.Mkjksa dk lanHkZ ugha feyrkA,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd uxjh; dsUæ vuktksa dh ekSleh vkiwfrZ ijfuHkZj Fks rFkk vHkko dh fLFkfr;ksa esa xk¡oksa rFkk vke yksxksa dks gh;g vk?kkr lgu djuk iM+rk FkkA vr% vf/k'ks"k ;k mls mRiédjus dh {kerk ls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd&jktuhfrd laLFkkFkh tks fdlku ds ikl tks Hkh Fkk mldk dqN Hkkx nsus ds fy,mls vfHkçsfjr ;k ck/; dj ldsA tgk¡ bl vf/k'ks"k dhvko';drk Fkh ml fn'kk esa bls Hkst+us ds fy, rFkk djhchHkw&Hkkxksa dh Qly [kjkc gks tkus dh fLFkfr esa lqnwj ds Hkw&Hkkxksa ls ¼iqu% tcjnLrh ;k fygkto'k½ [kk|ké çkIr djus ds fy, ,slhlaLFkk dh vko';drk FkhA tcjnLrh olwyh] ftlesa dj rFkkut+jkuk ¼tribute½ 'kkfey Fks] ds fy, ,d ç'kklfud vf/kdj.k dhrFkk O;kolkf;d lk/kuksa ds fy, ,d okf.kfT;d O;oLFkk dhvko';drk FkhA blfy, iwokZis{kk ,d dkYifud vf/k'ks"k u gksdj,d ç'kklfud rFkk Okkf.kfT;d laxBu gS& 'kkld rFkk O;kikjh]


nksuksa gh uxj ds gksrs gSa tks çkphu dky esa Hkh ,d nwljs dslgk;d FksA vr% vf/k'ks"k ,d rduhdh mRikn u gksdj lkekftdmRikn Fkk] šlaxBu us vf/k'ks"k dks mRié fd;k] tks fd ml {k.kugha gksrk gS] ftl {k.k rduhdh :i ls ;g laHko gS] ijUrq ;gdj] O;kikj rFkk vU; lk/kuksa }kjk laxfBr gksus ek= ij gh laHkogksrk gSA› xSj&Ñf"kxr igyw olwyh dh rjg vf/k'ks"k mRiknu esa68

Hkh çeq[k gksrk gSA blds vykok] tul[a;k o`f) ds fy, fufeZr69

dqN fuf'pr çksRlkguksa dks Hkh utjankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkAcPpksa dks f'kdkjh&[kkukcnks'kksa (hunter-gatherers) dh vis{kkmRiknu çfØ;k esa igys ls gh yxk;k tk ldrk FkkA miyC/kHkwfe ls fuf"Ø; :i ls ykHk mBkus dh vis{kk bldk foLrkjvf/kd {ks= dks Ñf"k ds vUrxZr yk dj fd;k tk ldrk Fkk]ftldk ifj.kke gksrk gS] Ñf"k dk;Z djusokys leqnk;ksa dh la[;krFkk vkdkj esa o`f)A bl çdkj nkl rFkk ca/kqvk etnwj ¼fof"V½vf/k'ks"k miyC/k djkusokys vU; lk/ku gks ldrs FksA tgk¡ rdçkS|ksfxd vfo"dkj dk lEcU/k gS vf/kdka'k iwoZ&vkS|ksfxdvkfo"dkj rFkk [kkst 3000 bZñiwñ ds rqjar igys ds 1000 o"kks± dsnkSjku gq,A vr% uxjh; rFkk çkd~&uxjh; voLFkk ds chp egkuifjorZu] ewy rduhd ds ctk,+] thou&{ks= esa gq,A šckn dh

šthe institution created the surplus, which is not there the68

moment it is technically possible but only after it has beeninstitutionalized through taxes, trade and other means.› (P.M. Hauser& L. Schnore, Hauser, The Study of Urbanization, New York: JohnWiley & Sons, 1965: 270.)

The non-agricultural aspect is dominant in the69

procurement, and therefore in the production of surplus (A. Ghosh,Op. Cit, (1973): 21.)


rduhdh Js"Brk--- dk mu çfØ;kvksa ls dksbZ [kkl laca/k ugha Fkktks uxj dks vfLrRo esa ykbZaA› lgh ek;uksa esa ;g Hkh dgk tk70

ldrk gS fd fu;fer lsuk,¡] 'kk;n ftuds fy, [kk|&inkFkks ± dklaxzg vko';d Fkk] ex/k ds jktk vtkr'k=q dh foLrkjoknh uhfrds vkjEHk rd vfLrRo esa ugha vkbZ FkhaA

uxjhdj.k rFkk ckS) /keZ eSDl oScj (Max Weber) laHkor% igys fo}ku Fks ftUgksaus ;gfopkj O;ä fd;k fd ckS) /keZ uxjh; laLÑfr dh nsu FkhA mudsvuqlkj] šckS) /keZ Lo;a dks le; ds lkFk uxjksa ds fodkl]uxjh; jktra= vkSj uxjh; vfHktkR; oxZ dh O;qRifÙk ds :i esavfHkO;ä djrk gSA› mUgksaus vkxs bl eqís ij tksj nsdj dgk71

fd šdqy feykdj vkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ innfyr oxZ dh vis{kkfu'p; gh le) oxZ dh mit FkhA› vkjfEHkd fnuksa dk ckS)72

/keZ /kuh vkSj çHkko'kkyh yksxksa ds nku vkSj mnkjrk ij vR;f/kd

šThe later technological superiority... may have had little70

to do with the processes which brought the city into being.› (R. McCAdams, šThe Origins of Cities,› Scientific American, 203 (3), 1966:153-172.)

šBuddhism presents itself as a product of the time of urban71

development, of urban kingship and the city nobles.›) M. Weber,The Religion of India, nd: 204. (The text seems to have been writtenin the 1920s or so).

šas a whole early Buddhism was the product not of the72

underprivileged but of very positively privileged strata.› (M. Weber,Op. Cit: 204.)


fuHkZj Fkk vkSj blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd ckS) /keZ uxjksa vkSjmuds /kuh fuokfl;ksa ij viuh fuHkZjrk dbZ çdkj ls çfrfcfEcrdjrk gSA uxjhdj.k us ckS) /keZ dks mRié fd;k vkSj blls Hkh73

vf/kd bldh 'kh?kz yksdfç;rk rFkk HkkSfrd vk/kkj esa fuf'pr :ils mlus çk.kk/kkj dk dk;Z fd;kA ckn ds fnuksa esa bl uxjhdj.kdk àkl ckS) /keZ ds iru dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k cuk D;ksafdmlus ckS) vkUnksyu ds lkekftd rkSj ij dbZ egÙoiw.kZvk/kkjf'kykvksa dks vUnj ls [kks[kyk dj fn;kA šgkFkh ij lokjh74

djusokys jktkvksa ls ;qä uxjh; egy cq) dky dh fo'ks"krk FkhAblds vfrfjDr] cksyh dk Lo:i Hkh uxjh; lH;rk ds möo dksçfrfcfEcr djrk gSA›75

uxjhdj.k ds möo ds lkFk&lkFk fofHké çdkj dhs ubZlkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd rFkk jktuhfrd 'kfä;k¡ vfLrRo esavkbZaA cq) ds dky esa uxjh; dsUæksa ds möo] fu:fir O;kikfjdekxks±] eqæk&ç.kkyh rFkk O;kikj&okf.kT; us ,d u, rFkk'kfä'kkyh O;kikjh&lkgwdkj oxZ dks tUe fn;k] tgk¡ ls JkoLrhds vukFkfif.Md tSls ckS) /keZ ds egkure laj{kd vk,A bl u,O;kikjh oxZ ds lkFk&lkFk ,d ubZ jktO;oLFkk ml le; mHkj

Buddhism reflects its dependence on cities and their rich73

inhabitants in more than one way (K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit: (1985).

It sapped some of the socially vital foundations of the74

Buddhist movement (B.G. Gokhale, šEarly Buddhism and the UrbanRevolution,› JIABS, Vol. 5(2), 1982: 19.)

šThe urban palace with its elephant-riding kings was75

characteristic of Buddha's time. Moreover, the dialect form reflectsthe advent of city culture.› (M. Weber, Op. Cit: 205.)


jgh Fkh] tc cq) vius yEcs /keZ'kklu ds 45 o"kZ iwjs djusokysFksA bl jktuhfrd ifjorZu ds fof'k"V çfrfuf/k Fks] ex/k ds76

jktk fcfEclkj vkSj dks’ky ds jktk çlsuftr ftUgsa cq) us viusO;fäxr fe= rFkk laj{kd crk;kA u, çdkj dh lsukvksa rFkk;q) midj.kksa ds lkFk&lkFk u, O;kikfjd oxks± dh Li"Vvko';drkvksa us bu jkT;ksa dh 'kfä dks vk/kkj çnku fd;kA77

fofHké uxjh; dsUæksa] tSls oS'kkyh ¼vEcikfy½] gfRFkuhiqj ¼lsfjuh½vkfn dh xf.kdkvksa dks u;s lekt esa eku&lEeku dh n`f"V lsns[kk tkrk Fkk vkSj ckS) /keZ us Hkh budh fuUnk ugha dhA oLrqr%;gk¡ ;g /;ku nsuk egÙoiw.kZ gksxk fd ckS) /keZ }kjk la?k esa ços'kds fy, tgk¡ ,d vksj uo;qodksa] _f.k;ksaa] lSfudksa] nklksa] jksfx;ksaarFkk fookfgr fL=;ksa ds fy, fofHké çdkj ds çfrcU/k yxk, x,Fks] ogha nwljh vksj xf.kdkvksa dks /keZ esa ços'k dh Lora=rk FkhA

fuEufyf[kr nks rkfydk,¡ çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ dsuxjh; pfj= dks çHkko'kkyh :i ls çekf.kr djrh gSaA

tUe LFkku vkofr çfr'kr uxjh; 233 84-77xzkeh.k 041 15-63;ksx 267 100-00

rkfydk 1% tkrdks a esa cksf/klÙoksa ds tUe LFkkuA

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit. (1982): 7.76

foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa, D.D. Kosambi, šAncient77

Kosala and Magadha,› JBBRAS, XXVIII, 1952: 103; J. Rai, TheRural-Urban Economy and Social Changes in Ancient India, Delhi,1974: 165ff.


tUe LFkku vkofr çfr'kruxjh; 1289 95-74xzkeh.k 0086 06-26;ksx 1375 100-00

rkfydk 2% fou; rFkk lqÙk fiVd esa of.kZr O;fä;ksa ds ewy fuokl LFkkuA

tkrdksa esa cksf/klÙo us 315 ckj euq"; :i esa tUe fy;k Fkk vkSjbuesa 51 voLFkkvksa esa cksf/klÙo ds tUe LFkku ds ckjs esa tkuuklEHko ugha gSA 'ks"k 264 tUeksa esa mUgksaus 223 ckj ¼84-7 çfr'kr½uxjh; LFkkuksa esa rFkk dsoy 41 ckj ¼15-53 çfr'kr½ gh xzkeh.kLFkkuksa esa tUe fy;kA ckS) /keZ dk uxjh; pfj= rkfydk&2 lsvf/kd lR;kfir gksrk gSA ikfy fou; vkSj lqÙk fiVd esa of.kZrlHkh O;fDr;ksa esa ls 1375 O;fDr;ksa dh ewy i`"BHkwfe dh tkudkjhmiyC/k gSA buesa ls 1289 O;fä] tks fd dqy dk 93-74 çfr'krgSa uxjh; LFkkuksa ls vkrs gSa tcfd ek= 86 O;fä] tks 6-26çfr'kr gSa] xzkeh.k LFkkuksa lsA vkxs rkfydk&3 Hkh bl rdZ dhiqf"V djrh gSA cksf/klÙo ds 229 tUeksa esa] ftuesa fd cksf/klÙo dhO;kolkf;d i`"BHkwfe miyC/k gS] dsoy 32 ckj vFkkZr~ 14 çfr'krls Hkh de ckj mUgksaus ;k rks fuEu O;kolkf;d oxZ esa tUe fy;k;k mls xzg.k fd;kA bldh rqyuk esa 86 çfr'kr ls Hkh vf/kdckj os ;k rks jktk@jktdqekj] ;k /kuh O;olk;h ;k fQj mPpjkT; vf/kdkjh gSaA tkrdksa ds lkFk&lkFk ikfy fou; rFkk lqÙkfiVd ds vU; xzUFkksa esa Hkh mPpoxhZ; O;olk;] uxjh; i`"BHkwfe


rFkk budh pkfjf=d fof'k"Vrk dks ojh;rk nsuk Li"V :i lsifjyf{kr gksrk gSA78

O;olk; vkofr çfr'krjktk@jktdqekj O;olk;h@/kuh O;fDrmPp vf/kdkjhfuEu O;olk;

86575432

37-5524-8923-5813-98

;ksx 229 100-00 rkfydk 3% cksf/klÙoksa dh O;kolkf;d i`"BHkwfe

ikfy f=fiVd ,sls mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjk iM+k gS tgk¡ uxjh; ,s’o;ZrFkk rM+d&HkM+d dh ç'kalk dh xbZ gSA fo'ks"kdj mudh lqLi"V'kCnksa esa ç'kalk dh xbZ gS tks cM+s iSekus ij la?k dks nku nsus dhfLFkfr esa FksA lS)kfUrd :i ls cq) us lkalkfjd lq[k dks NksM+usdk mins'k fn;k Fkk] ijUrq O;kogkfjd :i ls ckS) fHk{kqvksa dhthou&'kSyh us lkekU; turk ds fnyksa esa bZ";kZ dk Hkko gh iSnkfd;kA ;g rF; ml ukStoku O;fä dh dgkuh ls çekf.kr gkstkrk gS tks ;g lkspdj fHk{kq cu x;k fd švius gkFkksa ls gjçdkj ds dk;ks± dks iwjk djus ds fy, eSa fnu&jkr ifjJe djrk

foLr`r tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa, K.T.S. Sarao, Origin and78

Nature of Ancient Indian Buddhism, Delhi: R&R Publishers, 1999:Appendices III & IV.


gw¡] fQj Hkh eSaus ,slk Lokfn"V Hkkstu dHkh ugha p[kkA eq>s vo';gh Lo;a fHk{kq cu tkuk pkfg,A› 79

vkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ ds lkekftd uk;d cM+sO;kikjh&lkgwdkj vkSj u, ’kkld FksA vukFkfif.Md] tks fd viusle; ds /kuk<~+;re ukxfjdksa esa ls ,d Fkk] dks ckS) /keZ }kjk erdk m)kjd crk;k x;k gSA mldk ?kj šla?k ds fy, ,d ,slslaxe LFky ds leku Fkk] tgk¡ dbZ lM+dsa vkdj feyrh gksaA›80

tkrdksa esa crk;k x;k gS fd vdsys vukFkfif.Md us ckS) fogkjds fy, mnkjrkiwoZd 54 djksM+ dk"kkZi.k nku esa fn, FksA tkrdksa81

esa cksf/klÙo vkSj vkuUn ds ckn lcls yksdfç; ik=vukFkfif.Md gSA tsrou esa] ftls cM+h Hkkjh dher pqdkdj82

vukFkfif.Md us la/k ds fy, [kjhnk Fkk] cq) us vius vf/kdka'koLlkokl fcrk,A la;qÙk fudk; dk vf/kdka'k Hkkx Hkh ;ghaminsf'kr gqvk FkkA tsrou dk lUnHkZ] tSlk fd rkfydk&4 esafn[kk;k x;k gS] cM+k fnypLi v/;;u çLrqr djrk gSA

xzUFk tsrou ds mYys[k dh vkofr

fou; fiVd nh?k fudk;

196005

J.I.311.79

J.I.227.80

J.I.226.81

dsoy tkrdksa esa mudk uke 66 ckj vkrk gSA82


efT>e fudk; la;qÙk fudk; vaxqÙkj fudk;tkrd

078075050574

rkfydk 4% fofHké ikfy xzUFkksa esa tsrou ds mYys[k dh vko`frA

;g mYys[k djuk #fpdj gksxk fd tgk¡ çkd~&ckS) lkfgR;yxHkx ,dkfUrd :i ls viuh i`"BHkwfe dks xzkeh.k ifjos'k esaj[krk gS] ogha çkjfEHkd ckS) lkfgR; ubZ uxjh; laLÑfr dksvfHkO;ä djrk gSA ;g cM+h fofp= ckr gS] oLlkokl dh laLFkk]ftlus eB ¼vkokl½ dh laLFkk dk fuekZ.k fd;k] us mlh dklekthdj.k dj fn;k] tks eq[; rkSj ij ,d vlkekftdvkUnksyu ds :i esa vkjEHk gqvk FkkA blds vfrfjDr vkjfEHkd83

ckS) vfHktkR;oxZ (early Buddhist èlite) us Li"V :i ls /ku ,oarM+d&HkM+d ds fy, viuh nqcZyrk dks n'kkZ;k FkkA muesa lsT;knkrj] ;gk¡ rd fd Lo;a cq)] us vf/kdka'k le; uxjh; dsUæksads vklikl gh fcrk;kA nks vyx lkaf[;dh; v/;;uksa esa ;g84

Curiously enough, the institution of vassÈvÈsa (rainy83

retreat) which created the institution of the monastery (ÈvÈsa) led tothe socialization of what had begun primarily as an asocialmovement. (B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 8.)

Ikgyk lkaf[;dh; v/;;u xks[kys us fd;k FkkA ns[ksa]84

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982). nwljk lkaf[;dh; v/;;u bliqLrd ds ys[kd us fd;k FkkA ys[kd us bl v?;;u esa fou;fiVd] nh?k fudk;]efT>e fudk;] la;qÙk fudk;] vaxqÙkj fudk; ,oa


ik;k x;k gS fd uxjh; dsUæksa ds lUnHkZ dh vko`fÙk xzkeh.k dsUæksadh vis{kk cgqr gh vf/kd FkhA fou; rFkk lqÙk fiVd ls ,df=r85

fd, x, 1009 LFkkuksa ds ukeksa esa tgk¡ lqÙk dk mins'k fn;k x;k;k dksbZ fu;e cuk;k x;k] mudk vyx&vyx fooj.k bl çdkjik;k x;k gS%86

cLrh vkofr çfr'krJkoLrhjktx`gdfiyoLrqoS'kkyhdkS’kkEchvU; 'kgj rFkk xk¡o

593140056038015167

58-7713-8705-5503-7601-4616-57

rkfydk 5% fofHké LFkkuksa ij fn, x, lqÙkks a@fu;eksa dh vko`fr A

tSlk fd rkfydk&5 esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS] vdsys ik¡puxjksa esa gh 83-43 çfr'kr lqÙkksa dk mins'k gqvk Fkk tcfd 'ks"k16-57 çfr'kr] 76 vyx LFkkuksa ij mifn"V gq, Fks] ftuesa xzkeh.kdsUæksa ds vfrfjä fuf'pr :i ls uxjh; dsUæ Hkh 'kkfey FksA

tkrd esa miyC/k lwpuk ds vk/kkj ij fofHké ifjf’k"V rS;kj djdsviuh ifjdYiuk dks fl) djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA ns[ksa] K.T.S.Sarao, Op. Cit., 1996: Appendices III and IV.

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 11.85

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 10 ds vk/kkj ijA86


vxyh rkfydk bl rdZ dks vkSj Hkh çekf.kr djrh gSA uxjh;87

cfLr;ksa dk lUnHkZ xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa dh rqyuk esa vR;f/kd gS%

cLrh ds çdkj vkofr çfr'kruxjh;xzkeh.k

42570208

95-3704-67

;ksx 4465 100rkfydk 6% uxjh; vkSj xzkeh.k cfLr;ksa dk xzUFkksa esa lUnHkZA

fou; ,oa lqÙk fiVd esa of.kZr 2426 fL=;ksa ,oa iq#"kksa esa88

ls 1379 dh xzkeh.k@uxjh; i`"BHkwfe fuf'pr dh tk ldrh gSAbuesa ls 1291 vFkkZr~ 93-62 çfr'kr uxjh; i`"BHkwfe ls Fks rFkkek= 88 vFkkZr~ 6-38 çfr'kr dks dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;s xzkeh.kdsUæksa ls FksA fuEukafdr rkfydk esa vafdr rF; Hkh mrus ghegÙoiw.kZ gaS%

cLrh O;fä;ksa dh dqy la[;k çfr'krokjk.klhJkoLrhjktxgdfiyoLrqoS’kkyhfefFkykmTtSugalorhdkS’kEch

2.73165109055e+86 22-9213-8509-1504-7003-5303-1901-5101-4301-26

;g rkfydk K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit., 1996: Appendices II87

ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dh xbZ gSA

ns[ksa, K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit., 1999: appendices IVa and88

IVb.


mTtf;uhdkfEiY;pEikdq’khuxjlkdsrbUnçLFklkxyvukseknUriqjHkfí;Hk:dPNr{kf’kykvfj"Biqjv#.korh ikoke/kqjkikVfyiq=nsonglqeaxyvU; cfLr;k¡

01-1801-1801-0900-9200-8400-8400-7600-7600-6700-5900-5900-5000-5000-5000-4200-4200-4200-4200-4225-44

rkfydk 7% fofHké cfLr;ksa ls vkus okys O;fäA

tSlk fd ns[kk tk ldrk gS] Åij ds dsoy igys ik¡p uxjksa lsgh 54 çfr'kr ls vf/kd L=h vkSj iq#"k] ftudk mYys[k fou;rFkk lqÙk fiVd esa gqvk gS] vk, FksA ckS) xzUFkksa esa of.kZr N%89

egkuxjksa] ;kfu okjk.klh] jktxg] oS'kkyh] pEik] dkS’kkEch rFkklkdsr ls gh 40 çfr'kr ls vf/kd yksx vk, Fks tcfd 62-72çfr'kr L=h vkSj iq#"k tks fd fdlh u fdlh :i ls ckS) /keZ lstqM+s Fks] Åij dh nl uxjh; cfLr;ksa ls vk, FksA

xzUFk uxjh; çfr'kr xzkeh.k çfr'krfou; fiVd vaxqÙkj fudk;

098132

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1418

12-5012-00

D.II.146.89


nh?k fudk; efT>e fudk; la;qÙk fudk; lqÙk fuikrtkrd Fksj&FksjhxkFkkpfj;kfiVd vinku cq)oal mnku isroRFkq foekuoRFkq

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73-8884-1179-8685-7295-8989-6390-4894-77100-0080-0090-4894-44

191728052427021800050201

22-6215-8920-1414-2804-1110-3709-5205-2300-0020-0009-5205-54

rkfydk 8% xzUFk ds vuqlkj uxjh; cuke xzkeh.k i"BHkwfe ds fofHké O;fäA

cq) ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd mUgksaus de ls de 25 o"kkZoklvdsys JkoLrh esa fcrk, Fks ftuesa ls 19 çfl) tsrou rFkk vU;N% iqCckjke esaA cq) dk ckj&ckj JkoLrh okil vkus dk ,d90

Li"V dkj.k laHkor% 'kfä'kkyh laj{kdksa] ;Fkk& vukFkfif.Md rFkkjktk çlsuftr ,oa lkFk gh lkFk uxj esa vR;f/kd ek=k esa O;kikjrFkk bldh ukxjh;rk jgs gkasxsA O;kikjh&lkgwdkjkas rFkk jktkvksa91

ds u, 'kfä'kkyh oxZ us lkFk feydj bl vkUnksyu dks ,dvyx igpku nhA vkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ us bu oxks± ls eq[;lkekftd lgk;rk çkIr dh] rFkk cnys esa] muds lkekftd vkSjvk/;kfRed Hkkoukvksa dks çfrfcfEcr fd;kA bu oxks± dks ,d ubZ

ns[ksa, DPPN.II.1126-27.90

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 12f.91


vk/;kfRed&lkekftd vofLFkfr rFkk ewY;&O;oLFkk dhvko';drk Fkh] ftls ckS) /keZ us oSfnd czãKku, iqtkjhds opZLo dk fojks/k dj rFkk vçR;{k :i ls lwn[kksjh dhçFkk] os';ko`fÙk vkfn dks lg;ksx nsdj] çnku dhA bUgha92

oxksaZ dh ewY;&ç.kkyh esa o.kZ&tkfr dh vis{kk O;fä ¼rFkk mldkifjokj½ dsUæ&fcUnq Fkk vkSj cq) us ,sls gh ewY;ksa dks vfHkO;fäçnku dhA Hkkjrh; lkekftd bfrgkl esa cq) dks igys egku93

lq/kkjd ds :i esa fpf=r djuk ,d vR;f/kd lkekU;&lh ckrgksxhA la?k esa ços'k ds ekeys esa rFkk la?k ds vUnj O;fäxr94

O;ogkj esa cq) us fu'p; gh tkfr&Hksn dh vogsyuk dh] ijUrqblds ckgj mudk joS;k }S/ko`Ùkh; ugha rks rF;kRed FkkA tgk¡95

ckS) ;g nkok djrs gSa fd O;fä dh eqfä dh laHkkoukvksa ls

These classes needed a new spiritual-social orientation and92

value-system which Buddhism provided with its opposition to Vedictheology, the dominance of the priest and by supporting indirectlymoney-lending, prostitution etc.

In the value system of these classes, the individual (and his93

family) rather than the va‡‡a-jÈti was the centerpiece, and theBuddha articulated such values.

Portraying the Buddha as the first great reformer in Indian94

social history is a gross oversimplification.

The Buddha did ignore caste distinctions in the matter of95

admission into and treatment of individuals within the Sa£gha, butoutside it, his attitude was pragmatic, if not ambivalent. (B.G.Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 12f.)


mldh tkfr dk dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gS ogha os nSfud thou esatkfr&O;oLFkk ds çpyu ij dksbZ çgkj ugha djrs] tSlk fd vkerkSj ij ekuk tkrk gSA ;gk¡ rd fd cq) us lEcks/ku ds rjhdksa96

}kjk Hkh lkekftd fLFkfr esa Hksn dks LohÑfr çnku dh gSA gesa97

;g crk;k x;k gS fd cq) dsoy [kfÙk; ¼{kf=;½ ;k czkã.kifjokjksa esa gh tUe ysrs gSa u fd fdlh vU; tkfr esaA cq) vius98

le; esa çpfyr o.kZ&tkfr 'kCnkoyh dk ç;ksx fo|eku lekt dslUnHkZ esa djrs gSa vkSj dsoy {kf=;ksa dks czkã.kksa ls Åij oxhZÑrdjus dh ps"Vk djrs gSaA mUgksaus czkã.kksa ds deZdk.Mksa dh99

ifo=rk rFkk lkekftd loZJs"Brk tSls vkMEcjksa dh f[kYyh mM+kbZvkSj bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd O;fä dks mldh ikfjokfjd]tkfrxr ;k lekftd mRifÙk dh vis{kk mlds O;fäxr xq.kksa }kjkvk¡dk tkuk pkfg,A nj vly ;g ek¡x mu u, uxjh; lkekftdoxks± dh Fkh tks Lo;a dks ikjEifjd czkã.k vf/kÑr ;kfKddeZdk.Mksa ls ;qDr oSfnd /keZ dh vis{kk ckS) /keZ vf/kd fudV

When the Buddhists maintained that a person's jÈti had no96

bearing on his chances of salvation, they did not attack the operationof the caste system in daily life, as generally believed.

Even through his choice of greetings, the Buddha97

recognized differences in social standing.

ns[ksa, DPPN.II.324.98

The Buddha used the va‡‡a-jÈti terminology of his times99

in his reference to existing society and only tended to rank thekhattiyas higher than the brÈhma‡as.


ekurs FksA ;s oxZ lafnX/k rÙoehekalk (speculative100

metaphysics) esa vf/kd #fp ugha j[krs Fks D;ksafd mudk tksj]bl yksd esa O;kogkfjd rFkk çfrfnu ds thou ls lEcfU/krekeyksa ds lek/kku ij Fkk rFkk ijyksd esa viuh HkykbZ fuf'prdjus gsrq FkkA ;g dqN gn rd vkjfEHkd ckS) vkUnksyu dslkis{kr;k vrÙoehekalh; >qdko dks O;k[;kf;r djrk gSA101

JkoLrh] rFkk jktxg tSls uxjh; dsUæksa esa fcfEclkj] thod]vtkr'k=q tSls leFkZd vkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ dh lQyrk esa jktlhrFkk vf/kdkjhrU= }kjk fn, x, laj{k.k ds egÙo dks |ksfrr djrsgSaA foLr`r O;kikj] O;kikfjd iw¡th dk tek gksuk rFkk O;kikfj;ksa,oa lkgwdkjksa ds 'kfä'kkyh oxZ ds mn; us u, uSfrd ewY;ksa rFkk/kkfeZd n'kZu] tks egÙoiw.kZ :i ls çkphu oSfnd /keZ esa fufgrn'kZu ls fHké LoHkko dk gks] dh [kkst djus okys oxZ dks tUefn;kA102

He ridiculed brÈhma‡ical pretensions to ritual purity and100

social eminence and insisted that a person be judged by his individualvirtue rather than his familial, class or social origins, which wasprecisely the demand of the new urban social classes who felt closerto Buddhism than the traditional brÈhma‡ical sacrifice-dominatedVedic cults. (B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 19.)

This, in part, may explain the relatively a-metaphysical101

predilection of the early Buddhist movement)A(B.G. Gokhale, Op.Cit.(1982): 13.)

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.(1982): 17.102


cq) ds thoudky rFkk mudh eR;q ds dqN le; cknrd ckS) /keZ us mikldksa ds lkFk foLr`r rFkk vfofPNé lEcU/kcuk, j[kkA ijUrq ekS;Z lkezkT; ds vUr ds djhc ckS) /keZfuf'pr rFkk lqlaié fogkjksa esa dsfUær gksrk gqvk çrhr gksrk gS]ftlus vkjEHk esa O;kikjh&mikldksaa dk lg;ksx çkIr fd;k ijUrqckn esa vR;f/kd :i ls jktlh nkuksa ij fuHkZj gks x;kA bufogkjksa us vkxs pydj vius rjhds dh lkeUroknh ço`fÙk xzg.kdj yhA lkfgfR;d lk{; ds vfrfjDr f'kykys[kh; lk{; Hkh blrF; dks mtkxj djrs gSa rFkk ckS) çfr"Bkuksa ds nku&nkrkvksa dsuke f'kYila?kksa ds eqf[k;ksa }kjk nh xbZ Bksl lgk;rk dks lR;kfirdjrs gSaA ckS) fogkjksa dh lkeUroknh 'kSyh dks Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkkrFkk lekt ds lkeUrhdj.k dh fujUrjrk us vkSj vf/kd cyçnku fd;kA dqN fo[;kr ckS) fogkjksa us viuh eqgjsa vkSj eqæk,¡tkjh dhaA dkykUrj esa bl çdkj ds ckS) fogkjksa us fofHké103

çdkj dh viuh futh lEifÙk cuk yh rFkk blus u dsoyvkRefuHkZjrk dks çkIr fd;k cfYd os tehu] xk¡o] pjkgxkg]i'kqvksa vkfn ds LokfeRo }kjk lEcfU/kr bykdksa esa viuh 'kfärFkk çHkko LFkkfir djus dh fLFkfr esa Hkh FksA bl çdkj ls ;g104

dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckS) /keZ us c<+rs uxjhdj.k dks lS)kfUrd

P. Niyogi, šOrganisation of Buddhist Monasteries in103

ancient Bengal and Bihar,› Journal of Indian History, LI (3), 1973:539.

Okgh. 535.104


vf/kjpuk çnku dh rFkk viuh [kqn dh lef) ds fy, bl ij105

mldh fuHkZjrk vkSj Hkh c<+rh xbZA 106

D.D. Kosambi, Op. Cit. (1973): 100-104.105

Buddhism provided the ideological superstructure of the106

growing urbanization and depended increasingly upon it for its owngrowth.

3vfgalk dk fl)kUr

,sfrgkfld Hkkjr esa vfgalk ds fl)kUr dk ç;ksx çFke ckjmifu"knksa ds ys[kdksa }kjk oSfnd ;Kksa dh Øwjrk ds lEcU/k esa fd;kx;kA ;gha ls 'kkdkgkj dk fl)kUr fodflr gqvkA ik¡poha lnh1

bZñiwñ esa cq) us cy nsdj bldh odkyr dj viuh eq[; f'k{kkvksaesa 'kkfey fd;k] lS)kfUrd vk/kkj çnku fd;k rFkk bls vrqyuh;vPNkbZ crk;kA pØ ds fu'kku dks tks /keZ&;q) dk ¼çk;% jFk dsifg, ds :i esa½ çrhd Fkk] dks /keZ&'kkfUr ds çrhd fpà ¼/keZpØ½esa ifjofrZr djds ckS) /keZ us vfgalk ds {ks= esa ekSfyd ;ksXknkufn;kA ckS) vfgalk vUrn`Zf"V dks fofo/k {ks=ksa] tSls fd i;kZoj.kh;2

vkpkjlafgrk] nSfud thou] vU; çkf.k;ksa ls lEcU/k rFkk muds çfruSfrd fopkj] ,oa lekt esa fdukjs dj fn, x, oxksaZ dh n'kk dksle>us dh vko';drk] esa fuf'pr :i ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSAvkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ ds lUnHkZ esa fgalkRed fØ;kdykiksa dkseksVs rkSj ij fuEufyf[kr pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa j[kk tk ldrk gS&1- laxfBr >xM+ksa] tSls ;q)] yM+kb;k¡ vkfn rFkk vlaxfBr

>xM+ksa] tSls gR;k] vkRegR;k] xHkZikr rFkk ,sfPNd eR;qvkfn }kjk gksus okyh fgalkA

2- ;kfKd deZdk.Mksa esa ftuesa i'kq&cfy rFkk dHkh&dHkh

vFk ;r~ riks nkue~ vktZoe~ vfgalk lR;&opue~ bfr]1

rk vL; nf{k.kk% ¼NkUnksX; mifu"kn~.III.17.4½.

Christopher S. Queen, šThe Peace Wheel: Nonviolent2

Activism in the Buddhist Tradition,› D.L. Smith-Christopher (ed)Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in ReligiousTraditions, Boston: Boston Research Center for the 21 Century,st

1998:25-28.


euq"; dh cfy nh tkrh Fkh] }kjk gksusokyh fgalkA3- f'kdkfj;ksa] dlkb;ksa] eNqvkjksa vkfn ds gkFkksa gksusokyh fgalk]

tks euq"; ds Hkkstu rFkk vU; vko';drkvksa& fo'ks"kdjvkS"kf/k ds mís'; ls dh tkrh FkhA bl çdkj] euq"; }kjkekal rFkk eNyh [kkuk fgalk dk egÙoiw.kZ vuqØe FkkA

4- Ñf"k dk;ks± rFkk blls lEcfU/kr vU; fØ;kdykiksa tSls[kqnkbZ] flapkbZ] [ksrksa dh tqrkbZ] Qlyksa] ?kkl vkSj o`{kksa dhdVkbZ rFkk ,d&bfUæ; thoksa] tks ikS/kksa] o`{kksa] feêh vkfn esafuokl djrs Fks] dks u"V fd, tkus tSls fØ;kdykiksa }kjkgksus okyh fgalkA

ge ,slh nqfu;k esa th jgs gSa] tgk¡ ,d&nwljs dks fdukjs djds ghthou dks dk;e j[kk tk ldrk gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa ,d ;k nwljsçdkj dh fgalk ls cpkuk laHko ugha gSA thfor jgus ds fy, [kkukvko';d gksrk gS rFkk mlds fy, geesa ls vf/kdka'k viuk HkkstufofHké çdkj ds i'kqvksa rFkk tyh; thoksa ls çkIr djrs gSaA dqNyksx ,slh fgalk ls cpus ds fy, 'kkdkgkjh Hkkstu ysrs gSaA rFkkfidqN yksxksa dk fo'okl gS fd ikS/kksa esa Hkh thou gksrk gS] vkSj mudhekU;rk ds vuqlkj ikS/kksa ls Hkkstu çkIr djus dks Hkh thou thus dklgh rjhdk ugha dgk tk ldrkA blds vfrfjDr] fdlh vU; }kjkgeyk fd, tkus ij] vkRej{kk esa dh xbZ fgalk dk ç'u [kM+k gksrkgSA rc] fofHké çdkj ds dhM+s&edksM+ksa rFkk eD[kh&ePNjksa dks cM+hek=k esa yxkrkj u"V fd, tkus dk ç'u mBrk gS] D;ksafd osgkfudkjd thok.kqvksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij igq¡pkrs gSaAchekfj;ksa ls Bhd gksus ds fy, yh xbZ fofHké çdkj dh vkS"kf/k;k¡ Hkh'kjhj esa fLFkr thok.kqvksa dks ekjrh gSaA okLrfodrk ;g gS fdthok.kq&fl)kUr ¼germ theory½] tks vk/kqfud vkS"kf/k dks eq[;vk/kkj çnku djrk gS] fofHké çdkj dh tho&fgalk ij vk/kkfjr gSAfofHké çdkj dh chekfj;ksa ls eqfDr ikus ds fy, vkS"kf/k;ksa dkvkfo"dkj djus gsrq Hkh oSKkfudksa }kjk tho&tUrqvksa ij vuqlU/kkufd, tkrs gSaA blfy,] ;fn okLro esa vfgalk ds fl)kUr dk ikyu

vfgalk dk fl)kUr 97

fd;k tk,] rks ;g dfBu gksxk D;ksafd de ls de vius thou dkscuk, j[kus ds fy, okafNr Hkkstu dh çkfIr esa FkksM+h cgqr fgalk rksgksxh gh vU;Fkk laHkor% Lo;a Hkw[ks ejuk gksxk] vFkkZr~ vkRegR;kdjuh gksxhA vly esa] vkRegR;k Hkh rks vfgalk ds fl)kUr dsvuq:i ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] lEiw.kZ vkSj ije ¼perfect andabsolute½ vfgalk dk ikyu bl fo'ks"k vFkZ esa vlaHko gSA

ckS) /keZ vfgalk dh eukso`fÙk ds vkUrfjd vuqHko rFkkvfgalkRed dk;Z ds :i esa bldh cká vfHkO;fDr] nksuksa dks nks fHképhtsa ekurk gSA bl çdkj] cq) us viuk vfgalk dk n'kZu bllkekU; rF; ij vk/kkfjr ekuk gS fd ;|fi vfgalk dk iw.kZr;kikyu dfBu gks ldrk gS ijUrq ân; esa vfgalk dh eukso`fÙk dks iw.kZrkSj ls mRié djuk vlaHko ugha gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] vfgalk dkokLrfod ikyu thou] ftlds çfroknksa dks gy djuk dfBu gS] dhlgh igpku ds vk/kkj ij gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl rF; dksLohdkj djrs gq, cq) us vfgalk ds dk;Z dks vuko';d :i lsdBksj fu;eksa ls vkc) ugha fd;kA bl çdkj dk lUrqfyr rFkkfoosdiw.kZ vfgalk dk fl)kUr ekuo lH;rk ds fy, laHkor% ckS) /keZdh vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ nsu gSA ikfy lkfgR; esa bl fl)kUr dkseq[;rkSj ij rhu çdkj dh 'kCnkoyh esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gS&ik.kkfrikrk osje.kh] ik.kkfrikrk ifVfojfr rFkk vfgalkA bu rhuksaaesa ls] vfgalk vFkok vfofgalk ¼vFkkZr~ ‘gkfu u igq¡pkuk’ ;k ‘u"Vu djuk’½ dk ckS) xzaFkksa esa vf/kdre ç;ksx gqvk gSA 'ks"k nksvfHkO;fDr;k¡ Hkh blh vFkZ ‘Lo;a dks thoksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus ;k u"Vdjus ls cpkuk’ ¼[email protected]/[email protected]?kkr½] dks gh |ksfrr3

djrh gSa rFkk lhy lEcU/kh fou; ds fu;e tks thfor çkf.k;ksa dh

Vin.I.83, 85, 193; D.I.4, III.68, 70, 149, 182, 235;3

M.I.361, III.23; Sn.242; KhA.26; It.63; J.III.181; Pug.39,DhA.II.19, III.355; DA.I.69; PvA.27f, 33.


fgalk rFkk mudks u"V u djus ¼ik.ka vfrekisfr½ ls lEcfU/kr gSa]4

ds fy, ç;qDr gqbZ gSaA ;gk¡ osje.kh ¼vyx jguk@ijgst djuk½ rFkkifVfojfr ¼jksduk@fujks/k djuk½ 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx ,gfr;krh ç;klrFkk bPNk'kfDr ds ç;ksx ¼precautionary endeavour and theapplication of will½ ds fof’k"V :i esa gqvk gSA bPNk'kfDr dkç;ksx nq"V phtksa ds çfr >qdko ¼tSls] fdlh Hkh :i esa tho&fgalk½ls cpus dk |ksrd gSA tc ;g n`<+ fu'p; dj fy;k tkrk gS] êSatho&fgalk u djus ds fl)kUr dk ikyu d:¡xk*] rc lhy tSlhLo;a çdV gksusokyh ¼self-actualizing½ ço`fÙk mRié gks tkrh gSA,d cPpk fgalk ugha djrk ysfdu blds ckotwn ;g lhy ugha gSAbldk dkj.k ;g gS fd cPpk bl rF; ls vutku gS fd og thforçkf.k;ksa dh fgalk ugha dj jgk gSA blh çdkj] ;g ugha dgk tkldrk fd dksbZ lhy dk ikyu blfy, djrk gS D;ksafd og thforçkf.k;ksa dh fgalk ugha djrkA bl çdkj] vfgalk dk rkRi;Z gS&tku&cw>dj ¼deliberately½ thfor çkf.k;ksa ds ?kkr ls cpukA nwljs'kCnksa esa] ,d ckS) /kekZuq;k;h ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd mls u dsoyfgalk ugha djuh pkfg, cfYd nwljkas dks Hkh fgalk ds fy, ughamdlkuk pkfg,A

thfor çkf.k;ksa ds çfr vfgalk] tks fd ckS) /keZ dk çFkef'k{kkin gS] laiw.kZ çÑfr esa ik, tkus okys vkilh vkd"kZ.k rFkk5

vPNkbZ ds fl)kUr ij vk/kkfjr gSA tku&cw>dj fgalk djus dkrkRi;Z gS] vUrfuZfgr v[k.Mrk ¼inherent wholeness½ dks ckf/krvkSj u"V djuk rFkk lEeku vkSj d#.kk] tks fd ekuork ds vk/kkjgSa] dh Hkkoukvksa dks dqf.Br djukA lpeqp] ;g f'k{kkin thou rFkk

D.I.52.4

vU; pkj f'k{kkin gSa& 2- tks fn;k ugha] og u ysuk( 3-5

xyr dkeokluk esa yhu u gksuk( 4- >wB u cksyuk( 5- nwljksa dksmu inkFkksaZ dk ç;ksx djus dks u mdlkuk ;k Lo;a u djuk tkseu dks my>krs ;k detksj djrs gSaA

vfgalk dk fl)kUr 99

l`f"V dks vkeaf=r rFkk eR;q vkSj fouk'k dh fuUnk djrk gSAtku&cw>dj gR;k djuk] pkdw ekjuk] xyk nckuk] Mqcks nsuk]dqpyuk] tgj nsuk] tyk nsuk ;k vU; rjhds ls fdlh euq"; ;ktkuoj dks ihfM+r djuk& ;g f'k{kkin dsoy bu lc rjhdksa ls ghnwf"kr ugha gksrkA fdlh dks fdlh thfor çk.kh dks ekjus] çrkfM+rdjus ;k gkfu igq¡pkus ds fy, mdlkuk Hkh çFke f'k{kkin dkmYya?ku djuk gSA gkyk¡fd fgalk opuksa] eu o dk;ksZaZ ¼words,thinking and deeds½ }kjk dh tk ldrh gS] çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS)/keZ us eq[; :i ls dk;ks± }kjk dh xbZ fgalk dh vksj vf/kd /;kufn;k FkkA fofHké çdkj ds ;K ,oa cfy;k¡] fo'ks"kdj os ftuesa i'kqvksadh cfy p<+kbZ tkrh Fkh] cq) }kjk mUgsa u dsoy gkL;kLin ,oafujFkZd crk;k x;k gS cfYd v{kE; Øwjrk HkhA ,d vksj mUgksaus ;Kksadh mikns;rk dks udkjk] ogha nwljh vksj thfor çkf.k;ksa ds thoudk vR;ar lEeku Hkh fd;kA muds vuqlkj] šlHkh thfor çkf.k;ksa esals fdlh dks Hkh gkfu ugha igq¡pkuh pkfg,A› šog ;K--- ¼ftlesa½---6

thfor çkf.k;ksa dk o/k gksrk gks--- u rks T+;knk Qynk;d gksrh gS¼vkSj½ u gh vR;f/kd ykHknk;d] u gh çflf) okyh gksrh gS] ¼vkSj½u gh foLr`r çHkko okyhA ;g oSlk gh gS tSls fd dksbZ fdlku gy,oa cht ysdj fdlh taxy esa ços'k djs] vkSj ogk¡ vutqrs [ksr]çfrdwy feêh ftlesa dVs isM+ksa ds Bw¡B gksaa] ogk¡ oSls cht cks, tks VwVs]xys] gok rFkk xehZ ls lM+ x, gksa] tc ekSle mfpr u gks] n’kkBhd u gks vkSj nso Hkh mfpr ekSle esa vPNh o"kkZ u djsA›7

lke×¥Qy lqÙk esa gesa crk;k x;k gS fd šfHk{kq] thfor çkf.k;ksa dhfgalk dks NksM+dj] thou dks u"V djus ls Lo;a dks vyx j[krk gSAog ykBh vkSj ryokj vyx j[k pqdk gS] rFkk dBksjrk ls 'kfeaZnk,oa n;k ls vksr&çksr] og mu lHkh tUrqvksa ds çfr] ftuesa thou

GS.II.183.6

DB.II.307f.7


gS] lân;rk ,oa n;k ls jgrk gSA›8

vfgalk ds vH;kl dk vk/kkj n;k] fgrdkeuk ¼fgrkuqdEik½rFkk thfor çkf.k;ksa dh fgalk rFkk gkfu igq¡pkus tSlh Øwjrk lsyTtk vuqHko djuk gSA bl çdkj ls ckS) /keZ esa vfgalk dk d#.kkrFkk yTtk ls ,dhdj.k dj fn;k x;k gSA tgk¡ dgha fdlh fny esad#.kk gS] og ckgjh rkSj ij vfgalk ds dk;Z ds :i esa vfHkO;Drgksrh gSA vfgalk ,d HkO; dk;Z ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g u dsoyftlds fy, fd;k tkrk gS mls] cfYd mlds fy, tks bldk ikyudjrk gS] lq[kn ifj.kke nsrk gSA nwljh vksj] tks ?k`.kk djrs gSa] udsoy nwljs dks gkfu igq¡pkrs gSa cfYd Lo;a dks Hkh nq%[kh djrs gSaA9

thfor çkf.k;ksa dh fgalk ,d 'keZukd rFkk xyr dk;Z gS D;ksafd ;gd#.kk dh Hkkouk ds fo#) gSA rFkkfi] tc dksbZ vfgalk dk ikyudjrk gS rc og çse dh lPph Hkkouk dk vuqHko djrk gS rFkk lq[kikrk gSA bl çdkj ds lq[k dh çkfIr dks vkè;kfRed :i ls vR;UrmnkÙk voLFkk dgk tkrk gSA bl çdkj] vfgalk esa vkufUnr gksuk10

DB.I.79. blh çdkj] /kEein ds ,d ’yksd ¼275½ esa8

crk;k x;k gS fd šHknz] thfor tUrqvksa dh gR;k ls ugha] cfYdmu lcds çfr vfgalk ls cuk tkrk gSA› ¼u rsu vfj;ks gksfr] ;suik.kkfu fgalfr] vfgalk lCcik.kkua] vfj;ks^fr ioqPpfrA½

šbl nqfu;k esa ?k`.kk dHkh Hkh ?k`.kk ls lekIr ugha gksrhA9

I;kj Hkjh n;k ls bl dk vUr gksrk gSA› ¼/kEein.5½. štks gR;kugha djrk] u gh gR;k djus dks dgrk gS] tks ywVrk ugha] u ghnwljksa dks ywVus dks dgrk gS] vius ân; esa lcds fy, LFkkuj[krk gS] og fdlh ls /k`.kk ugha djrkA›¼GS.IV.104.½

štks Íf"k fdlh dks gkfu ugha igq¡pkrk] Lo;a ij10

fu;a=.k j[krk gS] og ges’kk ds fy, ,slh txg pyk tkrk gS]tgk¡ tkusokys tk dj ugha iNrkrsA› ¼/kEein.225½; šxkSre dsf’k"; lnk iwjs tkx`r jgrs gSa] fnu vkSj jkr muds euvgkfudkjdrk dk vkuUn ysrs gSaA› ¼/kEein.300½; šeSa lcdk nksLr

vfgalk dk fl)kUr 101

rFkk eS=hiw.kZ fpÙk dh Hkkouk iSnk djuk ¼esÙkkfpÙk&Hkkouk½ ,dleku gh gSaA vr% eS=hiw.kZ fpÙk dk fodkl rHkh laHko gS tc lHkhthfor çkf.k;ksa dh [kq’kh] lq[k rFkk HkykbZ dh dkeuk dh tk,A ckS)/keZ esa vfgalk dks bl vFkZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd lHkh O;fDr viusthou ls I;kj djrs gSa vkSj fdlh vU; ls gkfu igq¡pus ;k ekjs tkusdh bPNk ugha j[krs gSaA vkRej{kk rFkk Lo;a ls I;kj dh bl Hkkoukdks vU; O;fDr;ksa ds fpUru esa gLrkarfjr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blçdkj thou dh j{kk rFkk thou ls I;kj dks çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrkgSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] /kEein blh fopkj dks nqgjkrs gq, dgrk gSfd tSls lHkh eR;q ls Mjrs gSa] oSls gh nwljksa dh rqyuk Lo;a ls djrsgq, fdlh dh u rks fgalk djuh pkfg, vkSj u gh fgalk dk dkj.kcuuk pkfg,A11

vfgalk dk vuqikyu O;fDr dks çse dk lPpk vuqHko djkrkgS vkSj blls lq[k dh çkfIr gksrh gS] vkSj blds vfrfjä bl lq[kdks vkè;kfRed :i ls vfrjsd vkuUn dh voLFkk ekuk tkrk gSAd#.kk;qDr ân; ds fodkl dk rkRi;Z gS ;g bPNk O;Dr djuk fdlHkh thfor çk.kh lq[k] 'kkfUr rFkk dY;k.k dh voLFkk dks çkIr djsarFkk rc vius vUnj vla[; rFkk vuUr çdkj ds thoksa ds çfrd#.kk mRié djsa] rFkk bl çdkj] lHkh thoksa dks d#.kk ds fpUrudh ifjf/k esa yk,¡A bls gh vifjes; eS=h ¼esÙkk&vIie×¥k½ ls ;qDreu dgk x;k gSA iqu%] ;g rF; fd vfgalk dk vk/kkj eS=h;qDr eugS] eu dh eqfDr ds fl)kUr ls eu dh ’kfDr ¼esÙkk&psrksfoeqfÙk½ ds}kjk bldk foy; Hkh gks tkrk gSA bl fl)kUr dk rkRi;Z ;g gSfd eS=h;qDr eu ds fodkl }kjk eu dks 'kkfUr feyrh gS rFkk blçdkj lk/kd eqfDr dks çkIr djrk gSA ckS) /keZ esa vfgalk bl

gw¡] lc dk lkFkh] lHkh thoksa ds fy, n;kyq vkSj lân;] eSaeS=hiwoZd ân; dk iks"k.k djrk gw¡] lnk ln~Hkkouk esa eq>s vkuUnvkrk gSA.› ¼FksjhxkFkk.648½.

/kEein.129.11


uSfrd fu;e fd çR;sd dks lHkh thfor çkf.k;ksa ls çse djuk pkfg,]rd gh lhfer ugha gSA ;g blds cgqr vkxs Hkh tkrk gS rFkk/kkfeZd vFkZ esa Lohdkj djrk gS fd blds vuqikyu ls cq)Ro dsmPpre f'k[kj dks çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy,] ckS) /keZ esavfgalk dk vH;kl dbZ çdkj ls crk;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,]vk;Z vk"Vkafxd ekxZ esa lE;d~ deZ ¼lEekdEeUr½ dh O;k[;k vfgalkds :i esa dh tk ldrh gSA iqu%] vR;f/kd egÙoiw.kZ12

nldqlydEeiFk ¼nl dq'ky deks± dk ekxZ½ esa çFke lksiku gS]thfor çkf.k;ksa dh fgalk ugha djukA blh çdkj] tc cq) us13

flaxkfyd dks ,d mikld ds gj jkst ds lgh O;ogkj dk mins'kfn;k rks igyk fl)kUr tks O;k[;kf;r fd;k x;k] og Fkk] thforçkf.k;ksa dh fgalk u djukA14

mikldksa vkSj mikfldkvksa ls ftl iap'khy ds ikyu dksdgk x;k gS muesa igyk gS tho fgalk ls cpuk ¼ik.kkfrikrk osje.khflD[kkina½ A blds ifj.kkeLo:i mikld vkSj mikfldk,¡ thforçkf.k;ksa dh fgalk ls cpus dk ç;kl u dsoy ekufld :i ls djrsgSa] cfYd bls dk;Z:i esa Hkh ifj.kr djrs gSaA ekufld :i lstkx:d gksus ds ckotwn] ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vius çR;{k thou esafdlh fo'ks"k volj ij bldk ikyu ugha djrk gS rc f'k{kkin dkmYya?ku ekuk tkrk gSA bl f'k{kkin ds bl çdkj ls mYya?ku dkvFkZ gS vfgalk ds çfr n`<+ladYi gksrs gq, Hkh] bl ladYi dk fojks/kdjusokyh LokFkhZ bPNkvksa dk cgqr gh 'kfDr'kkyh gksukA bl çdkjdh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] vçR;kf'kr :i ls bl f'k{kkin ds mYya?ku dsfy, i'pkÙkki gksrk gS rFkk bl çdkj bldh LohÑfr ¼ifVnsluk½dh tkrh gSA rFkkfi] ;g LohÑfr fuf'pr :i ls ân; ls gksuhpkfg,A ckS) /keZ esa vfgalk ds fl)kUr dh egÙkk dks bl rF; ls

M.III.251.12

D.III.269.13

D.III.181.14


Hkh ekik tk ldrk gS fd vfgalk ds fl)kUr dks vkB f'k{kkinksa¼vÎafxd mikslFk½ esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS] ftldk ckS)ksa }kjk eghusds pkj fnuksa ds miokl ¼mikslFk½ ds volj ij ikyu fd;k tkrkgSA lke.ksj rFkk lke.ksjh ds fy, fofgr nl f'k{kkinksa esa Hkh igysf'k{kkin ds vUrxZr bls vUrfuZfgr fd;k x;k gSA thfor çkf.k;ksadh fgalk ugha djus dk foLr`r fooj.k ikfreksD[k esa] fHk{kq rFkkfHk{kqf.kvksa ds fou; esa fn;k x;k gSA ikfreksD[k ds vUrxZr ikjkftdds rhljs fu;e ds vuqlkj ,d fHk{kq ;k fHk{kq.kh dks gR;k djus dsvijk/k esa la?k ls fu"dkflr dj fn;k tkrk gS] tks la?k ds lnL;ds fy, dBksjre n.M gSA ckS) /keZ ml O;fDr dh ?kksj fuUnk djrkgS štks tku&cw>dj rFkk y{; lk/kdj ¼bfrfpÙkeuks fpÙkladIikss½fofHké rjhdksa ls eR;q dh vPNkbZ dk o.kZu djs ;k fdlh dks e`R;qdh vksj çsfjr djsA› gR;k ds rjhds tks fou; esa of.Zkr gSa] os fHké15

rFkk vusd gSaA buesa gfFk;kjksa dk ç;ksx] xÙkZ rFkk QUns ls ysdjvR;f/kd lw{e euksoSKkfud ;kstukvksa] tSls] Hkwr dk :i /kkj.k djfdlh dks Mjk dj ekj Mkyuk] rFkk vlQy mipkj dsifj.kkeLo:i fdlh dh eR;qA psruk ¼intention½ ds lUnHkZ esa]mnkgj.k crkrs gSa fd nks"kh }kjk vijk/k fd, tkus ds le; vijk/kmldh ekufld fLFkfr ¼mens rea½ ls vPNh çdkj tqM+k gksrk gSAnks"kh ;k funksZ"k gksuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd dksbZ fdlh;kstuk dk dk;kZUo;u ftl ea'kk ls djrk gS og mlds ifj.kke lsesy [kkrk gS ;k ughaA ekè;e ¼agency½ dk fl)kUr ogk¡ egÙoj[krk gS tgk¡ vU; ikVhZ ;k O;fDr dks eè;LFk ds :i esa 'kkfeyfd;k tkrk gS] tSls dksbZ fHk{kq fdlh vU; dks çk.k?kkrd geys dsfy, funsZ'k nsrk gSA lkekU; rkSj ij fou; esa fdlh dk;Z ds vijk/kgksus ds fy, psruk vko';d gksrh gS] og vijk/k vijk/k ugha gksxk];fn mlesa cqjh psruk u gksA blds vfrfjDr] tSlk ,UMª;w gDlys us

Vin.III.73.15


n'kkZ;k gS] dq#/kEe tkrd bl fopkj ij tksj nsrk gS fd de ls16

de lkekU; tu ds lUnHkZ esa fdlh ds }kjk fdlh vU; ds çfr dhxbZ gkfu] ftlesa mldh psruk 'kkfey u gks] mls vijk/k ds rkSjij ugha fxuk tkuk pkfg,] rFkk ,sls fo"k; ij ijs’kku gksuk cqf)erkugha gksxhA ckS) /keZ xHkZikr dks euq"; dh gR;k ds leku gh gR;k17

ekurk gSA vkRegR;k Hkh ckS) /keZ esa euk gSA18

isM+&ikS/kksa dks gkfu igq¡pkus ij Hkh jksd gS rFkk] bl çdkj]19

cq) ds vuqlkj ,d vkn'kZ O;fDr çkf.ktkr rFkk ouLifr&thou¼chtxke Hkwrxke½ dks gkfu igq¡pkus ls cprk gSA mUgksaus lcls20

štho&tUrqvksa ds çfr d#.kk j[kus› dk vkxzg fd;kA cq) ds21

fopkj esa ekuoh; euksHkko dks dsoy ekuoksa rd gh lhekc) u fd;ktk, cfYd mldk foLrkj lHkh lpsru ¼sentient½ thoksa rd gks tksd#.kk ds mrus gh Hkkxh cu ldsa ftrus fd ekuo Lo;aA cq) usle>k;k fd šfdlh Hkh thfor çk.kh ds thou dk vUr u fd;ktk,] pkgs og fdruk Hkh lw{e D;ksa u gksA› ;gk¡ rd fd gjh ?kkl22

;k ikuh esa cps gq, Hkkstu dks Qsaduk Hkh euk gS D;ksafd nksuksa txg]?kkl ;k ikuh esa jgusokys thoksa dks gkfu igq¡p ldrh gSA muds23

vuqlkj štho&tUrqvksa dh ekj&dkV djuk] muds çfr Øwj gksuk]

J.III.366-381.16

Andrew Huxley, šThe Kurudhamma: From Ethics to17

Statecraft.› Journal of Buddhist Ethics, Vol. 2,1995: 191-203.

Vin.III.73, 82.18

ikfpfRr; uañ 10 rFkk 11ñ19

GS.II.222.20

S.V.241.21

SBE.XVII.30; XX.128.22

SBE.XVII.22.23


jäekspu djus] mUgsa gkfu igq¡pkus ;k mudh gR;k djus dh ea'kkj[kuk rFkk tho&tUrqvksa ds çfr n;k dh Hkkouk u j[kuk--- ¼tSlhço`fÙk;k¡½ vk;q dks de djrh gSa› rFkk mUgksaus bUgsa ?k`.kkLin24

¼vkexU/k½ ekuk gSA cq) us ;gk¡ rd dgk fd šgesa vius thou dks25

cuk, j[kus ds fy, Hkh tku&cw>dj vU; thoksa dh gR;k ugha djuhpkfg,A› fHk{kqvksa dks feêh [kksnus dh vuqefr ugha FkhA ikuh dks26 27

ihus ds igys vo'; gh Nku fy;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksafd blesa thforçk.kh gksrs gSa rFkk ogh šQy [kkuk pkfg, ftuesa vHkh cht u gq,28

gksa--- ;k--- cht u cps gksaA›29

os lHkh tks gR;k ;k funZ;rkiw.kZ vkthfodk ¼ØwjdEear)

viukrs gSa] tSls& dlkbZ] cgsfy;k] f'kdkjh] eNqvkjk] Mkdw] tYyknrFkk dkjkxkfjd] lHkh ckS) /keZ esa ghu Hkko ls ns[ks x, gSaA blh30

çdkj dkVus] dksM+s yxkus] ck¡/kus] jktekxZ ij MdSrh rFkk ywVekjtSls O;olk;ksa dks fgalkiw.kZ rFkk ?k`f.kr ekuk x;k gSA ,d dlkbZ31

šyk[kksaa lkyksa rd ujd esa nq%[k Hkksxrk gSA› šfdlh us ,slk u gh32

ns[kk vkSj u gh lquk gS fd dksbZ dlkbZ tks tkuojksa&HksM+] lwvj--- ;ktaxyh tkuojksa dh gR;k djrk gS rFkk csprk gS] og bruk /kuoku

MLS.III.250.24

SBE.X(2).39.25

GS.IV.129.26

Vin.IV.33.27

BD.III.3; J.I.83.28

SBE.XX.75.29

KS.II.171, A.III.383; Pug.56; PugA.233; PvA.30

GS.II.223.31

KS.II.170.32


gksrk gS fd ,s'kksvkjke ls thou O;rhr djrk gksA› dqN deks± ds33

Qy] tks euq"; thoksa dks pksV igq¡pkdj vius Åij Fkksirk gS] os gSa&šyEcs le; rd nq%[kiw.kZ voLFkk ls ihfM+r gksuk rFkk fdlh fuEutho ds :i esa iqutZUe xzg.k djukA ;fn og ekuo ds :i esa iqu%tUe ysrk Hkh gS] rc Hkh og nqcZy] dq:i] vfç;] Mjiksd]d#.kkjfgr] jksxxzLr] nq%[kh rFkk ’kksdxzLr] vius fç;ksa ls fo;qärFkk de vk;q esa gh eR;q dks çkIr djusokyk gksrk gSA› ckS) /keZ34

esa gR;k ds uSfrd nks"k dh xaHkhjrk fuf'pr djus ds fy,ifjfLFkfr;k¡] ftuds rgr fdlh tho dh gR;k dh xbZ gks rFkk gR;kds le; ml tho dk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld fodkl ns[ks tkrs gSaAbl çdkj š,d vkneh rFkk ,d cPps dh gR;k dk ifj.kke munksuksa ds 'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl ds vuqikr esa fHké gksrkgSA›

35

ysfdu vkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ esa fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa švçR;{kfgalk› dh vuqefr FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ esašpeM+s dk ç;ksx] tSls&HksM+] cdjs rFkk fgj.k ds peZ dk lhekUrns'kksa esa iyaxiks’k ¼coverlet½ ds :i esa ç;ksx dh vuqefr FkhA›

36

dPps ekal rFkk [kwu dk ç;ksx vekuqf"kd ¼non-human½ jksx ls xzLrgksus ij fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ,d tkrd esa ;g mYys[k fd;k x;kgS fd šdqN fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cksf/klÙo Hkh tho&gR;k dj ldrs

GS.III.273.33

H. Saddhatissa: Buddhist Ethics: Essence of Buddhism,34

New York: G. Braziller, 1970: 89.

Okgh.1970: 88.35

SBE.XVII.39.36


gSa]› fo'ks"kdj ogk¡ tgk¡ mudh tUedq.Myh esa nks"k gksA› ,d37 38

LFkku ij cksf/klÙo šfgj.k rFkk lwvj dh gR;k djrs gSa rFkk ekaldks idkdj [kkrs gSa]› mlds ckn nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk feydj39

,d pksj dks idM+rs gSa rFkk šmls ihVrs ,oa ck¡/krs gSaA› ,d lUnHkZ40

esa] cksf/klÙo ekal csprs fn[kk, x, gSaA blls Hkh vf/kd fojks/kkHkkl41

rc mRié gksrk gS tc cksf/klÙo ekalkgkjh i'kq ds :i esa tUe ysrsgSa rFkk u dsoy mUgsa vius fy, cfYd vius >qaM ds fy, Hkh gR;kdjuh iM+rh gSA dbZ ckj rks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa cksf/klÙo lpeqpgR;k rFkk f'kdkj dh rduhd esa fo'ks"kK fn[kk, x, gSaA ysfdu42

;gk¡ ij ;g è;ku j[kuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd tkrd vÎdFkk dh jpukcgqr ckn esa Jhyadk esa gqbZ FkhA

çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ dk š;q)] Ñf"k rFkk ekal&Hk{k.k dsçfr n`f"Vdks.k [kwuh cfy;ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd fefJr FkkA blus burhu çFkkvksa dks dHkh Hkh ân; ls ugha nqRdkjk] gkyk¡fd ;s lHkhtho&fgalk ds fy, vifjgk;Z :i ls nks"kh FksA› gkyk¡fd fHk{kqvksa dks43

lSfudksa ls ftruk gks lds nwj jgus ds fy, dgk x;k Fkk rFkk44

J.III.296.37

J.II.265.38

J.IV.272.39

J.I.219.40

J.I.295.41

,sls mnkgj.k tkrdksa esa dbZ txgksa ij feyrs gSaA42

cksf/klÙo 8 ckj ’ksj rFkk 3 ckj fx) ds :i esa tUe ysrs gSaA

I.B. Horner: šEarly Buddhism and Taking of Life,› D.R.43

Bhandarkar, K.A. Nilakanta Sastri et al (eds), B.C. Law Volume, I,Calcutta, 1945: 443.

Vin.IV.104-108.44


lSfudksa dks la?k esa lfEefyr ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk] fQj Hkh ckS)45

n`f"Vdks.k dqN fojks/kkHkklkRed çrhr gSA de ls de vçR;{k :ils] ckS) /keZ ;q) dk xq.kxku djrk çrhr gksrk gS rFkk fou; vkSjlqÙk fiVd esa ,sls dqN Li"V mnkgj.k gSa tgk¡ ;q) djusokys euq";ksarFkk lkefjd xq.kksa dh ç'kalk dh xbZ gS vkSj çfrLi/kkZvksa dk o.kZugSA ,slh cgqr&lh miek,¡ gSa tks fo'kq) :i ls lSU; çÑfr dh gSavkSj vDlj mudk ç;ksx fHk{kqvksa dks ;q) esa yM+us dh Hkk¡fr n`<+ jgusrFkk l'kL= lSfudksa ds leku vkè;kfRed ;q) djus gsrq mRlkfgrdjus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSA dqN ,slh tkrd dFkk,¡ gSa ftuesa46

cksf/klÙo š[;kfr ds fy,--- 'ka[kukn djrs gq, ;q) esa dwn iM+rsgSaA› blds ckotwn fd uxjksa esa vfgalk dk mn~?kks"k Mads dh pksV47

ij fd;k x;k ftls çkphu dky ds jktkvksa us lquk rFkk48 49

Hkwfeifr;ksa }kjk tkuojksa ds o/k ij çfrca/k yxk;k x;k] rc Hkh50

ckS) /keZ dqN gn rd gh vfgalk ds ckjs esa Hkkjrh; eukso`fÙk cnyldk rFkk dksbZ xEHkhj çHkko u NksM+ ldk D;ksafd tkuojksa dh fgalkde ls de v'kksd ds le; rd tksj&'kksj ls gksrh jghA laHkor%51

oSfnd ;Kksa dh yksdfç;rk esa deh ykus ds vfrfjDr] vU; {ks=ksa esagksusokyh fgalk esa ckS) /keZ dks lQyrk fuEufyf[kr nks dkj.kksa ls

SBE.XIII.196, 230.45

mnkgj.k ds fy, ns[ksa, A.II.116; III.89, 100, 161;46

J.II.276.

J.I.205-206.47

J.III.428, 434. 48

J.III.428. 49

J.IV.115. 50

I.B. Horner, Op. Cit: 348.51


cgqr de feyh &52

1- vke yksx rFkk 'kkld viuh egÙokdka{kk] vkuUn ;k vkthfodk dhiwfrZ ds bu rjhdksa dks NksM+uk ugha pkgrs FksA

2- cq) dksbZ ykSfdd jktk ugha Fks] vr% muds gkFkksa esa ,slh çR;{k 'kfDrugha Fkh ftlls os vke yksxksa ij çfrcU/kkRed fu;eksa rFkk n.Mksa dksykxw dj ikrs] tSlk fd mUgksaus vius fHk{kq la?k ds ekeys esa fd;k FkkA

erdHkÙk tkrd esa cksf/klÙo us gR;kjksa ds fo"k; esa lksprsgq, bPNk O;Dr dh gS% š;fn dsoy ;s çkf.k vius ikiksa ds ifj.kkedks tkurs] ’kk;n os fgalk ls nwj jg ldrs FksA› mUgksaus blh53

volj ij fuEufyf[kr mnku Hkh dgk %

š;fn yksx ek= ;g tkurs fd n.M ls nq%[knkbZ tUe gksxk]thfor çk.kh fgalk djuk NksM+ nsaxsA nq%[k oLrqr% gR;kdjusokyksa ds fy, gh gksrk gSA› 54

ckS) /keZ esa vfgalk ds fl)kUr ds nks igyw gSa% 1-udkjkRed ¼negative½] ,slh vfgalk tks d#.kk] vkRe&fujks/k rFkknq%[k&nnZ dks nwj djus dh bPNk ls çsfjr gksrh gS rFkk 2-ldkjkRed ¼positive½] ,slh vfgalk tks igys ds leku mís';] bPNkrFkk vfHkçk; ls çsfjr gksrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ldkjkRed fu"i{kfopkjksa ¼positive objective considerations½ dks /;ku esa j[kdj dhxbZ fgalk dks vfgalk dh gh vfHkO;fDr ekuk tkrk gSA vr% vfgalkdk }S/k fl)kUr ;FkkFkZoknh gS ¼dual concept on nonviolence is


J.I.168.53

J.I.168.54


realistic½A udkjkRed i{k bl rF; dh igpku ij vk/kkfjr gS fdokLrfod rkSj ij lkjk lalkj gh eR;q rFkk fouk'k ls vfHk’kIr gSAdksbZ Hkh bl lalkj esa fdlh u fdlh çdkj dh fgalk fd, fcukvius thou dks cuk, ugha j[k ldrkA vfgalk ds ldkjkRed igywesa uSfrd vkn'kZ dh çÑfr lfEefyr gS ftlds fcuk lkekftd]ekuoh; ;k varfj{kh; O;oLFkk ugha cuh jg ldrhA fgalk ls iw.kZr%nwj ugha jgk tk ldrk] vr% fo'ks"k ladViw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bllscpuk vlEHko gSA nwljs ’kCnksa esa] fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vfgalk dsudkjkRed igyw dk ç;ksx vifjgk;Z gSA vfgalk ds udkjkRedfl)kUr ds ç;ksx ds dbZ mnkgj.k nSfud thou esa ns[ks tk ldrsgSaA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] nnZ nwj djus dh n`f"V ls dh xbZ fgalk] ;kfL=;ksa ds lEeku dk fgald cpkoA ckS) /keZ euq"; rFkk tkuoj ,oaouLifr o cht vkfn ds chp fHkérk esa fo'okl djrk gSA gkyk¡fdnksuksa dks u"V djuk ;k mUgsa {kfr igq¡pkuk iki ekuk x;k gS] ysfduiki dh ek=k esa vUrj gSA ,d o`{k dks dkVus dh rqyuk esa fdlheuq"; dh gR;k esa vf/kd iki mikftZr gksrk gSA blh çdkj] ,slsvkneh dh gR;k] ftldk fnekx de fodflr gks] dh rqyuk esafodflr fnekx okys vkneh dh gR;k esa vf/kd iki mikftZr gksrkgSA

vfgalk dk ckS) fl)kUr rFkkdfFkr Ñf"k ØkfUr ls çR;{k:i ls tksM+ fn;k x;k gSA ;g Ñf"k ØkfUr egt ,d Hkzkafr gSA ;g55

fopkj fd tkuojksa dh vkfFZkd mi;ksfxrk ds dkj.k dqN gn rdcfy çFkk vyksdfç; gqbZ] dks 1940 bZñ ds nkSjku dqekjh vkbZñchñgkWuZj }kjk çfrikfnr fd;k x;k FkkA mlus çLrkfor fd;k Fkk fd

mnkgj.k ds fy, ns[ksa, R.S. Sharma: Material Culture55

and Social Formation in Ancient India, first edition, New Delhi:Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, paperback reprint, Madras:Macmillan, 1992: 96.


šc<+rs gq, bl vuqHko us fd cM+s iSekus ij cfy&çFkk dk çpyuvkè;kfRed rFkk vkfFZkd nksuks a gh :i ls ykHkdkjh ugha gS] blsm[kkM+ Qsadus esa fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk vnk dhA› gkyk¡fd gkWuZj ds rdZ56

esa dqN lPpkbZ gks ldrh gS] ijUrq vkfFZkd mi;ksfxrk rFkkcfy&çFkk dh vuqi;ksfxrk ds chp ds lEcU/k dks vR;f/kd ugha[khapk tkuk pkfg,A ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd cq) }kjk vfgalk dsçlkj ds ihNs vk/kkjHkwr rFkk rdZlaxr dkj.k d#.kk] n;k] misD[kk]esÙkk] lfg".kqrk rFkk löko Fks ftUgsa lkekU;r;k çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS)/keZ }kjk ç'kaflr fd;k x;k rFkk Js"B Qy rFkk ykHk ds :i esafy;k x;kA cq) us dsoy ØSf"kd i’kqvksa ds fy, gh ugha] cfYd57

gjsd dks šlHkh thoksa ds çfr vuUr eS=h&;qDr eu fodflr djusdks dgkA› cq) ;fn dsoy ØSf"kd i’kqvksa dh vpkud mRié gqbZ58

vko';drk ds ckjs esa gh fpfUrr gksrs rks os fu'p; gh bu tkuojksads ukeksa dks ml lwph esa 'kkfey dj ysrs ftu tkuojksa dsekal&Hk{k.k dks cq) us çfr"ks/k fd;k FkkA gesa ;g vo'; /;ku j[kukpkfg, fd buesa ls fdlh Hkh i'kq dk Ñf"k dk;ks± ls dksbZ ysuk nsukugha Fkk vkSj mudh gR;k ls Ñf"k dk;ksZa ij dksbZ çHkko ughaiM+usokyk FkkA lgh esa ns[kk tk, rks cq) us Ñf"k dk;ks± dks fgalk dkvifjgk;Z dkj.k ekuk D;ksafd muls thou u"V gksrk FkkA cq) us59

i'kq&cfy dh vkykspuk D;ksa dh] bldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd ;gvR;Ur funZ;h] vlaxr rFkk fujFkZd FkhA blds vykok] xk;¼fo'ks"kdj nq/kk: xk;) ftldk Ñf"k ds {ks= esa vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ;ksxnku Fkk] cgqr igys gh lajf{kr dh tk pqdh FkhA lqÙkfuikr esa


KS.V.149.57

SBE.X(2).25.58

Vin.IV.33.59


îqjkru czkã.kksa* ds ckjs esa dgk x;k gS fd os xk;ksa dks viusekrk&firk] HkkbZ&cU/kq] loZJs"B fe= rFkk lHkh LokLF;dkjh oLrqvksadk lzksr ekurs Fks vkSj blfy, ÑrKrko'k os xk;ksa dh gR;k dHkhugha djrs FksA cM+h ek=k esa gksusokyh i'kq&cfy dks de djus ds60

mís'; ls vkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; ckS) lkfgR; esa Hkh fn, x, lk{; ;gcrkrs gSa fd czkã.k leqnk;ksa ds ckgj lkekU; yksxksa esa i'kq&cfybruh ç'kaflr ugha FkhA blds vfrfjDr] nks fo|eku rF;ksa ds chp61

lEcU/k <w¡<+uk Hkh vius&vki esa tksf[ke Hkjk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,];fn ge ;g rdZ nsrs gSa fd švkt lekt esa cPpksa dh tUe nj dksde djus dh vko’;drk gS] czãp;Z dk ikyu cPpksa dh tUe&njdks de djus esa lgk;d gksxk] vr% ns'k dh eBh; ijEijk esa czãp;Zdk ikyu ns'k dh orZeku vkfFZkd vko';drk dks |ksfrr djrkgSA› ijUrq ge tkurs gSa fd ,slk ugha gSA62

;fn ikfy lkfgR; ds dFku] tks cq) }kjk mifn"V ’kCnekus tkrs gSa] dks çR;{k :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk, rks ;g rdZ fn;ktk ldrk gS fd cq) us tkuojksa ds ekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr nh FkhAijUrq D;k ;s Hkkx ikfy lkfgR; esa ckn esa tksM+s x, {ksid¼interpolation½ gSa\ ekal&Hk{k.k ds n`f"Vdks.k dh rh{k.k vkykspuk ,oa[k.Mu egk;ku lw=ksa] ftUgsa Hkh cq)opu ekuk tkrk gS] }kjk fd;kx;k gSA egk;ku lw= Li"V :i ls fo’okl fnykrs gSa fd ekal&Hk{k.kçFke f'k{kkin ds vfHkçk; rFkk mís'; ds çfrdwy gS D;ksafd ,slkdjusokyk tkuojksa dh fgalk dk lk/ku curk gS vkSj blfy, ;g

Sn.52.60

I.B. Horner, Op. Cit.: 442.61

G.C. Pande: šOn the Question of the Social Origins of62

Buddhism,› Mahesh Tiwary (ed), Bodhi-Ra„mi, New Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass, 1984: 6.


lHkh thoksa ds çfr d#.kk;qDr Hkkouk dk] ftldk ckS) /keZ esa eeZLFkku gS] mYya?ku djrk gSA D;k dksbZ fo'oluh; lk{; gS fd cq)us ekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr nh Fkh\ nqHkkZX;o'k fo}kuksa }kjkekal&Hk{k.k ij ckS) /keZ dh nks 'kk[kkvksa ds chp ds fookn ,oa Li"Vvlaxfr dks nwj djus dk dksbZ xaHkhj ç;kl ugha fd;k x;k gSAblds lkFk ;g ç'u Hkh mBrk gS fd D;k cq) dh eR;q lwvj dkekal [kkus ls gqbZ Fkh] tSlk fd dqN fo}kuksa }kjk nkok fd;k tkrkgS] ;k fQj fo"kkDr [kqaHkh ¼poisonous mushroom½ [kkus ls] tSlk fdvU; fo}kuksa }kjk dgk x;k gSA ;fn ikfy f=fiVd ds vuqlkj pyktk, rks ge ikrs gSa fd cq) us ekal&Hk{k.k ij çfrcU/k ugha yxk;kFkkA ,d fHk{kq dks štks dqN Hkh mlds fHk{kk&ik= esa Mkyk tk,]› mlsLohdkjus dh vuqefr FkhA vkSj fQj bl lEcU/k esa cq) ds ppsjs63

HkkbZ ,oa lkys nsonÙk dk mYys[k vkrk gS] tks laHkor% dqN Je.kksa,oa czkã.kksa }kjk ekal Hk{k.k ds çfr viuk, x, iw.kZ çfr"ks/k ls çsfjrFkkA mlus cq) dks pqukSrh nh rFkk mUgsa ekal&Hk{k.k ij iw.kZ çfrca/k64

yxkus dks dgkA cq) ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd vius dqNvuq;kf;;ksa }kjk lkFk NksM+ fn, tkus ij Hkh mUgksaus ,slk djus lseuk dj fn;kA cgqr&ls vU; lUnHkZ] ;|fi çlaxo'k gh] lR;kfir65

djrs gSa fd ekal&Hk{k.k lk/kkj.k jhfr&fjokt ekuk tkrk Fkk rFkkfHk{kqvksa }kjk fujUrj ekal rFkk eNyh [kkus dk miyC/k fooj.k blckr dks çdV djus ds fy, i;kZIr gS fd ekal&Hk{k.k muds Hkkstudk egÙoiw.kZ Hkkx FkkA ekal] eNyh] Qy] nqX/k&mRikn rFkk vukt]

SBE.III.155.63

C.S. Singh, šMeat-Eating and the Rule of64

Tiko—iparisuddha,› A.K. Narain (ed), Studies in PÈli and Buddhism,Delhi, 1979: 289-295.

SBE.XI.196ff; BD.I.297ff.65


fo'ks"kdj pkoy ml le; dh tula[;k dk eq[; Hkkstu Fkk rFkkcq) bl ckr ls fcYdqy vk’oLr Fks fd 'kq)rk [kk|&inkFkks± ijfuHkZj ugha djrh] cfYd ;g 'kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk lnkpkj ds66

ml vkpj.k ds fu;a=.k ls lEHko gksrh gS tks euq"; dks nwf"kr djrkgSA67

ikfy ckS) /keZ esa fHk{kqvksa dks fuEufyf[kr vioknksa¼exceptions½ ds lkFk ekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr nh xbZ gS%

1- fdlh fHk{kq }kjk bu rhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekal ugha [kk;ktkuk pkfg,] ;fn mlus ns[kk] lquk ;k lUnsg fd;k gks fdekal fdlh tkuoj dh gR;k dj fo'ks"kr;k mlds fy, çkIrfd;k x;k gS] vFkkZr~ fHk{kq ds fufeÙk tkuoj dh gR;k dhxbZ gSA ;g frdksfVifjlq) ¼vFkkZr~ rhu rjg ls 'kq)½ dk68

fu;e dgykrk gSA bl çdkj ikfy ckS) /keZ ds vuqlkj]fHk{kqvksa dks fdlh iki ;k fgalk ds fy, ftEesokj ughaBgjk;k tk ldrk ;fn ekal dh çkfIr fdlh O;fDr }kjktkucw>dj fdlh tkuoj dks mUgsa f[kykus ds fy, ekj djdh xbZA69

2- dPps ekal ds ç;ksx dh vuqefr ugha FkhA ijUrq chekjh dh70

voLFkk esa šdPps ekal rFkk [kwu dk Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tk

M.I.80.66

A.I.221.67

MLS.II.33; BD.I.298.68

šnq"V migkj ds fy, viuh iRuh ;k csVs dh gR;k dj69

nsa] rc Hkh] ;fn fHk{kq [kk ysa] iki ugha gksrkA› ¼J.II.182).

D.II.5.70


ldrk gSA› cq) us fHk{kqvksa dks ;g vuqefr Hkh ns nh Fkh71

fd os šflagksa] ck?kksa] yôM+cX?kksa rFkk HksfM+;kas }kjk ekjs x,tkuojksa ds vo'ks"kksa dks idk rFkk [kk ldrs gSaA› cq) us72

bldh Hkh vuqefr nh Fkh fd š;fn mfpr le; ij feys rksrsy ds :i esa Hkkyqvksa] eNfy;ksa] exjksa] lwvjksa] rFkk x/kkasdh pchZ dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA› okLro esa]73

eNyh rFkk ekal dk mYys[k mu ik¡p Js"B ,oa Lokfn"VHkkstuksa ¼ikf.krHkkstuh;½ esa fd;k x;k ftUgsas ,d chekj fHk{kqdks [kkus dh vuqefr FkhA74

3- fofHké dkj.kksa ls fuEufyf[kr nl thoksa dk ekal [kkuk HkhfHk{kqvksa ds fy, euk Fkk % vkneh] gkFkh] ?kksM+k] dqÙkk] lk¡i]75

'ksj] ck?k] phrk] Hkkyw rFkk yôM+cX?kkAgkyk¡fd frdksfVifjlq) ds fu;e us fHk{kqvksa dks ekal&Hk{k.k

ds fy, tkuojksa dh gR;k ds fy, çR;{k :i esa lgk;d gksus lscpk, j[kk rFkk dqN gn rd bl fu;e dh šlkekftd :i lsvLohdk;Z thoksa ds ekal&Hk{k.k dh eukgh }kjk dfe;k¡ nwj dj nha]›76

fQj Hkh ikfy ckS) /keZ dk ekal&Hk{k.k rFkk vfgalk ds çfr joS;kfdafpr~ fojks/kkHkkliw.kZ çrhr gksrk gSA egk;ku lw=ksa esa ikfy ckS) /keZdh ekal&Hk{k.k ds fy, ?kksj fuaík dh xbZ gSA frdksfVifjlq) dsfu;e us Hkys gh fHk{kqvksa dks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds iki ls eqDr dj

SBE.XVII.49.71

BD.I.98.72

SBE.VII.43.73

IkkfreksD[k] ikfpfÙk; /kEe laå 33A74

SBE.XVII.85.75

C.S. Prasad, Op. Cit: 104-05.76


fn;k gks] ijUrq muds }kjk Lo;a dlkb;ksa dh ?kksj fuUnk dh xbZ gSAblfy, vktdy cM+h la[;k esa Fksjoknh fHk{kqvksa dks ekal dkjlkLoknu ysrs vDlj ns[kk tk ldrk gSA os ekal&Hk{k.k dks udsoy bl vk/kkj ij mfpr Bgjkrs gSa fd ikfy xzUFkksa esa cq) }kjkekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr fn, tkus ds mYys[k gSa] dsoy os bl rF;dk fujiokn :i ls mYys[k djrs gSa fd oLrqr%] cq) dh eR;q pqUnuked vius ,d vuq;k;h ds ?kj lwvj dk ekal ¼tks fd lM+k gqvkFkk rFkk ftlus cq) dks fo"kkDr dj fn;k Fkk½ [kkus ds ifj.kkeLo:igqbZ FkhA blds vkxs os rdZ nsrs gSa fd fHk{kq yksx fcuk fdlh ilUn;k ukilUn ds tks dqN mUgsa fn;k tkrk gS] mls ÑrKrkiwoZdLohdkj djrs gSaA cq) ds ,sls fofHké oDrO;ksa rFkk fØ;kfof/k;ksa dkç;ksx Hkh os ekal&Hk{k.k dks oS/k Bgjkus ds fy, djrs gSa] ftulsyxrk gS fd fn, tkus ij cq) Lo;a ekal [kkrs Fks] vr% fu'p; ghmUgsa Hkh ¼fHk{kqvksa dks Hkh½ ,slk djus dh vuqefr gSA egkifjfuCckulqÙkar dk çklafxd Hkkx bl çdkj gS%

šrc pqUn us Hkxoku dks lEcksf/kr fd;k vkSj dgk]

šHkxoku vius fHk{kq la?k ds lkFk esjs ?kj dy dk Hkkstu

dj esjk lEeku djsaA› rFkk Hkxoku us pqi jgdj viuhlgefr nh--- jkf= ds chrus ij pqUn yksgkj us vius ?kj

ehBs pkoy rFkk lwdjeío rS;kj djok;kA›77

fo}kuksa }kjk lwdjeío ds dbZ vFkZ crk, x, gSaA ,pñ QzSads ¼H.

Franke½ us bldk vFkZ šlwvj dk eqyk;e ekal› crk;k gSA vkFkZj~78

osyh ¼Arthur Waley½ lwdjeío dh pkj O;k[;k,¡ nsrs gSa% lwvj dk

D.II.126-27.77

PED: s.v. SÊkara. Oldenberg ¼Ibid.½ rFkk tsñ ,Qñ ¶yhV78

¼J.F. Fleet½ ¼JRAS: 1906: 656, 881½ muls lger gSaA


,d eqyk;e Hkkstu ¼lwvj }kjk [kk;k tkus okyk Hkkstu½] lwvj dkvkuUn ¼lwvj dk ,d euilUn Hkkstu½] lwvj ds 'kjhj dk ,deqyk;e fgLlk] ;k lwvj ls eFkk gqvk ¼lwvj }kjk yrkM+k gqvkHkkstu½A ikfy esa ,sls cgqr ls fefJr 'kCn gSa ftudk ,d Hkkx79

^lwdj* ¼lwvj½ ls cuk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lekl 'kCn^lwdj&lkfy* dk ç;ksx ikfy lkfgR; esa ,d çdkj ds taxyh pkoyds fy, fd;k x;k gSA dsñbZñ U;qeé ¼K.E. Neumann½ us] tSlk fd 80

vkFkZj~ osyh }kjk m)`r fd;k x;k gS] šn'kkZ;k gS fd ujgfj dsjtuh?karq esa of.Zkr vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa ds ukeksa esa fefJr 'kCnksa dh ,dJà[kyk mfYyf[kr gS] ftudk çFke vo;o ^lwvj* gS] tSls&^lwdj&dUn* ¼’kdjdUn½] ^lwdj&ifnd* ¼lwvj dk iSj½] ^lwdjs"V*¼lwvjksa }kjk bfPNr½ A vfUre 'kCn dh lekurk ds vk/kkj ij U;weéus ^lwdj&eío* dk vFkZ ^lwvj dk vkuUn* crk;k gS rFkk ;g ekursgSa fd ;g ,d çdkj ds dod ¼truffle½ dk uke gS--- ikS/kkas ds ukevDlj LFkkuh; rFkk {ks=h; cksfy;ksa esa gksrs gSaA bl ckr dh cM+hlaHkkouk gS fd ;fn bl çdkj dh vfHkO;fDr tSls ^lwvj&eío* dkvFkZ ex/k esa šdod› Fkk] rks bldh Hkh laHkkouk gS fd lqnwj if'pehrFkk nf{k.kh dsUæksa] tgk¡ ikfy ckS) /keZ igq¡pk] blls iw.kZr% vufHkKFks rFkk ifj.kkeLo:i bldk xyr vFkZ yxk;k x;kA› oLrqr% Vhñ81

MCY;wñ jk;l MsfoM~l us bldk vFkZ ^dod dh ek=k* ¼quantity of

truffles½ crk;k gSA lwvj ds ekal ds fy, ikfy esa ^lwdjeal*82

Ivan Morris, Madly Singing in the Mountains: An79

Appreciation and Anthology of Arthur Waley: 342.

J.VI.531.80

R.P. Kapleau: 24 ij m)`rA81

DB.II.137.82


uked 'kCn dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA ,M~oMZ FkkWel ¼Edward83

Thomas½ us lgh gh fufnZ"V fd;k gS fd š'kCn--- Li"V :i lslwdjeal ¼lwvj dk ekal½ ugha gS] ftldh fd ge mEehn djrs] ;fn;gh lanHkZ gksrkA› Jherh lhñ,ñ,Qñ jk;l MsfoM~l us rdZ çLrqr84

fd;k gS fd š,d Hkkstu ds uke ds :i esa lekl ’kCn lwdjeal dkf=fiVd esa ,d ckj gh ,d xkS.k egÙo ds lqÙk esa o.kZu vk;k gS]tgk¡ fd ,d xgLFk xkSre dks Hkkstu ds fy, vkeaf=r djrs gq,lhfer C;ksjs esa Hkkstu&lwph dks cksyrk gSA eío dgha fdlh vU;txg ekal ds lkFk ugha tksM+k x;k gS] rFkk VhñMCY;wñ jk;l MsfoM~ldk fopkj rdZlaxr çrhr gksrk gS fd ;gk¡ gesa og HkksT; inkFkZ--- tksfd dUn&ewy dk gS] tSls dod tks lwvjksa dks vR;f/kd ilUn gksrkgS] rFkk laHkkouk gS fd mls gh lwvj dk vkuUn ¼pig's joy½ dgkx;k gksA bl çdkj dk dUn&ewy lgh esa gekjs ikl gS ftldhvkykspdksa dks tkudkjh ugha Fkh& gekjs dk"BQy ¼earth nuts½&

NksVs fxjhnkj Qy ds vkdkj dh dUn;qDr ¼bulbous½ tM+sa gSa& ftUgsalwvj rFkk cPps] nksuksa gh ilUn djrs gSaA› lwdjeío dk vFkZ85

šlwvj dk ekal› u gksus dk ,d vkSj egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k Hkh gSA pqUnus cq) dks vius ?kj ij vkeaf=r fd;k FkkA mlus cq) dks lwvj dkekal ugha f[kyk;k gksxk] D;ksafd ;g frdksfVifjlq) fu;e dk lkQmYya?ku gksrkA tgk¡ rd cq) dh Hkkstu&laca/kh vko';drkvksa dh86

Lkaié&dksya lwdjeal ¼csj&;qDr lwvj&ekal½ ¼A.III.49½.83

Edward Thomas, The Life of the Buddha, London:84

Routledge, 1949: 149.

C.A.F. Rhys Davids, A Manual of Buddhism, London:85

Sheldon, 1932: 260.

;fn ;g eku Hkh fy;k tk, fd cq) us Lo;a86

frdksfVifjlq) fu;e cuk;k FkkA


ckr gS] cq) dks Hkkstu ds fy, vkeaf=r djusokyk vDlj igysvkuUn ls lEidZ djrk FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fou;&fiVd esaof.Zkr vkuUn ,oa ,d czkã.k ds chp gq, okrkZyki ls ,slk fcYdqyLi"V gks tkrk gS%

šesjs fç; vkuUn] ;fn eSa ¼fHk{kqvksa ds fy,½ [khj rFkk e/kqfi.McuokÅ¡] rks D;k vknj.kh; xkSre eq>ls ;g Lohdkjdjsaxs\›

šcgqr vPNk czkã.k! eSa çHkq ls iwNw¡xkA› rFkk vkuUn us ;g ckr çHkqdks crkbZA

šcgqr vPNk vkuUn! mls ¼os [kk| inkFkZ½ rS;kj djus nsaA›

šcgqr vPNk czkã.k! rqe ¼mu [kk| inkFkks± dks½ rS;kj dj ldrs

gksA›87

,slk dguk fd cq) us ekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr dqN fuf'prifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj nh] Lohdkj djuk cgqr dfBu gSAml O;fDr] ftlus i'kq&cfy rFkk ekal cspus] f'kdkj djus vkSjQansckt+h tSls f?kukSus /ka/kksa dh dM+s ’kCnksa esa fuUnk dh gks] mlds fy,;g dYiuk djuk dfBu gS fd mUgksaus mUgha tkuojksa ds ekal dkLokn fy;k gksA og çR;sd euq"; tks ekal [kkrk gS] pkgs dksbZtkuoj fo'ks"k :i ls mlds fy, ekjk x;k gks ;k ugha] og ekal dsO;kikj esa lgk;d gksrk gS rFkk funksZ"k tkuojksa dh fueZe gR;k esaHkkxhnkj gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] tks cq) dh thfor çkf.k;ksa dsçfr foy{k.k d#.kk rFkk çse ls lEcfU/kr vusd o`ÙkkUrksa ls voxrgS] og ;g dYiuk Hkh ugha dj ldrk fd cq) us mUgha çkf.k;ksa dsekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr nh gksA thfor çkf.k;ksa dks fdlh çdkj dhgkfu u igq¡ps] blds fy, og brus fpafrr jgrs Fks fd mUgksaus

SBE.XVII.88.87


fHk{kqvksa dks ikuh Hkh Nku dj ihus ds fy, dgk rkfd ikuh esajgusokys lw{e thoksa dh vutkus esa gqbZ gR;k ls cpk tk lds! fHk{kqvius çf'k{k.k] pkfjf=d 'kfDr rFkk thou&mís'; esa tu&lk/kkj.kls fHké rFkk n`<+fu’p; okys gksus ds dkj.k vf/kd vPNh çdkj lsbfUæ; lq[k] ftlls fd vke yksx o'khHkwr gks tkrs gSa] muls Lo;adks cpk ldrs gSaA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd lacaf/kr xzUFkksa ds ys[kdksaus ekal&Hk{k.k ls lEcfU/kr Hkkxksa dks f=fiVd esa ckn esa tksM+ fn;kx;kA yxHkx 300 o"kks± ls vf/kd rd /keZxzUFk ekSf[kd ijEijk esagLrkarfjr gksrs jgs rFkk bl dky ds nkSjku ,slk vUrosZ’ku gks x;kgksxkA

iqÙkeal lqÙk esa cq) us vius f'k";ksa dks mifn"V fd;k gS fd

Bksl Hkkstu ¼doyhdkj vkgkj½ vkuUn ¼nok;½] vklfDr ¼enk;½]vius dks l¡okjus ¼e.Muk;½ ;k viuh lqUnjrk ¼foHkwluk;½ ds fy,ugha] cfYd ek= thou dh vko';drk ds :i esa fy;k tkukpkfg,A tcfd ;g Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fd thou dks cuk, j[kus88

ds fy, Hkkstu eq[; vko';drk gS] ogha bls ykyp dk eq[; lzksr,oa ml oLrq ds leku ekuk x;k gS ftlls Lokn dk vuqHko r`".kkesa ifjofrZr rFkk fodflr gks tkrk gSA vr% dbZ voljksa ij Hkkstuds lEcU/k esa vYikgkj dh odkyr dh xbZ gS] gkyk¡fd dHkh HkhvkRe&neu ¼vÙkfdyeFk½ ds Lrj rd ughaA vkn'kZ fHk{kq mls crk;kx;k gS tks deZ rFkk opu esa fu;af=r] Hkkstu ds çfr la;fer¼dk;xqÙkks] ophxqÙkks] vkgkjs mnjs ;rks )] gYds mnjokyk] vYikgkjh]89

vklkuh ls larq"V gksusokyk rFkk 'kkUr fpÙkokyk gks ¼vuwnjks]ferkgkjks] vfIiPN^Ll vyksyqiks ½ A nwljh vksj] oSls O;fDr dk] tks90

S.II.98-100.88

S.I.172; Sn.78.89

Okgh.707.90


Hkkstu esa la;e u cjrrk gks] o.kZu ml O;fDr ds leku fd;k x;kgS tks fcuk lksps&le>s rFkk cqf)ghu rjhds ls Hkkstu vkuUn] eku]ltkoV] Jàxkj] vR;f/kd ykypo'k Hkkstu xzg.k djrk gksA91

og /keZ] tkss vius n'kZu dk vk/kkj esÙkk] d#.kk] eqfnrk rFkkmisD[kk dks cukdj lHkh thoksa ds dY;k.k ¼lCcik.k&Hkwr&

fgrkuqdfEiu~ ½ dh dkeuk djrk gks] ftlds laLFkkid çfrfnu92

lalkj dk losZ{k.k mu thoksa dh [kkst ds fy, djrs gksa ftUgsa mudhn;k rFkk enn pkfg, ] mlus ekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr nh gks ,slk93

ugha gks ldrkA ,d vPNk ckS) ftlls ;g vk'kk dh tkrh gks fdog d#.kk ds çfr nÙkfpÙk gks ¼d#.kkf/keqÙk ½] mlds ckjs esa ;g94

lkspuk Bhd çrhr ugha gksrk fd og viuk thou ekal [kkdj th,]pkgs og ekal fdlh Hkh çdkj çkIr fd;k x;k gksA dlkb;ksa]f'kdkfj;ksa rFkk eNqvkjksa dks NksM+dj] tks Hkkstu ds fy, fgalk djrsgSa] ekal&Hk{k.k djusokys vf/kdka'k yksx vçR;{k :i ls tkuojksa dhfgalk rFkk cckZnh ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA ysfdu rc Hkh mUgsa çFkef'k{kkin ds çfr de mÙkjnk;h ugha ekuk tk ldrkA bl çdkjikfy f=fiVd ds os lHkh Hkkx] tks çR;{k ;k vçR;{k :i lsekal&Hk{k.k dh vuqefr ¼ftuesa frdksfVifjlq) dk fu;e Hkh 'kkfeygS½ nsrs gSa] dks vko';d :i ls ekalkgkjh fHk{kqvksa }kjk cq) dsegkifjfuokZ.k ds ckn tksM+s x, {ksid ds :i esa ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A

Pug.21; tr.31.91

S.IV.314; A.II.210, III.92, IV.249; Pug.57, 68.92

D.II.237; Ps.I.126f; DhA.I.26, 367; PvA.61, 195.93

D.II.241f.94

4

efgykvksa ds çfr #[k

efgykvksa ds çfr çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) #[k dk foospu djrs le;;g /;ku nsuk vko’;d gS fd fo'o dk bfrgkl iq#"kksa dk bfrgkljgk gS D;ksafd bls efgykvksa dh dksbZ ppkZ fd, cxSj fy[kk x;k FkkAlekt esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dkQh lhfer] f?klh&fiVh o fuEuLrj dh jgh gSA ekuo&tkfr dh Hkk"kk] LakLÑfr o fopkj&i)fr;k¡iq#"kksa dh gh jpuk,¡ gSaA bl çdkj] bl fo'o dh jpuk o çxfr esa1

efgykvksa dks Hkkxh ekuus ds ctk, iq#"kksa us mUgsa fofp= o ck/kdoLrq ds :i esa ns[kk gSA os vius thou esa dqN T;knk ik Hkh ughaldrh Fkha D;ksafd mudh igq¡p ux.; oLrqvksa rd gh lhfer FkhAmuds thou dh /kkjk] tUe ls eR;q rd] firk] Hkkb;ksa o vUrr%ifr;ksa ds v/khu Fkh tkss ljdkjsa cukus o lsukvksa dh jpuk djusokysiq#"k gh FksA bl rjg dh iq#"k&ç/kku nqfu;k esa efgyk&i{kh; #[kdh cgqr T;knk vk’kk ugha dh tk ldrh Fkh D;ksafd iq#"kksa dks ges’kk;g Lohdkj djus esa dfBukbZ vuqHko gqbZ gS fd efgyk,¡ Hkh iq#"kksadh rjg vuqjkx o ihM+k rFkk fodkl o {k; dk f’kdkj gks ldrhgSaA ;g ns[kus ;ksX; gS fd vf/kdrj /kkfeZd ijaijkvksa esa] ftUgksaus HkhvfHkys[ku fd;k mUgksaus efgykvksa dh vis{kk dsoy iq#"kksa ds vuqHkoksao ekufld Nfo;ksa dk gh vfHkys[ku fd;kA blfy, ;g

bl çdkj dh /kkj.kk dh vkn’kZ vfHkO;fDr dks fleksu n cksoqvk1

¼Simone de Beauvoir, Second Sex, New York: Knopf, 1953½ rFkkMkSjWFkh ls;j ¼Dorothy Sayer, Are Women Human?, Grand Rapids:

Eerdmans, 1971½ tSlh ukjhoknh cqf)thfo;ksa dh jpukvksaa esa ns[kk tkldrk gSA


vk'p;Ztud ugha fd fofHké /keks± ds xzaFk iq#"k&ç/kku pfj=ksa] fo"k;ksao dYiukvksa ij gh dsafnzr gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd tc efgykvksa ds ckjs esalwpuk ntZ dh Hkh xbZ rks ckn ds O;k[;kdkjksa us mls lkeqnkf;dpsruk o Le`fr esa cuk, j[kus dh vksj /;ku ugha fn;kA nq%[k dhckr gS fd orZeku ikf.MR; dk /;ku Hkh /kkfeZd ijaijkvksa dh rjgeq[;rkSj ij iq#"k uk;dksa ds fooj.k ij gh dsafnzr gSA iq#"k&dsafnzr'kks/k djus o lkspus dh vknr ¼ftlesa lkekU;r;k ukjhokn 'kkfeyugha gS½ vk/kqfud ikf.MR; esa bruh xgjkbZ ls LFkkfir gS fdvf/kdrj fo}ku blls lpeqp vufHkK gSaA

vkSipkfjd lekurk o f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj ds ckotwn] gekjslekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vc Hkh v/khuLFk dh gSA mulseq[;r;k ;gh vk’kk dh tkrh gS fd os cPps iSnk djds mudkikyu&iks"k.k djsaA ,sls fpUru dk ifj.kke gS& ,d lqjf{kr xfg.kho ekrk dk lqçfl) e/;oxhZ; vkn'kZ & ,d ,slk vkn'kZ ftls2

çkphu lanHkks± esa lh/kk efgykvksa ij mrkj fn;k tkrk gSA dqNbôk&nqôk lq;ksX; efgykvksa ¼women worthies½ dh tgk¡&rgk¡mifLFkfr dk Hkh efgykvksa dh laiw.kZ fLFkfr ;k muds çfr iq#"kksa ds#[k ij dksbZ n`f"Vxkspj çHkko fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rkA blfy,]ekuo&tkfr dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, ,d ,sls çfreku dhvko’;drk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d fyax dks dsanz esa rFkk nwljs dksfdukjs ij j[kus lss lqfuf’pr rkSj ij cpk tk ldsA bl rjg dk3

çfreku ;g Lohdkjsxk fd ekuo nks fyaxksa ds gaS vkSj nksuksa esa leku:i dh ekuoh;rk gSA ;g çfreku bl rF; dh Hkh igpku djsxkfd çR;sd lekt esa fyax&vk/kkfjr Hkwfedkvksa o ekU;rkvksa us iq#"kksa

Well-known bourgeois ideal of the protected housewife and2

mother.

For the proper understanding of humanity, there is the need3

of a model which would strictly avoid placing one gender in the

centre and the other on the fringes.

efgykvksa ds çfr #[k 121

o efgykvksa dks ftruk ,d&nwljs ls vyx o fHké fn[kk;k gS mrusos tSfod rkSj ls ugha gaSA ysfdu u rks ekuoh; l`tukRedrk4

vkSj u gh mldk vuqHko fyax&fujis{k gSa rFkk ftl nqfu;k esa5

ekuo jgrs o ,d&nwljs dks çokfHkr djrs gSa mls le>us ds fy,fyax o ySafxd xfrfof/k;k¡ egÙoiw.kZ ifjorZuh;&?kVd gSaSaA bl6

çdkj] ,slk çfreku ml ekuoh; l`tukRedrk dh vfHkO;fDr] pkgsog dykRed] lkekftd ;k ckSf)d gks] dh igpku djsxk] tks nksuksagh fyaxksa }kjk jph o vuqHko dh xbZ gksA 7

mi;qZDr rF; ds lanHkZ esa] geus fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kks± dkfoLrkj o foospu fd;k gS%1- xkSre cq) ds tUe ds le; rd] iq#"k&ç/kkurk o

fir`lÙkkRedrk Hkkjrh; lekt ds eq[; LraHk cu pqds Fksftlesa ifjokj tSls ,d lkekftd <k¡ps ds ek/;e lsefgykvksa dks fu;af=r o lqjf{kr j[kuk vfr vko’;d ekuktkus yxk FkkA yM+dh dk tUe u dsoy vfufPNr] cfYdnqHkkZX;iw.kZ Hkh ekuk tkrk FkkA cgqiRuh&çFkk] gje oos';ko`fÙk tSlh efgykvksa dks fuEuhÑr djusokyh lkekftddqjhfr;k¡ Hkkjrh; lkekftd o vkfFkZd thou dk vfHké vaxcu pqdh FkhaA iRuh dh fiVkbZ vke ckr Fkh vkSj ,slh

Gender roles and stereotypes in every society have shown4

men and women as more distinct and divergent from each other thanis biologically dictated.

However, neither human creativity nor its experience are5

gender neutral.

The concepts of gender and sexuality are crucial variables6

in the understanding of the world in which humans live and interact.

Such a model would also acknowledge that expression of7

human creativity, whether it is artistic, social or intellectual, is bothcreated and experienced by gendered sexual beings.


efgyk dks ,d vkn’kZ iRuh ekuk tkrk Fkk tks [kqn dks ifrds lkeus iwjh rjg lefiZr dj nsrh Fkh] mls iwtrh¼ifrnsork ½ Fkh vkSj mlds pj.kksa esa fxjdj8

¼iknifjpkfjdk ½ [kqn dks /kU; le>rh FkhA ,slh fL=;k¡9

vkn'kZ iRuh ekuh tkrh FkhaA ngst ¼bfRFk/ku ½ vkt dh gh10

rjg ,d lPpkbZ Fkh vkSj efgyk,¡ ;nk&dnk oLrqvksa dhrjg Hkh csph tkrh FkhaA fou; esa ,sls czkã.kksa ds dbZ11

mnkgj.k gSa ftUgksaus fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks os';k,¡ dgkA ;s dgkfu;k¡cq) dky ds nkSjku czkã.k lEcU/kh lkekftd okrkoj.k esafHk{kqf.k;ksa dh ,d >yd çLrqr djrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,%

vc ml le; dbZ fHk{kqf.k;k¡ dks'ky çns'k gksrs gq, JkoLrhtk jgh Fkha] 'kke esa fdlh xk¡o igq¡pus ij mUgksaus ,dczkã.k ifjokj esa jkr fcrkus gsrq ’kj.k ek¡xhA rc mlczkã.kh us bu fHk{kqf.k;ksa ls ;g dgk% Þvki rc rd çrh{kk dhft,] tc rd czkã.k vk ughatkrsAß rc og czkã.k jkr esa vkrk gS vkSj czkã.kh ls iwNrk gS%ÞdkSu gSa ;s\ßÞLokeh] ;s fHk{kqf.k;k¡ gSaAß;g dgrs gq,] Þbu flj&eaqMh jafM;ksa dks ckgj fudkyks]ß ogmUgsa ?kj ls ckgj fudky nsrk gSA 12

2- xkSre cq) vkSj mUgha dh rjg fopkj j[kusokys vkuUn tSlsmuds f'k";ksa dk efgykvksa ds çfr cM+k gh ldkjkRed o

J.II.406; VvA.128.8

S.I.125; J.II.95, VI.268; DhA.II.194.9

Vin.II.116.10

bfRFk;ks fofôf.k; Hk.Mua ¼DhA.I.390½] Hk.Mkua mÙkea ¼S.I.43½A11

SBB.XII.275.12


Økafrdkjh #[k FkkA cq) us iq#"kksa o efgykvksa nksuksa dsleku fgr ds fy, vius la?k ds njokts [kksysA ;g ,d,slk #[k Fkk tks ml le; ds fy, ,d vlk/kkj.k ckr FkhvkSj ftls cq) ds vkykspdksa us ,d mxz o [krjukd dneekukA cq) o vkuUn }kjk ,sls #[k dks viuk;k tkukijaijkxr fyaxh; foÑfr ls ijs ln~xq.k o vk/;kfRedlaHkkouk dks igpkuus dh vksj ls fd, x, ç;klksa dksçfrfcafcr djrk gSA cM+h la[;k esa efgykvksa us bl voljdk ykHk mBk;kA cq) us ukjh dks Kkuh] ekr`Ro'khy]l`tukRed] Hkæ o lfg".kq ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;kA cq) dhf'k";kvksa esa dbZ ,slh efgyk,¡ Fkha tks eufld ,oa nSfgdnq%[kksa] tks ekuoh; vfLrRo ds ;FkkFkZ gSa] ls iw.kZ eqDr gksdjvgZr~ cuhaA dqN fHk{kqf.k;ksa dh viuh [kqn dh f'k";k,¡ FkhavkSj os u dsoy /kEe ds çfriknu esa l{ke Fkha] cfYd cq);k muds dqN nwljs ofj"B fHk{kqvksa dh e/;LFkrk ds fcuk Hkhnwljh çfrHkfxfu;ksa dks iw.kZ eqfDr fnyk ldrh FkhaA ;gekuus ds i;kZIr çek.k gSa fd lcls vkjafHkd eBh; lewg esaefgyk,¡ u dsoy Li"V :i ls mifLFkr Fkha] cfYd drkZ of'k{kd ds :i esa Hkh mUgsa çeq[k o lEEkkutud LFkku çkIrFkkA bl ckr dks vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd cq)us fHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk djds efgykvksa ds fy, u,f{kfrtksa dks [kksykA efgykvksa ds fy, ;g lkekftd ovk/;kfRed méfr ml le; dh n`f"V ls dkQh vkxs FkhvkSj blfy, iq#"kksa] fo’ks"kdj fHk{kqvksa] us bl ij xaHkhjvkifÙk dh gksxhA ysfdu cq) ds çHkkoh o 'kfDr'kkyhO;fDrRo us ,slh vkifÙk;ksa dks ikl ugha QVdus fn;kgksxkA gekjs fopkj esa] egkçtkifr xkSreh ls lacaf/kr vkBfu;eksa lfgr dbZ çfrca/k o çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;k¡] ftudklanHkZ vkjafHkd ckS) lkfgR; esa feyrk gS] cq) dh eR;q dsckn efgykvksa ij Fkksih xbZ Fkha vkSj bl çdkj ;segkifjfuokZ.k ds ckn ds dky ds {ksid FksA dbZ çdkj dh


çfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa o mRihM+uksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh] fogkjksa esaf'k{kk vkSj [kkyh le; dh lqfo/kk ds lkFk&lkFk O;fDrxruSfrd loksZPprk dh Hkkouk us vusd efgykvksa dks ,dlaxfBr thou dh vKkr laHkkoukvksa dh vksj çsfjr fd;kgksxkA fogkjksa esa efgyk,¡ ?kj ls ckgj dh xfrfof/k;ksa esalfØ; gks ldrh Fkha] tSls& /keZçpkj] laxBukRed dkS'kyksadk fodkl] vkSj rks vkSj] ,slk okrkoj.k ftlesa os viuhmiyfC/k;ksa dk vuqHko dj ldrh FkhaA nqHkkZX;o'k]fHk{kq.kh&la?k T;knk le; rd thfor ugha jg ldkA

3- cq) dh eR;q ds ckn de&ls&de] tgk¡ rd efgykvksa dkç'u gS] ,d 'kwU; mRié gqvkA cq) tSls egku O;fDrRo dsvHkko esa vkuUn tSls efgykvksa ds eqëh Hkj cps leFkZdksa dksla?k ds mu Hkhrjh rÙoksa us vfHkHkwr dj fn;k] tks efgykvksads ços'k dks ,d vieku dh ckr ekurs FksA ;g jktxg esavk;ksftr igyh ckS) laxhfr esa fo’ks"k :i ls eq[kj gqvktgk¡ la?k esa efgykvksa ds ços'k ds fy, vkuUn dksmÙkjnk;h Bgjkdj mudh dM+h vkykspuk dh xbZAegkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj dky esa] ckS) la?k ,d ,slh laLFkk cux;k ftl ij ,d cM+s ’kfä’kkyh mHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkkRed'kfDr&<k¡ps ¼androcentric-patriarchal power structure½dk çHkqRo FkkA bl rjg dh ekufldrk ds }kjk ckS)lkfgR; dk laiknu o la'kks/ku fd;k x;kA dky ds mlhpØ esa ckS) la?k us czkã.kokn ds efgyk&fojks/kh #[k dksxys yxk;k ftlus Ykxkrkj efgykvksa dks viw.kZ] nq"V] uhp]diVh] fo/oald] fo'okl?kkrh] uedgjke] vfo'oklh]pfj=ghu] fxjh gqbZ] dkeqd] bZ";kZyq] ykyph] csyxke] ew[kZo fQ+t++wy[+kphZyh tSls fo'ks"k.kksa ls foHkwf"kr fd;k FkkA bl13

GS.I.93; KS.I.146; J.I.111, 285, II.474, 478, 527,13

IV.124-25.


#[k ls ;g fo'okl l’kä gqvk fd efgyk,¡ iq#"kksa }kjkdqpyh] fu;af=r o foftr dh tk,a¡ bl çdkj ds rdZ usfHk{kq.kh&la?k ds vfLrRo dks çR;{kr% tM+ ls m[kkM+ QsadkvkSj efgykvksa ds vfLrRo dks gkf'k;s ij yk [kM+k fd;kA efgykvksa ds çfr çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) #[k dk ewY;kadu

djrs le; ;g /;ku j[kuk t:jh gS fd gekjh vf/kdrj O;k[;kla?k o blds lnL;ksa ds dk;Zdykiksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA cq) ;k fQjla?k dk o`gr~ lekt dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij vR;Ur de ;k fQj ugha dscjkcj fu;a=.k FkkA ysfdu nwljh rjQ] lekt ckS) la?k ds QSlyksadks dbZ çdkj ls çHkkfor dj ldrk Fkk] D;ksafd la?k fofHké çdkjds leFkZu ds fy, lekt ij fuHkZj FkkA cq) tSls egku~ O;fDrRods vHkko esa] vkØked iq#"k&ç/kku çkphu Hkkjrh; czkã.k lekt dsçHkko ls cpuk vlaHko jgk gksxkA çkphu Hkkjr dh czkã.kh; O;oLFkkesa dk;Zjr mHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa iq#"kksa dks lkekU; rFkkefgykvksa dks bldk viokn ekuk x;kA bl O;oLFkk us iq#"kksa dkslekt }kjk ewY;oku ekuh tkusokyh lHkh fLFkfr;ksa dks /kkj.k djusgsrq oS/k Lokeh ekuk] tcfd efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa }kjk viuh fLFkfrdk;e j[kus gsrq ekSu lgefr nsusokyh lgkf;dk ds :i esa ns[kkAnwljs 'kCnksa esa] iq#"kkasa dks efgykvksa dks o'k esa j[kus dh 'kfDr çkIrFkh vkSj /kkfeZd usr`Ro o vkfFkZd 'kfDr tSlh lekt }kjk ekuhtkusokyh lHkh ewY;oku oLrqvksa ij iq#"kksa dk ,dkf/kdkj lqjf{krFkkA blfy, çkphu Hkkjr esa vlekurk mHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkk dk14

ekSfyd vk/kkj Fkk ftlds rgr iq#"k fL=;ksa ij okLrfod 'kklupykrs Fks rFkk [kqn fu;e o mudk çpyu r; djrs Fks ftudsnk;js esa jgdj efgykvksa dks viuk thou fuokZg djuk iM+rk FkkA

;g ;kn j[kus ;ksX; ckr gS fd fir`lÙkk ekuo&tSfodh dh14

vo’;aHkkoh vko’;drk ugha Fkh cfYd ekuo bfrgkl ds ,d fuf’pr dkydh lkaLÑfrd jpuk Fkh ¼ns[ksa] Gerda Lerner, The Creation ofPatriarchy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1986½.


os efgyk,¡ tks bu fu;eksa dk vuqlj.k ugha djrh Fkha ;k cgqr&lhos tks djrh Fkha] mUgsa ,d vU; çdkj ds iq#"k çHkqRo dks 'kkjhfjdfgalk ds :i esa >syuk iM+rk FkkA efgykvksa ij iq#"k&ç/kkurk uslkekftd inkuqØe o neu ds lHkh :iksa dks vk/kkj çnku fd;kA15

ysfdu çkphu Hkkjr esa mHk;dsanzokn o fir`lÙkk ds lclsviekutud i{kksa a esa ,d iq#"kksa dk efgykvksa ij vftZr ;k;ksX;rk&vk/kkfjr gksus ds ctk; Lopkfyr vf/kdkj dh LFkkiukdjuk FkkA czkã.kokn dk rkifld ukjh}s"k ¼ascetical misogyny½ukjh ,oa ukjh&tkfr ds çfr viuh vfHkO;fDr esa mlls Hkh vf/kdudkjkREkd rFkk vkØked FkkA blds }kjk O;ä dh xbZ fpark dhfo'ks"k lwph esa efgykvksa dks cckZnh] nqfpÙk o rckgh dh /kjksgjksa ds:i esa ekuk x;kA ckS) /keZ dk riLohdj.k o czkã.khdj.k Hkkjrh;efgykvksa ds bfrgkl esa u dsoy ,d dkyk v/;k; Fkk] D;ksafd bldsifj.kkeLo:i fHk{kq.kh&la?k dk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;k] cfYd ckS)/keZ ds fy, Hkh ;g ,d =klnh Fkh] D;ksafd blls bldh igpku ds,d igyw dk vUr gks x;k FkkA

f=fiVd esa ckj&ckj gq, la'kks/kuksa dh otg ls efgykvksa dslEcU/k esa vfHkO;Dr fd, x, fopkjksa dh fofo/krk feyrh gSA ;sfopkj vlkekU; :i ls ldkjkRedrk ls ysdj iw.kZ fuUnk o viekurd ls vksrçksr gSaA fopkjksa dh bl fofo/krk dks le>us ds fy, mlfo’ks"k lkaLFkkfud ;k ckSf)d lanHkZ dh igpku djuk vR;ko';d gS]

’kfDr dk nq#i;ksx ,d eq[; ekuoh; leL;k gS] vkSj15

mHk;dsanzokn o fir`lÙkk esa ’kfDr dk Hkjiwj nq#i;ksx gksrk gSA vly esa]vk/kqfud dky esa mHk;dsanzokn o fir`lÙkk dks lSU;okn ds m:o] i’kqvksaij fgalk rFkk i;kZoj.k dh ifjfLFkfr ds [+krjukd ç;ksx ls lh/ks tksM+ktk ldrk gSA ,slk fu"d"kZ bl rF; ij vk/kkfjr gS fd bu lHkh uhfr;ksaesa ,d ,slk #[k lk>k gS tks ,d leqnk; ds nwljs leqnk; ij çHkqRo dsxq.kxku rFkk vuqeksnu dks vo’;aHkkoh o lgh ekurk gSA


ftlesa ls bl rjg ds çR;sd fopkj dk m:o gqvkA dsV CySdLVWu16

ds fopkj esa ckS)ksa dk ukjh}s"kd #[k bl rF; dh mit Fkk fdefgykvksa dh nh{kk dks /keZ o fou; ds fy, ,d xEHkhj o vifjgk;Z[krjs ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA ikfy fou; esa cq) }kjk viuh lÙkk17

dks la?k dks ,d lkewfgd fudk; ds :i esa lrdZrkiwoZd lkSais tkusdk fooj.k feyrk gS vkSj ;fn ml lÙkk dks varfuZfgr iq#"kRo ds:i esa çnf'kZr fd;k tk,] rks bl rdZ dks ekuus ij] efgykvksa dksla?k dk iw.kZ lnL; ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA la?k esa efgykvksa dh18

mifLFkfr Hkkjh =klnh ds :i esa fpf=r gS vkSj CySdLVWu us blesa19

bl çdkj dk ukukfo/k] ;gk¡ rd fd dHkh&dHkh16

ijLij&fojks/kh] er ,d gh xzaFk esa çk;% ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ,slhfojks/kksfä dk loksZRÑ"V mnkgj.k fHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk dk çlax gSAbl dgkuh esa xkSre cq) ;g Lohdkj djrs gSa fd efgyk,¡] vly esa]fuokZ.k dk mPpre y{; çkIr dj ldrh gSa ysfdu lkFk gh ;g Hkh tksM+nsrs gSa fd nqHkkZX;o’k fHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk gksus ls cq)&/keZ dh vk;qvk/kh jg tk,xh& š;fn efgykvksa dks x`gLFkh thou NksM+dj nh{kk çkIrdjus dh vkKk u nh tkrh rc /keZijk;.krk dk thou yEcs le; rdd+k;e jgrk] ,d gtkj o"kZ rd--- ysfdu vc--- D;ksafd efgykvksa us nh{kkçkIr dj yh gS--- /keZijk;.krk dk thou vf/kd le; rd ugha pysxk---dsoy 500 o"kZA› ¼A.IV.278½.

Buddhist misogynistic attitude grew out of the fact that17

women’s ordination was perceived as a serious and inescapable threatto the dhamma and vinaya ¼Kate Blackstone, šDamming theDhamma: Problems with BhikkhunÏs in the PÈli Vinaya,› a paperpresented at the Twelfth Conference of the International Associationof Buddhist Studies, Lausanne, Switzerland, August 1999½.

Ibid.18

bldh rqyuk MdSrksa }kjk ywVs x, ?kj] QQw¡nh/ lQsnk19

¼lsrfëd½ ls xzLr /kku dh Qly rFkk yky jksx ¼ekatsf"Bdk½ ls laØferxés ds [ksr ls dh xbZ gSA


,d egÙoiw.kZ lqjkx [kkstk gS fd efgykvksa dk nhf{kr gksuk D;ksa[krjs dh fu'kkuh ekuh xbZ vkSj dSls laLFkkxr neu dk ç;ksx bllscpus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu fo}kuksa }kjk bldh O;k[;k20

djus ds ç;kl dks nks fojks/kh xqVksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gSA ,d xqVbldh O;k[;k lerkoknh #[k dks ckn ds ukjh}s"kd laikndksa }kjkcny fn;s x, #[k ds }kjk djrk gS vkSj nwljk xqV bls ,d21

vUrfuZfgr lsDloknh] ;gk¡ rd fd Fksjoknh ukjh}s"kd] #[k ls/khjs&/khjs lq/kjdj egk;ku vkSj otz;ku esa ySafxd lerkokn dsfodkl ds :i esa ns[krk gSA 22

Kate Blackstone, Op. Cit.20

An egalitarian attitude later modified by misogynistic21

editors- ,slk fopkj lcls igys blkfyu gkWuZj ¼I.B. Horner½ }kjk O;Drfd;k x;k Fkk ¼Women Under Primitive Buddhism: Laywomen andAlmswomen, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas, 1975: 193½ A ysfdu vcvusd fo}ku bl er ds lkFk lgefr O;Dr djrs gSa] fo’ks"kdj uSUlhckusZl~ ¼Nancy S. Barnes, šBuddhism,› A. Sharma ¼ed½, Women inReligion, Albany: State University of New York, 1987: 105-133½,dkSusZfy;k ppZ ¼Cornelia D. Church, šTemptress, Housewife, Nun:

Women’s Role in Early Buddhism,› Anima, I, 1975: 54½, jhVk xzkWl¼Rita Gross, Buddhism After Patriarchy: A feminine History,Analysis, and reconstruction of Buddhism, Albany: State Universityof New York, 1992: 34-38½, dkft;kek ;qbfp ¼Kajiyama Yuichi,šWomen in Buddhism,› Eastern Buddhist, NS, XV, No. 2, Autumn1982: 53-70½ rFkk VSlk ckFkksZyksE;qt+ ¼Tessa Bartholomeusz, WomenUnder the Bo Tree, a PhD Dissertation submitted to the Universityof Virginia, 1991: 55-61½.

A bit-by-bit betterment from an inherently sexist, even22

misogynist attitude in TheravÈda, to the growth of sexual

egalitarianism in MahÈyÈna and VajrayÈna. mnkgj.kr;k] Mk;uk ikWyçkjfEHkd ckS) xzaFkksa ds ukjh}s"k dks muds ml Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ns[krh gSaftlesa mudk fodkl gqvk ¼Diana Paul, Women In Buddhism: Images


O;fDrxr :i ls cq) us la?k ds Hkhrj efgykvksa dks iq#"kksads leku ntkZ çnku fd;kA çkphu Hkkjrh; ckS) lkfgR; esa ik,tkus okys efgyk&fojks/kh oDrO; fogkj ds fof’k"V oxZ ds mulnL;ksa }kjk cq)opu esa tksM+s x, {ksid gSa] ftuds efgykvksa ds çfr

of the Feminine in MahÈyÈna Tradition, Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1979: 245-302½A dSuZ ySax rFkk tSful fofYyl dsvuqlkj] tc ge ikfy xzaFkksa ls egk;ku xzaFkksa dh vksj c<+rs gSa rks efgykvksads fp=.k esa ,d ldkjkRed çxfr ns[kus dks feyrh gS ¼šLord’s Death’sSnare: Gender-related Imagery in the TheragÈthÈ and theTherÏgÈthÈ,› Journal of Feminine Studies in Religion, 2, 1986: 78;Janice Willis, šNuns and Benefactresses: The Role of Women in theDevelopment of Buddhism,› Y. Haddad & E. Findly ¼eds½, Women,Religion, and Social Change, Albany: State University of New YorkPress, 1985: 59-85½A gkyk¡fd jhVk xzkWl FksjhxkFkk tSls çkjfEHkd ikfyxzaFkksa esa efgykvksa ds ldkjkRed fp=.k dks Lohdkj djrh gSa] rFkkfimudk dguk gS fd vk| lerkokn dk laiw.kZ fodkl otz;ku ds m:o lsgksrk gS ¼Rita Gross, Buddhism After Patriarchy: A feminine History,Analysis, and reconstruction of Buddhism, Albany: State Universityof New York, 1992: 57, 114½A efgykvksa ds la?k esa ços’k ds egÙo ijfd, x, fofHké v/;;uksa esa ls dqN bls lekt’kkL=h; ut+fj;s ls ns[krsgSa ¼mnkgj.kr;k, C. Kabilsingh, A Comparative Study of BhikkhunÏPÈtimokkha, Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1984; MohanWijayaratna, Les MonialesBouddhistes: Naissance et Developpmentdu Monachisme Feminin, Paris: Ed. Du Cerf, 1991: 29-30 andBuddhist Monastic Life: According to the Texts of the TheravÈdaTradition, tr. C. Grangier & S. Collins, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1990: 158-163½ vkSj dqN bldh Hkk"kk dks fou; dsfof/koknd çopu esa fu/kkZjr djrs gSa ¼mnkgj.kr;k, Ute Hhsken, šDieLegende von der Einrichtung des buddhistischen Nonnenordens imVinaya-Pi—aka der TheravÈdin,› R. Grhnendahl et al ¼eds½ Studien zurIndologie und Buddhismuskunde, Bonn: Indica et Tibetica Verlag,1993: 151-170½A


#[k dks] de&ls&de dqN lhek rd] fofHké ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksaus vkdkj çnku fd;kA ikfy f=fiVd dk cM+k Hkkx r`rh; ckS)23

laxhfr esa ladfyr gqvk çrhr gksrk gSA cq)opu r; djus ds fy,24

cqykbZ xbZ bl laxhfr o blls igys dh nks laxhfr;ksa esa çcymHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkkRed fHk{kq vius fopkj Fkksius esa lQy jgsA cq)dk ;qx xaxk uxjhdj.k ds m:o o fodkl ds lkFk&gh&lkFkO;fDrokn ds mn; vkSj rRdkyhu czkã.k laLÑfr ds gkf'k;s ijlkekftd o vk/;kfRed :i ls jg jgs yksxksa ij blds çHkko dkxokg FkkA mHkjrh ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dh fo|eku lkekftdewY;ksa ds cpko esa cgqr de fnypLih Fkh vkSj ,sls okrkoj.k esaefgyk,¡ o fupys lkekftd rcds ds yksx vke rkSj ij viuh ilands /kkfeZd y{; dks ikus o çdV djus esa vf/kd Lora= FksA ftlçdkj cq) }kjk LFkkfir y{; fdlh [kkl oxZ esa iSnk gq, yksxksa dsfy, ugha Fkk] mlh çdkj ;g dsoy iq#"kksa rd gh lhfer ugha FkkAnksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡ ijEijkxr lkekftd o fyax foÑfr;ksa ls dgha ijsds ln~xq.k o vk/;kfRed laHkkouk dks [kkstus ds ç;kl dks çnf'kZrdjrh gSaA nksuksa dks gh oS;fDrdrk dh ,d ubZ mHkj jgh psruk dslk{; ds :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftlus oSfndksÙkj dky esa lhfertSfod o lkekftd ck/;rkvksa ij vxzrk ysus dh 'kq#vkr dhAcgqr&lh efgykvksa us cq) }kjk eqgS;k djk, x, bl volj dkQk;nk mBk;kA vusd efgyk,¡ cq) dh fgrdkfjf.k;k¡ Fkha] tks bl

The anti-women statements are an interpolation into the23

original Buddhavacana by the monastic èlite whose attitude towardwomen was shaped, at least partly, by the various historical

developments. ns[ksa] Alan Sponberg, šAttitudes towards Women andthe Feminine in Early Buddhism,› Jose Ignacio Cabezon ¼ed½,Buddhism Sexuality, and Gender, Albany: State University of NewYork Press, 1992: 3-36.

Chandradhar Sharma, A Critical Survey of Indian24

Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1983: 70.


ckr dk ladsr gS fd ml le; u dsoy cM+h la[;k esa Lora=lk/kuksa okyh efgyk,¡ Fkha cfYd uotkr la?k dks ikyus&ikslus esamudh Hkwfedk Hkh ç’kaluh; FkhA cq) dh f'k";kvksa esa dqN lk/kkj.kf'k";k,¡ gh cuh jgha vkSj dqN us fHk{kqf.k;k¡ cuus ds fy, lkalkfjdeksgek;k dks R;kx fn;kA fHk{kq.kh ;k dq¡vkjh dh Hkwfedk esa] ekuoh;vUr%’kfDr dh miyfC/k ds fy, ySafxdrk ds egÙo dks vuns[kk fd;ktk ldrk FkkA tuuh dh Hkwfedk esa] dkeokluk dks lkekU;r;k ,dfu;af=r voLFkk ds :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA cq) us iq#"kksa o efgykvksadks ,d ,dhÑr O;fäRo ds iwjd igyqvksa ds rkSj ij d#.kk o cqf)ds :i esa ns[kkA fuLlansg xkSre ds vuqpjksa esa dbZ ,slh efgyk,¡ Fkhatks iw.kZ :i ls çcq) ekuh tkrh FkhaA Hkkjrh; ckS) lkfgR; dkçkjafHkd Lrj bl rF; dks ekurk gS fd efgyk,¡ vgZr~ cu ldrhFkha vkSj dbZ cuha Hkh tks ekuoh; vfLrRo dks ;FkkFkZ cukusokysekufld ,oa tSfod nq%[kksa ls iw.kZr% eqDr FkhaA f=fiVd esa miyC/klwpuk ds vuqlkj efgykvksa esa ,slh vgZrksa ds dbZ mnkgj.k feyrsgSa ftUgksaus lkalkfjd thou dk R;kx dj fn;k Fkk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fdex/k ds jktk dh iVjkuh] [ksek tSlh efgykvksa ds dqN mnkgj.k HkhgSa ftUgksaus xgLFk thou R;kxus ls igys gh cq)Ro çkIr dj fy;kFkk! ikVkpkjk o lks.kk tSlh dbZ çfl) efgyk vuqpj /keZ&çopuesa fuiq.krk ds fy, tkuh tkrh Fkha( [ksek tSlh efgykvksa ds çfr] /keZdk xgjk Kku j[kus ds fy,] Lo;a cq) ds eu esa mPp J)k FkhAdqN fHk{kqf.k;ksa dk viuk O;fäxr f'k";&leqnk; Fkk tks u dsoy/keZ çLrqr djus esa leFkZ Fkha] cfYd os cq) ;k dqN nwljs ofj"BfHk{kqvksa dh e/;LFkrk ds fcuk Hkh u, egÙokdkaf{k;ksa dks laiw.kZ eqfDrrd igq¡pk ldrk FkhaA ;|fi f=fiVd esa cgqr&lh efgykvksa dksnwljh efgykvksa dh f'kf{kdkvksa ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gS] ysfdufQj Hkh bu xzaFkksa ds çfr ladqfpr ekufldrk j[kusokys laikndksa us/kEefnék tSlh efgykvksa ds dqN o`Ùkkar cpkdj j[k fy,] ftlsfHk{kq.kh cuus ds ckn vius iwoZ&ifr folk[k dks funsZ'k nsus dk ekSdk


feykA tSlk fd pwGosnYylqÙk esa crk;k x;k gS] /kEefnék] folk[k25

}kjk fl)kar o O;ogkj ds igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr iwNs x, ç'uksa dh,d yach Jà[kyk dk mÙkj nsrh gSA folk[k ,d çfl) O;kikjh ov;ktdh; ckS) f'k{kd Fkk vkSj tSlk fd vêdFkk,¡ crkrh gSa] mldkviuk ,d egÙoiw.kZ f'k";&leqnk; FkkA folk[k] ckn esa] /kEefnékds mÙkjksa ls cq) dks voxr djkrk gS vkSj cq) cM+s [kq'k gksdj dgrsgSa fd os Hkh fcydqy /kEefnék dh rjg gh mÙkj nsrsA bl lq>ko dki;kZIr çek.k gS fd efgyk,¡ u dsoy vkjafHkd ckS) leqnk; esa Li"V:i ls mifLFkr Fkha] cfYd lkf/kdkvksa o f'kf{kdkvksa nksuksa gh :iksaesa çeq[k o lEekuuh; txg Hkh cuk, gq, FkhaA tSls gh ge cq)ksÙkjdky esa igq¡prs gSa rks efgyk,¡ lajf{kdkvksa o nkudÙk`Z;ksaa ds :i esan`f"Vxkspj rks gksrh gSa] ysfdu fHk{kq.kh&la?k dks og çfr"Bk ;kl`tZukRedrk feyrh çrhr ugha gksrh gS] tSlh fd [ksek] /kEefnék ovkjafHkd vgZr~ fHk{kqf.k;ksa dh mÙkjkf/kdkfjf.k;ksa dks feyus dh vk'kkdh tk ldrh FkhA çkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ esa u dsoy efgykvksa ds fy,26

/keZiFk [kqyk Fkk] cfYd] okLro esa] ;g jkLrk efgykvksa o iq#"kksa nksuksads fy, ,d gh çdkj dk FkkA ,slh ckr ugha fd fyax&Hksn fo|ekuugha Fks] ysfdu os šeqfDr çkIr djus dh n`f"V ls ux.;›

¼soteriologically insignificant½ Fks tks vf/kd ls vf/kd eqfDr ds27

okLrfod y{; esa foiFkd gks ldrs FksA tc lkekorh lfgr jktkmnsu dh 500 ifRu;k¡ vkx esa ty ejha rks bl nq%[kn ?kVuk ij cq)us fVIi.kh djrs gq, dgk% šfHk{kqvksa] buesa ls dqN efgyk,¡ vuq;k;h

M.I.298-305.25

But as we move into the post-Buddha period, though26

whereas women patrons and donors remain quite visible, thebhikkhunÏ-sa£gha does not appear to have enjoyed the prestige andcreativity one might have expected of the successors of KhemÈ,DhammadinnÈ, and the early arahat nuns. ¼A. Sponberg, Op. Cit. 7½.

ogh-9-27


çokg&fotsrk] dqN ,d ckj ykSVusokyha vkSj dqN dHkh u ykSVusokyhagSaA› bldk Li"V vFkZ ;g gS fd efgyk,¡ eqfDr&ekxZ ds mu28

fofHké pj.kksa dks çkIr djus esa iwjh l{ke ekuh xbZ Fkha] ftldsek/;e ls vgZr~ cuk tkrk gSA

švkSj pkgs efgyk gks] ;k iq#"k muds fy, ,slk jFk çrh{kk djsxk] mlh jFk ij p<+dj os fuokZ.k dh fLFkfr esa igq¡p tk,¡xsA›29

bl çdkj ds i| ;g funsZ’k djrss gSa fd ijaijkxr :i ls tks Hkhlhek,¡ efgykvksa ij Fkksih xbZ gksa] mUgsa u rks ckS) jhfr&fjokt lsfdlh Hkh :i ls vyx j[kk tk ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh vafre y{;]vFkkZr~ fuokZ.k çkIr djus ls jksdk tk ldrk FkkA lkekftd :i lsmxz gksrs gq, Hkh] ;g fLFkfr cq)opu ds ewy nk'kZfud fl)karksa dsfcYdqy vuqdwy FkhA ;g bl ek;us esa ,d Økafrdkjh lQyrk Fkhfd efgyk,¡ eqfDr dh ckS) [kkst esa Li"V :i ls 'kkfey FkhaA nwljs'kCnksa esa] cq) o vkuUn tSls muds dqN lg;ksfx;ksa dk ;g Li"Vekuuk Fkk fd tkfr dh rjg fyax Hkh fdlh O;fDr }kjk nq%[k lsNqVdkjk ikus ds ckS) y{; dks çkIr djus esa ck/kk ugha gks ldrkFkkA ysfdu] fHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk dk ’kk;n ,d udkjkRedifj.kke Hkh jgk gksxkA vYrsdj ds vuqlkj] tSu o ckS) /keksaZ esafHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, fogkjksa dh LFkkiuk] ekrk&firk dh bPNk ds fo#)nh{kk ysus okyh dbZ dq¡vkjh yM+fd;ksa esa ls dqN dk ckn esa mPpvk/;kfRed vkn'kZ ls fxj tkus dh ?kVukvksa ls bl ckr dks cyfeyk gksxk fd yM+fd;ksa dk fookg ;Fkk’kh?kz fo’ks"kdj fd'kksjkoLFkkls igys gh dj fn;k tkukA blfy, fu"d"kZr% ge dg ldrs gSa fdfHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk ds ckn] yM+fd;ksa dk fookg djus ;ksX;

Ud.VI.x.28

S.I.5-6.29


vk;q esa yxkrkj deh dh tk jgh FkhA vk/kqfud Fksjoknh ns'kksa esa30

fHk{kq.kh&la?k dk çk;% u gksuk Hkh efgykvksa ds f[kykQ nf{k.k,f'k;kbZ lekt ds bl LokHkkfod i{kikr dks çnf'kZr djrk gSAysfdu tSlk fd gkWuZj us dgk gS] bl ckr ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tkldrk fd cq) us šmuesa iq#"kksa dh rjg gh vPNkbZ o v/;kfRedrkdh vUr%’kfDr dks ns[kkA›31

ckS) /keZ us efgykvksa dks fo|eku czkã.kokn dh rqyuk esavf/kd vPNs volj çnku fd,A fHk{kq.kh&la?k ds ek/;e ls]32

efgykvksa ds ikl viuh ikfjokfjd Hkwfedkvksa ds LFkku ij ,dfodYi Hkh miyC/k FkkA ,d ;k nwljs :i esa] bl /keZ esa ySafxdlekurk vkSj fyax dh vafre vçklafxdrk ds ckjs esa mins'k fufgrFksA ysfdu] la?k esa muds lg;ksxh] [kkldj mudh eR;q ds ckn]yksdçpfyr vkSj çk;% ukjh&}s"kh fo|eku czkã.kh; laLÑfr ls mitsxSj&ckS)h; fo'oklksa ij Hkjkslk djrs Fks tks ;g ekurs Fks fd ,defgyk dks ges'kk viuh fj’rsnkjh dss fdlh iq#"k& firk] ifr ;k iq=ds fu;a=.k esa jguk pkfg,A ijaijkxr ckS) fpUru us Hkys gh ;gLohdkj fd;k gks fd Hkkjrh; mHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkk efgykvksa ds fy,

After the establishment of the bhikkhunÏ-sa£gha, the30

marriageable age of girls was being constantly lowered. ¼A.S.Alterkar, The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, 3 edition,rd

Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1974: 54-55½.

The Buddha šsaw the potentially good, the potentially31

spiritual in them as he saw it in men.› ¼I.B. Horne, Op. Cit.XXIV½.

,d fnypLi v/;;u esa] dSFkfju ;ax us fo’o ds eq[; /kekZsa dks32

vf/kdre ?kksf"kr ;k vkSipkfjd iq#"k&ç/kkurk ls ysdj vf/kdre fu"diVukjh&’kfDr dh LohÑfr ;k vUrosZ’ku rd lkrR; ds :i esa iSekus ijoxhZÑr fd;kA mlus ;g Øe lq>k;k&;gwnhokn] fgUnq /keZ]dU¶;wf’k;lokn] bLyke] bZlkbZ /keZ] rFkk ckS) /keZA ¼ns[ksa] Katherine K.Young, šIntroduction,› Arvind Sharma ¼ed½, Women in WorldReligions, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987: 16.½


çfrdwy Fkh] ysfdu mudh v{kerk,¡ muds fiNys tUe esa tek fd,x, deZ ds ifj.kke ds :i esa ns[kh xbZaaA ysfdu] efgyk,¡ iq#"k ds:i esa iqutZUe ysdj Hkfo"; esa vius nq%[kksa ls NqVdkjk ik ldrh gSaAukjhoknh ewY;ksa ds fglkc ls ;g lek/kku pkgs ftruk Hkhvlarks"ktud gks] de&ls&de ;g fopkj Lohdkj djds fdiq#"k&ç/kkurk efgykvksa ds fy, dfBu o nq%[knk;h gksrh gS] Hkfo";esa vk'kk dh fdj.k fn[kkus dk ç;kl djrk gSA ,d ukjhoknh er33

j[kusokyk ;g t:j lq>k,xk fd ftl pht+ ls NqVdkjk ikus dhvko’;drk gS og Hkfo"; esa efgykvksa ds :i esa iqutZUe ugha] cfYdos orZeku ifjfLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftUgksaus efgyk&thou dks dfBu ovlguh; cuk fn;k gSA bl çdkj] dqN rdZlaxrrk ds lkFk ;gdgk x;k gS fd gkyk¡fd vkjfEHkd Hkkjrh; ckS) /keZ esa ,d l’käuSfrd ijEijk mifLFkr Fkh] mldh lkekftd lfØ;rkokn ovkykspuk dh ijEijk mruh l’kä ugha FkhA ,d rjg ls lekt dksvifjorZuh; ekuus rFkk šneu dks neu dgus dh bPNk'kfDr olkgl› dh deh ds dkj.k ckS) /keZ dh vkykspuk Hkh dh xbZ gSA 34

;fn ikfjokfjd thou neukRed Fkk ¼tSlk fd okLro esa FkkvkSj vc Hkh gS½ rks tgk¡ rd ckS) /keZ dk ç'u gS] fogkj&O;oLFkkefgykvksa ds fy, vkerkSj ij ifjekspd FkkA çk;% efgykvksa ds fy,mudk fogkj&thou vkerkSj ij iq#"kksa dks miyC/k vkRe&fu.kZ; oçfr"Bk dss yxHkx cjkcj FkkA ysfdu bldh viuh dbZ leL;k,¡ FkhaD;ksafd efgyk&la?k iq#"kksa dh eBh; O;oLFkk dh vis{kk cgqr gh delQy jgkA fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds :i esa efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esacgqr de vkfFkZd lg;ksx o çfr"Bk feys rFkk /kkfeZd vuq"Bku vkSjv/;;u dk Hkh cgqr gh de volj çkIr gqvkA nwljh dbZ /kkfeZd

Rita M. Gross, Feminism and Religion: An Introduction,33

Boston: Beacon Press, 1996: 139.

šthe willingness and the courage to name oppression as34

oppression› ¼Diana Y. Paul, Op. Cit.145½.


ijEijkvksa dh Hkk¡fr cq)ksÙkj ckS) /keZ esa Hkh iq#"kksa ds czãp;Z dh j{kkefgykvksa dks ,d lhfer nk;js esa i`Fkd~ dj ds ;k jksd dj dhxbZA bu laLFkkuksa ds ikl ;g vf/kdkj Hkh Fkk fd os efgykvksa dsmPpre Lrj dh f’k{kk xzg.k djus o O;olkf;d okrkoj.k ijçfrcU/k yxk ldsaA vkn'kZ mnkgj.k ds :i esa mifLFkr djus ;ksX;efgykvksa dh la[;k iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ugha FkhA blls HkhegÙoiw.kZ ;g gS fd os vius lekt o vius /keZ ds laLFkkxr <k¡ps}kjk dkQh gn rd lefFkZr ugha FkhaA

dqN yksxksa us cq) dh blfy, vkykspuk dh gS fdmUgksaus viuh iRuh o iq= dk ifjR;kx dj fn;k FkkA ysfdu blrjg dh vkykspuk vuqfpr gSA fl)kFkZ }kjk viuh iRuh o iq= dkifjR;kx djus ds lEcU/k esa ;g ;kn j[kuk vko';d gS fd ;g?kVuk ml le; ?kVh Fkh tc cq) ,d lk/kkj.k O;fDr Fks vkSjmUgksaus rc rd cksf/k çkIr ugha dh FkhA os ifjfLFkfr;k¡ o ekufldmy>u] ftuds nkSjku mUgksaus mUgsa NksM+k] mu fo|eku ifjfLFkfr;ksals çsfjr Fkha ftuds rgr vk/;kfRed Kku ikus dh ps"Vk j[kusokyksals ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd os šeuq"; dh rhu lkoZHkkSe csfM+;ksa&/ku] L=h o çfr"Bk dks Bksdj ekjsaA› Kku&çkfIr ds fy, fl)kFkZ35

us czkã.kokn dh ijEijkvksa dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, nqfu;k R;kxh FkhvkSj bl pj.k dh mudh xfrfof/k;ksa dks cksf/kçkfIr ds ckn ds mudsfopkjksa o dk;ks± ds ewY;kadu ds fy, ç;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrkAigyh ckS) laxhfr ds nkSjku vkuUn ij nks"kkjksi.k Hkh ;g fl)djrk gS fd tc cq) vius f'k";ksa dks funsZ'k nsus ;k fu;af=r djusds fy, thfor ugha jgs rks muds f'k";ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k dkQh dBksjgks x;k FkkA fQj Hkh ckS) leqnk; esa efgykvksa dk neu lkoZHkkSeugha jgk gksxkA tcfd efgykvksa dks lpeqp esa fu;e o O;ogkj ds}kjk fuEurj Lrj ij lhfer dj fn;k x;k Fkk] bfrgkl blds

škick away gold, women and fame, the three universal35

fetters of man.› ¼ogh-6-½


çfrdwy mnkgj.kksa dks Hkh çLrqr djrk gSA VSLlk ckFkksZyksE;qt+ usfn[kk;k gS fd dSls la?kfe=k dk ekeyk bl fopkj dks iq"V djrkgSA og 'kfDr'kkyh Hkkjrh; jktk v'kksd dh csVh Fkh ftlus mlsfHk{kq.kh&la?k LFkkfir djus ds fy, Jhyadk Hkstk FkkA ;g ml mPpLFkku dk ladsr gS tks ,d efgyk ckS) inkuqØe esa cuk ldrh FkhvkSj blls ;g Hkh vkHkkl feyrk gS fd de&ls&de v'kksd dsle; esa ckS) fl)kUr esa ,slk dqN Hkh ugha Fkk tks efgykvksa dksiq#"k ds cjkcj ekus tkus ij çfrcU/k yxk ikrkA ikfy f=fiVd36

esa dqN lUnHkZ feyrs gSa ftuesas efgykvksa dh mifLFkfr dks Lohdkjgh ugha fd;k x;k] cfYd mudh ç'kalk Hkh dh xbZ gSA mnkgj.k dsfy,] [ksek dks cq) us Lo;a vuqnsf’kr fd;k FkkA fdaonUrh ds vuqlkjtc mldh f'k{kk iwjh gqbZ rc og /keZ o blds vFkZ ij iw.kZ idM+ds lkFk vgZÙo ik pqdh FkhA mlds ckn [ksek vius egku varKkZuds fy, tkuh tkus yxh vkSj [kqn cq) us mls mPp LFkku çnkufd;kA mlh çdkj] ,d lekjksg ls ykSVrh gqbZ lqtkrk us cq) dk37

çopu lquk vkSj mlus :i o vFkZ esa /keZ dh iw.kZ idM+ ds lkFkvgZÙo çkIr fd;kA fdlkxkSreh us Hkh cq) }kjk fn, x, /keZ mins'k38

dks le>us ds ckn vgZÙo çkIr fd;kA fHk{kq.kh lek ds ckjs esa dgk39

tkrk gS fd mlus vkuUn ds mins'kksa dks lquk vkSj bl çdkj vgZr~cu xbZA fpÙkk dks egkçtkifr xkSreh us /keZ esa nhf{kr fd;k Fkk40

ftlds ckn mlus vgZÙo çkIr fd;kA mlh çdkj] fHk{kq.kh eqÙkk us41

Tessa Bartholomeusz, šThe female Mendicant in Buddhist36

Sri Lanka,› Jose Ignacio Cabezon ¼ed½, Op. Cit.38-51.

ThÏ.61.37

ThÏ.69.38

ThÏ.89.39

ThÏ.34.40

ThÏ.36.41


u dsoy rhu vadq’kkdkj phtksa&pôh] vks[kyh o ifr ls] cfYdiqutZUe o eR;q ls Hkh eqfDr ikbZA mi;qZDr lHkh mnkgj.k fl)42

djrs gSa fd cq) us efgykvksa dk iq#"kksa ds leku gh vknj fd;k omuesa ls dbZ dks viuh f'k{kk,¡ Lo;a çnku dhaA

fHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk] fHk{kq&la?k dh LFkkiuk ds ik¡p o"kks±ckn dh xbZ FkhA fHk{kq.kh&la?k ds vkjfEHkd pj.kksa esa] fHk{kqf.k;ksa us43

fHk{kqvksa ls u dsoy vkuq'kklfud dk;ks± ds fofHké :iksa dks] cfYdKku ds fofHké i{kksa dks Hkh lh[kk gksxkA ;gk¡] ;g ckr /;ku nsusyk;d gS fd cq) }kjk efgykvksa dks fn, x, lkekftd ovk/;kfRed volj vuisf{kr :i ls Økafrdkjh gksus ds dkj.k] iq#"kksa]fo’ks"kdj fHk{kqvksa }kjk bl ij vkifÙk fd;k tkuk LokHkkfod çrhrgksrk gSA ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgsa bl okLrfodrk dk ,glkl vo'; jgkgksxk fd mudh f'k";k,¡ fujUrj çrkfM+r o viekfur dh tk,¡xhAblds vfrfjDr] ;g Hk; Hkh LokHkkfod Fkk fd fHk{kqf.k;k¡ iq#"k&fgalkdh f'kdkj gksaxh vkSj ;g fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fo#/k iq#"k&fgalk dh fofHké?kVukvksa ls rFkk bl çdkj dh fgalk dks jksdus ds fy, cuk, x,fu;eksa ls Hkh fl) gksrk gSA bl çdkj] tSlk fd jhVk xzkWl us ladsrfd;k gS fd bu fu;eksa }kjk efgykvksa ds vdsyh ;k=k o dke djusij lkekU;r% çfrca/k yxk;k x;k Fkk] Bhd mlh çdkj tSls fdvkt ge çk;% efgykvksa dks vlkekU; le; esa vlqjf{kr txgksa iju tkus dk lq>ko nsrs gq, mu ij lEHkkfor iq#"k&fgalk dk çfrdkjdjrs gSaA ekuoh; cfLr;ksa dh ckgjh lhek ij fogkjksa dh LFkkiuk44

ds ifj.kkeLo:i] fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds vke yksxksa }kjk fNækUos"k.k] Qk;nkmBk, tkus ;k ;gk¡ rd fd vdsys gksus ds dkj.k ;kSu&çrkM+uk dh

ThÏ.11.42

Kajiyama Yuichi, Op. Cit.159-60.43

Rita Gross, Buddhism After Patriarchy: A feminine44

History, Analysis, and reconstruction of Buddhism, Albany: StateUniversity of New York, 1992: 36.


Hkkjh laHkkouk jgrh FkhA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d ckj dbZ fHk{kqf.k;k¡dks'ky çns'k ds eq[; jkLrs ls JkoLrh tk jgh FkhaA ,d fHk{kq.kheyew= R;kxuk pkgrh Fkh blfy, og vdsys gh ihNs Bgj xbZA mlfHk{kq.kh dks ns[kdj yksxksa us mls iFkHkz"V djds mlds lkFk;kSu&lEcU/k LFkkfir dj fy,A fou; ds vuqlkj] lkekU; rFkk45

ckS)srj yksx fHk{kqf.k;ksa o fHk{kqvksa ds cqjs pfj= dh vkykspuk djus dhrkd esa jgrs FksA fHk{kqf.k;ksa o fHk{kqvksa ds çfr yksxksa dh pqxy[kksjh omu ij nks"kkjksi.k dh ?kVuk,¡ fou; esa Hkjh iM+h gSaA ;g /;ku nsukt:jh gS fd fHk{kqvksa dh vis{kk fHk{kqf.k;k¡ dks gh çk;% dVq frjLdkj>syuk iM+rk FkkA fdlh fHk{kq.kh ds }kjk dksbZ xyrh djus ij yksxmUgsa çk;% šflj&eq¡Mh os';k,¡› dg dj f/kôkjrs jgrs FksA bldsfoijhr] tc fHk{kqvksa ls dksbZ xyrh gksrh Fkh] rks yksx muds ckjs esabrus viekutud 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx ugha djrs Fks ftruk fHk{kqf.k;ksads fy, fd;k tkrk FkkA fHk{kqf.k;ksa o fHk{kqvksa dh vkykspukvksa dhrqyuk ls irk pyrk gS fd çkphu Hkkjrh; lekt esa yksx fHk{kqvksa dhvis{kk fHk{kqf.k;ksa dh xyrh ds çfr vf/kd Øksf/kr gksrs FksA bl rF;ls ;g Hkh ladsr feyrk gS fd blh dkj.k bl Js.kh esa fHk{kqvksa dhvis{kk fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, vf/kd fu;e cuk, x,A lekt lkekU;r%efgykvksa dss ?kjsyw thou R;kxus ds i{k esa ugha FkkA lekurk dh/kkj.kk dks eku fy, tkus ds ckotwn] efgykvksa dks [kqn viukfu;a=.k o laj{k.k dj ikuk lkekftd rkSj ij vlEHko FkkA vkbZ- ch-gkWuZj ds fopkj esa] bl ckr dh dkQ+h laHkkouk Fkh fd os vke rkSjij fHk{kqvksa dh vis{kk ;ksX;rk esa de vk¡dh tkrh Fkha vkSj blfy,fcuk fdlh mís'; ds la?k esa ços'k djusokyh fHk{kq.kh dks Nk¡Vus dsfy, mudh dM+h tk¡p dh tkrh FkhA 46

cq) efgykvksa ds lkFk muds O;fDrRo ds vk/kkj ijO;ogkj djrs FksA lS)kfUrd :i ls og mUgsa iq#"kksa ds leku

SBB.XII.189.45

SBB.XX.xiv.46


gh le>rs Fks] gkyk¡fd bl çdkj dh fLFkfr efgykvksa dhfuokZ.k çkIr djus dh ;ksX;rk rd gh lhfer jgh fn[kkbZiM+rh gSA lekt ds vUnj efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh vksjcq) dk /;ku bruk ugha x;k gksxk] ftruk /;ku mUgsas feyukpkfg, FkkA fQj Hkh] ;g /;ku esa j[kuk egÙoiw.kZ gS fd tcHkh ekSds feys] cq) us vius eu dh gh ckr dhA muds }kjkilsufn dks dgs x, ’kCnksa ls ;g ckr fl) gksrh gS] tks ;glekpkj lqudj nq%[kh gqvk fd mldh iRuh us iq= dh txgiq=h dks tUe fn;k FkkA cq) us mlls dgk fd iq=h] okLroesa] Kkuh o xq.kh cudj iq= ls Hkh vf/kd vPNh lUrku fl)gks ldrh gSA ,d ckj ;g tku ysus ds ckn fd efgyk,¡/kkfeZd thou viukus dh iwjh {kerk j[krh gSa] vkjfEHkd ckS)la?k dks ;g fu.kZ; djuk Fkk fd bl rjg ds fopkj ls mRié#fp ds lEcU/k esa D;k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vkjEHk esa] dksbZ[kkl leL;k iSnk gksrh ut+j ugha vkrh D;ksafd vkUrfjdekeyksa ij çHkqRo o cká ekeyksa esa Lohdk;Zrk ds lEcU/k esafdlh Hkh fpark dks lekIr djus esa cq) dk egku O;fDrRo opeRdkj gh ;Fks"V FkkA ysfdu] egkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj dky esatSls&tSls gh la?k fodflr gqvk( mlus vius pfj= dks ckgjhlekt ds vuqlkj <kyuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bl rjg dsifjorZu ds QyLo:i] ,sls c<+rs gq, #[k dk çek.k feyrkgS] ftldk vFkZ Fkk fd efgyk,¡ /keZijk;.krk dks iw.kZdkfydis'kk rks cuk ldrh gSa ysfdu dsoy ,d ,sls lko/kkuhiwoZdfu;af=r laLFkkxr <k¡ps ds Hkhrj jgdj] tks iq#"k&ç/kkurk oefgyk&v/khuhdj.k dks ikjEifjd :i ls LohÑr lkekftdekudksa ds }kjk lqjf{kr o l’kä cukrk gksA

;g vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fdfHk{kq.kh&la?k dh LFkkiuk ls] cq) us efgykvksa dks ftl Lrjij /keZijk;.krk dk volj çnku fd;k og fo’o ds bfrgklesa vkusokys yEcs le; rd ,d vf}rh; ckr jghA ysfdu,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd mudh e`R;q ds ckn] dqN O;kogkfjd


rdksaZ dks ukjh&LoHkko dh dfe;ksa ds ckjs esa vVdyckt+hdjus ds cgkus dk vk/kkj cuk fy;k x;kA cq)ksÙkj dky esatSls&tSls ckS) /keZ vf/kd laLFkkxr o iq#"k&ç/kku curkx;k] bl rjg dh ekufldrk ckS) /keZ dh fo'ks"krk cu xbZAla?k us cq) dh e`R;q ds ckn] mUkds }kjk fn;s x,/keZ&ekxZn’kZu dks ,slh lkekftd çklafxdrkvksa ds vuqlkj<ky fy;k ftuds vUrxZr ckS) leqnk; dk fodkl gks jgkFkkA ckS) /keZ esa ,ssls çfr}U} dk vkjEHk ySafxd fHkérk dhlgh igpku esa ls ugha cfYd ml vfrfjDr dYiuk esa ls gqbZfd ftlus bl fHkérk ds }kjk /keZ&ekxZ ij pyus ds fy,efgykvksa dks fuEu lkeF;Z dk Lrj ns fn;kA gkyk¡fd vkRethouh&lkfgR; ds }kjk efgykvksa ds thou dh dqN>ydsa fey tkrh gSa] ysfdu dqy feykdj] mlh dh ij[k dhtk ldrh gS tks ckS) iq#"kksa us ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij efgykvksads ckjs esa dgk Fkk] u fd og ftldk ckS) efgykvksa us nkokfd;k ;k vuqHko fd;kA lerk ds #[+k dh rqyuk esa] ftlesaefgykvksa ds /keZ&iFk ij pyus dh {kerk ij tksj fn;k x;kFkk] cq) dh e`R;q ds ckn ;g /;ku efgykvksa ij ls gVdjlkekftd leUo; ds nk;js esa fo|eku la?k dh LoLFkrk ijle>s x, [krjs dh vksj pyk x;kA ,slk vuqHko fd;k tkusyxk fd efgykvksa dh fdlh ifjokj tSlsmHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkkRed lkekftd <k¡ps }kjk j{kk dh tk,vkSj ckS) la?k ,slh O;oLFkk çnku djus esa vleFkZ Fkk D;ksafdfHk{kq rks lkekftd nkf;Roksa dks gh R;kx pqds FksA

egkifjfuokZ.kksÙkjdkyhu la?k esa vk, fofHkéfojks/kkHkklksa dk lek/kku çFke fHk{kq.kh ds :i esa egkçtkifrxkSreh rFkk muds }kjk vkB çfrcU/k xq# /kekZsa dh LohÑfr dhdgkuh dh dYiuk djds fd;k x;kA fnypLi ckr ;g gS fdegkçtkifr xkSreh us vius ifr dh e`R;q ds ckn çozT;k çkIrdh] tcfd rc rd vusd efgyk,¡ cq) ls milEink ik pqdhFkhaA mudh çfr"Bk ds dkj.k mudk uke eux<+Ur lwph esa


lfEefyr fd;k x;k yxrk gSA vkbZ-ch- gkWuZj vuqHko djrhgSa fd 500 o"kksZa ckn cq)/keZ ds iru dh Hkfo";ok.kh dks cknesa fHk{kqvksa }kjk dfYir fd;k x;k çrhr gksrk gSA ;g Hkh47

/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd bu fojks/kkHkklksa dk lek/kku ,ddkykof/k esa gqvk vkSj pqYyoXx esa fn;k x;k fooj.k ’kk;n48

mls rdZlaxr djus rFkk mfpr Bgjkus dh vkSj Hkh ckn dhdksf’k’k Fkh tks igys ls gh ;FkkiwoZ fLFkfr cu pqdh FkhAlk/kkj.k rdZlaxr O;k[;k ds vfrfjDr] ,d iqujko`fÙk fo"k;Hkh feyrk gS tks fofHké fojks/kkHkklksa dk lek/kku <w¡<us dhdksf’k’k djrk gSA egkçtkifr xkSreh dks blfy, Hkh pqu fy;kx;k çrhr gksrk gS D;ksafd cq) muds vf/kdre _.kh Fks]ftl dkj.k ,d efgyk ds :i esa mUgsa mPp lEeku çkIr FkkAdgkuh fo’oluh; cukus ds fy,] vkjEHk esa laikndegkçtkifr xkSreh dks vkB çfrca/kd xq# /keksaZ dks rqjUrLohdkj djrs fn[kkrs gSa] ysfdu ckn esa mUgsa vkuUn ds ikltkdj cq) ls çojrk ls lac) çFke xq# /keZ ij <hy nsus dsfy, iwNrs fn[kkrs gSaA ,slh NwV ds QyLo:i efgykvksa dks49

eBh; leqnk; ds Hkhrj vR;f/kd çfr"Bk o fo’ks"kkf/kdkj çkIrgks tkrs vkSj fu%lansg fHk{kq.kh&la?k dk ijorhZ bfrgkl dkQ+hfHké gksrkA tokc Li"V rkSj ij udkjkRed fn[kk;k x;k gS]ftls bl vk/kkj ij mfpr Bgjk;k x;k fd ySafxd lkE;rkfcydqy vHkwriwoZ FkhA ysfdu tc rd ;g nqfo/kk ,dlkekftd eqík cuh rc rd fHk{kq.kh&la?k fuf’pr :i lsdkQ+h le; ls fo|eku FkkA fHk{kqf.k;ksa us fu%lansg vius&vkidks cM+h lQyrkiwoZd O;ofLFkr dj j[kk Fkk vkSj ’kk;n blçLrko ds ckn Hkh os ,sls gh dk;Zjr jgha ysfdu vc

I.B. Horner, Op. Cit. 105.47

v/;k;-10A48

Cv.X.257.49


vkSipkfjd rkSj ij fHk{kqvksa ds fu;a=.k ¼rFkk laj{k.k½ esaA ,slsle>kSrs us mUgsa cspSu rks ’kk;n vo’; dj fn;k gksxk]ysfdu ;g ,slk le>kSrk Fkk ftlds }kjk fHk{kqvksa dks u dsoyjkgr feyh gksxh cfYd Lora=&dYi efgykvksa ds vlkekU;lewg dks Hkh ftruk laHko gks ldrk Fkk mruk mfpr Bgjk;kx;k gksxkA ysfdu] bl dgkuh esa] fou; ds lEikndksa dks dbZvkSj leL;kvksa dk lek/kku Hkh djuk iM+kA dgkuh esa]egkçtkifr xkSreh efgykvksa ds usr`Ro dk dk;Z djrh gS] tkscq) ds fHk{kqvksa ds usr`Ro ds lekukUrj pyrh gSA çkjEHk esa]50

cq) }kjk mudh ek¡x vLohdkj dj fn;s tkus ds ckotwnegkçtkifr xkSreh o mudh f’k";k,a ds’k dVk,] dk"kk; oL=igus rFkk cq) ds /keZ o la?k dk vuqlj.k djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ

TkkWukFku~ okYVt+Z dk fopkj gS fd xkSreh egkçtkifr xkSre50

cq) dh çfrewfrZ gSaA ;g muds xks=&ukeksasa o xksreh&vinku dh O;k[;kesa Hkh çfrfcafcr gksrk gSA nksuksa vius f’k";ksa ¼Øe’k% fL=;ksa o iq#"kksa½ ls f?kjsjgrs gSa] nksuksa ¼Øe’k% fHk{kqvksaa o fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds½ 500 ds xqV dks viuhd#.kk ds }kjk eqfDr fnykrs gSa] nksuksa dh Øe’k% nso o nsfo;k¡ dh miklukdjrs gSa] nksauksa ,d&nwljs dks lEeku nsrs gSa] vkSj ¼Øe’k% xksreh&vinkuvkSj egkifjfuCckulqÙk esa½ nksuksa dh e`R;q ds o.kZuksa esa Hkh ,d lps"Vlkn`’; fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA bu lkn`’;ksaa ds vk/kkj ij okYVt+Z dgrs gaS fd,sfrgkfld rkSj ij çkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ esa fL=;ksa o iq#"kksa ds fy, nks vyxiFk FksA okYVt+Z vkxs dgrs gaS fd xksreh&vinku esa egkçtkifr dkçLrqrhdj.k çkphu Hkkjr esa efgykvksa ls visf{kr xkS.krk dk mnkgj.kçLrqr djrk gSA ¼Jonathan Walters, šA Voice from the Silence: theBuddha’s Mother’s Story,› History of Religions, 33/4, 1994: 358-379½. Yksfdu] fyt+ foYlu vlgefr O;Dr djrs gq, dgrh gSa fd ;fnySafxd lEiDrkFkks± dks xksreh&vinku ls vyx dj fn;k tk, rks lkn`’;leku gksaxsA ¼Liz Wilson, Women in the Footsteps of the Buddha:Struggle for Liberation in the TheragÈthÈ, Curzon: 1998: 44-45½.


xbZ gSaA ,slh vOkLFkk dk vFkZ gksxk u dsoy cq} ds51

çkf/kdkjksa dks pqukSrh nsuk cfYd iwjs fou; esa d+k;eØe&ijEijk dks Hkh myV nsukA fou; ds lEikndksa us blçfr}U} dk lek/kku fQj ls fHk{kqvksa dk fHk{kqf.k;ksa ij ¼lgh½ vuqØe LFkkfir dj ds fd;k vkSj bl çdkj fHk{kq&la?k dkslEidZ fodkj dh ck<+ ls cpk dj mls ¼fQj ls½ viuh ’kqf)çkIr djus dk volj çnku fd;kA de&ls&de ukeek= dsfy,] fHk{kqvksa ds fu;a=.k dks [kqn ij Lohdkj djds] fHk{kqf.k;ksaus vius fy, lekt esa vf/kd larks"ktud LFkku çkIr djfy;k gksxkA ysfdu fHk{kq.kh&la?k ds fy, bl çdkj ds çcU/kds nh?kZdkyhu ifj.kke cM+s Hk;kud fudys D;ksafd ,slk gksusls mudh fLFkfr nwljh Js.kh dh gks xbZ ftldk fd çfr"Bk]’kSf{kd voljksa] rFkk foÙkh; lgk;rk dh deh esa çfrfcfEcrgksuk fuf’pr FkkA FkksM+h cgqr ekU;rk çkIr dj ysus dsckotwn] ,sfrgkfld rkSj ij fHk{kq.kh&la?k dk fujUrj irugksrk x;kA ckS)ksa esa fuiq.k efgykvksa ds igys ds mnkgj.kns[krs gq,] ;g vk’kk dh tk ldrh Fkh fd c<+rs gqbZmHk;dsafnzr o fir`lÙkkRed çfrcU/kksa ds ckotwn fogkjksa esa

bl dgkuh ds egklkaf?kd&yksdksÙkjoknh oÙkkUr esa muds usr`Ro51

o foæksghiu ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA tc vkjEHk esa cq) }kjk mudh ek¡xvLohdkj dj nh tkrh gS rc os viuh lf[k;ksa ds ikl vkrh gSa vkSjlq>ko nsrh gSa fd os lc ds’k dVk,¡] dk"kk;oL= iguas rFkk cq) dkvuqlj.k djsaA mlds ckn os dgrh gSa& š;fn cq) us vkKk nh rks ge/keZ&ekxZ ij pysaxh vkSj ;fn u nh rc Hkh ge ;gh djsaxhA›¼ns[ksa] EdithNolor, ¼tr½, Regles de Discipline des Nonnes Bouddhistes: LesBhik–u‡Ïvinaya de L’Ecole MahÈsa£ghika-LokottaravÈdin Paris:Collçge de France, 1991½. vc cM+h la[;k esa fo}ku ;g ekuus esadfBukbZ vuqHko djus yxs gSa fd cq)] ftudh f’k{kk,¡ fo’otuhurk oySafxd lerk ij vk/kkfjr Fkha] us bl çdkj ds fu;e cuk, gksaxsA ;sfu;e o muls lEcfU/kr fdaonfUr;k¡ ckn ds {ksid gSaA


fHk{kqf.k;ksa us viuk jpukRed /kkfeZd thou d+k;e j[kkgksxkA gks ldrk gS fd cq) dh e`R;q ds ckn dh dqN’krkfCn;ksaa rd ,slk jgk gks ysfdu ckS) /keZ ds c<+rs gq,czkã.khdj.k o rkilhdj.k ds lh/kss vuqikr esa fHk{kq.kh&la?kesa thou gkf’k;s dh vksj /kdsyk tk jgk çrhr gksrk gSftldh vUr esa] çFkk ds vkSipkfjd o`ÙkkUrksa esa dksbZ HkhHkwfedk LkekIr gks xbZA rhljh ’krkCnh rd] Hkkjr esafHk{kq.kh&la?k vkSipkfjd vfHkys[kksa esa ls lgh esa gh yqIr gksx;k yxrk gSA mnkgj.kr;k] phuh /keZ;kf=;ksa ds fooj.k lsirk pyrk gS fd fHk{kq.kh&fogkj lkroha ’krkCnh ds ckn rdekStwn Fks ysfdu vius is’ks esa mudh miyfC/k;ksa ;k ckS)leqnk; dks fd, fdlh ;ksxnku dk dgha dksbZ çek.k ughafeyrkA fHk{kq&la?k ds [kqys leFkZu ds fcuk ;g lc lEHkougha gks ldrk Fkk D;ksafd fHk{kqf.k;ksa dh lerk cuk, j[kus esaykHk dh vis{kk mudh gkfu FkhA lS)kfUrd Lrj ij ySafxdlerk dh ckr ekuus ds ckotwn] laLFkkxr ckS) /keZ lektesa ySafxd Hkwfedkvksa ls lEcaf/kr çpfyr #[kksa dks ;k rkspqukSrh ugha ns ik;k ;k fQj ,slk djuk vko’;d ughale>kA çkphu Hkkjr esa çkjfEHkd lQyrk ds cknfHk{kq.kh&la?k dk iru gksuk vkjEHk gks x;k D;ksafd mikldfHk{kqf.k;ksa dh vis{kk fHk{kqvksa dk leFkZu T+;knk [kq’kh ls djrsFksA lc ls vf/kd vpfEHkr djusokyh ckr rks ;g gS fd52

Hkys gh gkf’k;s ij] ysfdu yEcs le; rd fHk{kq.kh&la?kfo|eku jgus esa lQy jgkA

rkifld ukjh}s"k] ftls ikfy f=fiVd ds vfUre rgesa ik;k tkrk gS] L=h ds çfr vf/kdre ’k=qrkiw.kZ o

Rita M. Gross, Feminism and Religion: An Introduction,52

Boston: Beacon Press, 1996: 83.


udkjkRed FkkA bl çdkj ds #[k us lq>k;k fd ,d efgyk53

u rks fuokZ.k] vgZÙo] cksf/klÙoRo ;k cksf/k tSls mPpre/kkfeZd vkn’kZ çkIr dj ldrh Fkh vkSj u gh og ’kô] ekj;k czãk cu ldrh FkhA mls ekuo&tkfr ds iru rFkk54

vk/;kfRed&çk.kh ¼spiritual being½ dh e`R;q ds fy, lh/kkft+Eesnkj Bgjk;k x;kA vc L=h&tkfr dks uhp] vlH;]55

ek;koh] ludh] /kwrZ] vfo'oluh;] Hkz"V] fo/oald] nqxzkZá] bZ";kZyq]ew[kZ] pyfpÙk] ukle>] ykyph] viw.kZ] dkeqd] lkalkfjd] jgL;e;],sUætkfyd] yEiV] fo/kehZ] vijk/kh] dk;j] fo'okl?kkrh] uedgjke]pfj=ghu] fxjh gqbZ] csyxke] nq"V] diVh] vkyksP;] cqf)ghu oQ++qt++wy[+kphZyh ds :i esa ns[kk tkus yxkA ik¡p rjg ls mldh56

Okg bl çdkj dh i"BHkwfe Fkh ftlds rgr efgykvksa dh nh{kk53

dh dBksjre vkykspuk o fuUnk dh xbZA mudh nh{kk dks ckS) /keZ dh’kk;n lc ls cM+h =klnh ds :i esa ns[kk tkus yxk vkSj /kku dh Qlydks yxh QQ¡wnh/ lQsnk ¼lsrfëd½ tSlh laofr;ksa ls mldh rqyuk dhtkus yxhA

Bu.I.59; SnA.I.48f; A.I.28; M.II.65-66. ,d cksf/klÙo ls54

;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd og viuh thou&lafxuh dks NksM+ ns¼J.VI.552½A ;g Hkh ,d fnypLi ckr gS fd tkrdksa esa fn;s x, 547cksf/klÙoksa esa ls ,d Hkh L=h&tkfr dk ugha gSA

vly esa] vx×¥ lqÙkar dh ;gh fo"k;&oLrq gSA55

GS.I.93, IV.150; KS.I.146; A.II.61; J.I.111, 134, 285,56

289, II.474, 478, 527; IV.24-25; V.36, 435; VI.17, 339. Ekfgykvksads fy, ç;ksx dh xbZ egkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj mfDr;k¡ ns[kus ;ksX; gS& 1-šekSdkfeyus ij lHkh efgyk,¡ mYVk djsaxhA› ¼J.V.435½. 2-šunh] lM+d] ;kty&I;kÅ] lHkk&d{k ;k /keZ’kkyk& lHkh ds fy, fu%’kqYd gSa efgyk,¡] bUgsaikiksa ls dksbZ cU/ku ugha jksd ldrsA›¼J.V.446½. 3-šMkaV [kkuk ghefgykvksa dh vknr gSA›¼GS.IV.150½. 4- os rks šleqæh fi’kkpksa dh vkQ+r


rqyuk lk¡i ls dh xbZ& xqLlSy] fpM+fpM+h] bruh fo"kSyh fdekj Mkys] f}’kkf[kr t+qckuokyh rFkk fe=?kkrdA tkrd bl57

çdkj ds fo"kkDr #[k dk loksZRÑ"V mnkgj.k gSaA vc ,slk58

¼lqlqdkH;a½ gSaA› ¼A.I.126½. 5-šefgyk&tkfr ds dk;Zdyki jgL;uqek gksrsgSa u fd fu"diVA›¼A.I.282½. 6-šleqæ ds chp flEcy >hy ds ikl›

j[k fy, tkus ds ckn Hkh efgykvksa dks viuh bT+t+r yqVkus ls ugha jksdktk ldrkA ¼J.II.90½. 7-šoLrqr% efgyk nq"V o vÑrK gksrh gSA vrhresa vlqjksa us efgykvksa dks fuxydj mUgsa vius isV esa Nqik dj j[kk] fQjHkh os mUgsa vius enZ ds çfr ÑrK ugha j[k ldsA› ¼J.II.527½. 8-efgykvksa dh çÑfr dks le>uk cgqr eqf’dy gS ¼J.V.446½ D;ksafd osšdehuh› gSa vkSj šbudh cs’kehZ dh dksbZ lhek ugha gSA›¼J.V.448½.pqYy&inqe tkrd ¼J.I.115-121½ esa cksf/klÙo crkrk gS fd fdl çdkjmlus viuh I;klh iRuh dh I;kl cq>kus ds fy, mls vius ?kqVus esa ls[kwu fudky dj fn;k vkSj blds cnys esa mlus mldh gR;k djus dhdksf’k’k dh vkSj ,d vijk/kh çofÙk ds O;fDr ds lkFk tkdj jgus yxhA,d nwljh txg ij cksf/klÙo dgrs gSa& šfHk{kqvksa! Tkc eSa tkuoj ds :iesa thou O;rhr dj jgk Fkk] rc Hkh eSa ukjh&tkfr dh vÑrKrk] Ny]nq"Vrk] vkSj yEiVrk ds ckjs esa vPNh rjg ls tkurk Fkk] vkSj ml le;muds uhps jgus ds ctk, eSaus mUgsa vius fu;a=.k esa j[kkA ¼J.V.419½.,d vkSj tkrd esa cksf/klÙo vius firk dks dgrs gSa& š;fn vkSjrsa bl?kj esa vkb± rks eu dh ’kfUr u eq>s feysxh vkSj u gh vkidksA›¼J.IV.43½.

A.II.260-61. blh lqÙk esa ,d vkSj LFkku ij ,d efgyk o57

lkai esa fuEufyf[kr ik¡p gkfudkjd lekurk,¡ crkbZ xbZ gSa&O;fHkpkjh] nqxZU/k;qä] dk;j] Hkh# rFkk fe=?kkrdA

bl çdkj dk #[k cksf/klÙo ls lEcfU/kr fofHké ?kVukvksa esa58

Hkh çfrfcfEcr gksrk gS] ftuesa og xoZ vuqHko djrk gS D;ksafd og ukjh}s"kh¼vfufRFkxa/k½ gS ¼J.IV.48½] viuh ckr fl) djus ds fy, ,d jktk dhnqYgu dks iFkHkz"V djrk gS ¼J.VI.235-236½] ,d nkuh jktk ds :i esaog ,d O;fDr dks viuh iRuh dks ,d lIrkg ds fy, ekSteLrh gsrq lkSainsrk gS ¼J.II.419½] ,d ukjh ls vfu;fer laHkksx djus ds ckn ,d jktk


vuqHko fd;k tkus yxk Fkk fd vkSjr ds lkFk lEcU/k vifo=rFkk ?kkrd Fkk D;ksafd og mu ifo= gfLr;ksa esa Hkh nks"k ovifo=rk iSnk dj ldrh gS šftUgksaus vius ikiksa dkslekf/keXurk ls jksd j[kk FkkA› ckjEckj ;g crk;k x;k59

gS fd efgykvksa dh dkeokluk tSfod rkSj ij mPNà[ky gSaA60

bl çdkj dh ekufldrk ds QyLo:i] ;g crk;k x;k fdukjh dk iq#"k }kjk neu fd;k tkuk pkfg,] mls fu;a=.k esaj[kk tkuk pkfg,] rFkk ml ij fot; ikuh pkfg,A

ds :i esa og mls dgrk gS fd og mls rHkh feyus vk, ;fn mls yM+dkiSnk gks ¼J.I.28½] bR;kfnA tkrdksa ds cksf/klÙoksa ds fuEufyf[kr dFku Hkhviuh ckr Lo;a djrs gSa& 1-šog pksVhokys MdSrksa tSlh] fo"kSys is; tSlh]mu O;kikfj;ksa tSlh tks viuh ç’kalk Lo;a djrs gSa] fgj.k ds lhaxksa dhrjg Vs<+h] lk¡iksa dh rjg f}’kkf[kr&t+qcku okyh] <¡+ds gq, xïs+ tSlh] udZdh rjg vrÌr] ,d jk{klh dh rjg vlUrq"V] ;e dh rjg odksnj] ,dTokyk dh rjg loZHk{kd] ,d unh dh rjg lkeus dk lcdqN cgk ystkusokyh] ok;q dh rjg ft/kj >qdko gqvk m/kj gh tkusokyh] es# ioZrdh rjg vfoosdh] fo’kSys o{k dh rjg çR;sd o"kZ Qyusokyh gSA›¼J.V.425½. 2-š,d iRuh ;qok gks] vPNh vkSj lqUnj gks& mldh vusdlgsfy;k¡ gksa rFkk cPpksa dk I;kj lk>k djrh gks& vius Hksn mlds lqiqnZHkh er djks& ;k fQj mlds fo’okl?kkr ls cpdj jgksA›¼J.V.80½. 3-šgkFkesa ryokj fy;s gq, O;fDr ls ckr djks& csrky ls tkdj ç’u djks] ikltkdj cSBks& ml tgjhys lk¡i ds] ftldk Mad ej.kkUrd gks& ysfdu dHkhHkh vdsyh ukjh ls ,dkUr esa ckr er djksA›¼A.II.260½.

tkrd ,sls mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjs iMs+ gSa ftuesa vkSjrsa laU;kfl;ksa dks59

muds y{; ls iFkHkz"V dj nsrh gSaA ns[ksa] mnkgj.kr;k] J.I.27, IV.468,V.157.

EkgkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj ckS) /keZ esa iqujkorZd fo"k; ;g gS fd vkSjrsa60

Hkz"V gksrh gSa ftudh thouHkj šlaHkksx] Jàxkj] rFkk cPps&tuus› ls r`fIrugha gksrhA ¼GS.I.77; J.II.342½.


ukjh&ySafxdrk dks laLÑfr] lekt rFkk /keZ ds fy, ,d[krjk le>k tkus yxk vkSj bl rdZ dk ç;ksx efgykvksa dksgkf’k;s ds thou esa <dsyus ds fy, ç;ksx fd;k tkus yxkA61

bl çdkj dh rhoz ukjh}s"kd Hkkouk dk möo ,dfo’ks"k çdkj dh leL;kvksa dks ysdj gqvkA çkphu Hkkjrh;laLÑfr ds l`f"V’kkL= dk /;ku bl rF; ij dsafær Fkk fdfo’o vkdkjjfgr] vySafxd çkf.k;ksa ds ifo= {ks= ls fodflrgqvk gSA vkdkj o ySafxd fHkérk dks vfLrRo dh fuEu Js.khdh vfHkO;fä ekuk x;k tks lalkj ls eksg ds }kjk tqM+k gqvkFkk vkSj tks Hkkstu xzg.k djus o eSFkqu ls mRié gqvk FkkAbu xzaFkksa esa ;g vUrfuZfgr Fkk fd pw¡fd dkeqdrk ds dkj.kiru gqvk Fkk] dkeokluk ls ijgst+ mu dfM+;ksa dks detksjdj nsxk tks ekuork dks fuEu Js.kh ds HkkSfrd lalkj lsck¡/krk gS vkSj bl çdkj cksf/k ds ftKklqvksa dks vkn’kZ dhml T;ksfreZ; voLFkk dh vksj vkjksg.k djus ds ;ksX; cuk;kftls muds iwoZtksa us [kks fn;k FkkA ,slh fo’on`f"V ds gksrsgq,] ;g dksbZ vk’p;Z dh ckr ugha gS fd fo’kq)rk dks ukjhxHkkZ/kku ls vkSj mRÑ"V ’kq)rk dks iqatkrh; czãp;Z ls tksM+fn;k x;kA ckS) lkfgR; esa bl çdkj dh Hkkoukvksa dksiqatkrh; /kkfeZd çFkk ij ifjppkZ esa çk;% O;Dr fd;k x;k gS]fo’ks"kdj mu xzaFkksa esa tks vk/;kfRed vkn’kZ dks eq[;r%

blh ds lkFk] ukjh dh dk;k ds jgL; o mldh ’kfDr;ksa dks61

fo?kVudkjh czã.Mh; ’kfDr;ksa ds lkFk tksM+k tkus yxkA bl çdkj dhfopkj/kkjk vkezikfy tSlh xf.kdkvksa ij ykxw ugha gksrh FkhA ,d xf.kdkdh dkeqdrk ls Mj rks yxrk Fkk ysfdu mldh dkeuk Hkh dh tkrh FkhAog ’kfDr’kkyh Fkh D;ksafd dksbZ ,d iq#"k ml ij vf/kdkj O;Dr ugha djldrk FkkA mldh d+nz dh tkrh Fkh D;ksafd og lcdks fcuk fdlhHksnHkko ds viuh lsok çnku djrh FkhA


rkifld ’kq)rk ds :i esa ns[krs gSaA blls ladsr feyrk gSfd l`f"V’kkL=h; ekU;rkvksa ds fjDFk dh vis{kk rkifldczãp;Z dh euksoSKkfud vko’;drk,¡ ,sls #[k dks le>us esavf/kd dsafær gSaA blesa ukjh&tkfr] fo’ks"kdj iqatkrh;czãp;Z dks Hkax djus dh mldh ’kfDr] dk Hk; ns[kus dksfeyrk gSA

rkifld vkn’kksaZokys /keZ esa x`gLFk thou ds cfg"dkjdk eryc eq[;r;k efgyk dk cfg"dkj Fkk vkSjegkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj dky ds ckS) /keZ esa efgyk ds cfg"dkj dks,d iq.;Qy ds :i esa ns[kk tkus yxkA dgkfu;k¡] ewfrZdyk,oa vkn’kZ ckjackj ukjh}s"kd fopkjksa ds lk/ku cusA x`gLFkksa]62

mYya?kudrkZvksa rFkk uonhf{krksa dh rjg fHk{kqf.k;ksa dksvkSipkfjd dkjZokbZ ds nkSjku fn;s x, c;kuksa dk fojks/k djus;k fHk{kqvksa ds O;ogkj ij fVIi.kh djus dk vf/kdkj çkIrugha FkkA vly esa] fHk{kqf.k;k¡ iw.kZr;k fHk{kqvksa ds v/khu djnh xbZ FkhaA efgykvksa dk muds BsB t+ukuk y{k.kksa63

¼bfRFkfufeÙk½ rFkk eukso`fÙk ¼bfRFkdqÙk½ ds fy, migkl mM+k;k

UkkjhRo dks fujUrj šekj&tky› ¼snare of MÈra½ ds :i esa62

ns[kk x;kA ¼A.III.68½.

LkkQ ’kCnksa esa ;g vkns’k fn;k x;k Fkk fd šefgykvksa dks63

ueLdkj ugha djuk pkfg,] muds vfHkoknu esas mBuk ugha pkfg, rFkkmuds fy, dÙZkO; dk ikyu ugha djuk pkfg,A›¼BD.V.227, 358½. šlkSo"kZ dh milEink ikbZ fHk{kq.kh dks Hkh mlh fnu ds milEink ik, fHk{kq dsfy, vfHkoknu çR;qRFkku] vatfy tksM+uk] lehph&deZ djuk pkfg,A ;gHkh /keZ lRdkjiwoZd xkSjoiwoZd ekudj] iwtdj thouHkj vfrØe.k ughadjuk pkfg,A›¼Vin.V.52½. fHk{kq fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks QVdkj ldrs Fks ysfdufHk{kqf.k;k¡ fHk{kqvksa dks QVdkj ugha ldrh FkhaA ¼A.IV.277-78½.


tkrk FkkA ;g dksbZ gSjkuh okyh ckr ugha gS fd64

egkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj ckS) /keZ esa efgykvksa dks U;k;kY; esa cSBusds yk;d] okf.kT; djus ds {ke] pht+ksa dk lgh vFkZ le>usds ;ksX;] x`gLFk ds dk;ksaZ dks le>nkjh ls l¡Hkkyus] rFkklkekftd o jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds usr`Ro ds ;ksX; rFkkokaNuh; ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA bl çdkj ds çp.M]65

A.IV.57; Dhs.633, 713, 836; J.I.296, 433, II.127, 329,64

IV.219, 472; DhA.IV.197.vc fdlh Hkh efgyk }kjk mlds fy,fu/kkZfjr fd, x, fu;eksa ls gVdj dk;Z djus dks švfL=;ksfpr O;ogkj›¼vfufRFk½ ekuk tkus yxkA ¼J.I.126½. EkgkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj dky esa efgykvksals eq[;rkSj ij ;g vis{kk dh tkrh Fkh fd os Lo;a dks bl çdkj lsf’kf{kr djsa fd šftl Hkh ifr dks--- ek¡&cki--- ¼mUgsa lkSaisa½--- mlds fy,¼os½ lqcg tYnh mBsaxh] lcls ckn esa lks,axh] [kq’k gksdj dk;Z djsaxh] lHkhdks I;kj ls rFkk e/kqj ok.kh esa iqdkjsaxhA›¼A.II.37, IV.265½.

1-os šU;k;kYk; esa cSBus] okf.kT; djus ;k pht+ksa dk lgh65

vFkZ le>us ds ;ksX; ugha gSa› D;ksafd os šØks/kh--- bZ";kZyq--- ykyph--- ¼rFkk½--- fnekx ls detksj gksrh gSaA› ¼A.I.82-83½. 2-;g fu/kkZfjrdj fn;k x;k Fkk fd fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks çokj.kk ls nwj jguk pkfg,¼Mv.IV.2-14½ rFkk fHk{kqvksa ds çkfreks{k dh vko`fÙk ds le; lhekds ckgj jguk pkfg, ¼blesa fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds fy, fu;e lfEefyrgksus ds ckotwn Hkh½ ¼Mv.I.36.1-2½. 3-;g fu/kkZfjr dj fn;k x;kFkk fd š,d vkSipkfjd dk;Z--- ftlesa pkj O;fDr;ksa dh mifLFkfrvko’;d gks] ;fn mls ,slh lHkk esa fd;k x;k gks ftlesa pkSFkklnL; ,d fHk{kq.kh gks rks og lgh dk;Z ugha gS vkSj mls djukugha pkfg,A› ¼SBE.XVII.269½. bl çdkj] mUgsa fHk{kqvksa dhmilEink ;k vuq’kklfud dk;Zokfg;ksa esa la?k ds vkSipkfjd dk;ks±esa dksje iwjk djus esa ugha fxuk tkrk FkkA os la?kHksfn;ksa dk lkFknsus ds ckotwn Hkh la?k dk foHkktu ugha dj ldrh FkhaA¼Mv.VI.5.1½.;g psrkouh nh tkus yxh fd og txg šcnuke--- ¼gkstkrh gS½--- tgk¡ vkSjrsa jkt djrh gSa] vkSj os vkneh cnuke gks


vO;Okgkfjd rFkk ngykus okys rdZ ds }kjk efgykvksa dksnq%[kHkjh n’kk rd fxjk fn;k x;k vkSj mudk thou lgh esa,d gkf’k;s ij vk x;kA

,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd egkifjfuokZ.kksÙkj ckS) la?k esalkekU;r;k ogh efgyk,¡a ços’k dj ikrh Fkha tks ;k rks lezkV~v’kksd dh iq=h la?kfe=k dh Hkk¡fr lekt dh uSfrdrk dsvke fu;eksa ls Åij Fkha ;k fQj os vkSjrsa ftudk vkxs ihNsdksbZ ugha Fkk vkSj tks lekt dh uSfrdrk dh lhek ls ckgjfudy pqdh FkhaA ysfdu n’kk ;k ifjfLFkfr;k¡ tSlh Hkh jghgkas] efgykvksa dks ,d vPNk volj feykA ,dmHk;dsafnzr&fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa ;g cM+h ukt+qd fLFkfr jgh gksxhftlesa ,d vksj rks e;kZnk dks ysdj fHk{kqvksa vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa dks,d&nwljs ls i;kZIr vUrjky cuk dj j[kuk iM+rk Fkk vkSj nwljhvksj la?k dks efgykvksa ds ,d ,sls Lok;Ùk xqV dh lkekftd vLohÑfr ¼okLro esa vdYiuh;rk½ ls fuiVuk iM+rk Fkk tks fdlhiaqtkrh; ’kfDr ds lh/ks fu;a=.k esa ugha FkkA fHk{kqvksa ds lkFkvkSipkfjd :i ls lEc) gksus ds dkj.k fHk{kqf.k;k¡ fcukrkRdkfyd gkfu mBk, x`gLFk thou NksM+us dk ykHk mBkldrh FkhaA efgykvksa ds çfr xyr #[k ds fy,] ftlds dkj.k,sls laj{k.k dh vko’;drk iM+h] lekt dk [k.Mu fd;ktkuk rks Bhd yxrk gS ysfdu ,slh uhfr viukus ds fy, la?k

tkrs gaS tks [kqn vkSjrksa ds jkt dks Lohdkj dj ysrs gSaA› ¼J.I.43½.4-tkrdksa esa Hkfo";ok.kh dh xbZ gS fd rc cqjs fnu vk tk,axs tcšvkneh lcdqN viuh ifRu;ksa dks lqiqnZ dj nsaxs› ¼J.I.342½ D;ksafdos šfcfYy;ksa dh rjg mls cckZn dj nsrh gSa tks muds o’k esa gkstkrk gSA› ¼J.V.152½.


dh vkykspuk Bhd ugha gSA vc vius Hkfo"; dks vius gh66

gkFkksa esa ysdj os viuh n’kk esa lq/kkj dj ldrh FkhaA ;g/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd efgyk ds lcls cM+s ’k=q ifjokj]fookg vkSj çlwfr Fks ¼vkSj gSa½& tgk¡ mldk enksZa }kjk ,dcPps iSnk djus o ikyus dh e’khu ds rkSj ij ’kks"k.k fd;ktkrk FkkA ;g RkF; dksbZ U;wu miyfC/k ugha gS fd ckS) /keZus efgykvksa dks bu lc laLFkkvksa ls u dsoy eqfä ikus dkcfYd mUgsa [kqn dks la;ksftr djus dk ekSdk Hkh fn;kA blçdkj ds gh okrkoj.k esa FksjhxkFkk tSls ,d vf}rh; xzaFk dhjpuk dh xbZ] ftldk uke gj ckj rc ysuk pkfg, tc HkhckS) /keZ esa efgykvksa dh ckr dh tk,A blls vk¡dM+slarqfyr gks tk,¡xsA67

Ian Astley, (A Book review of) Rita M. Gross, Buddhism66

After Patriarchy: A Feminine History, Analysis, and Reconstructionof Buddhism, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992, inStudies in Central and East Asian Religions, vol. 5/6, Copenhagen:Journal of the Seminar for Buddhist Studies, 1992-3: 208.

ysfdu jhVk xzkWl dk dguk gS fd gkyk¡fd FksjhxkFkk esa67

nh xbZ dgkfu;k¡ dkQh ykHknk;d gSa] ijUrq mudh mi;ksfxrklhfer gSA ;s efgyk,¡ ukf;dk,a gSa] ysfdu ;s mHk;dsafnzr ofir`lÙkkRed vrhr esa ek= Le`frfpà gSaA gesa viuh ukf;dkvksa dsckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr djus] mudh rFkk mudh vkn’kZ Hkwfedk dhç’kalk djus dh vko’;drk rks gS] ysfdu nwljh vksj ;g Hkhvko’;d gS fd mu ij vko’;drk ls vf/kd tksj u fn;k tk,A¼Rita M. Gross, Buddhism After Patriarchy, Op. Cit. 118½.

5lkekftd fopkj

Ekkuoh; vuqHko }kjk ;g n’kkZ;k tk pqdk gS fd iw.kZr% lerkoknhlekt] ftlesa dksbZ O;fDr nwljksa ls vf/kd çHkko] çfr"Bk ;k /kuugha j[krk gks] fcYdqy vlaHko gSA Js.khc)rk vifjgk;Z gSA bldkrkRi;Z ;g gS fd ekuo&tkfr ds lkeus eq[; ç’u mfprJs.khc)rk ¼proper hierarchy½ dh LFkkiuk dk jgk gSA Lora=rkvkSj lerk] tks ekuoh; lH;rk ds vko';d vax gSa] nks oxks±] ;FkkvkSipkfjd vkSj okLrfod ¼formal and effective½] esa foHkkftr gksldrh gSaA if'peh yksdrkaf=d ns'kksa esa vkSipkfjd Lora=rk vkSjlerk yxHkx lHkh ukxfjdksa dks miyC/k gaSA ysfdu mudk dkuwudsoy vehjksa ds LokFkZ ds fy, dk;Z djrk gS rFkk okLro esa] xjhcyksx vusd çdkj dh fo"kerkvksa dks Hkksx jgs gSaA bl çdkjokLrfod Lora=rk vkSj lerk dsoy dqN fo'ks"k yksxksa dks ghmiyC/k gaSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vkt Hkh vusd ’kksf"kr yksxksa dks1

bl lanHkZ esa] la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] ftls Lora=rk vkSj lekurk1

dk vxz.kh ekuk tkrk gS] dk mnkgj.k ns[kus ;ksX; gSA bl ns’k ij fofHkéçek.kksa ds vk/kkj ij fd, x, ’kks/kdk;Z ls irk pyrk gS fdçR;kf’kr&vk;q ,oa LokLF;&n’kk dk JfedoxZ dh thou&fuokZg rFkkiw¡thokn dh HkkSfrd n’kkvksa ls lh/ks :i ls lEcU/k gSA ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,ns[ksa, Vincente Navarro, šSocial Class, Political Power and the Stateand Their Implications for Medicine,› Social Science and Medicine,

10, 1976: 437-57½. TkSlk fd lhñ MCY;wñ feYy~t+ ¼C.W. Mills½ us viusxzUFk The Power Elite ¼New York: Oxford University Press, 1956:

39½ esa dgk gS fd šf’k[kj ij p<+uk vR;Ur dfBu gksrk gS--- ogk¡ ij tUeysuk vf/kd vklku o vf/kd lqyHk gksrk gSA½ ¼šIt is very difficult toclimb to the top... it is much easier and much safer to be bornthere.›½ OkSLVxkZMZ rFkk dbZ nwljs fo}ku ;g fn[kk pqds gSa fd çR;sd


ekDlZokn vius 'kks"k.k&eqfDr vkSj HksnHkko&lekfIr ds n’kZu lsçsfjr djrk gSA okLrfod LorU=rk vkSj lerk ds fuekZ.k ds fy,ldkjkREkd dne oxZ&O;oLFkk dh lekfIr ds }kjk gh mB ldrkgSA pw¡fd ckS) /keZ tkfr&vk/kkfjr fo'ks"kkf/kdkj esa fo'okl ughadjrk] blfy, dqN fo}ku bldh rqyuk ekDlZokn ds lkFk Hkhdjrs gSaA

fdlh lkekftd eqís dk fo'ys"k.k djrs le; /;ku esa ;grF; j[kuk vko';d gS fd çkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl mPp tkfrds yksxksa dk bfrgkl gSA yxHkx fdlh Hkh lzksr esa lekt dhfofHké fuEu tkfr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dk çfrfuf/kRo ugha feyrkAcq)dky ds vkjEHk gksus rd Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr&O;oLFkk o`gr~fo"kerk ds lkFk lqLFkkfir gks pqdh FkhA ;g o`fÙkewyd vkSjoa’kkuqxr ¼functional and hereditary½ nksuksa gh :iksa esa n`<+ gkspqdh FkhA o..k 'kCn] ftldk vFkZ lkekftd oxZ] Øe ;k tkfrgksrk gS] dk mi;ksx ikfy lkfgR; esa lkekU;r% u flQZ çkf.k;ksa dsfoHkktd&fpà ds :i esa gqvk gS] cfYd ;g tkfr&foHkktu dsfpà dks Hkh n'kkZrk gSA lkekU;r% XkkSre cq) ds le;oa'k&ijEijk ¼xksÙk½ dk ç;ksx ,d egÙoiw.kZ lkekftd ekin.M ds:i esa fd;k tkrk Fkk vkSj ikfy lkfgR; esa m)`r] ßD;k oa'kkoyhgS\Þ ;k ßveqd oa'kkoyh ls esjk lEcU/k gS]Þ tSls dFku blh lanHkZesa gSaA blh çdkj ikfy lkfgR; esa *dqy* dh Hkkouk lqLi"Vrk ls2

lkekftd oxZ ds vUnj fofHké leqnk;ksa ,oa Lrjksa esa dqN xfr’khyrk gqbZgS] ysfdu lkekftd oxksZa ds vUnj dksbZ okLrfod xfr’khyrk ugha vkbZgSA ¼J.H. Westergaard, šSociology: The Myth of Classlessness› in R.Blackburn ¼ed½, Ideology in Social Science, New York: Fontana,

1972: 119-163½. vkSj vkxs ns[ksa, Linda McQuaig, The WealthyBanker’s Wife, Penguin Books, 1993.

XkksÙkokn ¼D.I.99½; dFkaxksÙk ¼D.I.92½; ,oaxksÙk ¼M.I.420, II.20,2

33½.

lkekftd fopkj 151

çnf’kZr gS vkSj ogk¡ çk;% ,sls yksxksa dk o.kZu vkrk gS tks3

mPptkrh;] mPpoxhZ;] mPpifjokjh; rFkk mPpoa’kh; FksA ^v;^4

¼v;~;½ 'kCn dk [kqys :i ls vk;Z ¼vFkkZr~ dqyhu½ oa’kksa ds fjoktvkSj fopkj ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k x;k gS vkSj vius mPptkrh;5

,oa mPpdqyhu tUe ij ?ke.M O;Dr djusokys O;fDr;ksa dk ik;ktkuk dksbZ vk’p;Z dh ckr ugha gSA bl ds lkFk&lkFk6

rFkkdfFkr fuEutkfr o fuEuçtkfr ds yksx Hkh Fks] tks v'kq)jDr ;k fuEu tUe ds ekus tkrs FksA ,sls yksxksa dks gs;] uhp]7

frjLÑr] vf'kf{kr] lk/kkj.k] vlH;] vuk;Z vkSj fuyZTt ds :i esans[kk tkrk FkkA cgqr&ls ,sls HkkX;ghu yksxksa dks tkrh; çpyu8

jktdqy ¼J.I.290; III.277; VI.368½] [kfÙk;dqy ¼Vin.II.161½]3

czkã.kdqy ¼A.V.249; J.IV.411½] okf.ktdqy ¼J.III.82½] dLlddqy¼J.II.109½] iqjk.klsfëdqy ¼J.VI.364½] vXxdqfyd ¼Pv.III.5.5½] dqy/khrk¼Vin.II.10½] lfnldqy ¼PvA.82½] dqyoal ¼M.II.181; A.III.43;

IV.61; DA.I.256½ bR;kfnA

tkfrlaié ¼A.III.152½; vktkfu; ¼J.I.181½; tkfrear ¼Sn.420½;4

lqtkfrear ¼J.VI.356½; dqy:ilaié ¼PvA.3, 280½; vfj;k; tkfr;k tkrks¼M.II.103½; mPpdqyhurk ¼A.III.48½; mPpkdqyhurk ¼M.III.37; VvA.32;¼Pv.III.1.16½; dksyhfu;k / dksys;~;d ¼J.II.348½.

mnkgj.k ds fy,, v;~;iqÙk vFkkZr vk;Ziq= ¼J.I.62, III.167,5

VI.146.½ vkSj v;ZiqXxy vFkkZr vk;Ziq#"k ¼Vin.V.117; Ps.I.167; ThA.206½.blh çdkj v;Z/kEe ¼S.IV.250½; v;Zla?k ¼PvA.1½; v;ZeXxks ¼S.V.421½; rFkkvfj;lPpkfu ¼Vin.I.10; Sn.229, 267; Dh.190; D.I.189; II.90; III.277;

M.I.62; III.248; S.V.435 bR;kfn½ tSls ’kCnksa dk ç;ksx Hkh blh lanHkZ esafd;k x;k gSA

tkfrFk) ¼Sn.104½.6

vuktkfu; ¼M.I.367½; vktkfrea ¼J.VI.356½; vtPp ¼J.III.17,7

VI.100½; brjtPp ¼M.II.47½; ghutPp ¼J.I.342½; fughutPp ¼J.V.257½;tkfrfughu ¼PvA.198½; fughutkfrd ¼PvA.175½.

vufj; ¼Vin.I.10; D.II.87; III.232; Sn.664, 782; A.I.8½;8

vukfj; ¼Sn.815½; vufj;/kEe ¼Pug.13½; vufj;:i ¼J.V.48, 87;


ds ?ksjs ls ckgj j[kk x;k Fkk] ftUgsa tkfr&foghu ;k ij&tkfr ds:i esa fy;k tkrk FkkA ikfy Hkk"kk esa xzkeokfl;ksa ,oa xzke ls9

lacaf/kr laLÑfr dh ^xzkeh;* ¼x¡ok:½ ds :i esa Li"V ’kCnksa esavogsyuk dh xbZ gSA bldh rqyuk esa ûkxfjd* 'kCn lH; vkSj10

Hkæ yksxksa dh vksj ladsr djrk gSA lkekftd Lrj ds Js.khdj.k11

ds vfrfjDr vkfFkZd Lrj ij Hkh foHkktu ns[kus dks feyk gSA vr%ikfy lkfgR; esa nksuksa nfjæ ¼nfyí/ nfGn½ rFkk /kuh vkSj12

çHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds mYys[k gSaA euq";ksa dks nklksa ds :i esa13

[kjhnk vkSj cspk tkrk FkkA voSrfud Jfedksa rFkk Ñf"knklksa dk14

mYys[k Hkh ikfy lkfgR; esa feyrk gSA nwljs ’kCnksa esa] cq)dkyhu15

Hkkjrh; lekt lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fo"kerkvksa ls xzflr FkkA

DhA.IV.3½; uhpdqy ¼Sn.411, 462; J.I.106½. *nklhiqÙk* uked ’kCn dkç;ksx çk; ?k`.kk O;Dr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk ¼?kjnkfl;k o iqÙkksD.I.93; DA.I.257½. PED esa Hkh ns[ksa, s.v. dÈsÏputta.

osof..k; ¼A.V.87½; oSof.kZd ¼Divy.424½.9

xkedwV ¼[kq’kkenh Vêw& S.II.258½; xke/kEe ¼nq"V vkpj.k&10

D.I.4½; xkeokflua/kEe ¼nq"V vkpj.k& DA.I.72½; xkenkjdk ¼lM+dNkiNksdjs& J.II.78, 176, III.275½.

DA.I.282. fudk;ksa esa lfEefyr cq) ds vf/kdrj çopu11

JkoLrh] jktx`g rFkk dkS’kkEch tSls cM+s uxjksa esa fn, x, FksA tkrdksa esaeuq"; ds :i esa iSnk gq, 315 cksf/klÙoksa esa ls 223 vFkkZr~ 84-47% udsoy uxjh; dsaæksa esa iSnk gq, Fks cfYd os jktkvksa] eaf=;ksa ;k lkgwdkjksads ifjokjksa ls Hkh lEcfU/kr FksA ¼vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, ns[ksa, K.T.S.Sarao, Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian Buddhism, Delhi: EasternBook Linkers: 1989: Appendix: 4½.

Vin.II.159; S.I.96; V.100, 384, 404; M.II.73; A.II.57,12

203; III.351; IV.219; V.43; DA.I.298.

vïd ¼J.IV.495; Pv.8.2½; egkfoHko ¼PvA.107½.13

D.I.5; DA.I.78; J.I.200, 223, III.343, 347; Pug.56;14

PvA.112.

nkldEedkj ¼Vin.I.240; A.I.240; D.III.189; DhA.IV.1½.15

lkekftd fopkj 153

czkã.kksa us] tks Lo;a dks mPp tkrh; ekurs Fks] lekt dhlHkh lqfo/kkvksa ds lkFk vius çHkqRo dks vgLrkarj.kh; tUefl)vf/kdkj ekurs FksA cq)dky ds Bhd igys ;Kh; iwtk&i)fr ds}kjk czkã.k cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh cu x, Fks vkSj lekt esa vU; o.kksaZdh vis{kk mudh çfr"Bk vR;f/kd Å¡ph gks x;h FkhA mUgsa euq";ds :i esa nso ekuk tkus yxk Fkk vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd jktk Hkhmudh lsok ds fy, muds çfr vux`ghr gksrs FksA os fdlh Hkhçdkj ds Hk; vkSj rRdkyhu fopkj/kkjkvksa ls ugha Mjrs Fks vkSj ugh mUgsa fdlh t?kU; vijk/k ds n.M dk Hk; FkkA ;|fi mUgksaus16

;K dh çHkkoksRikndrk ls 'kfDr çkIr dh Fkh] ysfdu cq) ds dkyesa lHkh czkã.k vfuok;Zr% ;Kh; iqtkjh ugha Fks D;ksafd mUgsa fofHkéçdkj ds O;olk; viukrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA ysfdu czkã.kdgykus dh vk/kkjHkwr ;ksX;rk tUe gh çrhr gksrh gSA lks.kn.MlqÙk esa czkã.k cuus ds mu lHkh xq.kksa dh lwph nh x;h gS tks mlle; vko';d ekus tkrs FksA bl çdkj š,d czkã.k vius17

ekrk&firk nksuksa ds rjQ ls fcuk HkRlZuk vkSj ykaNu ds fiNyhlkr ihf<+;ksa ls vPNs dqy esa iSnk gqvk gksrk gS] og /keZ xzUFkksa dkmins’kd gksrk gS] xqá i| mls d.BLFk gksrs gSa--- og lqUnj]je.kh;] fo’oluh;] euksgj] çsj.kknk;h] :i&jax esa çfrHkk’kkyh]mÙke O;fDrRo vkSj ns[kus esa çrkih] ln~xq.kh gksrk gSA› mPp dksfVds czkã.k ds ik¡p xq.kksa esa ls çFke xq.k fcuk ykaNu ds fiNyhlkr ihf<+;ksa ls vPNs dqy esa iSnk gqvk gksuk gSA Li"Vr% buesa ls18

vf/kdrj dsoy vkn’kZ xq.k gSa tcfd tUe dh ’kq)rk] ftls lwph esaxkSjoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k x;k gS] lcls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ FkhA mudsrFkkdfFkr mPp tUe] vkSj çR;kf’kr ln~xq.kh] lqO;ofLFkr ,oa

J.H. Hutton, Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and16

Origins, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946: 81.

D.I.111ff.17

;ko lÙek firkegk;qxk vfD[kÙkks muqiôqëks tkfroknsu18

¼D.I.120; DA.I.281; A.I.166, III.152, 233; Sn.315, 596½.


vuq'kkflr thou ds dkj.k mUgksaus u dsoy /kkfeZd dk;ks± esa cfYdnSufUnu dk;ks± esa Hkh fo’ks"kkf/kdkjksa dk nkok fd;kA

lekt esa czkã.kksa }kjk çHkqRo ds nkos dks {kf=;ksa us pqukSrhnh vkSj tc lekt ds 'kkldksa ds :i esa mudh 'kfDr c<+h] rcmUgksaus czkã.kksa ds bl çdkj ds O;ogkj ds fo#) la?k"kZ dk usr`Rofd;kA vLlyk;u lqÙk esa vflr nsoy dh dFkk esa bl çdkj dhvkykspuk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA vflr nsoy] tks Lo;a ,d19

çfrf"Br czkã.k iqtkjh Fkk] ijUrq ftls dkys jax ds dkj.k vU;czkã.k frjLÑr djrs Fks] us mudh oa'kkoyh dh tk¡p&ij[k djdsmUgsa loZJs"B gksus ds nkos dks R;kxus ij foo’k dj fn;kA blrjg dh vkykspuk ds dkj.k czkã.kksa dk çHkqRo lekt esa /khjs&/khjs?kVus yxkA blh çfØ;k dks XkkSre cq) us vkxs c<+k;k vkSj varr%mUgksaus czkã.kksa ds tUe laca/kh vk/kkj dks ekuus ls badkj djfn;kA czkã.k vLlyk;u XkkSre cq) ds ikl tkdj dgrk gS%20

šdsoy czkã.k czãk ds iq= gSa] muds eq[k ls tUes gSa] czãk lstUesa gaS] czãk ds }kjk fufeZr gq, gaS vkSj czãk ds mÙkjkf/kdkjh gSaAbl fo"k; esa vki xkSre D;k dgrs gSa\› XkkSre cq) mÙkj nsrs gq,dgrs gSa%& švLlyk;u] czkã.kksa dh fL=;k¡ _rq.kh] xfHkZ.kh] ;ksfuls çlo djrh] cPpksa dks nw/k fiykrh ns[kh tkrh gSaA czkã.kksa dktUe Hkh vU; yksxksa ds leku gh gksrk gSA fQj mudk ;g dguk

M.II.156ff.19

ckS) ikfjHkkf"kd ’kCnkoyh esa] tkfr&vk/kkfjr ukeksa ds20

lkFk&lkFk czkã.k ’kCn dks ,d ln~xq.kh] lqO;ofLFkr ,oa vuq'kkflr thouO;rhr djus okys O;fDr ds fy, vkSj çk;% vgZUr ds i;kZ;okph ’kCn ds:i esa Hkh ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fofHké lkekftd Lrjksa ds vusd ,slsczkã.kksa dk ikfy lkfgR; esa o.kZu vkrk gS ftUgsa mPp LkEeku fn;k x;kgSA cq) }kjk czkã.k ’kCn dh loZJs"B O;fDr;ksa ds fy, ,d ekuksikf/k ds:i esa pquko Hkh blh RkF; dk çek.k gS fd ;g ’kCn ,d ckS) dheukso`fÙk esa ,d mnkÙk vFkZ] vFkkZr~ ,d okLrfod J)k ,oa lEeku iSnkdjrk FkkA bl çdkj] czkã×¥a ,d ckS) fHk{kq dk egkure ln~xq.k ekukx;k gSA ¼Vin.III.72½.

lkekftd fopkj 155

dgk¡ rd mfpr gS fd dsoy czkã.k gh Js"B tkfr gS--- os gh czãkds mÙkjkf/kdkjh gSaA› czkã.kksa dk çHkqRo muds ;K&{kerk dh21

gB/kfeZrk ls Hkh tqM+k FkkA XkkSre cq) us czkã.kh; ;kfKddeZdk.Mksa dh Hkh vkykspuk dh vkSj crk;k fd fdl rjg ds ;Kdks lgh dgk tk ldrk gSA blh çdkj] czkã.kksa }kjk viukbZ xbZadBksj rkifld çFkkvksa dh Hkh mUgksaus fuUnk dh vkSj f[kYYkhmM+kbZA22

XkkSre cq) dk ,sls fopkjksa ds fo#) eq[; rdZ ;g Fkk fdlekt esa tUe ds vuqlkj dksbZ mPp ;k fuEu ugha gksrkA mUgksausLi"Vr% dgk fd fdlh Hkh euq"; dh fLFkfr dk fu/kkZj.k lekt esamlds deZ ls gksrk gSA bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd euq"; dk O;ogkj¼deZ½ gh mls mPp vkSj fuEu cukrk gSA XkkSre cq) dks viuslkekftd n’kZu dh ;g ljy f’k{kk ncax czkã.kksa dks le>kus esadkQh dfBukbZ gqbZA Hkkjrh; lekt esa mudh f’k{kkvksa ds csgnyksdfç; gksus ds ckotwn] cq) dks muds çlkj esa czkã.kksa ds’kfDr’kkyh fojks/k dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ikfy lkfgR; esa cq) dslkFk rRdkyhu vusd çfrf"Br czkã.kksa ls gqbZ okrkZykiksa dh ppkZfeyrh gSA bl lEcU/k esa nh?k fudk; dk vEcë lqÙk egÙoiw.kZ

M.II.148f.21

M.I.387ff; D.III.6f, 44f; S.IV.338. czkã.k le>rs Fks fd22

ty&Luku ls ikiksa dks /kks;k tk ldrk gSA iq..kk Fksjh dh fuEufyf[krO;aX;kRed fVIi.kh] czkã.koknh fujFkZd ’kq)hdj.k dh jhfr;ksa ds çfr ckS)#[k+ dks n’kkZrh gS&

vc ugha] fdlus ew[kkZsa ls ew[kZ]rq>s ;g crk;k gS fd ty&nh{kkcqjs deZ ls eqDr dj nsxh?fQj rks eNfy;k¡ vkSj dNq,esa<+d] ifugs] exjvkSj os lc tks tyoklh gSa] lh/ks LoxZdks tk,¡xs--- ¼ThÏ.vv.240-241½.


LFkku j[krk gSA ;g lqÙk eq[;r% tkfr&leL;k ds lanHkZ esa gSA23

vEcë] tks fd ,d f'kf{kr czkã.k Fkk] og vius xq# ds vkns'k ijcq) ds ikl ;g tkuus x;k fd XkkSre cq) dks lekt esa tkseku&lEeku çkIr gS] os mlds okLrfod vf/kdkjh gSa ;k ughaAvEcë dks czkã.k tkfr dk gksus dk cgqr ?ke.M FkkA mlus cq) dsvkxs 'kkD;ksa dh dkQh fuank dhA XkkSre us vEcë dk ?ke.M rksM+usds fy, mls crk;k fd mldh oa'kkoyh dk vkjEHk 'kkD;ksa dh ,dnklh ds iq= ls gqvk FkkA vkxs pyh okrkZyki esa XkkSre cq) us mlscrk;k fd ;fn oa'kkoyh dks /;ku esa j[kk tk, rks {kf=; Js"B gSa]24

ysfdu uSfrd rkSj ij Js"B O;fDr dk cká O;ogkj mlds vkarfjdKku dk ifj.kke gksrk gS vkSj fo|k rFkk pj.k ls ;qDr ,slk O;fDreuq";ksa vkSj nsorkvksa lcksa esa Js"B gksrk gSA bl çdkj cq) us mls25

le>k;k fd fuokZ.k&çkfIr ds fy, viuk;k tkusokyk /kkfeZdthou tkfr&Hksn ls LorU= gksrk gSA e/kqj lqÙk] ftldh jpuk26

dk Js; Fksj egkdPPkku dks fn;k tkrk gS] esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fdfdl çdkj vkfFkZd lEiérk tUe }kjk çkIr dh xbZ tkrh;Js"Brk dks ijkLr dj ldrh gSA bl lqÙk esa crk;k x;k gS fdfdlh dh lsok çkIr djus dh {kerk mldh tkfr ij ugha] cfYd/ku ij fuHkZj djrh gSA ;fn fdlh ds ikl lEifÙk gS rks og Hkys'kwæ gh D;ksa u gks] czkã.kksa dh Hkh lsok çkIr dj ldrk gSA e/kqjkds jktk] ftls ;g mins'k fn;k x;k Fkk] us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd

D.I.87ff.23

XkkSre cq) dh ;g mfDr fd ;fn oa'kkoyh dks /;ku esa j[kk24

tk, rks {kf=; Js"B gS] lekftd ,oa ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls dkQ+h egÙoiw.kZgaS D;ksafd blls ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd cq) ds dky esa {kf=;ksa us lektesa czkã.kksa dh Js"Brk ij fot; çkIr dj yh FkhA czkã.kksa ds vfHkeku dkseq[; rkSj ij pqukSrh nsusokys {kf=; Fks] ftUgksaus ml le; ds Hkkjrh;lekt esa nks xSj&czkã.kh; /kekZas&ckS) ,oa tSu& ds tudksa dks Hkh iSnkfd;kA

D.I.99.25

M.II.83-90.26

lkekftd fopkj 157

czkã.kksa }kjk fd;k x;k nkok Bhd ugha gS vkSj pkjksa tkfr;ksa esadksbZ vUrj ugha gSA okLro esa] o`fÙk ls czkã.k dsoy iqjksfgr dkdk;Z gh ugha djrs Fks cfYd ,sls thfodksiktZu ds fy, os dbZ vkSjHkh dk;Z djrs FksA ;gk¡ rd fd dbZ czkã.k dlkb;ksa dk dke Hkhdjrs Fks rFkk eqnks± dks <ksrs Fks tks czkã.kksa ds [kqn cuk, x,fu;eksa ds vuqlkj 'kwæksa dk dk;Z FkkA blls ;g fl) gksrk gS fd27

czkã.k yksx viuh rFkkdfFkr tUe laca/kh Js"Brk dks lekt esaLFkkfir ugha dj ik,] gkyk¡fd lS)kfUrd rkSj ij os bldkizfriknu djrs FksA ,slh voLFkk esa ;g LokHkkfod Fkk fd czkã.kds mPp tkfr ds gksus ds nkos dks cq) us ek= vf/kçpkjd gk¡ddgkA dsoy uSfrd ofj"Brk ykSfdd çyksHku dk lkeuk dj28

ldrh gSA nwljk ç'u tks dPpku }kjk mBk;k x;k og uSfrd gS]ftlesa mUgksaus jktk dks ;g Lohdkj djus ds fy, ck/; fd;k fddeZ ds çfrdkj esa iqjLdkj vkSj n.M nksuksa esa tkrh; vk/kkj ijdksbZ HksnHkko ugha gSA uSfrdrk vkSj vk/;kfRedrk dksbZ tUe ls nhxbZ fo'ks"k NwV ugha gS] cfYd ;g lHkh dks miyC/k gSA XkkSre cq)us ;gh f’k{kk nh fd uSfrd fu;e ds le{k] tkfr egÙoiw.kZ ugksdj] lHkh yksx cjkcj gSaA efT>e fudk; dk vLlyk;u lqÙk29

,d vkSj ,slk mins'k gS ftlesa czkã.kksa ds lkekftd O;ogkj dsfo#) rdZ is'k fd, x, gSaA bl lqÙk esa czkã.kksa dks cq) dh blckr ls #"V fn[kk;k x;k gS] ftlesa mUgksaus dgk fd pkjksa tkfr;k¡ln~xq.k ds ikyu ls 'kqfprk çkIr dj ldrh gaSA ;gk¡ ij XkkSrecq) us rdZ çLrqr fd;k fd rFkkdfFkr mPp tkfr ds fdlhO;fDr }kjk pUnu dh ydM+h ls tykbZ xbZ vkx ogh dke djrhgS tks fuEu tkfr ds fdlh O;fDr }kjk jsaMh dh >kM+h ls tykuslsA ftl izdkj vkx dk lzksr tks Hkh gks] vkx ,d gh gksrh gS]mlh izdkj tUe ls fdlh O;fDr dh tkfr pkgs tks Hkh gks] og

SBE.XXV.150-168.27

?kkslks ;so ,lks yksdfLea (propagandist cry)A 28

M.II.147ff.29


deZ ds }kjk vkRelq/kkj ds mPpre f’k[kj dks çkIr dj ldrk gSAfoHkktu dSlk Hkh gks] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ckSf)d ;k tkrh;]ekuork dh vk/;kfRed ,drk ds fy, ck/kd gksrk gSA ç[;krczkã.kksa dks çk;% vius ekrk&firk dh vksj ls lkr ihf<+;ksa ls 'kq)ekuk tkrk FkkA bl ç'u dks vLlyk;u lqÙk ds vfUre Hkkx esa30

ls fy;k x;k gS tgk¡ _f"k vflr nsoy ,slk nkok djusokys lkrczkã.kksa ls iwNrkN djrs gSa fd D;k os fuf’pr :i ls dg ldrsgSa fd fiNys lkr tUeksa ls mudh ekrkvksa vkSj nkfn;ksa esa ls dksbZvU;xkfeuh ugha FkhA ;gh ç'u os muds firkvksa ,oa nknkvksa dsckjs esa iwNrs gaS vkSj nksuksa ds mÙkj esa czkã.k vfuf'prrk Lohdkjdjrs gSaA bu ç'uksa ds lkFk ,d vkSj #fpdj ç'u fd;k x;k gSfd D;k czkã.k ek¡ dh dks[k esa xHkZ /kkj.k djusokys ^xU/kCc* dhtkfr crk ldrs gaSA varr% vEcÎ lqÙk esa ikbZ xbZ foMEcuk ;gk¡ij Hkh feyrh gS tc tkfr&vufHkK czkã.kksa dks ;g ekuuk iM+rkgS fd os ugha tkurs fd os dkSu gSaA czkã.kksa }kjk lekt dh tUe31

vkSj tkfr ds vk/kkj ij tyjks/kh foHkktu djus dh dksf’k’k dkfojks/k cq) dh f'k{kkvksa esa lkQ ik;k x;k gSA bl lEcU/k esamudk ,lqdkfj czkã.k ds lkFk gqvk okrkZyki dkQh #fpdj gSA32

tc ,lqdkfj us cq) ls dk;ksaZ ds vk/kkj ij tkfr;ksa vkSj mudsfoHkktu ds ckjs esa iwNk] rks mUgksaus crk;k fd czkã.kksa }kjk fd;kx;k lekt dk foHkktu euekuk gS rFkk ;g O;fDr vkSj lektdh HkykbZ ds fy, Bhd ugha gSA mUgksaus iqu% dgk fd pkjksa tkfr;k¡,d leku gSa rFkk lHkh 'kq) thou fuokZg dh dksf'k'k dj ldrsgaS tks viuh ,oa lekt dh lPph lsok gS vkSj lgh vk/;kfRed ,oaHkkSfrd lEifÙk gSA XkkSre cq) lkekftd thou ds O;kogkfjd i{kdks Hkh vk¡[kksa ls vks>y ugha djrs vkSj dgrs gSa fd tks Hkh dk;Zdjuk gks og n{krkiw.kZ djuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk mls vPNh rjg ugha

A.I.162; D.I.113, 121, 123.30

,oa lus Hkks u e;a tkuke dsfp e;a gksek*frA31

M.II.177ff.32

lkekftd fopkj 159

fd;k tk ldrkA vxj o`fÙk ds vk/kkj ij Hkh tkfr dks fy;k tk,rc Hkh prqj O;fDr gh vius dke dks vPNh rjg dj ldrk gSA;fn og vius dk;Z dks vPNh rjg djrk gS rks mldk ik¡p çdkjls vFkkZr~ J)k] ’khy] f'k{kk] R;kx vkSj çKk dk fodkl gksrk gSAckS) n’kZu ds vuqlkj ,slk dksbZ dkj.k ugha ftldh otg lsfdlh ,d tkfr ds yksx nwljh tkfr ds yksxksa dks nkl vkSj tUels uhp le>dj mu ij oa'kkuqxr :i ls 'kklu djsa rFkk mudsLokeh cus jgasA ckS)ksa ds fopkjkuqlkj tks Hkh dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS]mldk dksbZ vkuqoaf'kd egÙo ugha gSA çR;sd O;fDr lekt esamPpre LFkku çkIr djus dh {kerk j[krk gS c’krsZ fd mlds ikldqN djus dh bPNk vkSj {kerk gksA blh fopkj ds vk/kkj ij cq)us la?k ds }kj lHkh ds fy,] leku :i ls pkgs os tUe ls fdlhHkh tkfr ds gkas] [kksy fn,A mUgksaus dgk fd ftl izdkj ls xaxk];equk] vfpjkorh] ljHkww vkSj ekgh tSlh egku ufn;k¡ leqæ esafeyus ij viuh igpku [kks nsrh gaS] mlh çdkj la?k esa vkus dsckn pkjksa tkfr;k¡ vius çkjafHkd uke vkSj igpku [kks nsrh gSaA33

muds fl)kUr dh okLrfodrk bl rF; ls fl) gks tkrh gS fdghu tkfr ds yksx Hkh la?k ds izfrf"Br lnL; cu ldrs FksAmUgksaus fuHkhZdrkiwoZd dgk fd tUe dh vis{kk] ln~xq.k] Kku vkSjvH;kl ls çkIr fd;k x;k iq.; gh ;ksX;rk dk ,dek= ekin.MgSA tUe fdlh Hkh tkfr esa gks] bl fu;e dk ikyu djusokyklPpk lektlsoh gksxk rFkk vius ,oa vU; ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkAXkkSre cq) us HkkX;oknh fopkj dk fojks/k fd;k D;ksafd ;gtUekuqlkj izkIr gqbZ fLFkfr dks vifjorZuh; ekurk gSA cq) usdgk fd O;fDr dk ek= deZ egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gS] mlds tUe dhvoLFkk ughaA ,d vU; egÙoiw.kZ eqík ftldk Li"Vhdj.k djukvko’;d gS og ;g gS fd D;k iwoZ tUe ds cqjs deZ ds dkj.k dksbZO;fDr ghu tkfr esa tUe ysrk gSA ckS) /keZ ds deZ ds fl)kar esa,slh laHkkouk dks Li"Vr;k Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA lekt esa tkfr]

Vin.II.239.33


/keZ] uLy vkfn ij vk/kkfjr Js.khdj.k loZO;kid gSa ftUgsa iwjhrjg lekIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA bUgsa lkekftd thou ds ,dHkkx ds :i esa fy;k tkuk pkfg,A lekt esa foHkktuoknhfØ;kdykiksa ds fo#) dk;Z djus ds fy, izsfjr djrs gq, cq) usdgk fd vPNs deZ ls viuh n’kk lq/kkjh tk ldrh gSA ;fn cqjsdeZ ls fdlh dk ghu tkfr esa tUe gksrk gS] og vPNs deZ lsblh tUe dks dqyhu cuk ldrk gSA vly esa] ifjJeh O;fDr deZds }kjk viuh dk;kiyV djus esa l{ke gksrs gaS vkSj lgh ckS)ksa ls;gh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA ,d O;fDr dh lnkpkjh ;ksX;rk dkslkekftd ekU;rk feyuh pkfg,] pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr dk gksvkSj çR;sd dks viuh {kerk ¼upanissaya½ ds vuqlkj lnkpkjh,oa vk/;kfRed fodkl dk volj feyuk pkfg,A XkkSre cq) ustkfr&O;oLFkk ds fo#) ,d egÙoiw.kZ rdZ ;g fn;k fd tSfodrkSj ij ¼biologically½ ekuoksa dh ,d gh tkfr ¼species½ gS vkSjtUe ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko djuk ekuo tkfr dh tSfod ,drk dkmYya?ku gSA bl vk/kkj ij Hkh mUgksaus czkã.kksa dh Js"Brk rFkkfo’ks"kkf/kdkj ds nkos dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA ekuo tUe ls fHkéugha] cfYd deZ ls fHké gksrs gSa vkSj vkuqoaf'kd :i ls¼genetically½ ,d gh tkfr ds gSaA bl lPpkbZ dks vklkuhiwoZd,d vksj ouLifr;ksa vkSj tUrqvksa ds vkilh vUrj rFkk nwljh vksjekuo&tkfr ds chp ds vUrj ds }kjk ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bloSKkfud lR;rk dks lqÙk&fuikr ds oklsë lqÙk esa cM+h34

vPNh rjg ls fo'ysf"kr fd;k x;k gSA lqÙk dk çkjaHk nks czkã.kksads chp bl ifjppkZ ls gksrk gS fd dksbZ czkã.k tUe ds vk/kkj ijcurk gS ;k deZ ds vk/kkj ijA fu.kZ; u dj ikus ij os nksuksamÙkj ds fy, XkkSre cq) ds ikl tkrs gSaA cq) dgrs gSa fd ?kkl]isM+] eNyh] taxyh tkuoj] fpfM+;ksa vkfn esa fofHké çtkfr;k¡a ikbZ

Sn.115ff.34

lkekftd fopkj 161

tkrh gSa] ysfdu euq";ksa dh dsoy ,d gh çtkfr gSA XkkSre cq)35

mnkgj.k nsdj le>krs gSa fd euq";ksa dks mudh o`fÙk;ksaa ds vk/kkjij fofHké uke ns fn, x, gaSA XkkSre us dgk fd ikS/kksa vkSj tUrqvksaesa cgqr&lh tkfr;k¡ vkSj fpà ¼species and marks½ ik, tkrs gSatcfd euq";ksa esa ,slh dksbZ tkfr ;k fpà ugha gSA vkj- pSYelZ36

ds vuqlkj xkSre šds fopkj vk/kqfud tSofoKkfu;ksa dsfu"d"kZ ls esy [kkrs Fks fd ekuodYi ,d gh oa'k rFkktkfr] euq";] dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA› XkkSre cq) ds37

vuqlkj] euq";ksa ds chp tks fofHkérk,¡ gSa os tSfod ughacfYd dsoy ijEijkxr vkSj uke&ek= ¼lke×¥½ gSaA XkkSre

cq) lekt dk fodklewyd Li"Vhdj.k nsrs gq, crkrs gSafd lekt dk prqoZ.khZ; foHkktu o`fÙk;ksa ds vk/kkj ijfd;k x;k FkkA foMEcuk dh xgjh >yd ds lkFk] cq) us38

czkã.kksa ds bl fopkj ij vfo’okl izdV fd;k fdprqoZ.khZ; O;oLFkk esa lnL;ksa dks lkSais x, dÙkZO;ksa dkfuokZg djuk vfuok;Z gSA cq) us czkã.kksa ds bl nkos dks Hkh39

xyr crk;k fd eks{k&çkfIr mudk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj gSA mUgksaus dgkfd lHkh esa eks{k çkIr djus dh ,d&lh {kerk gS rFkk çkIr fd,

cq) us vLlyk;u lqÙk esa vkuqoaf'kd tkfr&fHkérkvksa35

¼genetical caste distinctions½ dh rqyuk esa tSfod ,drk ¼biological

unity½ dks vkSj vkxs Li"V djrs gq, crk;k gS fd czkã.k vkSj {kf=; dschp laHkksx ls iSnk gqvk cPpk dsoy ekuo gh gksxk] ysfdu ,d x/ks vkSj?kksM+h ds chp laHkksx ls dsoy [kPpj iSnk gksxk ¼M.II.154½A

M.II.196f; Sn.vv.600ff.36

šGautama was in accord with the conclusion of the modern37

biologists, that the anthropidae are represented by the single genusand species, Man.› ¼R. Chalmers, JRAS, 1994: 396).

D.III.80ff.38

M.II.151f.39


x, eks{k ds Lo:i esa dksbZ vUrj ugha gksrkA czkã.kksa ds40

Js"B gksus ds nkos ds fo#) XkkSre ds bl izdkj ds rdZ dk;g vk’k; ugha Fkk fd {kf=; czkã.kksa ls Åij gaS] cfYd;g LFkkfir djuk Fkk fd lHkh euq"; viuh {kerk dsvk/kkj ij ,d leku ¼lele½ gSaA XkkSre cq) us {kf=;ksa vkSjoS';ksa ds Js"B gksus ds nkos dk Hkh [k.Mu fd;kA mUgksaustksj nsdj dgk fd euq"; tUe ls czkã.k ;k ghu ugha cfYd viusdeZ ls czkã.k ;k ghu curk gSA czkã.k gksus dh çkphu41

fopkj/kkjkvksa dh rqyuk esa XkkSre cq) us lgh czkã.k gksusds 'khy vkSj çKk uked nks lcls vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ekin.MçLrqr fd,A ckn ds ckS) fopkjdksa us Hkh euq";ksa dh42

lekurk ij tksj fn;k gSA mnkgj.kLo:i] otzlwph esav'o?kks"k dgrs gaS fd šprqoZ.khZ; fl)kar fcYdqy xyr gSAlHkh euq";ksa dh Js.kh ,d gSA› 43

czkã.k] tks Lo;a dks môëdqyhu ¼mPp tkfr½ ekursFks] dh rh[kh rqyuk esa ikfy lkfgR; esa p.Mky] us"kkn44

¼vFkok fu"kkn½] os.k] jFkdkj vkSj iqôql] uked ik¡p oxksaZ dksûhpdqyksa * ds :i esa fn;k x;k gSA bu ik¡p uhpdqyksa esa45

iSnk gksuk vR;Ur nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ekuk tkrk Fkk D;ksafd dsoyikih yksx gh bu dqyksa esa tUe ysrs FksA bu tkfr;ksa esatUes O;fDr;ksa dks u flQZ nSfud vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ esa

M.II.129, 130, 147.40

Sn.vv.116-142; J.IV.301ff.41

lks.kn.M lqÙk ¼D.I.124f½.42

See, H.H. Wilson, Indian Caste, London, 1877: 202ff.43

Vin.IV.6.44

Vin.IV.6, 9; M.II.152, 183f; S.I.93; A.I.107, II.85, III.385;45

Pug.51. dqN xzUFkksa esa] Nid uked ghu tutkfr dk Hkh o.kZu vkrk gS¼Vin.IV.203½A

lkekftd fopkj 163

dfBukbZ gksrh Fkh cfYd os vusd 'kkjhfjd v{kerkvksa ls Hkhizfrcaf/kr gksrs FksA46

p¡wfd fu"kkn f'kdkjh tutkfr ds Fks] vr% ;g O;k[;k47

djuk dfBu ugha gS fd fu"kknksa dks vR;Ur ukilUn rFkk fo}s"ktkfr;ksa dh lwph esa D;ksa 'kkfey fd;k x;kA czkã.k xzUFkksa esamiyC/k lwpuk ds vuqlkj] os yksx çkd~&vk;Z Fks] ftuds ’kkjhfjdvax NksVs] >qylh ydM+h tSlk jax] yky&[kwuh vk¡[ksa] Å¡phx.MkfLFk;k¡] fpiVh ukd ,oa rkez o.kZ ds ds'k FksA mudh vuwBh48

mRifÙk dh fdaonUrh] ftlds vuqlkj mudk möo jktk os.k] tks49

iqtkjh oxZ ds fy, Øwj fl) gqvk] ds ta?kLFky ls gqvk Fkk] ’kk;nmuds }kjk gks jgs czkã.khdj.k ds fojks/k dks n’kkZrk gSA ckS/kk;u dsvuqlkj fu"kkn czkã.k firk rFkk 'kwæ ekrk dh lUrku FkkA czkã.k50

lekt esa ços’k feyus ds ckn Hkh fu"kkn igys dh Hkk¡fr f'kdkjhcus jgs rFkk vius gh xk¡oksa esa jgrs jgsA egkHkkjr vkSj fo".kq51

iqjk.k esa Ñ".k o.kZ ds dqN fu"kknksa ds mYys[k feyrs gSaA52

oSfnd dky ds vUr rd jFkdkjksa rFkk fu"kknksa dks ;K dhlqfo/kk,¡ miyC/k Fkha] ysfdu mlds ckn mUgsa fuEuhÑr djfn;k x;kA53

M.III.169; S.I.93f.46

Vin.IV.7; J.IV.364.47

R.S. Sharma, ƒÊdras in Ancient India, 3 revised edition,rd48

Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass:1990:143 fn 1 & 2.

See, R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990:142 fn 3.49

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990:113 fn 7; 132 fn 6 ij m)`rA.50

J.II.200; VI.71f, 170.51

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 78 ij Shafer, Ethnography of52

Ancient India, 10 ls m)r fd;k x;kA

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 78-79.53


os.k ,d vU; vkfnoklh tutkfr Fks tks f'kdkjrFkk ck¡l dk lkeku cukdj viuk fuokZg djrs FksA ,d54

tkrd esa os.kqdkj@osGqdkj dk o.kZu gS tks cspus ds fy,ck¡l bdÎk djus gsrq dqYgkM+h ysdj taxy tkrk gSA55

czkã.k xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj] os.k ¼oS'; firk rFkk {kf=; ekrkls tUes½ oSnsgd firk rFkk ¼czkã.k firk rFkk oS’; ekrk lstUeh½ vEcÎ ekrk ds oa'kt FksA bl çdkj] p.Mkyksa rFkk56

iqôqlksa dh rqyuk esa] os.kksa dks ’kwæ jDrokyk ugha ekuktkrk FkkA ;|fi ,d tkrd esa] ôs.kh* 'kCn dk mYys[k n.Mds lUnHkZ esa p.Mkyksa ds lkFk fd;k x;k gS] rFkkfi bl57

ckr dk lcwr dgha ugha feyrk gS fd os.kksa dh x.kukp.Mkyksa ds lkFk vNwrksa esa dh tkrh FkhA fou; fiVd dhvëdFkk ds vuqlkj ;g fu'p;iwoZd dgk tk ldrk gS fdos.k ds :i esa tUe ysus dks c<+bZ ¼rPNd½ ekuk tkrk FkkA58

jFkdkj] tks oS'; firk rFkk 'kwæ ekrk dh lUrkuFks] jFk&fuekZrk ;k xkM+h cukusokys FksA VhñMCY;wñ jk;l59 60

MsfoM~t+ dk lq>ko gS fd os ,d vkfnoklh tutkfr FksA61

gkyk¡fd jFkdkjksa dks jktkvksa ds }kjk jFkksa ds ifg;kas ds

Vin.IV.6; S.I.93; A.II.85, III.385; Pug.51; PvA.175.54

J.IV.251.55

ns[ksa, R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990:142 fn 1.56

J.V.306.57

Oks.ktkfr fr rPNdtkfr ¼SBB.IX.173. J.V.306 Hkh ns[ksa½.58

ns[ksa, R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 132 fn 9.59

S.I.93; Vin.IV.9; M.II.152, 183f. PvA.175 ij bl tkfr dh60

O;k[;k pEedkfju ¼eksph½ ds :i esa dh xbZ gSA

DB.I.100.61

lkekftd fopkj 165

fuekZ.k ds fy, fdjk;s ij cqyk;k tkrk jgk] ysfdu ,d62

tkrd esa fn, x, mYys[k ds vk/kkj ij ;g vUnktk yxk;ktk ldrk gS fd peM+s dk dke djus ds dkj.k os lekt esafuEuhÑr gks x,A ckS) xzUFkksa esa jFkdkjksa ds lkFk63

frjLÑr tkfr tSlk O;ogkj D;ksa fd;k tkrk Fkk] bldk ,ddkj.k 'kk;n ;g gks ldrk gS fd ckS)ksa dks ;q) ls ?k`.kk Fkh vkSjjFkdkj mlds fy, jFk cukrs FksA fdlh Hkh rjg ;g rks64

Li"V gS fd mudk p.Mkyksa dh rjg fuEuhdj.k ugha gqvkFkkA

iqôql] tks fu"kkn iq#"k vkSj 'kwæ L=h ls mRié gq,Fks] >kM+w&cjnkj vFkok dpjk gVkusokys yksx FksA bl65 66

çdkj] os fefJr tutkfr ds çrhr gksrs gSaA os f'kdkj }kjkfuokZg djrs Fks] ysfdu czkã.k lekt esa FkksM+k&FkksM+k67

djds mUgsa efUnjksa vkSj çklknksa esa iM+s gq, eqj>k;s Qwyksadks gVkus tSls dk;Z djus ds fy, lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kFkkA ;g rF; fd os Qwyksa dks gVkus ds fy, efUnjksa ds68

vk¡xuksa esa ços’k dj ldrs Fks bl ckr dk ladsr nsrk gSfd bu yksxksa dks p.Mkyksa ftruk uhp ugha ekuk tkrk FkkA

A.I.111-113.62

A.N. Bose, The Social and Rural Economy of North-East63

India, vol. 2, Calcutta: 1942-45, II.456.

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990:142.64

ns[ksa, R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 132 fn 7.65

A.I.107, II.85; Pug.51; Vin.IV.6. Also see, R. Fick, Social66

Organization in North-East India in Buddha’s Time, tr. S.K. Mitra,Calcutta: University of Calcutta: 1920: 206f.

gkyk¡fd ckS) xzUFkksa esa bldk ladsr ugha feyrk] rFkkfi fofHké67

czkã.k xzUFkksa esa mudk is’kk f’kdkj fn;k x;k gS ¼ns[ksa, R.S. Sharma, Op.

Cit.1990: 141 fn 5½A

J.III.195.68


p.Mky lcls HkkX;ghu yksx Fks ftUgsa çk;%nq"Vp.Mky rFkk egkp.Mky ls vi’kCnksa }kjk lEcksf/kr69 70

fd;k tkrk FkkA ewyr% p.Mky ,d vkfnoklh tutkfr dsçrhr gksrs gSaA ;g muds }kjk ç;qä dh tkusokyh cksyh lsLi"V gksrk gSA ysfdu ckn esa os ,d fefJr tutkfr esa71

ifjofrZr gq, çrhr gksrs gSa D;ksafd muesa ls dqN vkÑfrd:i ls fHké u fn[kus ds dkj.k viuh igpku dks fNikldrs FksA mÙkj oSfnd lkfgR; vkSj euqlafgrk Hkh p.Mkyksa72

dks fefJr mRifÙk dh vR;Ur fuEu tkfr ekurs gSa tks 'kwæfirk rFkk czkã.k ekrk ds oa'kt FksA bl fl)kUr ds73

vuqlkj] firk dh tkfr ftruh fuEu vkSj ekrk dh tkfrftruh mPp gks] lUrku mruh gh fuEu tkfr dh gksxhA;gh dkj.k Fkk fd p.Mkyksa dks fefJr tkfr;ksa esa vf/kdreghu o ?k`.kk dk ik= ekuk tkus yxkA ckS) xzUFkksa dsvuqlkj p.Mky vkSj iqôql 'kwæ tkfr esa lfEefyr ughaFksA VhñMCY;wñ jk;l MsfoM~~t+ dk fopkj gS fd ;s yksx74

ewyr% ?k`f.kr vkfnokfl;ksa dk ,d xqV Fks] ftuds lkFkvk;ks± us blh çdkj dk O;ogkj fd;kA pw¡fd fot;h vk;Z75

yksx lHkh vkfnokfl;ksa dks jax ,oa vU; dkj.kksa ls Lo;avius ls dkQh uhpk le>rs Fks] p.Mky Hkh ,d ,slk xqVgks ldrs gSa ftUgsa fdlh u fdlh dkj.ko’k vf/kd ?k`.kk dk

J.IV.392, 397; A.I.107, 162, II.85; Vin.IV.6; M.II.152;69

S.V.168; Pug.51.

J.IV.200.70

J.IV.391f.71

J.IV.390-401.72

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 71.73

S.I.102, 106.74

T.W. Rhys Davids, Buddhist India, New York: G.P.75

Putnam’s Sons: 1903: 40.

lkekftd fopkj 167

ik= ekuk tkus yxkA egkoLrq esa p.Mkyksa dks if{k;ksa ds76

'k=qvksa dh lwph esa ’kkfey fd;k x;k gSA p.Mkyksa dks ,d77

tkrd esa usoyk&çf'k{kd ¼dks.M&ned½ rFkk ,d vU;78

tkrd esa p.Mkyoal/kksiu lh[kusokyk crk;k x;k gSA79

/khjs&/khjs mUgsa vNwr le>k tkus yxkA ,d tkrd esa nh xbZdFkk ds vuqlkj tc ,d p.Mky us ,d 'kgj esa ços'k fd;k]rks yksxksa us ml ij çgkj djds mls csgks’k dj fn;kA80

p.Mkyksa ls fdl lhek rd ?k`.kk dh tkrh Fkh bldkvUkqeku dqN tkrdksa esa nh xbZ fofHké ?kVukvksa ls yxk;ktk ldrk gSA p.Mky ds 'kjhj ls Li’kZ gksdj vkusokyhgok dks Hkh nwf"kr ekuk tkrk FkkA ,d tkrd ds vuqlkj]81

,d ;qok czkã.k] ftls viuh tkfr dk dkQh feF;kfHkekuFkk] vius fe=ksa ds lkFk uxj ls dgha ckgj tk jgk FkkArHkh mlus ,d p.Mky dks ns[kkA pw¡fd gok p.Mky dh vksj lsvk jgh Fkh vkSj ;g lkspdj fd ;gh gok mls Hkh Nwdj nwf"kr djnsxh] mlus p.Mky dks xkyh nsdj nwljh vksj gks tkus dk vkns’kfn;k rFkk [kqn m/kj nkSM+k ft/kj ls gok vk jgh FkhA ijUrqp.Mky ;qod us mlds vkns'k dks ekuus ls badkj dj fn;k vkSjLo;a gok dh fn'kk esa [kM+k gks x;kA blls czkã.k dkQh ukjkt+gqvk vkSj p.Mky dks th Hkjdj xkfy;k¡ nhaA ysfdu rc p.Mkyus czkã.k dks vius ,d ç'u dk mÙkj bl 'krZ ij nsus ds fy,

G.S. Ghurye, Castes and Race in India, London: 1932: 47-76

48.

Mv.II.251.5.77

J.IV.389.78

J.IV.390 ¼vaxzst+h esa bl ’kCn dk vuqokn fofHké çdkj ls79

fd;k x;k gS] tSls šp.Mky uLy esa >M+ +w&cjnkjh dh dyk,› šp.Mkyh;

dykckt+h dk djrc›½A

J.IV.376, 391.80

J.III.232-237.81


yydkjk fd vxj og mÙkj nsus esa vlQy jgrk gS rks czkã.k dksvius iSjksa ds uhps j[ksxkA tc czkã.k mÙkj nsus esa vlQy jgk]rc p.Mky us czkã.k dks tcjnLrh iSjksa ds uhps ncksp fy;kA ;gmnkgj.k tkfr ds çfr u dsoy ckS)ksa ds fopkj dks n’kkZrk gS]cfYd czkã.kksa dks QVdkjrs gq, tkfr ij fo|k ¼Kku½ dh ofj"Brkdk Hkh ladsr nsrk gSA ysfdu ;g ?kVuk czkã.kksa dh p.Mkyksa dsçfr ?k`.kk dks Hkh çdV djrh gSA

p.Mky dk n'kZu Hkh v'kqHk ekuk tkrk FkkA mPp82

tkrh; yksxksa] fo'ks"kdj efgykvksa] dh n`f"V ;fn nwj ls Hkhfdlh p.Mky ij iM+ tkrh Fkh rks os ml nw"k.k dks gVkusds fy, viuh vk¡[kksa dks lqxfU/kr ikuh ¼xU/kksnd½ ls /kksrhFkhaA fpÙk&lEHkwr tkrd esa crkbZ xbZ ,d vkSj ?kVuk ds83

vuqlkj] nks fL=;k¡a] ,d /kuh O;kikjh dh yM+dh rFkk nwljhjktdh; ik"kZn dh yM+dh] tks uxj ds }kj dh vksj [ksyus tkjgh Fkha] us nks p.Mky Hkkb;ksa dks ns[kdj lqxfU/kr ikuh ls viuhvk¡[kksa dks /kks;k vkSj okil ykSV xbZaA cspkjs p.Mkyksa dks yksxksa us[kwc ihVk D;ksafd muds dkj.k yksxksa dks ,d vPNs Hkkst ls oafprjguk iM+kA blh rjg dh ,d ?kVuk dk ekrax tkrd esa Hkh84

mYys[k gS ftlds vuqlkj cukjl ds ,d lsB dh iq=h ustc ,d p.Mky dks ns[kk rks mlus lqxaf/kr ty ls viuhvk¡[kksa dks /kks;k D;ksafd os ml frjLÑr O;fDr dks ns[kdj nwf"kr gks xbZ FkhA

[kkus&ihus dh oLrqvksa ij ;fn fdlh p.Mky dhut+j Hkh iM+ tkrh Fkh rks mUgsa [kkuk oftZr Fkk vkSjp.Mky ds Hkkstu dks vutkus esa [kkus ij Hkh lekt ls

J.IV.376, 391.82

J.IV.390-401.83

J.IV.375-390.84

lkekftd fopkj 169

cfg"Ñr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA lr/kEe tkrd esa Hkh85 86

tkfr&fu;eksa dh Øwjrk dk mnkgj.k feyrk gSA bl tkrddh dFkk ds vuqlkj nks ;qod] ,d czkã.k vkSj ,d p.Mky]fdlh yEch ;k=k ij ,d lkFk tkrs gSaA çlaxo’k] ;gk¡ ij ;g/;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd ,d czkã.k dk fdlh p.Mky ds lkFk;k=k djuk ,d vlk/kkj.k ckr FkhA dsoy p.Mky ;qok] tkscksf/klÙo Fkk] ;k=k ij [kk|&lkexzh ysdj x;kA jkLrs esa Hkkstuls iwoZ p.Mky us czkã.k dks 'kkfey gksus ds fy, vkefU=r fd;k]ftls fuLlUnsg czkã.k us Bqdjk fn;kA fnuHkj ;k=k djus ds ckncksf/klÙo us ’kke dks viuk Hkkstu nwljh ckj fd;kA czkã.k] tksbl le; rd dkQh Fkd pqdk Fkk] rst Hkw[k dk vuqHko dj jgkFkkA mldh Hkw[k us mls mldh tkfr ds ckjs esa lc Hkqyk fn;kvkSj bl ckj mlus p.Mky ls Hkkstu ek¡xk vkSj [kk;kA HkkstulekIr djus ds 'kh?kz ckn mls dkQh nq%[k rFkk i’pkÙkki gqvk fdmlus czkã.k gksdj p.Mky dk vof’k"V ,oa mfPN"V gqvk Hkkstu[kk;k vkSj [kwu ds lkFk mldh mYVh dj nhA bl Hkwy ls mlus[kqn dks bruk nks"kh le>k fd mlus Hkw[ks jgdj ejus dk QSlykfd;k vkSj vkRegR;k djus ds fy, taxy dh vksj pyk x;kA ;gk¡ckS) ys[kdksa }kjk czkã.kksa ds fu;eksa dk migkl Hkh mM+k;k x;k gSfd fdlh czkã.k dks p.Mky ls Hkkstu xzg.k ugha djuk pkfg,A,d vkSj tkrd esa mfYyf[kr fd;k x;k gS fd ,slk djus ls87

czkã.k viuh tkfr [kks cSBrk gSA bl tkrd ds vuqlkj 16000czkã.kksa dks tkfr ls cfg"Ñr dj fn;k x;k D;ksafd ,d p.Mky}kjk idkdj cps pkoyksa dk ikuh muds eq¡g esa pyk x;k FkkA,sls Hkkstu ds çfr ?k`.kk bruh vf/kd Fkh fd lr/kEetkrd dh çLrkouk esa cq) dgrs gSa fd tkjtrk ls çkIr88

J.IV.390.85

J.II.82ff.86

J.IV.388.87

J.II.82.88


fd, x, Hkkstu dks [kkuk muds vuq;kf;;ksa ds fy, ,d p.Mky}kjk NksM+s x, twBs Hkkstu dks [kkus ds leku gSA

,d vkSj tkrd dh dFkk esa Hkh ,d p.Mky dks ,d89

czkã.k laU;klh dk ?ke.M rksM+rs gq, fn[kk;k x;k gSA gkyk¡fd bldFkk dk mís'; tkfr&O;oLFkk ds çfr czkã.kksa ds fopkjksa dkmigkl djuk Fkk] ysfdu ;g dgkuh lekt esa p.Mkyksa dh fuEufLFkfr dks Hkh n’kkZrh gSA bl dFkk ds vuqlkj] ,d czkã.k laU;klhdh dqfV;k ,d unh ds rV ij Fkh vkSj ogha ikl esa ,d p.MkyHkh jgrk FkkA ,d fnu tc laU;klh unh esa Luku dj jgk Fkk]rHkh p.Mky ds }kjk unh esa Åij dh vksj ls Qsadk x;k ,df[k+yky ¼nUrdëa½ laU;klh ds ckyksa esa vVd x;kA bl ijlaU;klh us vR;f/kd Øq) gksdj mls f>M+dk rFkk dgha vkSj pystkus dk vkns'k fn;kA

dqy feykdj] tkrdksa esa ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd oSls rksmPp tkfr;k¡ p.Mkyksa dks vNwrksa ds :i esa rqPN le>rh Fkha]ysfdu czkã.k muls fo'ks"k :i ls ?k`.kk djrs FksA czkã.kksa }kjklekt esa lfEefyr dj fy, tkus ds ckn Hkh p.Mkyksa dsjgu&lgu esa dksbZ vUrj ugha vk;kA p.Mkyksa dk thou nq%[kiw.kZvkSj xanxh ls Hkjk gqvk FkkA ikfy lkfgR; dh ,d miek ls irkpyrk gS fd ,d p.Mky yM+dk ;k yM+dh] QVs&iqjkus diM+sigus] gkFk esa fHk{kkik= ¼dyksfigRFk½ fy,] fouezrk /kkj.k djds ghfdlh cLrh esa ços’k djrk gSA çpfyr Hkk"kk&'kSyh esa ^p.Mky^90

’kCn ,d ,sls O;fä dks çnf’kr djrk gS ftldk dksbZ 'khy]pfj= ;k vfLrRo u gksA fjpMZ fQd us Bhd gh dgk gS91

J.IV.388.89

dyksfigRFkks ufUrdoklh xkea ok fuxea ok ifolUrks uhpfpÙka90

;o mrëisRok ifolfr ¼A.IV.376½A

A.III.206.91

lkekftd fopkj 171

fd tkrdksa esa p.Mkyksa dk tks fp=.k fd;k x;k gS] ogiqjksfgrh fl)kUr ls vf/kd fHké ugha gSA92

czkã.kksa dk p.Mkyksa ds çfr O;ogkj bruk dBksj ofrjLdkjiw.kZ Fkk fd vxj dksbZ czkã.k Hkh fdlh p.Mkyukjh dks iRuh cuk ysrk Fkk rks mls eq[; çlafonk dkmYya?kudÙkkZ ekudj ^czkã.k p.Mky* dgk tkrk FkkA lzksrksa93

dh lwpuk ds vuqlkj] p.Mkyksa dk fHk{kkik= ,sls cuk;k tkrk Fkkfd ,d M.Ms ds ,d fljs ij ,d NksVk&lk crZu yxk gksrk Fkkrkfd nsus vkSj ysusokys esa dksbZ lEidZ u gks ik,A ftl çdkj94

p.Mkyksa dh mRifÙk dh O;k[;k Bhd ls ugha dh tk ldrhmlh çdkj mudh is’kkxr ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh dqNBhd ls ugha dgk tk ldrkA lEHkor% f'kdkjh rFkkcgsfy;k gksus ds dkj.k ls mUgsa ,sls dk;ks± ds lkFk tksM+kx;k çrhr gksrk gS ftuesa e`r çkf.k;ksa ds ’koksa dks gVkukrFkk xkM+uk] tYykn dk dk;Z djuk] vijkf/k;ksa ds 'kjhj95 96

ds vaxksa dks dkVuk] ’koisVh cukuk rFkk dcz [kksnuk vkfn97 98

’kkfey FksA p.Mkyksa dks dHkh&dHkh xfy;ksa esa >kM +w yxkus

ds dk;Z ij Hkh yxk;k tkrk FkkA99

p.Mkyksa ls bruh ?k`.kk dh tkrh Fkh fd mUgsalekt ls iwjh rjg cfg"Ñr j[kk x;k FkkA blds

R. Fick, Op. Cit: 318.92

A.III.228-228.93

A.IV.376.94

NoNÏd&p.Mkyk ¼J.III.195½.95

Pkksj?kkrdA ns[ksa, A.N. Bose, Op. Cit: 438.96

J.III.41, 179.97

J.H. Hutton, Caste in India: Its Nature, Function and98

Origins, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1946: 145.

J.IV.390.99


ifj.kkeLo:i] mUgsa mUgha ds fy, mfí"V fd, x,p.Mkyxkeksa esa uxjksa ls ckgj ¼cfguxjs½ jgus ij ck/; fd;ktkrk FkkA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd czkã.kh; lekt ds100

vkns’kkuqlkj tc Hkh p.Mkyksa dks fHk{kk ;k vius is’ks ls lEcfU/krdk;Zo'k fdlh xk¡o ;k uxj esa ços’k djuk gksrk Fkk rks ;gvko’;d Fkk fd os nwljksa ls vyx fn[kkbZ iM+saA ,d tkrd ls ;girk pyrk gS fd ’ks"k yksxksa ls viuh igpku dks vyx cukus dsfy, ,d p.Mky ds ikl ,d tksM+h jaxs gq, oL=] ,d dejcUn]fpFkM+ksa dh iks’kkd rFkk feêh dk dVksjk FksA fpÙklEHkwr101

tkrd esa nks p.Mky Hkkb;ksa dh dFkk crkbZ xbZ gS tks czkã.kksa102

ds os’k esa r{kf'kyk esa ,d f'k{kd ds ikl fo|k/;;u ds fy, tkrsgSaA ckn esa] nksuksa esa ls ,d dk tc xje [khj [kkus ls eqag tytkrk gS] rc og vius vkidks Hkwydj p.Mkyh Hkk"kk esa fpYykuk'kq: dj nsrk gS] ftlls mudh pksjh idM+h tkrh gSA dFkk dsvuqlkj] mUgsa rqjUr ogka ls Hkxk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj os laU;klhcuus ds fy, taxy dh vksj pys tkrs gSaA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fdmudh cksyh dh ;g fHkérk mudh lkjh Hkk"kk dh u gksdj dsoydqN 'kCnksa vkSj vfHkO;fDr;ksa dh gh gksxh tks ckdh ds yksxksa lsmuds vyx fd, tkus ds dkj.k mudh ewy Hkk"kk esa ls dqN va’kksads :i esa cp xbZ gksxhA ikfy lkfgR; esa dHkh&dHkh ^p.Mky*'kCn dk ç;ksx ^frjLÑr* ds vFkZ esa fd;k x;k gSA bl çdkj] tc,d xhnM+ fdlh 'ksjuh ls 'kknh dk çLrko j[krk gS rks og mlsQVdkjrs gq, dgrh gS fd euq";ksa esa p.Mky dh Hkk¡fr xhnM+pkSik;k tkuojksa esa lcls fuEu vkSj ?kfV;k gksrk gSA103

'ksjuh xhnM+ ds çLrko ls bruk viekfur eglwl djrh gSfd og vkRegR;k dj ysrh gSA ysfdu] tkrdksa esa ,d ,slh

J.IV.376, 390 etc.100

J.IV.379.101

J.IV.390-401.102

Pk.Mky&lfnlks ¼J.II.6½A103

lkekftd fopkj 173

?kVuk Hkh feyrh gS tks lkekU; ls ijs gSA Nod tkrd esa104

,d jktk p.Mky ds O;ogkj ls bruk [kq'k gks tkrk gS fdmls ,d uxj dk lqj{kk&ç/kku cuk nsrk gSA

NqvkNwr ds m:o ds vusdksa dkj.k crk, x, gSa]tSls& vUrtkZrh; feJ.k] ckS) leqnk;ksa dk laiw.kZ vyxko105

,oa ijEijk dk vUr] xksekal [kkusokyksa dks czkã.kh; lekt }kjk106

vNwrksa ds :i esa n.MkKk] vNwrksa ds çfr æfoM+ksa dh ekufld107

nqHkkZouk ,oa for`".kk dk çHkko ;k fQj dqN is'kksa dh lS)kfUrd108

v’kq)rkA vf/kdrj fefJr tkfr;k¡ fiNM+h tutkfr;ksa ds109

vfrfjä dqN ugha Fkha ftUgsa ewy pkj o.kksZa esa lfEefyrdjds mudh euekus <ax ls mRifÙk fn[kk nh xbZA ,slk çrhr110

J.III. 27-30. Vin.IV.203 Hkh ns[ksaA104

/keZlw=ksa ds vuqlkj NqvkNwr dk m:o vartkZrh; feJ.k ds105

dkj.k gqvk ¼R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 144½A

Modern Review, Calcutta, December 1923: 712-13. ysfdu106

;g ekS;Z dky ds ckn dh ?kVuk çrhr gksrh gSA

B.R. Ambedkar, The Untouchable ¼Who are They? And107

Why They became Untouchables?½, New Delhi: 1948: Ch. X. ,slk gksusls ckn ds le; esa mudh la[;k esa of) rks gks xbZ gksxh] ysfdu ;gmuds m:o dk dkj.k ugha ekuk tk ldrk D;ksafd bl dky ds czkã.kh;lekt esa xksekal ij çfrcU/k dk dksbZ fo’ks"k çek.k ugha feyrkA ¼R.S.Sharma, Op. Cit 1990: 144½.

R.C.. Dutt, A History of Civilization in Ancient India,108

Calcutta, 1891: 106f. Yksfdu bl ckr dk çek.k dgha ugha feyrk fdæfoM+ksa dk czkã.khdj.k gksus ls igys muesa NqvkNwr çpfyr FkkA ¼ns[ksa]R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990: 145½.

G.S. Ghurye, Castes and Class in India, Bombay, 1950:109

159. Yksfdu ;g lgh çrhr ugha gksrk D;ksafd dqN is’kksa dks v’kq) ekuktkus ds dkj.kksa dk dksbZ larks"ktud mÙkj vHkh rd ugha fey ik;k gSA

R. Fick, Op. Cit.: 9.110


gksrk gS fd tutkrh; cfLr;ksa ds fuokfl;ksa dks lkewfgd:i ls czkã.kksa }kjk vNwr ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k FkkA ,slkçrhr gksrk gS fd czkã.kksa }kjk cuk, x, tkrh; fu;eksa dkxEHkhj mYya?ku djusokys yksxksa dks tkfr&O;oLFkk ls ckgjfd, tkus ds ifj.kkeLo:i budh la[;k esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gksxhAblfy,] 'kk;n vLi’;rk ds m:o dk eq[; dkj.k vkfnoklhtutkfr;ksa dk lkaLÑfrd fiNM+kiu Fkk] D;ksafd ;ss uxj&fuekZ.kdjus rFkk /kkrqvksa vkSj Ñf"k dk Kku j[kusokys czkã.kh; lekt dslnL;ksa dh rqyuk esa eq[;r% f'kdkjh vkSj cgsfy;s FksA bu111

tutkfr;ksa dh fuEu Lrj dh vkfFkZd n’kk vkSj mllsmRié ladViw.kZ thou dks ikfy lkfgR; esa bl çdkjfn[kk;k x;k gS& švkokjxh thou] vHkko vkSj nfjærk] isV dsfy, [kkus&ihus rFkk ru <¡dus ds fy, diMka+s dh nqyZHkrkA›112

blls ,slk yxrk gS fd bu frjLÑr tkfr;ksa dk thouHkkX;ghu Fkk vkSj 'kwæksa dh voLFkk ls Hkh [kjkc Fkk D;ksafd'kwæksa esa de ls de dqN dks rks nklksa rFkk deZdkjksa ds :iesa lqjf{kr thfodksiktZu ds volj çkIr rks Fks ghA jke’kj.k 'kekZds vuqlkj] mÙkj oSfnd dky esa mPpo.khZ; yksx] tks viuh fLFkfrvkSj dk;Z esa vuqokaf'kd :i ls vxzlj Fks] /khjs&/khjs çkFkfedmRiknu dks NksM+us yxs vkSj u flQZ 'kkjhfjd Je dks cqjk le>usyxs] cfYd muyksxksa ls Hkh ?k`.kk djus yxs tks 'kkjhfjd Je djrsFksA vkfnokfl;ksa dh fuEuLrj dh vkfFkZd n’kk ds ifjçs{; esa]113

'kkjhfjd Je ds fy, c<+rh gqbZ ?k`.kk rFkk dqN oLrqvksa ls tqM+hv'kq)rk vkSj fuf"k)rk ds vk| fopkjksa us feydj NqvkNwr uked

Ibid.: 324.111

Uk ykHkh véLl oRFkLl ;kuLl ¼M.III.169-70; A.II.85½A112

R.S. Sharma, Op. Cit.1990:145-46.113

lkekftd fopkj 175

vf}rh; lkekftd lao`fÙk dks tUe fn;kA ;g fo'ks"kdj p.Mkyksads fy, lgh çrhr gksrk gS D;ksafd os 'koksa ls lacaf/kr dk;Z djrsFks] ftudk lEcU/k v'kq)rk ,oa Hk; ds vk| fopkjksa ls FkkA bldsQyLo:i] ,sls yksxksa ls nwj jguk vko’;d gks x;k gksxkA ckn dsle; esa] vLi’;rk dks u dsoy fu"kknksa vkSj iqôqlksa cfYd eksfp;ksa,oa tqykgksa ij Hkh ykxw dj fn;k x;kA114

gkyk¡fd r`rh; tkfr] vFkkZr~ oS'; tkfr ds dqN lnL;vkfFkZd :i ls dkQh lEié gks x, Fks ysfdu czkã.koknhfopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj mudk Lrj dsoy 'kwæksa ls Åij Fkk vkSj blçdkj os fuEu tkfr ds FksA ,d jkspd ckr ;g gS fd ikfy Hkk"kkesa ôS';^ ’kCn dk L=hfyax ôslh^] ôsfl;k^ ;k ôsLlh^ gS ftldkvuqokn š,d fuEu tkfr dh vkSjr] os';k› fn;k x;k gSA115

gkyk¡fd XkkSre cq) }kjk tkfr&O;oLFkk dh ç’kalk fd,tkus dk mYys[k dgha ugha feyrk] ysfdu muds deZ ds fl)kardks tkfr&O;oLFkk dk lcls vf/kd ;kSfDrdhdj.k ekuk tkrk gSAckS) ijEijk tUe rFkk iqutZUe ds pØ dks O;fDrxr Lrj ijekurh gS vkSj ,d pØ dh dYiuk dj fy, tkus ds ckn] fdlhdk fuEu tkfr esa tUe mlds fiNys tUe ds dekss ± dk Qy crk;ktkrk Fkk vkSj fu/kkZfjr nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus ij mls vxys tUeesa Å¡ph tkfr dk vk’oklu fn;k tkrk FkkA blds vfrfjDr] gesa,slk dFku Hkh dgha ugha feyrk tks tkfr ds :i esa lekt dsfoHkktu ds fo#) gksA jksfeyk Fkkij dk bl lEcU/k esa dguk gSfd XkkSre cq) us tkfr dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd lajpuk ds :i esasLohdkj dj ds vkSj mPp tkfr;ksa esa fufgr 'kq)rk dh /kkj.kk dks

ogh. 146f.114

Vin.III.138, IV.278; D.I.193; A.III.226, 229; Sn.108;115

J.V.425; ThÏ.73; Vbh.247.


u ekudj] nks fofHké :iksa esa ns[kkA vlR;rk fuEure tkfr esa116

iqutZUe dk dkj.k curh gSA la?k esa ,d fHk{kq }kjk u;k uke117

/kkj.k fd;k tkuk u dsoy la?k esa mlds u, tUe dk cfYdmlds tkfr vkSj lkekftd çfr"Bk ls vyx gksus dk ladsr HkhFkkA ysfdu nqHkkZX;o'k mPp tkfr esa tUe gksus ls feyusokys ykHk,oa çfr"Bk ds egÙo dks la?k ds lnL;ksa ds efLr"d ls ughafeVk;k tk ldkA frfÙkj tkrd esa crkbZ xbZ ,d ?kVuk ls118

ladsr feyrk gS fd ’kk;n mPp tkfr;ksa dh la?k esa Hkjekj FkhA,d ckj tc XkkSre cq) us fHk{kqvksa ls ç'u fd;k fd šdkSu Js"Bvkokl] Js"B Hkkstu vkSj Js"B ikuh dk vf/kdkjh gS?› mUgsadqN fHk{kqvksa ls mÙkj feyk& šog tks ;gk¡ vkus ls igys{kf=; Fkk› vkSj dqN vU; ls& šog tks czkã.k ;k119

xgifr FkkA› bl çdkj] vf/kdrj fHk{kqvksa ds efLr"d esa tkfr120

dh Js"Brk dk egÙo FkkA ,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd XkkSre cq)121

blds ckjs esa dkQh lko/kku Fks fd os LFkkfir O;oLFkk vkSj bldslaj{kdksa dks ukjkt+ u djsaA mnkgj.kLo:i& mUgksaus mu lHkhyksxksa dks la?k esa ços'k dh vuqefr ugha nh tks jktdh;

The Buddha made a distinction between the caste as the116

frame of the socioeconomic structure, which he accepted, and thenotion of the relative purity inherent in the upper castes, which herejected. ¼R. Thapar, Ancient Indian Social History: SomeInterpretations, New Delhi: Sangam Publishers, 1978: 51-52½.

uhpdqyslq fuCcfÙknkf;dk ¼J.I.106½.117

J.I.217.118

[kfÙk; dqyk iCcftrksA119

czkã.kdqyk xgifrdqyk iCcftrksA 120

R. Fick, Social Organization in North-East India in121

Buddha’s Time, tr. S.K. Mitra, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, 1920:33.

lkekftd fopkj 177

deZpkjh] dtZnkj] ;k nkl Fks ;k fQj ftUgksaus vius122 123 124

ekrk&firk dh vkKk çkIr ugha dh FkhA tc dksbZ O;fDr la?k125

esa ços'k ds fy, fuosnu djrk Fkk rc ckS) la?k }kjk tksç'u iwNs tkrs Fks] muesa ls dqN bl çdkj ds gksrs Fks &126

ßD;k rqe Lora= O;fDr gks\ÞßD;k rqe ij fdlh dk dtZ ugha gS\ÞßD;k rqe jktdh; lsok esa ugha gks\ÞßD;k rqeus ekrk&firk ls vkKk çkIr dh gS\Þ

;fn mi;qZDr ç'uksa esa fdlh ,d dk Hkh mÙkj ûgha^ gksrk]rks ml O;fDr dks ckS) la?k esa ços'k ls oafpr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA

^czkã.k^ 'kCn ds vLi"V ç;ksx ls Hkh dqN udkjkRedifj.kke fudysA blesa dksbZ vk'kadk ugha gS fd XkkSre cq) czkã.kksads tkrh; feF;kfHkekuksa ds dM+s vkykspd FksA ysfdu ikfy lkfgR;esa ^czkã.k^ 'kCn dks vR;Ur lEeku dh n`f"V ls ns[krs gq, ,slsO;fDr dks mPp uSfrd vkpj.k rFkk vUrnZf"Vokyk crk;k x;k gSAbl 'kCn ds ekuksikf/k ds :i esa p;u dj fy, tkus ds ckn blsfn;k tkusokyk lEeku vkSj Hkh c<+ x;k gksxkA okLro esa] jk;lMsfoM~t+ dk dguk gS fd šftu mik;ksa dk ç;ksx mUgksaus ¼ckS)ksa½vius eqfDr ds fl)kUr dks ’kfDr çnku djus ds fy, fd;k Fkk os

Vin.i.72-74.122

Vin.i.75-76.123

Vin.i.76.124

Vin.i.84; iii.12ff.125

SBE.xiii.230.126


gh muds fo#) ç;ksx fd, tkusokyk gfFk;kj cu x,A› 'kk;n127

,slh vusdkFkZdrkvksa ds dkj.k dqN fo}ku rks ;gk¡ rd dgrs gSafd šckS) la?k esa] okLro esa] ,slk dqN Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ugha Fkk tkslEiw.kZ tkfr&O;oLFkk dk fouk’k dj ldrk› vkSj fd cq) fuEu128

oxks± ds vkUnksyu ds leFkZd ugha Fks] bl rF; ds ckotwn fd la?kesa ços’k çkIr djusokys lHkh iq#"kksa dks ckS)&fl)kUr lekuvf/kdkj dh LohÑfr nsrk FkkA nwljs ’kCnksa esa] ,slk vkjksi129

yxk;k x;k gS fd çkphu ckS) /keZ esa ¼tUe] cqf) rFkk /kuuked rhuksa çdkjksasa ds½ vfHktkR;&oxZ dh vksj fo’ks"k>qdko vk| dky dh fojklr ds :i esa vVdk gqvk FkkA130

eSDl oscj us Hkh ,sls fopkj ls lgefr O;Dr dh vkSj dgkfd pw¡fd la?k ds lnL; vf/kdrj dqyhu] ’kgjh /kuk<+ÓvkSj czkã.k ifjokjksa] tks ^lH; tulk/kkj.k^ ds çfrf"Brçfrfuf/k Fks] ls fy, x, Fks] vr% ckS) /keZ dk fdlhlkekftd vkUnksyu ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha Fkk vkSj dqyfeykdj ;g Li"Vr;k fo’ks"kkf/kÑr Lrj dh mit Fkk] u

šthe very means they ¼Buddhists½ adopted to lend weight127

to their doctrine of emancipation became a weapon to be used againstthem.› ¼DB.I.139-141½.

š[T]here was in fact nothing substantial in the Buddhist128

clerical order which could ruin the entire caste system,›¼‹. Senart,Caste in India, London: 1950: 305½.

The Buddha was not a champion of the cause of lower129

classes, despite the fact that the Buddhist theory acknowledged theequal right of all males to be received in the Sa£gha (Ibid.153f).

A marked leaning to aristocracy (of all the three varieties,130

birth, brain and bullion) lingered in ancient Buddhism as aninheritance from the past. (H. Oldenberg, The Buddha- His Life, HisDoctrines, His Order, reprint, Delhi, 1971: 155-59 (originallypublished 1927).

lkekftd fopkj 179

fd vçkf/kÑr Lrj dhA blh çdkj fjpMZ fQô us n'kkZ;k131

fd ckS) /keZ }kjk tkfr ds fodkl dks fdlh Hkh rjg lsjksdk ugha x;k] ;gk¡ rd fd f’kfFky Hkh ugha fd;k x;kD;ksafd blds fl)kar dk y{; lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk:ikUrj.k djuk ugha Fkk ftUgsa vifjorZuh; ekuk tkus yxkFkkA lhñ ,sfy;V us Hkh cq) dks lekt lq/kkjd ds :i esa ugha132

fy;k vkSj bafxr fd;k fd pkgs cq) us czkã.kksa ds vfHkeku dksudkjk] mUgksaus dHkh Hkh tkfr ds fo#) çopu ugha fn;kD;ksafd ml le; ;g dsoy vYifodflr :i esa fo|ekuFkhA lhñ cwxys us Hkh rdZ çLrqr fd;k fd gkyk¡fd blls133

bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS fd šckS) leqnk; us czkã.kksa dsxzkgd&x.k dks ryksPNsfnr djus ds fy, dk;Z fd;k vkSj bllsikjLifjd fgrksa ds la?k"kZ dks Hkh vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkgS]› ckS) šu;h ;kstukvksa ds vuqlkj fgUnw lekt ds Hkou dkiqufuZekZ.k djus ¼ls ehyksa nwj Fks;½ ;fn mUgksaus Nr dks cnyus dkchM+k mBk;k] rks mUgksaus uhao dks ifjofrZr djus dh dHkh lksph Hkh

Buddhism had no tie with any social movement and as a131

whole was the product not of the underprivileged but of a veryclearly privileged strata. (M. Weber, The Religion of India, ed and trH.H. Garth & D. Martindale, Glencoe & Illinois: The Free Press: 1958:225-27).

The development of caste was in no way broken or even132

retarded by Buddhism because its doctrine did not aim at atransformation of social conditions and it was taken for granted thatthey were unchangeable (R. Fick, The Social Organization of North-East India in Buddha’s Time, Calcutta: 1920: 335).

C. Eliot, Hinduism and Buddhism, vol. I, London: 1954:133

xxii.


ughaA› jke'kj.k ’kekZ Hkh ,sls gh fopkj çdV djrs gSa vkSj ekurs134

gSa fd ;nk&dnk gh ckS) xzUFk fuEu oxkZsa ds fy, vçR;{klgkuqHkwfr O;Dr djrs gSa vkSj çkjfEHkd ckS) /keZ mPp135

tkfr;ksa ds fo#) fonzksg ugha dj ldrk Fkk D;ksaafd osmlds laj{kdksa ds fgrksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh FkhaA136

la?k esa fuEu tkfr;ksa] fo’ks"kdj 'kwæksa] dk dkQh deçfrfuf/kRo gksuk vk'p;Ztud gSA FksjxkFkk vkSj FksjhxkFkk esamfYyf[kr fofHké Fksjksa vkSj Fksfj;ksa ij miyC/k vk¡dM+ksa dkfo'ys"k.k n'kkZrk gS fd muesa yxHkx 91 çfr'kr f}tvFkkZr~ Åij ds rhu o.kksaZ ls vk, Fks tcfd dsoy 9çfr'kr 'kwæ oxZ lsA ikfy f=fiVd esa ;g Li"V ns[kus dks137

feyrk gS fd cM+h la[;k esa XkkSre cq) ds czkã.k vuq;kf;;ksaus czkã.kh;rk ds tUexr vk/kkj dks lS)kfUrd rkSj ij rksBqdjk fn;k Fkk ysfdu O;ogkj esa vf/kdrj bldk ikyu

šthe Buddhist community worked to undermine the134

brÈhma‡as’ clientele and the conflict of interests is undeniable... theBuddhists were far from reconstructing the edifice of Hindu societyaccording to new plans; if they worked at replacing the roof, theynever gave a thought to changing the foundations.› (C. Bouglè,Essays on the Caste System, Cambridge: 1977: 73).

Only occasionally the Buddhist texts show some lurking135

sympathy for the lower orders (R.S. Sharma, šMaterial Backgroundof the Origin of Buddhism,› M. Sen & M.B. Rao (eds), Das CapitalCentenary Volume: A Symposium, Delhi: People’s Publishing House,1968: 94).

Buddhism could not have crusaded against the upper136

castes, as they constituted the interest of its patrons. (R.S. Sharma,Op. Cit., 1968: 58-66).

B.G. Gokhale, šThe Early Buddhist ‹lite,› JIH, XLIII,137

Pt. II, 1965: 395.

lkekftd fopkj 181

djrs FksA ;g ns[kusokyh ckr gS fd yxHkx 40 çfr'krofj"B fHk{kq vkSj fHk{kqf.k;k¡ czkã.k tkfr ls lEcU/k j[krsFksA ;g ladsr fn;k x;k gS fd XkkSre cq) us rRdkyhu138

lekt ds vk/kkj ij o.kZ&tkrh; 'kCnksa dk bLrseky fd;kvkSj vUrj dsoy ;g Fkk fd mUgksaus {kf=;ksa dks czkã.kksa lsÅ¡pk ntkZ fn;kA mUgksaus czkã.kksa ds deZdk.Mksa dh 'kqf) dsnkoksa rFkk lkekftd çfr"Bk dh f[kYyh mM+kbZ vkSj dgk fdO;fDr dh Js"Brk mlds O;fDrxr 'khy ij fuHkZj djrh gS]u fd mlds ifjokj] oxZ ;k lkekftd mRifÙk ijA ,slkmUgksaus blfy, dgk D;ksafd ;gh u, uxjh; lkekftd oxksaZdh ek¡x Fkh tks ijEijkxr czkã.kh; oSfnd deZdkaMksa dhvis{kk ckS) /keZ ds vf/kd fudV FksA139

ikfy fou; fiVd rFkk lqÙk fiVd esa 2426 iq#"kksavkSj efgykvksa ds mYys[k gaS] ftuesa 1371 dh tkfr ds ckjsesa irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA bu lcdh tkfr;ksa ds vk/kkjij RkS;kj dh xbZ fuEufyf[kr rkfydk ckS) la?k ds xBuij egÙoiw.kZ çdk’k Mkyrh gS%140

tkfr vkofr %

{kf=;czkã.kOkS’;k’kwæ vkSj vNwr

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ogh] 395.138

oghA139

;g rkfydk K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit.1989: ifjf’k"V:5a vkSj 5b140

ds vk/kkj ij RkS;kj dh xbZ gSA


mi;qZDr ço`fÙk fdlh ,d xzUFk ls lEcfU/kr ugha gSA;g ;gk¡ ij mi;ksx fd, x, lHkh xzUFkksa ij ykxw gksrk gSAfuEufyf[kr rkfydk ckS) /keZ ds mPp tkrh; lEcU/kksa dksfofHké xzUFkksa esa bl çdkj n'kkZrk gS% 141

xzUFk {kf=; % czkã.k % oS'; % fuEutkfr

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rkfydk 2& fofHké xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj fofHké iq#"kksa dk tkrh; vk/kkj

fuLlansg] çkjafEHkd ckS) /keZ us eq[; rkSj ij uxjh;iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;kA fudk;ksa esa m)`rvf/kdka'k /keksZins'k JkoLrh] jktx`g vkSj dks’kkEch tSls cM+s uxjksaesa fn, x, FksA 547 cksf/klÙoksa esa ls 315 dk tUe euq"; ds :iesa gqvk Fkk] ftuesa ls 223 ¼84-47%½ uxjh; dsUæksa esa iSnk gq, FksrFkk muesa ls vf/kdka'k dk tUe jktkvksa] muds eaf=;ksa ;k cM+sO;kikfj;ksa ds ifjokjksa esa gqvk FkkA tsrou] tgk¡ XkkSre cq) us viusvf/kdka'k o"kkZokl O;rhr fd, Fks] dh dher mldh lEiw.kZ Lkrgij lksus ds flDds fcNkus ds cjkcj FkhA FksjxkFkk vkSj FksjhxkFkk esam)`r fHk{kqvksa vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa esa ls 71% uxjh; {ks=ksa ls vk,Fks vkSj yxHkx 86% JkoLrh] jktx`g] dfiyoLrq vkSjoS’kkyh tSls egkuxjksaa ls vk,A vU; uxjksaa esa] 6 dklEcU/k lkdsr ls] çR;sd 5 dk dkS’kkEch] okjk.klh vkSj

D;ksafd K.T.S. Sarao, Op. Cit.1989: ifjf’k"V 5a vkSj 5b lHkh141

ekuoks a ¼cq) ds fojksf/k;ksa lesr½ dk mYys[k djrs gSa rFkk bl çdkj dhvofLFkfr nwljs vlukruh lEçnk;ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh miyC/k gksrh gSA

lkekftd fopkj 183

mTtSu ls] 4 dk pEik ls] 3 dk ikVfyiq= ls] 2 dkHk#dPN ls vkSj 1 dk lqIikjd ls FkkA142

ckS) /keZ Li"Vr% mYys[k djrk gS fd cq)ksao cksf/klÙoksa dk tUe dsoy {kf=; ;k czkã.k ifjokjksa esagks ldrk gS] vU; fdlh tkfr esa ughaA ,sls gh nkl ds143

xHkkZ'k; ls tUe ysusokyk O;fä dHkh Hkh cksf/klÙo ugha gksldrkA 144

nschçlkn pêksik/;k; us larqfyr fopkj çdVdjrs gq, dgk gS fd gkyk¡fd ;g lR; gS fd ckS) /keZ dksvf/kifr;ksa] O;kikfj;ksa vkSj ledkyhu dqyhu tkfr;ksa ls lg;ksxçkIr Fkk ysfdu bls blh :i esa ns[kuk mfpr ugha gksxkA mudsvuqlkj dbZ dkj.kksa ls ckS) /keZ dk šHkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lclscM+k lkekftd&/kkfeZd vkUnksyu› cuuk fu;r FkkA mudk145

fo'okl Fkk fd tkrh; O;oLFkk ds vU;k;iw.kZ O;ogkj ds çfr cq)dk #[k vkSj czkã.kksa ds /kkfeZd vuq"Bkuksa ij vkØe.k] yksxksa dksvkdf"kZr djus ds egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k FksA ysfdu pêksik/;k; ;g rdZHkh çLrqr djrs gSa fd cq) us la?k dks tutkrh; ekU;rkvksa dsvk/kkj ij çfrjksi.k djds LorU=rk] lekurk vkSj Hkzkr`Ro dh ,dejhfpdk iSnk dh] tcfd okLrfodrk ;g Fkh fd bu ekU;rkvksadks la?k ds ckgj dh nqfu;k esa dqpyk tk jgk FkkA146

B.G. Gokhale, Op. Cit.461.142

ns[ksa, DPPN.II.324.143

ns[ksa, DPPN.II.323; SnA.I.550f.144

šbiggest socio-religious movement in Indian history.›145

The Buddha created an illusion of liberty, equality, and146

fraternity by modelling his Sa£gha on the tribal values, whereas inreality these values were being trampled upon in the world outsidethe Sa£gha. (D.P. Chattopadhyaya, LokÈyata: A Study in Ancient


;|fi çHkko'kkyh tkrh; O;oLFkk us okLroesa ckS) fopkj/kkjk dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k Fkk] fQj Hkh blckr ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd cq) us fuEuksa esa HkhfuEure ds fy, vius la?k ds }kj [kksy fn, rkfd osfuokZ.k dk lq[k çkIr dj ldasA XkkSre cq) us f'k{kk çnku147

djus esa fdlh çdkj dk Hkh HksnHkko ugha fd;kA tSlk fd148

VhñMCY;wñ jk;l MsfoM~t+ us bafxr fd;k gS tgk¡ rd fdlhO;fDr ds la?k ¼lekt dk ,dek= vax ftl ij cq) dk laiw.kZfu;a=.k Fkk½ esa ços'k dh ckr Fkh] tUe] is'kk] lkekftd Lrj dsgkfu&ykHk ls mldk dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha FkkA vius fopkj dsleZFku esa mUgksaus fou;kpkfj; mikfy ¼ukbZ½] lquhr ¼iqôql½]lkfr ¼eNqvkjk½] lqHkk ¼yksgkj dh csVh½ rFkk iq..kk vkSjiqf..kdk ¼;qok nkfl;k¡½ dk mnkgj.k fn;k gSA ysfdu Jherhjk;l MsfoM~t+ dgrh gSa fd la?k ds ckgj cq) us yksdfopkjdks fujUrj cqf)lEié fopkjksa ds ek/;e ls çLrqr djdsçHkkfor djus dk ç;kl fd;kA mUgksaus vkxslqÙk&fuikr ds

Indian Materialism, N. Delhi: People’s Publishing House: 1978: 466-67).

[kfÙk;k czkã.kk osLlk lqík p.Mkyiqôqlk147

lCcs o lksjrk nark lCcs o ifjfuCcqrk ¼J.IV.303½.

la?k esa fuEu oxks± ds lnL;ksa us vly esa ços’k ik;k] bldk148

ladsr dbZ mnkgj.kksa ls feyrk gSA p.Mkyiq= ekraxckgj ds ckjs esa dgktkrk gS fd mlus vlhe lq[k çkIr fd;k ftls vusd {kf=; vkSj czkã.kHkh ugha ik lds Fks ¼Sn.vv. 137 vlhe 138½A ,d fHk{kq dk o.kZu vkrk gStks igys ckt+f’k{kd Fkk ¼DPPN.I.174.½ rFkk nks p.Mky ftUgksaus laU;kl/kkj.k fd;k ¼J.IV.390-401½A Ikkfy f=fiVd esa yxHkx ,d ntZu ’kwæksa ,oap.Mkyksa dk mYys[k gS ftUgksaus la?k esa Å¡ps in çkIr fd, ¼K.T.S. Sarao,

Op Cit.: Appendix.4½A

lkekftd fopkj 185

vkexU/k lqÙk dk mnkgj.k fn;k gS ftlesa cq) us crk;k gSfd bl ;k ml O;fDr ds }kjk cuk;k ;k fn;k x;k [kkuk]blds ;k mlds }kjk [kkus ls dksbZ nks"k ugha gksrk gS cfYdcqjs deZ] cqjh ckr vkSj cqjs fopkj ls nks"k gksrk gSA vly149

esa] jk;l MsfoM~t+ dk fopkj Fkk fd ;fn cq) ds fopkjksa dkslQyrk çkIr gks tkrh] rc lkekftd oxhZdj.k vkSj fHkérkvyx çdkj ls fodflr gksrs vkSj tkfr&O;oLFkk dHkh HkhfufeZr u gksrhA 150

cq) us rdZ çLrqr fd;k fd ftl çdkjjktk ;k njckjh dks lkjk jktLo dsoy vius gh fy, ughaj[kuk pkfg,] mlh rjg czkã.kksa vkSj Je.kksa dks Kku ij,dkf/kdkj ugha tekuk pkfg,A ckS) fopkj ds rgr fdlhHkh tkfr dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr f'k{kd cu ldrk gS vkSjf'k{kd pkgs 'kwæ] p.Mky ;k iqôql gks] ges’kk lEeku dkgd+nkj gksrk gSA ckS) /keZ ds ,sls çfrfuf/kd #[k dks ,dtkrd dgkuh esa O;Dr djrs gq, crk;k x;k gS fd ,dczkã.k rU= ls gkFk /kks cSBk D;ksafd mlus cnukeh ls cpusds fy, vius p.Mky f'k{kd dk vkHkkj ugha ekukA vly151

esa] dgk tkrk gS fd tc dqN ’kkD; ;qod vkSj mudkukSdj o ’kwnz mikfy cq) ds ikl bDÎs gksdj nh{kk ysus dsfy, igq¡ps rks cq)us mikfy dks nh{kk igys nh rkfd ’kkD;ksadk tUe o tkfr&uqek ?ke.M nwj fd;k tk ldsA dksbZ152

DB.I.104.149

DB.I.107.150

J.IV.200ff.151

Vin.II.182; Bu.I.61.152


Hkh ckS) fHk{kq ;k fHk{kq.kh fHk{kk;kpuk ds le; yksxksa esafdlh çdkj dk HksnHkko ugha djrk Fkk rFkk fdlh Hkh xgLFk ds;gk¡ Hkkstu dh ;kpuk dj ldrk Fkk ;k vkeaf=r fd, tkus ijmlds ?kj ij Hkkstu xzg.k dj ldrk FkkA blfy, ;g153

badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ckS) /keZ us Hkkjr esalkekftd laxBu ij LFkk;h çHkko NksM+k gSA

Vin.III.184-85; IV.80, 177.153

6

ckS) /keZ dk iru

ckS) /keZ ds iru dh leL;k çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lokZf/kdfooknkLin fo"k;ksasa esa ls ,d gSA ‘iru’ 'kCn dk ç;ksx Hkkjrh;ckS) /keZ esa u dsoy fofHké ifjisz{;ksa esa fd;k x;k gS cfYd fofHkéijEijkvksa }kjk iru dh fofHké vo/kkj.kk,¡ o muds dkj.k HkhçLrqr fd, x, gSaA fou; fiVd esa czãp;Z ds iru o l/keZ ds1

çR;kf’kr fo/oal ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS vkSj nh?k fudk; esa2

vklé iru dh ckr m:o o àkl ds ,d fo’kky&dkyhu ofoLr`r czãkaMh; pØ ds lanHkZ esa dh xbZ gSA ckS) /keZ ds iru3

dks ysdj vk/kqfud fo}kuksa esa bruk erHksn gS fd ;fn ,d vksjdqN fo}kuksa us iru ds vkjEHk dks cq) ds gh dky esa j[kk gS rks4

ogha nwljh vksj dqN vU; fo}kuksa ds fopkj esa iru ds vkjEHk dkslkroha 'krkCnh ls igys ugha j[kk tk ldrkA tgk¡ dqN fo}kuksa5

us ckS) /keZ ds iru dks šdsoy ok)ZD; ;k iw.kZ ifjDykfUr› ds6

ns[ksa, Jan Nattier, Once Upon a Future Time: Studies in a1

Buddhist Prophecy of Decline, Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press,1991; and D.W. Chappell, šEarly Forebodings of the Death ofBuddhism,› Numen, XXVII, 1980, Fasc.1: 122-154.

Cv.X.1.2

pôoÙkh&lhgukn lqÙkar rFkk vx×¥ lqÙkarA3

L.M. Joshi, Studies in the Buddhist Culture of India, Delhi:4

Motilal Banarsidass, 1968: 302.

ns[ksa, P.C. Bagchi, šDecline of Buddhism and its Causes,›5

Asutosh Mukerjee Silver Jubilee Volumes. III: 412.; R.C. Mitra, TheDecline of Buddhism in India, Calcutta: Vishva Bharati Studies:1954: 2.

šjust old age or sheer exhaustion› (E. Conze, A Short6

History of Buddhism, Oxford: 1960: 86).


lanHkZ esa O;Dr fd;k gS] ogha nwljs fo}ku ;g vuqHko djrs gSa fdiru ds ihNs mu fofHké dkj.kksa dh fofo/krk Fkh tks šfuLlUnsgcM+s yEcs le; ls dk;Z dj jgs gksaxsA› rFkkfi] bl ckr ij vke7

lgefr gS fd iru ds vkjEHk dk le; tks Hkh jgk gks] 12oha'krkCnh ds vUr ds djhc ;g cM+h rhozrk vkSj O;kid :i ls?kfVr gqvkA

ckS)ksa ds O;kfHkpkj vkSj uSfrd iru dks dqN fo}kuksa usckS) /keZ ds iru dk lcls izeq[k dkj.k ekuk gSA izkjafHkd ckS)8

xzUFkksa esa bl rF; dh tkudkjh feyrh gS fd la?k ds vUnjykijokgh o nq"Vrk dh ço`fÙk bl lhek rd igq¡p xbZ Fkh fdcM+h la[;k esa fHk{kq O;fDrxr ;k lkewfgd /ku ,d= djus dslkFk&lkFk vusd nwljs vfoosdiw.kZ dk;Z djus yxs FksA tkrdksa esaHkh ;g ckr Lohdkj dh xbZ gS fd dqN yksx la?k esa blfy,izfo"V gksus yxs Fks D;ksafd la?k ds vUnj dk thou ckgj dhvis{kk vf/kd vklku FkkA ,d ;qod ,d tkrd dFkk esa dgrk gSšfnu&jkr eSa vius gkFkksa ls lHkh rjg ds dk;Z djrk gw¡ ysfdueSaus dHkh bruk lqLoknq Hkkstu ugha p[kkA eq>s Lo;a fHk{kq gh cutkuk pkfg,A› dqN fo[;kr eBksa us rks viuh eqnzk,¡ o eksgjsa Hkh9

tkjh djuh vkjEHk dj nh FkhaA vkoklh; fHk{kqvksa ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k10

ds fy, eBksa us tehu] xk¡o] pjkgxkg] tkuojksa bR;kfn dks Hkh

Multiplicity of different causes that šmust have been in7

operation for a pretty long time.› (P.V. Kane, History ofDharma„Èstra, Vol.V, Part 2, Poona, 1930-62: 1003).

K.W. Morgan, The Path of the Buddha, New York, 1956:8

48; R.C.Mitra, Op. Cit. 2.

J.I.311.9


Ancient Bengal and Bihar,› Journal of Indian History, LI (3): 1973:531-557. šEndowments in Favour of Early Buddhist Monasteries inBengal and Bihar,› Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol. VI, Parts1-2, 1972-73, Calcutta, 1973: 160-165.

ckS) /keZ dk iru 183

j[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA phuh ;k=h Qkfg;ku] bfRlax vkSj11

áquRlkax us Hkh eBksa ds lkeUrh pfj= dh ckr dh gS tks dkQhcM+h ek=k esa /ku&/kkU; vkSj lEifÙk j[krs FksA cM+s eBksa us fofHké12

izdkj dh lEifÙk;ksa ds }kjk u dsoy vkRefuHkZjrk izkIr dj yhFkh cfYd vius&vius {ks=ksa esa mUgksaus viuh 'kfDr vkSj izHkko HkhLFkkfir dj fy, FksA fHk{kqvksa ds os';kxeu] 'kjkc ihus]13

fcpkSfy;kfxjh djus] pksjh djus] ywVekj djus vkSj [ksrh djus dsHkh mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA ,d xzUFk esa ;g vQlksl O;Dr fd;k14

x;k gS fd šfHk{kq laU;klh ds thou dks vius ykHk rFkkykyu&ikyu ds fy, viuk,axsA os ifo= xzUFkksa ds iBu&ikBu esafu"Bkoku ugha gksaxs vkSj mikluk rFkk fpUru&euu ds fy,,dkUr ds bPNqd ugha gksaxsA fnu esa os yksd/keZ ls lEcfU/kr ckrksaij fopkj ds fy, ,df=r gksaxs rFkk mÙksftr gksdj Hkzeo'kdksykgy djsaxs] jkr esa Fkdku vkSj vkyL; ds dkj.k os nsj rdlks,¡xsA os fordZ vkSj mifu/;ku ls jfgr gksaxsA pw¡fd os cq) dhewy f'k{kkvksa dks udkjsaxs blfy, os uSfrd vkpj.k dk ikyu ughadjsaxsA› ysfdu bl ckr ls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd15


ancient Bengal and Bihar,› Journal of Indian History, LI (3): 1973:535.

J. Legge, The Travels of Fa-hien, 43; Takakusu (tr), A12

Record of the Buddhist Regions, 193; Beal, Life of Hieun-tsiang, 112-13.

P. Niyogi, šEndowments in Favour of Early Buddhist13

Monasteries in Bengal and Bihar,› Journal of Ancient Indian History,Vol. VI, Parts 1-2, 1972-73, Calcutta, 1973: 164.

ns[ksa, L.M. Joshi, Op. Cit: 305ff.14

‹. Lamotte, History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins15

to the Œaka Era, tr.Sara Webb-Boin, Louvain-la-Neuve: Insitut

Orientaliste, 1988: 199 ij foHkk"k ls m)r fd;k x;kA ¼ykeksÙk dk ;gxzaFk igyh ckj Histoire du bouddhisme indien: Des origenes à l’çre

Œaka, Louvain: Bibliothéque du Musèon, vol. 43, 1958 ds :i esa


vf/kdka'k /kkfeZd leqnk; àklksUeq[krk dh voLFkkvksa ls xqtjrs gSavkSj tks vkUrfjd lq/kkj dk ekxZ viuk ysrs gSa os ,slhifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ls ldq’ky fudy vkrs gSaaA nwljs ’kCnksa esas] ;gvko';d ugha gS fd àklksUeq[krk vius&vki esa ?kkrd fl) gksAckS)ksa dh lkjxfHkZr vkSj mís';ijd lq/kkj u dj ikus dh v{kerkds dkj.k dqN vkSj gh jgs gkasxsA16

dqN fo}ku ra=okn dks iru ds fy, mÙkjnk;h ekurs gSaA,d le; ,slk vk x;k Fkk tc fHk{kq vius f'k{kdksa lss viuhlafxfu;ksa ds lkFk feyus tkrs FksA rkaf=d ckS) /keZ ds 84 fl);k rks fookfgr Fks ;k fQj ;ksfxfu;k¡ mudh lg;ksxh FkhaA uSfrdvjktdrk dks c<+kok nsus esa šlcls izeq[k LFkku otz;ku dhdqjhfr;ksa dks fn;k x;k gSA› ysfdu ckS) /keZ dk iru ra=okn17

ds dkj.k gqvk çrhr ugha gksrkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vysDl oseSuds vuqlkj šfu’p; gh] bl rF; ds vfrfjDr fd ra= esa fofHkéoxZ gksrs gSa rFkk vf/kd fuafnr vH;kl ;k fu;e ra= ds {ks= dsHkhrj loZO;kih ugha gSa] fu.kZ; esa bl vlk/kkj.k o vifjgk;Z rF;dk /;ku ugha j[kk x;k gS D;ksafd ra= vius fgUnw :i esa cM+hyksdfiz;rk ik pqdk gS vkSj Li"Vr;k fdlh æ"VO; ek=k esa mldkfgUnw /keZ ds iru esa ;ksxnku ugha gSA bl çdkj] fcuk bl rF;dks udkjrs gq, fd dHkh&dHkh ra= dk Hkz"V :Ik esa vuqlj.k fd;ktkrk Fkk] Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ ds iru ds dkj.kksa dks fdlh nwljhtxg gh <¡w<+uk pkfg,A›

18

Nik Fkk½A

P.S. Jaini, šThe Disappearance of Buddhism and the16

Survival of Jainism: A Study in Contrast,› in A.K. Narain (ed),Studies in History of Buddhism, Delhi: 1980: 81ff.

ogh-311.17

šQuite apart from the fact that there are different classes18

of Tantra, and that the more reprehended practices or tenets are notubiquitous in the range of Tantra, the judgement takes no account ofthe striking and inescapable fact that the Tantra in its Hindu form hasenjoyed great popularity, and apparently has not contributed to thedemise of Hinduism in any observable amount... Accordingly, while


dHkh&dHkh czkã.kksa ds oSj&Hkko dks ckS) /keZ ds iru dkmÙkjnk;h ekuk tkrk gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd czkã.kksa us ckS)ksa19

dks lkekU;r% ?k`.kk dh n`f"V ls ns[kkA gkyk¡fd fuf'pr rkSj ijblds mnkgj.k gSa fd ckS) fHk{kqvksa ij vR;kpkj gq, ;k os migklds ik= cus] ;k dHkh&dHkh os ekj Hkh Mkys x,] ysfdu ;g oSjfdlh nwljs çdkj dk FkkA ;fn cq) ls czkã.k lekt us ?k`.kk dhgksrh rks mlh lekt us mUgsa fo".kq ds vorkj ds :i esa uLohdkjk gksrkA }s"k eq[;rkSj ij eBoklh; vkUnksyu o eBksa dhvkisf{kd lEiérk dh vksj funZsf’kr çrhr gksrk gSA dqN fo}kujktdh; laj{k.k ds vHkko vkSj dqN czkã.k jktkvksa }kjk ckS) /keZij fd, x, vR;kpkjksa dks Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ ds iru dk dkj.kekurs gaSA gkyk¡fd ;g vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd ckS)/keZ ds vkjEHk ds fnuksa esa jktdh; laj{k.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ ?kVdFkk] ysfdu iru esa bldh Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ izrhr ugha gksrhA ckS)/keZ ds gh le; esa tSu /keZ dk rFkk ckn esa fgUnw /keZ dk fo|ekujguk] bl ifjdYiuk dks vLohdkj djrk gSA mlh çdkj]vR;kpkj dk rdZ Hkh etcwr izrhr ugha gksrkA gw.kksa vkSj xkSM+jktkvksa ds vR;kpkj dqN eBksa dh cckZnh vkSj dqN fHk{kqvksa dheR;q dk dkj.k rks jgs gksaxs] ysfdu mudk iwjs vkUnksyu ij dM+kizgkj ugha gks ldrk FkkA cq) dks O;kid ifjokj dk ,d va’k20

ekuk tkrk FkkA cgqr gh de yksx mUkls ?k`.kk djrs Fks] vfirqvf/kdrj yksx mUgsa vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[krs FksA

dqN fo}ku la?k ds vUnj ds Hksn vkSj fooknksa dks irudk dkj.k ekurs gSaA 7oha 'krkCnh rd ckS) /keZ ,d foHkkftr ?kjtSlk cu pqdk FkkA la?k&Hksn dks Lo;a cq) us ik¡p eq[; ikiksa esa

not denying that the Tantra was sometime followed in a degenerateform, one must look elsewhere for the reasons of Buddhism’s declinein India.› (A. Wayman, šObservations on the History and Influenceof the Buddhist Tantra in India and Tibet,› in A.K. Narain (ed),Studies in History of Buddhism, Delhi: 1980: 360-361).

T.W. Rhys Davids, šPersecution of Buddhists in India,›19

Journal of the PÈli Text Society, 1896: 87-92.

ns[ksa, P.V. Kane, Op Cit: 1010.20


ls ,d ekuk FkkA ckS)ksa ds fofHké lEiznk; vkil esa mlh rjgyM+rs Fks ftl rjg os ckS)srj yksxksaa ls yM+rs FksA pkYlZ ,sfy;V;g vuqHko djrs gSa fd šghu;ku dh vis{kk egk;ku ds Hkz"Vkpkjksads dkj.k ckS) /keZ dk Hkkjr esa iru gqvkA› ykyef.k tks'kh Hkh21

,sfy;V ds er ls lger gSa vkSj egk;ku dks xq.kkRed iru dsfy, mÙkjnk;h ekurs gSaA ysfdu lkjs fo}ku lEiznk;xr22

izfrLi/kkZ dks vkUrfjd nqcZyrk dk izrhd ugha ekursA mnkgj.k dsfy,] iùukHku tSuh vuqHko djrs gSa fd štc ge ,d vdsUnzhÑrvkUnksyu] tks fd ckS) /keZ Fkk] ds ckjs esa ckr djrs gSa] rks cgqrlkjs lEiznk;ksa ds mn; dks ckSf)d vkSj vk/;kfRed 'kfDr dsizrhd ds :i esa ysuk pkfg,A mlls Hkh vf/kd egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;ggS fd ckS) /keZ dh nycanh mlds /keZ xzUFkksa dh O;k[;k rd ghlhfer Fkh( lHkh lEiznk;ksa ds lnL;ksa esa f=fiVd ds ewy Lo:idks ysdj yxHkx lgefr Fkh] mudh vkpj.k&lafgrk yxHkx lk>hFkh vkSj os ,d&nwljs dh fcjknjh esa vklkuh ls ?kwers&fQjrs FksA---blfy,] vkSfpR; ls ,slh QwV dks Hkkjr esa ckS) /keZ ds iru dkeq[; dkjd ugha dgk tk ldrkA›23

dqN fo}ku ;g le>rs gSa fd eqfLye vkØe.k ckS) /keZds Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe ls foyqIr gksus dk eq[; dkj.k FksA 1197bZñ esa ukyUnk dks rqdks± us ywVk FkkA dqN le; ckn foØef'kyk

šit was to the corruptions of the MahÈyÈna rather than that21

of HÏnayÈna that the decay of Buddhism in India was due.› (C. Eliot,Hinduism and Buddhism, II, London, 1954: 6).

L.M. Joshi, Op Cit: 309.22

šwhen dealing with the kind of non-centralized movement23

that Buddhism comprised, the emergence of numerous sects shouldprobably be taken as a sign of both intellectual and spiritual vigour.Even more important, Buddhist sectarianism was confined tointerpretation of texts; members of all schools more or less acceptedthe validity of the basic TipiEtaka, shared an almost identical code ofconduct, and moved easily among each other's communities... suchdivisiveness cannot, therefore, reasonably be suggested as central tothe downfall of Buddhism in India.› (P.S. Jaini, Op Cit: 84).


dk Hkh ogh gJ gqvkA cks/kx;k dks Hkh rksM+k&QksM+k x;kA ukyUnkdks iqu% 1235 bZñ esa rckg fd;k x;kA cM+h la[;k esa fHk{kqvksa dhØwjrk ls gR;k dj nh xbZ FkhA muds /kkfeZd xzUFk Hkh mlh rjgu"V dj fn, x, FksA dqN fHk{kqvksa us fgeky; ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa]usiky vkSj frCcr esa ’kj.k ysdj viuh tku cpkbZA fdl rjgfu;ec) rjhds ls ckS) izfr"Bkuksa dks tehankst fd;k x;k] bldk loksZRÑ"V mnkgj.k frCcr ds fHk{kq] /keZLokfeu~ ds ân;Li’khZo.kZu esa feyrk gSA tc 1325 bZñ esa iqu% ukyUnk ij vkØe.k24

gqvk rks blds 70 Nk= vlgk; vkSj cw<+s vkpk;Z jkgqyJhHknz dksNksM+dj Hkkx [kM+s gq,A /keZLokfeu~ us bl cw<+s fHk{kq dks vius da/ksij j[kdj lqjf{kr LFkku ij igq¡pk;kA ckS) laLFkkuksa dks ywVdjtyk Mkyk x;k vkSj eBh; ckS) /keZ dks feVk fn;k x;kA ysfdubu vkØe.kksa ds izHkko ij tc ,d xgjh utj Mkyh tk, rks irkpyrk gS fd bu vkØe.kksa dk izHkko dsoy ,d lka?kkfrd >Vds¼coup-de-grace½ ds leku FkkA bu vkØe.kksa us rks ckS) /keZ dksdsoy mu ihM+knk;h fLFkfr;ksa ls eqDr fd;k Fkk ftuesa og igysls gh xzLr gks pqdk FkkA okLro esa] tc bLykeh vkØe.k 'kq: gq,]rc rd ckS) /keZ ,d ladVkié fLFkfr esa igq¡p pqdk FkkA ;gdkj.k vius vkiesa bl ckr ls Hkh egÙoiw.kZ ugha fn[kkbZ iM+rk fdtSu /keZ Hkh blh rjg dh nqfo/kk ls xqtjk ysfdu lQyrkiwoZdfudy x;kA

,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ckS) /keZ dk iru nks Lrjksaa ijgqvk& ¼1½ uhps ls iru& mikldksa sa ds Lrj ij( vkSj ¼2½ Åij lsiru& eBksa ds Lrj ijA bu nks Lrjksa ij iru u dsoy nksfofHké le;ksa esa gqvk cfYd ;g fofHké dkj.kksa dk Hkh ifj.kke FkkA

uhps ls iru

G. Roerich; Biography of DharmasvÈmin: A Tibetan Monk24

Pilgrim: 64-95.


tgk¡ dqN fo}ku ckS) /keZ dks šlkekftd vlQyrk› ekurs gSa]25

nwljs bls ,d lkekftd vkUnksyu Hkh ugha ekursA bl vkjksi esa26

dqN lPpkbZ izrhr gksrh gSA czkã.k iqtkfj;ksa }kjk izLrkforjhfr&fjoktksasa vkSj vuq"Bkuksaa dks ckS) mikldksa us dHkh ugha R;kxkA;g #>ku izkjafHkd le; ls gh Li"V FkkA ckS) 'kCn vius vkiesamu yksxksa ds ckjs esa crykrk Fkk tks xgR;kx dj fHk{kq ;kfHk{kqf.k;k¡ cu x, FksA gkyk¡fd ,d cM+h la[;k ,sls mikldksa dhFkh ftUgksaus ckS) /keZ esa laj{k.k fy;k Fkk] ysfdu ,d laiw.kZ :i esalkekftd i)fr ;k iwtk dk <ax bR;kfn ,sls vyx o fof’k"V:i ls oxhZÑr ugha Fks ftlls fd ckS) mikldksa dks vyx ls,d /kkfeZd leqnk; ds :i esa fpfàr fd;k tk ldsA /kkfeZdigpku dh vkdka{kk ckS) mikldksa esa u ds cjkcj FkhA blfy,tc dksbZ O;fDr] mnkgj.kkFkZ ,d czkã.k] cq) dk mikld curkFkk rks blls dsoy ;gh ladsr feyrk Fkk fd mlus cq) ds çfr,d iq.;&O;fDr ds :i esa viuh J)k O;Dr dh gSA ;g dgha27

ugha dgk x;k gS fd ,sls czkã.kksa us viuh iqjksfgrh ;k czãns;ktehu dks R;kx fn;k gksA blls irk pyrk gS fd bu czkã.kksa usoSfnd 'kkL=ksa ds izfr viuh J)k tkjh j[kh vkSj vius f'k";ksa dksHkh blds vuq:i f'kf{kr djuk tkjh j[kkA lquh/k vkSj oLldkjds lEcU/k esa ,slk dksbZ mYys[k ugha feyk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij;g dgk tk lds fd mUgksaus Lo;a dks mikldksa ds :i esaizfr"Bkfir fd;k gksA ;g Hkh dYiuk ls ijs gS fd ckS) /keZviukus ls muds ijEijkxr fo'oklksa o lkekftd çfr"Bk esas fdlhO;kid <ax ls ifjorZu vk;kA muds mikld cuus dk rkri;Z28

XkksfoUnpaæ ik.Ms;] ckS) èkeZ ds fodkl dk bfrgkl]25

y[kuÅ] 1963: 491-492; D.K. Barua, šBuddhism and Layworshipers,› Mahabodhi, LXXIV, Nos. 3-4: 39-44.

N. Dutt, Buddha Jayanti Souvenir, Calcutta: 1973: 97.26

B.G. Gokhale, šThe Early Buddhist ‹lite,› JIH, XLIII, Pt.27

II, 1965: 376.

oghA28


;g ugha Fkk fd mUgksaus vius tkfrxr vf/kdkjksa dks R;kx fn;kFkkA

;gk¡ ij ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ckS) /keZ usvius vuq;kf;;ksa dks muds iqjkus fo'oklksa o /kkfeZd dk;Zdykiksadks fdlh Hkh çdkj ls NksM+us ds fy, ck/; ugha fd;k FkkA ,slsle>kSrksa esa ls] ftuds dbZ mnkgj.k Hkkjr esa feyrs gSa] ,d ;gHkh Fkk fd gjsd O;fDr f=jRu ds vykok vius {ks= dsnsoh&nsorkvksa dh] viuh tkfr ds nsork dh ;k fdlh vU; nsorkdh iwtk djus ds fy, Lora= FkkA blfy,] bfrgkl esa ,sls dbZJs"B mnkgj.k feyrs gSa tgk¡ ckS) yksx ;{kksa] ukxksa rFkk vkRekvksadks iwtrs jgsA mPp tkfr ds yksx ges'kk oSfnd ;k czkã.kh;nsorkvksa] tSls bUnz] czãk] ekj vkfn dh iwtk djrs jgsA u rks ckS)/keZ ds vkus lss bu nsorkvksa ds egÙo esa dksbZ deh gqbZ vkSj u gh'kkD;eqfu us czkã.kksa ds nsorkvksa dk dHkh fojks/k fd;kA mUgksausLohdkj fd;k fd šeuq";ksaa }kjk iwftr o lEekfur nsorkx.k cnysesa mUgsa iwtrs vkSj lEeku nsrs gSaA› mUgksaus fo/kehZ fjoktksa dks29

iw.kZr% frjLÑr djus ls euk dj fn;k& thfor izkf.k;ksa dh cfydh mUgksaus fuank dh ysfdu 'kkafriw.kZ p<+kok] ftlesa dksbZ fgalk’kkfey ugha Fkh] mUgksaus izLrkfor fd;kA30

cq) vkReR;kx ds loksZPp vkn'kZ ds izfr opu c) FksAblfy, os yksx ftUgksaus ikfjokfjd thou dks laU;kl gsrq NksM+fn;k Fkk mUgsa lcls Å¡ps vknj dk ik= le>k tkrk Fkk] u fdmu yksxksa dks tks bl lkalkfjdrk esa jgs rFkk xgLFk dk thouth,A ;g lp gh dgk x;k gS fd ckS) /keZ dh rqyuk esastulk/kkj.k tSuksa tSls nwljs /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa esa fHk{kqvksa ds lkFkT;knk fudVrk ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA iqjksfgr oxZ rFkk tu lkekU;ds chp dh bl dM+h ds {kh.k gksus ds dkj.k gh ckS) /keZ tulkekU; ds Lrj ij Hkkjr esa yqIr gks x;k tcfd tSu /keZ cpkjgkA

Vin.i.229; D.ii.88; Ud.89.29

A.ii.42f; S.i.76; Dh.v141; Sn.v249.30


lk¡ph vkSj Hkjgqr ds vfHkys[kksa ls bl ckr ds çek.kfeyrs gaS fd bu ckS) fogkjksa dks mu yksxksa ls Hkh nku feyk tksckS) mikld ugha FksA blfy, ;g dguk xyr ugha gksxk fdtulk/kkj.k ds fy, czkã.k /keZ ls ckS) /keZ esa /kekZUrj.k cq) vkSjla?k ds izfr J)k o la?k dks nku rd gh lhfer FkkA bl rjg ds/kekZUrj.k ds }kjk ,d vyx o fo’ks"k /kkfeZd ;k lkekftdleqnk; dh LFkkiuk ugha dh xbZA ckS) /keZ dh ;g deh vkSj HkhLi"V fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS tc mldh rqyuk bLyke ;k bZlkbZ /keZ lsdh tk, ftuesa fd /kkfeZd o lkekftd Lrj ij leqnk; dhigpku vuU; vkSj ty#) ¼exclusive and watertight½ FkhA blrjg ckS) /keZ ,sls mikldksa dk ,d laxfBr lewg cukus esavlQy jgk tks /kekZUrj.k ds i'pkr~ la?k esa tkus ;k nku nsus dslkFk&lkFk Lo;a dks lkekftd rkSj ij Hkh ’ks"k leqnk; ls vyxle>rkA tulk/kkj.k ds chp ckS) /keZ ,d lEiznk; cudj jg31

x;k FkkA ’kk;n ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd tulk/kkj.k us ckS) /keZ dks,d vyx o Lora= /keZ ds :i esa ekuk gh ughaA blfy, ;gdksbZ vk’p;Z okyh ckr ugha gS fd ckS) mikld /khjs&/khjs czkã.kksads leqnk; esa yqIr gks x,A

v'kksd ds le; esa /kkfeZd izpkj pkj vk;Z lR;ksa dhvis{kk çkÑfrd /keZ ds lkekU; rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr FkkA v'kksd dsvfHkys[kksa esa ckS) /keZ ds eq[; fl)karksa vkSj xaHkhj fopkjksa dhryk’k djuk O;FkZ gS D;ksafd os u rks pkj vk;Z lR;ksa ;k vk"VkafxdekxZ dk mYys[k djrs gSa vkSj u gh izrhR;leqRikn ;k cq) dsvykSfdd xq.kksa dkA os dsoy mu lkoZHkkSfed lnkpkjksa vkSjuhfr;ksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa tks lkekU; mikldksa ds fy, igys lsgh fiVd lkfgR; esa lw=c) gks pqds Fks] tSls fd nh?k fudk; dsyD[k.k lqÙkar vkSj flaxkyksokn lqÙk ar vkSj efT>e] la;qÙk rFkk32 33

B.G. Gokhale, šThe Early Buddhist �lite,› JIH, XLIII, Pt.31

II, 1965: 376.

D.iii.142-72.32

D.iii.180-193.33


vaxqÙkj fudk; ds cgqr&ls xgifroXxA ckS) fHk{kq Lo;a tc34

/keZfot; ij fudyrs Fks rks os vius Jksrkvksasa dks /keZ dh lPpkb;ksadh ckrsa de crkrs Fks vkSj mUgsa e`R;q] ujd] nq%[k] o Hkwrksa dhdgkfu;k¡ crkdj Hk;Hkhr vf/kd djrs FksA fHk{kqvksa dk eq[; mís';]Hkkjrh; vkcknh dks vius iwoZtksa ds fo'oklksa vkSj vU/kfo'oklksa lsrksM+uk ugha cfYd 'kkD;iq=ksa ds fy, leFkZdksa o nkudÙkkZvksa dks,df=r djuk FkkA fHk{kqvksa }kjk nwljs fHk{kqvksa ds fy, rS;kj fd,35

x, fl)karksa ds jgL;ksa dks cgqr gh de yksxksa us tkuus dh dksf’k’kdhA ;fn tulk/kkj.k f=jRu esa 'kj.k ysdj la?k&leqnk; dksHkkstu] oL=] nku] fcLrj] nok bR;kfn nsrs jgrs Fkss] rks os le>rsFks fd mUgksaus vius dÙkZO; dks iwjk dj fy;kA vkReneu] czãp;Z]/kughurk] vkRela;e rFkk euu’khyrk tSls fHk{kqvksa ds fy, cuk,x, lnkpkj ds xq.kksa dk ikyu djuk tulk/kkj.k ds fy, ;fnvlaHko ugha rks vR;ar dfBu vo’; FkkA mUgsa vius ifjokjksa dkykyu&ikyu djuk gksrk Fkk] ukSdjksa ij gqDe pykuk gksrk FkkvkSj mUgsa viuh laifÙk dh ns[kHkky djuk vkSj mlss c<+kuk gksrkFkkA ftu phtksa dks oss fuf"Ø; lnkpkj ls [kks nsrs Fks mUgsa osfØ;k'khy lnkpkj ls ik ysrs Fks] vkSj muds fopkj esa igysokykcknokys ds cjkcj FkkA šfQj Hkh ;g lR; gS fd mikld]36

ftlds /keksZins’k esa dbZ dfe;k¡ Fkha] ckS) /keZ vkSj fo/kehZvU/kfo'oklksa ds chp ,d le>kSrk&lk LFkkfir dj ikus ds fy,ml yksdfiz; lhek ls cgqr de gh ckgj vk;k ftlesa mldh tM+sateh FkhaAA›37

M.i.339-413; S.ii.68-80; A.iv.208-235.34

�. Lamotte, Op. Cit.: 1958: 78.35

oghA36

šIt remains nonetheless true that the upÈsaka, whose37

religious instruction leaves much to be desired, will rarely breakaway from the popular circle into which his roots are plunged andestablish a kind of compromise between the Buddhist Dharma and thesuperstitions of paganism.› ¼ogh-69½A


ckS) /keZ dh vuqdwyrk ds loksZPp xq.k ds dkj.k fons'kksaesa bls vius izlkj esa lQyrk çkIr gqbZA ysfdu czkã.kokn dslanHkZ esa ;gh xq.k Hkkjr esa bldk çcy ’k=q cuk vkSjmikld&Lrj ij blds Lo:i dks igpku ls ijs cny MkykAšegk;ku us ewfrZiwtk] izkFkZukvksa o vfHkpkjksa] vkMEcjh lekjksgksa odeZdk.Mksa ij cM+k tksj Mkyk] vusd tu&fo'oklksa dks lfEefyrdj fy;k vkSj tulk/kkj.k dh HkkoukRed ek¡xksa ds fy, txgcukbZ] vkSj ,slk djrs gq, ckS) /keZ fgUnw /keZ ds lh/kk djhc igq¡px;kA bl çfØ;k us nksuksa ds chp dh fHkérk dks LkekIr djMkykA Hkkjr ds mikldksa o mikfldkvksa us cq) vkSj fo".kq] f'kovkSj voyksfdr] rFkk rkjk vkSj ikoZrh dh iwtk esa dksbZ vUrj ughale>kA› cksf/klÙoksa tSls fl)kUrksa ds fodkl ds }kjk ckS) /keZ38

czkã.k /keZ ds fudV vkSj Hkh rst+h ls pyk x;kA fo’kky cksf/klÙoksadks iw.kZr% vykSfdd LoHkko ,oa xq.k ls ;qä crk;k x;k] tks ,dvke O;fä ds :i esa la?k"kZ djds lQyrk ikus dh vis{kk ;FkkFkZnsoksa ds :Ik essa ftl rjhds ls lkalkfjd ojnku vkSj vk/;kfRedvk'khokZn ck¡Vus yxs og czkã.kh; nsorkvksa ls fHké ugha FkkA vUresa ,sfrgkfld cq) dh txg Hkh bu vkÑfr;ksa }kjk gM+i yh xbZ]gkyk¡fd cq) vkaf'kd :i ls izkf.k;ksa esas lcls ifo= cus jgs ijtulkekU; dk >qdko eatqJh vkSj voyksfdrs'oj tSls egkucksf/klÙoksa dh vksj vf/kd jgkA ifj.kker% ckS) /keZ us viusvkidks czkã.k /keZ ds vfu"Vdkjh fo'oklksa rFkk çFkkvksa ds izfr[kqyk j[kkA cq) dks fo".kq dk vorkj eku fy, tkus ds ckn rksckS) /keZ ds iSjksa ds uhps dh tehu gh f[kld xbZA šoS".ko vkSj

šThe Great Vehicle laid emphasis on the image-worship,38

prayers and incantations, pompous ceremonies and rituals; itincorporated many folk-beliefs and made room for the emotionaldemands of the laity, and in doing so, the Buddhists made a near andclear approach to Hinduism; this process ultimately led to thedestruction of distinction between the two faiths. The laymen and lay-women of India found no difference between the worship of VisEnEuand Buddha, of Œiva and Avalokita, and of TÈrÈ and PÈravatÏ.›(L.M. Joshi, Op Cit: 309).


'kSo /khjs ls vius fojks/kh ds ikl igq¡ps vkSj ?kfu"B o eS=hiw.kZvkfyaxu ls mlds ’kjhj dh 'kfDr dks fupksM+ fy;kA› xqIrksÙkj39

dky esa rkaf=d fjoktksa us nksuksa ijEijkvksaa dks bl rjg lfEefJrdj Mkyk Fkk fd ckS) /keZ dk vfLrRo J)kyqvksa ds Lrj ijfujFkZd] ;gk¡ rd fd vO;kogkfjd gks x;k FkkA Åij ls iru ckS) /keZ Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh dky esaa ,d izeq[k /keZ ds :i esaLFkkfir gqvk izrhr ugha gksrkA ;g eq[;r% uxjh; dsUnzksa rd ghlhfer Fkk tgk¡ tula[;k dk NksVk Hkkx fuokl djrk FkkA fou;vkSj lqÙk fiVd esa fuoklksa dk ,d lkaf[;dh; v/;;u ;g ladsrdjrk gS fd blesa 95-37 izfr'kr la[;k 'kgjksa dh FkhA mlh rjg40

tc ge fou; ;k lqÙk fiVd esa of.kZr O;fDr;ksa ds tUe LFkkuksas dsvk¡dM+ksa dks ns[krs gSa rks irk pyrk gS fd 57-34 izfr'kr yksxdsoy 6 eq[; uxjh; dsUnzksa& okjk.klh] JkoLrh] jktxg]dfiyoLrq] oS'kkyh vkSj fefFkyk ls lacaf/kr FksA vius vkjfEHkd41

nkSj ls gh ckS) /keZ jktkvksa] /kuh O;fDr;ksaa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa esayksdfiz; FkkA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ckS) /keZ ds uxjh; vkSjvfHktkR; oxhZ; pfj= us mlss vke turk ls vyx j[kkA blds,sls Lo:i ds dkj.k bldh dfBukb;k¡ vkSj Hkh c<+ xbZ gksaxh tcuxjhdj.k dk iru gksus yxkA ckS) /keZ] ftlus c<+rs 'kgjhdj.kdks oSpkfjd vf/kjpuk çnku dh vkSj viuh iqf"V o fodkl ds42

fy, ml ij vf/kdrj fuHkZj jgk] vUrr% iru esa mlh dk f'kdkj

šVai–‡avas and ƒaivas crept up softly to their rival and39

drew the vitality out of its body by close and friendly embraces.› (M.Monier-Williams, Buddhism: In its Connecxion with BrÈhma‡ism andHinduism, and its Contrast with Christianity, N. Delhi: 1995: 170;originally published in 1889).

K.T.S. Sarao, Origin and Nature of Ancient Indian40

Buddhism, Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers, 1989: 44.

ogh- 45.41

D.D. Kosambi; The Culture and Civilization of Ancient42

India: Bombay: 1950: 100-104.


cu x;k gksxkA fogkj gh ,sls laLFkku Fks tgk¡ ckS) /keZ nwljs43

/kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa ls vyx fn[kkbZ iM+rk FkkA ysfdu ,slk yxrk gSfd uxjhdj.k ds {k; uss ckS) /keZ ds blh igyw dks Hkkjh pksVigq¡pkbZ vkSj bldh lkekftd çk.kk/kkj uhaoksa dks [kks[kyk djMkykA

fu"d"kZ esa] ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckS) /keZ dk irunks fofHké Lrjksa ij gqvk tks le;kuqlkj vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iw.kZr%vyx&vyx Fks& uhps ls iru vkSj Åij ls iruA uhps ls irublds tUe ds le; ls gh mikldksa ds Lrj ij gqvkA ;g ckS)/keZ dh izÑfr esa gh fNik Fkk D;ksafd blds laLFkkid xkSre cq)us vius vuq;kf;;ksa dks nwljs /kkfeZd lEiznk;ksa] fo’ks"kdj eq[;czkã.koknh /kkjk] ls vyx leqnk; ds :i esa igpku ugha nhAeBksa dh cckZnh vkSj muds viltZu ls Åij ls iru 'kq: gqvkAlcls izeq[k dkj.k blesa uxjhdj.k dk iru izrhr gksrk gSftlls ckS) /keZ dh eB&O;oLFkk vifjgk;Z :i ls tqM+h FkhA

B.G. Gokhale; šEarly Buddhism and the Urban43

Revolution,› The Journal of the International Association of BuddhistStudies, Vol. 5(2): 1982: 7-22.

XkzaFk&lwph

dks’k] fo’odks’k bR;kfn

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IkqjkrkÙoh; lzksr

v;ks/;k IAR: 1955-56: 71; 1969-70: 40-41; 1976-77: 52-53, 1979-80: 76-77.

jktxhjA. Cunnigham, Archaeological Survey Reports, 1871, 1873& 1878; T. Bloch, šExcavations at RÈjgÏr,›ARASI, EasternCircle 1905-06; J. Marshal, šRÈjag‚iha and its Remains,›ARASI 1905-06; V.H. Jackson, šNotes on OldRÈjag‚iha,› ARASI 1913-14; IAR 1953-54: 9, 1954-55:16ff, 1957-58: 11, 1958-59: 13, 1961-62: 6-8, 1962-63: 5f.

paikuxjIAR 1968-69: 4, 1969-70: 2, 1970-71: 4-5, 1971-72: 5,1972-73: 6-7, 1974-75: 8-9, 1975-76: 7, 1976-77: 11-12.

dksle~IAR 1958-59: 68, 1961-62: 9, 1962-63: 6, 1963-64: 8,1964-65: 7, 1968-69: 5-6; 1970-71: 7-8; 1971-72: 6-7;1972-73: 8, 1980-81: 9; MASI 1969: 36-39.

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195XkzaFk&lwph

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The Vinaya Pi—akaEd. H. Olderberg, 5 vols. London: PTS, 1879-1883.Translated references are from tr. I.B. Horner; TheBook of the Discipline, 6 vols. London: PTS, 1938-1966; tr. T.W. Rhys Davids & H. Oldenberg, VinayaTexts, Vol 13, 17, 20, SBE, reprint, Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass: 1982-85; jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u (vuqoknd), fou;fiVd, reprinted for free distribution by the CorporateBody of the Buddha Education Foundation: Taipei:Taiwan: nd.

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