Transcript
Semiconductors 1
ZigBee802.15.4
Wi-Fi802.11b
Wi-Fi5802.11a/HL2
GSM/CDMA GPRS/3G LMDS
High Data RateLow Data Rate
Sh
ort
Ran
geL
ong
Ran
ge
WAN
LAN
PAN
Bluetooth 2
Text
Digitalvideo Multi-channel
video
GraphicsInternet
Hi-Fiaudio Streaming
video
Bluetooth 1802.15.1
WiMedia802.15.3
Market Application Landscape
Semiconductors 2
Why ZigBee?
• Standard in a fragmented market– Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues
• Low Power consumption– Users expect battery to last months to years!
• Low Cost• High density of nodes per network• Simple protocol, global implementation
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Low Data Rate Radio Devices
• TV• VCR• DVD• CD• Remote
• Mouse• Keyboard• Joystick• Gamepad
• Security• HVAC• Lighting• Closures
• PETs• Gameboys• Educational
• Monitors• Diagnostics• Sensors
Industrial & Commercial
Consumer Electronics
Personal Healthcare
• Monitors• Sensors• Automation• Control
Toys &
Games
Home Automation
PC Peripherals
ZigBee -Target Markets
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ZigBee Technology Adoption Curve
Evangelize Technology Leaders
Early Adopters Mature Market Laggards
Gap
ZigBee today
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ZigBee Rate of Adoption
Time
Vol
ume
Initial Adoption
Industrial Adoption
Home Control Adoption
Market Matures
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Standards ExpectationsM
arke
t Exp
ecta
tion
s
Time
Market Interest Builds
This will satisfyall requirements
Disillusionment
Obituaries Written
Productsstart to ship
Everythingis OK
ZigBee today
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Market Size – Low Data Rate (No )
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mil
lio
n u
nit
s
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Years
Low Data Rate Market
Others
Industrial Applications
Home Environment
Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal
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Market Segmentation 2002 - 2006Segment Market Share 2002
0%
52%
48% Home
Industrial
Others
Segment Market Share 2005
69%
13%
18%
Home
Industrial
Others
•Industrial Applications will drive initial market •Home Environment will become Important• Over time, there will be varied Applications (Other)
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Some Details - Home Controls
• Energy Management is going to be a key aspect
• Even if we are to ignore the Building Auto and Industrial Markets for a few minutes….
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The Connected Home:• The features of a connected home exist today; they are not dreams of tomorrow. This home is
connected in the sense that normally independent systems are linked to a centrally controlled system. In a connected home, your home computer, TV, lighting and heating controls, home security system and many appliances within the home can talk to each other via the Internet. These linked systems can be controlled through various devices, including your pager, cellular phone, TV, home PC, PDA, or even your automobile.
• More specifically, the connected home offers the following: new forms of entertainment; anywhere, anytime communication with family, friends and coworkers; advanced home control and security; new ways to buy over the Internet; safe and secure e-mail and other communications; and always-on, high speed Internet access - all from reliable providers.
• Founding Members– Cisco– GM– Invensys– The NewPower
Company– Panasonic– Sears
• Contributing Members– Best Buy– Sun
• Associate Members– ADT Security Services– Autco Distributing– AVAD– Coactive Networks– CompUSA– Connected Lifestyles– Echelon– emWare– Gatespace– Home Director– Honeywell– Info-linc
– Metering Technology– N.E.W. Customer Service
Companies– Qubit Technology– Reliant Energy– Sage Systems– Sempra Energy Connections– Ucentric Systems– Visteon– Western Digital– zBox
Source: Internet Home Alliance the Advantage magazine.
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Internet Home Alliance Survey Findings Zigbee can provide or help provide 3 of the 5 top features customers want in a connected home
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Video on Demand Web-based HomeSecurity
Anywhere,anytime file
access
Internet control ofheat/HVAC
e-Kitchen
Interest in Individual Features of the Connected Home
% of respondents interested
Source: Zanthus CEO interview, Internet Home Alliance The Advantage magazine.
Zigbee sensors eliminate the need to Zigbee sensors eliminate the need to run wires throughout the house and run wires throughout the house and make adding a new system to an old make adding a new system to an old
house realistichouse realistic
Zigbee use in thermostat Zigbee use in thermostat simplifies wiring and simplifies wiring and
connectivity to the Internetconnectivity to the Internet
Zigbee’s technical Zigbee’s technical characteristics and cost characteristics and cost
are ideal for DAP are ideal for DAP applicationsapplications
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Connected Home Pilot Programs
Energy Management OnStar at Home
• To begin Q1 2002–100 households
• Integrated OnStar’s Virtual Advisor service with home security, control and telecommunications components
–Provides an easy to use, consistent interface to control home systems such as lighting, temperature and home security
–Homeowners will be able to control their home operations from any, PC, telephone, WAP phone or wireless PDA in addition to OnStar’s PCS service
• June to October 2001–300 households
• Tested the effectiveness of energy management systems
–NewPower initiated periodic energy curtailments (e.g. raising the temperature a few degrees during peak hours) to save money
–Individuals could override the curtailments manually or through a Web portal
Source: Website, Mercer interview.
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Home NetworkingHome appliances will complement additional Zigbee markets
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5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
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50
Washer/Dryer
Micro-wave
A/C Fridge/Freezer
WaterHeater
Cooking Dish-washer
Furnace CellPhone
TV VCR DVD
Source: US shipments in 2000 from Appliance Magazine March 2001, Time “Machine of the Year 2000”.
Unit Shipments
in 2000 (in millions)
Volume Comparison Between Home Appliances and CE devices(Unit shipments in the US in 2000)
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Market Requirements
• Global licence free ISM band operation• Unrestricted geographic use• RF penetration through walls & ceilings• Automatic/semi-automatic installation• Ability to add or remove devices• Possible voice support
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Market Requirements, cont...
• 10k-115.2kbps data throughput• 10-75m coverage range (home/garden)• Support for 32-255 nodes• Support for 4 critical devices• 4-100 co-located networks• 0.5-2 year battery life• Up to 5m/sec. (18kmph) permitted mobility • Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2004/5!
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ZigBee - General Characteristics• Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps• Star topology, peer to peer possible • 255 devices per network• CSMA-CA channel access• Optional Guaranteed Time Slot• Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability• Low power (battery life multi-month to years)• Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)• Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)• Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings)• Location Aware: Yes, but optional
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Silicon
PHY Layer
MAC Layer
MAC Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
ZigBeeStack
Application
Application Interface
Application
Custom
er
ZigBee A
llianc eIEEE
ZigBee Alliance - IEEE - Customer Relationship
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Range Estimation (Meters)
0dBm 10dBm 20dBm
250kbps10 20 40
Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model
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Virtual links
Network Topology
Network coordinator
Network node
Communications flow
IEEE node
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Other Network Forms
Network coordinator
Communications flow
Ad-hoc network
Gateway
Network node
Gateway enabled network
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Supported Traffic Types
• Periodic data– Application defined rate
• Intermittent– Basic communication
• Repetitive low latency data– Allocation of guaranteed time slots
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The Network Coordinator
• Transmits network beacons
• Sets up a network
• Manages network nodes
• Stores network node information
• Routes messages between paired nodes
• Receives constantly
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The Network Node
• Is generally battery powered
• Searches for available networks
• Transfers data from its application as necessary
• Determines whether data is pending
• Requests data from the network coordinator
• Can sleep for extended periods
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Stack System Requirements
• 8-bit µC, e.g. 80c51
• Full protocol stack <32k
• Simple node only stack ~4k
• Coordinators require extra RAM– node device database– transaction table– pairing table
The ZigBee AllianceThe ZigBee Alliance
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Some Participants
CompXs
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Standardization ChallengeHow do we make a protocol a standard?• ZigBee Alliance created with companies who share a
common vision• Alliance initiates need for low data rate W-PAN in
IEEE, 802.15.4 is born• Both MAC and PHY proposals win vote in IEEE• Alliance is focussed on:
– Upper Layers of stack– Interoperability– Marketing
• Keep initial participants limited until spec basics are defined
ZigBee vs Bluetooth
Competition or Complementary?
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Bluetooth is BestFor :
• Ad-hoc networks between capable devices
• Handsfree audio• Screen graphics,
pictures…• File transfer
But ZigBee is Better
IF :
• The Network is static• Lots of devices• Infrequently used• Small Data Packets
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Air Interface:ZigBeeDSSS11 chips/ symbol62.5 K symbols/s4 Bits/ symbol
Peak Information Rate~128 Kbit/second
BluetoothFHSS1 M Symbol / second
Peak Information Rate ~720 Kbit/second
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Silicon
PHY Layer
MAC Layer
MAC Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
ZigBeeStack
Application
Application Interface
Application
ZigBee Protocol Stack Size/Complexity
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Silicon
RF
Baseband
Link Controller
Vo
ice
Link Manager
Host Control Interface
L2CAP
TelephonyControlProtocol
Interc
om
He
adset
Co
rdless
Gro
up
Call
RFCOMM(Serial Port)
OBEX
HOST
MODULE
BluetoothStack
Applications
vC
ard
vC
al
vN
ote
vM
essag
e
Dial-u
pN
etwo
rking
Fax ServiceDiscoveryProtocol
User Interface
Bluetooth Protocol Stack Size/Complexity
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Bluetooth:• New slave enumeration = >3s• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically• Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically
ZigBee:• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically • Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically• Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically
Timing Considerations
ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing critical applications
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Initial Enumeration
Coordinator Coordinator
ZigBee Bluetooth
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Power Considerations
ZigBee
• 2+ years from ‘normal’ batteries
• Designed to optimise slave power requirements
Bluetooth
• Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging)
• Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality
Application example of a lightswitch with respect to latency and power consumption …...
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Battery Life & Latency in a Lightswitch• Bluetooth would either :
– keep a counter running so that it could predict which hop frequency the light would have reached or
– use the inquiry procedure to find the light each time the switch was operated.
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• The two devices must stay within 60 us (~1/10 of a hop)• 30ppm crystals => could increase at 60us per second.• Devices communicate once a second to track each other's
clocks.• Possibly could be improved by a factor of 100.
• The devices would then need to communicate once every 100 seconds to maintain synchronisation.
• => 900 communications / day with no information transfer• + perhaps 4 communications on demand
• 99.5% Battery Power wasted
To reduce latency, Bluetooth would:
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• Undertake Bluetooth inquiry procedure when light switch operated
• May typically take 10 seconds using Bluetooth 1.1 ?• Much Better In Bluetooth 1.2
– possibly reduced to tens of ms BUT– Not all requirements have been adopted yet
To reduce power consumption, Bluetooth would
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Light switch Conclusion
• ZigBee radio using DSSS need only perform CSMA before transmitting, a delay of only 200 us (Radio wake up time)
• In the case of a light switch, ZigBee offers longer battery life and lower latency than a Bluetooth equivalent.
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Bluetooth:• Price Now - $10 • Price 2005 - $5
ZigBee:• Price 2003 - $6• Price 2005 - $1.5-2.5
Two different solutions optimised for different applications…...
Solution Prices
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Conclusion• ZigBee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two application
areas
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ZigBee in Building Automation• Existing solutions are either:
– Power Line Carrier based (PLC)• Expensive ($15 - $40 BOM)• Restricted to where there is existing power lines• No mobility• Interference from noisy inductance into the system
(adding a fan, etc.)• Security issues, PLC goes outside the home• Interoperability is questionable
– Or proprietary• Interoperability among various manufacturers• Cost• Existing RF solutions have limited capabilities
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ZigBee - Bluetooth - PLC ComparisonZigBee Bluetooth PLC
Cost (BOM) $5 $10 $15-$40
Power years hours N/A
Data Rate 250Kbps 720Kbps 3/10 Mbps
Complexity Low Medium High
Density 255 + 7 20-250
Interop Yes Yes No
Ease of Use Simple Moderate Restrictive
Latency 15ms >3s <15ms
Interference Low High High
Security High High Low
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