Zig bee 1

Semiconductors 1

ZigBee802.15.4

Wi-Fi802.11b

Wi-Fi5802.11a/HL2

GSM/CDMA GPRS/3G LMDS

High Data RateLow Data Rate

Sh

ort

Ran

geL

ong

Ran

ge

WAN

LAN

PAN

Bluetooth 2

Text

Digitalvideo Multi-channel

video

GraphicsInternet

Hi-Fiaudio Streaming

video

Bluetooth 1802.15.1

WiMedia802.15.3

Market Application Landscape

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Why ZigBee?

• Standard in a fragmented market– Many proprietary solutions, interoperability issues

• Low Power consumption– Users expect battery to last months to years!

• Low Cost• High density of nodes per network• Simple protocol, global implementation

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Low Data Rate Radio Devices

• TV• VCR• DVD• CD• Remote

• Mouse• Keyboard• Joystick• Gamepad

• Security• HVAC• Lighting• Closures

• PETs• Gameboys• Educational

• Monitors• Diagnostics• Sensors

Industrial & Commercial

Consumer Electronics

Personal Healthcare

• Monitors• Sensors• Automation• Control

Toys &

Games

Home Automation

PC Peripherals

ZigBee -Target Markets

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ZigBee Technology Adoption Curve

Evangelize Technology Leaders

Early Adopters Mature Market Laggards

Gap

ZigBee today

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ZigBee Rate of Adoption

Time

Vol

ume

Initial Adoption

Industrial Adoption

Home Control Adoption

Market Matures

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Standards ExpectationsM

arke

t Exp

ecta

tion

s

Time

Market Interest Builds

This will satisfyall requirements

Disillusionment

Obituaries Written

Productsstart to ship

Everythingis OK

ZigBee today

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Market Size – Low Data Rate (No )

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Mil

lio

n u

nit

s

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Years

Low Data Rate Market

Others

Industrial Applications

Home Environment

Source: ABI, Dataquest, Internal

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Market Segmentation 2002 - 2006Segment Market Share 2002

0%

52%

48% Home

Industrial

Others

Segment Market Share 2005

69%

13%

18%

Home

Industrial

Others

•Industrial Applications will drive initial market •Home Environment will become Important• Over time, there will be varied Applications (Other)

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Some Details - Home Controls

• Energy Management is going to be a key aspect

• Even if we are to ignore the Building Auto and Industrial Markets for a few minutes….

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The Connected Home:• The features of a connected home exist today; they are not dreams of tomorrow. This home is

connected in the sense that normally independent systems are linked to a centrally controlled system. In a connected home, your home computer, TV, lighting and heating controls, home security system and many appliances within the home can talk to each other via the Internet. These linked systems can be controlled through various devices, including your pager, cellular phone, TV, home PC, PDA, or even your automobile.

• More specifically, the connected home offers the following: new forms of entertainment; anywhere, anytime communication with family, friends and coworkers; advanced home control and security; new ways to buy over the Internet; safe and secure e-mail and other communications; and always-on, high speed Internet access - all from reliable providers.

• Founding Members– Cisco– GM– Invensys– The NewPower

Company– Panasonic– Sears

• Contributing Members– Best Buy– Sun

• Associate Members– ADT Security Services– Autco Distributing– AVAD– Coactive Networks– CompUSA– Connected Lifestyles– Echelon– emWare– Gatespace– Home Director– Honeywell– Info-linc

– Metering Technology– N.E.W. Customer Service

Companies– Qubit Technology– Reliant Energy– Sage Systems– Sempra Energy Connections– Ucentric Systems– Visteon– Western Digital– zBox

Source: Internet Home Alliance the Advantage magazine.

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Internet Home Alliance Survey Findings Zigbee can provide or help provide 3 of the 5 top features customers want in a connected home

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Video on Demand Web-based HomeSecurity

Anywhere,anytime file

access

Internet control ofheat/HVAC

e-Kitchen

Interest in Individual Features of the Connected Home

% of respondents interested

Source: Zanthus CEO interview, Internet Home Alliance The Advantage magazine.

Zigbee sensors eliminate the need to Zigbee sensors eliminate the need to run wires throughout the house and run wires throughout the house and make adding a new system to an old make adding a new system to an old

house realistichouse realistic

Zigbee use in thermostat Zigbee use in thermostat simplifies wiring and simplifies wiring and

connectivity to the Internetconnectivity to the Internet

Zigbee’s technical Zigbee’s technical characteristics and cost characteristics and cost

are ideal for DAP are ideal for DAP applicationsapplications

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Connected Home Pilot Programs

Energy Management OnStar at Home

• To begin Q1 2002–100 households

• Integrated OnStar’s Virtual Advisor service with home security, control and telecommunications components

–Provides an easy to use, consistent interface to control home systems such as lighting, temperature and home security

–Homeowners will be able to control their home operations from any, PC, telephone, WAP phone or wireless PDA in addition to OnStar’s PCS service

• June to October 2001–300 households

• Tested the effectiveness of energy management systems

–NewPower initiated periodic energy curtailments (e.g. raising the temperature a few degrees during peak hours) to save money

–Individuals could override the curtailments manually or through a Web portal

Source: Website, Mercer interview.

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Home NetworkingHome appliances will complement additional Zigbee markets

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Washer/Dryer

Micro-wave

A/C Fridge/Freezer

WaterHeater

Cooking Dish-washer

Furnace CellPhone

TV VCR DVD

Source: US shipments in 2000 from Appliance Magazine March 2001, Time “Machine of the Year 2000”.

Unit Shipments

in 2000 (in millions)

Volume Comparison Between Home Appliances and CE devices(Unit shipments in the US in 2000)

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Market Requirements

• Global licence free ISM band operation• Unrestricted geographic use• RF penetration through walls & ceilings• Automatic/semi-automatic installation• Ability to add or remove devices• Possible voice support

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Market Requirements, cont...

• 10k-115.2kbps data throughput• 10-75m coverage range (home/garden)• Support for 32-255 nodes• Support for 4 critical devices• 4-100 co-located networks• 0.5-2 year battery life• Up to 5m/sec. (18kmph) permitted mobility • Module cost: $1.5-$2.5 in 2004/5!

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ZigBee - General Characteristics• Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps• Star topology, peer to peer possible • 255 devices per network• CSMA-CA channel access• Optional Guaranteed Time Slot• Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability• Low power (battery life multi-month to years)• Dual PHY (2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz)• Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%)• Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings)• Location Aware: Yes, but optional

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Silicon

PHY Layer

MAC Layer

MAC Layer

Data Link Layer

Network Layer

ZigBeeStack

Application

Application Interface

Application

Custom

er

ZigBee A

llianc eIEEE

ZigBee Alliance - IEEE - Customer Relationship

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Range Estimation (Meters)

0dBm 10dBm 20dBm

250kbps10 20 40

Using Firefly TRD/RSI propagation model

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Virtual links

Network Topology

Network coordinator

Network node

Communications flow

IEEE node

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Other Network Forms

Network coordinator

Communications flow

Ad-hoc network

Gateway

Network node

Gateway enabled network

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Supported Traffic Types

• Periodic data– Application defined rate

• Intermittent– Basic communication

• Repetitive low latency data– Allocation of guaranteed time slots

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The Network Coordinator

• Transmits network beacons

• Sets up a network

• Manages network nodes

• Stores network node information

• Routes messages between paired nodes

• Receives constantly

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The Network Node

• Is generally battery powered

• Searches for available networks

• Transfers data from its application as necessary

• Determines whether data is pending

• Requests data from the network coordinator

• Can sleep for extended periods

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Stack System Requirements

• 8-bit µC, e.g. 80c51

• Full protocol stack <32k

• Simple node only stack ~4k

• Coordinators require extra RAM– node device database– transaction table– pairing table

The ZigBee AllianceThe ZigBee Alliance

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Some Participants

CompXs

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Standardization ChallengeHow do we make a protocol a standard?• ZigBee Alliance created with companies who share a

common vision• Alliance initiates need for low data rate W-PAN in

IEEE, 802.15.4 is born• Both MAC and PHY proposals win vote in IEEE• Alliance is focussed on:

– Upper Layers of stack– Interoperability– Marketing

• Keep initial participants limited until spec basics are defined

ZigBee vs Bluetooth

Competition or Complementary?

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Bluetooth is BestFor :

• Ad-hoc networks between capable devices

• Handsfree audio• Screen graphics,

pictures…• File transfer

But ZigBee is Better

IF :

• The Network is static• Lots of devices• Infrequently used• Small Data Packets

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Air Interface:ZigBeeDSSS11 chips/ symbol62.5 K symbols/s4 Bits/ symbol

Peak Information Rate~128 Kbit/second

BluetoothFHSS1 M Symbol / second

Peak Information Rate ~720 Kbit/second

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Silicon

PHY Layer

MAC Layer

MAC Layer

Data Link Layer

Network Layer

ZigBeeStack

Application

Application Interface

Application

ZigBee Protocol Stack Size/Complexity

Semiconductors 32

Silicon

RF

Baseband

Link Controller

Vo

ice

Link Manager

Host Control Interface

L2CAP

TelephonyControlProtocol

Interc

om

He

adset

Co

rdless

Gro

up

Call

RFCOMM(Serial Port)

OBEX

HOST

MODULE

BluetoothStack

Applications

vC

ard

vC

al

vN

ote

vM

essag

e

Dial-u

pN

etwo

rking

Fax ServiceDiscoveryProtocol

User Interface

Bluetooth Protocol Stack Size/Complexity

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Bluetooth:• New slave enumeration = >3s• Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically• Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically

ZigBee:• New slave enumeration = 30ms typically • Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically• Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically

Timing Considerations

ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing critical applications

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Initial Enumeration

Coordinator Coordinator

ZigBee Bluetooth

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Power Considerations

ZigBee

• 2+ years from ‘normal’ batteries

• Designed to optimise slave power requirements

Bluetooth

• Power model as a mobile phone (regular charging)

• Designed to maximise ad-hoc functionality

Application example of a lightswitch with respect to latency and power consumption …...

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Battery Life & Latency in a Lightswitch• Bluetooth would either :

– keep a counter running so that it could predict which hop frequency the light would have reached or

– use the inquiry procedure to find the light each time the switch was operated.

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• The two devices must stay within 60 us (~1/10 of a hop)• 30ppm crystals => could increase at 60us per second.• Devices communicate once a second to track each other's

clocks.• Possibly could be improved by a factor of 100.

• The devices would then need to communicate once every 100 seconds to maintain synchronisation.

• => 900 communications / day with no information transfer• + perhaps 4 communications on demand

• 99.5% Battery Power wasted

To reduce latency, Bluetooth would:

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• Undertake Bluetooth inquiry procedure when light switch operated

• May typically take 10 seconds using Bluetooth 1.1 ?• Much Better In Bluetooth 1.2

– possibly reduced to tens of ms BUT– Not all requirements have been adopted yet

To reduce power consumption, Bluetooth would

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Light switch Conclusion

• ZigBee radio using DSSS need only perform CSMA before transmitting, a delay of only 200 us (Radio wake up time)

• In the case of a light switch, ZigBee offers longer battery life and lower latency than a Bluetooth equivalent.

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Bluetooth:• Price Now - $10 • Price 2005 - $5

ZigBee:• Price 2003 - $6• Price 2005 - $1.5-2.5

Two different solutions optimised for different applications…...

Solution Prices

Semiconductors 42

Conclusion• ZigBee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two application

areas

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ZigBee in Building Automation• Existing solutions are either:

– Power Line Carrier based (PLC)• Expensive ($15 - $40 BOM)• Restricted to where there is existing power lines• No mobility• Interference from noisy inductance into the system

(adding a fan, etc.)• Security issues, PLC goes outside the home• Interoperability is questionable

– Or proprietary• Interoperability among various manufacturers• Cost• Existing RF solutions have limited capabilities

Semiconductors 44

ZigBee - Bluetooth - PLC ComparisonZigBee Bluetooth PLC

Cost (BOM) $5 $10 $15-$40

Power years hours N/A

Data Rate 250Kbps 720Kbps 3/10 Mbps

Complexity Low Medium High

Density 255 + 7 20-250

Interop Yes Yes No

Ease of Use Simple Moderate Restrictive

Latency 15ms >3s <15ms

Interference Low High High

Security High High Low