WRC Paired Watershed Studies Overview - knowyourforest.org · Oregon is Not Alone and Watershed Studies are Not New From Ice and Stednick 2004 •Ice and Stednick (2004, Forest History
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WRC Paired Watershed Studies Overview
Examining the Effects of Contemporary Forest Practices on Aquatic Ecosystems at Multiple Scales
Liz Dent, ODF Deputy Division Chief, State Forests Maryanne Reiter, Hydrologist, Weyerhaeuser NR Co. Presented at WRC Policy Workshop, November 13,2013
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Oregon is Not Alone and Watershed Studies are Not New
From Ice and Stednick 2004
• Ice and Stednick (2004, Forest History Today) chronicle contributions of Paired Watershed Studies
• 13 studies through United States: Wagon Wheel Gap 1910 – Improved understanding of
hydrology
– Forest management affects on hydrology
– Establishment and refinement of BMPS to protect watershed functions.
Brazier and Brown 1973
Brown and Krygier 1967
Cornerstone Findings and Policy Changes WRC Workshop
• Temperatures increase without stream buffers: Leave trees around streams
• Dissolved oxygen decreases with excessive slash accumulation: Keep slash out of streams
• Roads major sources of sediment: BMPs to reduce sediment delivery from roads
Science and Policy
Studies designed to inform policy decisions
Scientific findings are becoming available
Need to make sure that findings are making their way to the policy dialogue
Need to make sure the science is being framed in a way that supports the policy process
WRC Workshop
• Linking forest management to a range of aquatic responses.
• Further knowledge of ecosystem processes in the context of working forests.
Background Why watershed studies are important
Linking small headwater stream to downstream responses
WRC Background
What are the effects of forest harvest on small streams? If changes are observed are they also observed downstream?
Linking physical to biological responses WRC Background
If there are changes in the physical or chemical characteristics of the stream- what does that mean for the biology?
Goal: Quantify effects of contemporary forest practices on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of streams at multiple spatial scales. Approach: Cooperative, multi-disciplinary and long-term.
Oregon Watersheds Research Cooperative Background
Conceptual Model of Linkages
Light
Temperature
Nutrient availability
Primary producers (Algae, Bryophytes)
Detritus, Leaf Litter,
Organic Matter
Invertebrates
Stream Flow
Amphibians
Fish
Geomorphology & Soils
Turbidity & Sediment
Riparian Vegetation
Background
“Simple” connections within the forested aquatic ecosystems. Basis for predicting system responses to forest management.
Hinkle Creek Study Hinkle Creek
First of the three contemporary paired watershed studies in Western Oregon.
Watershed Study Design
Design: Nested, Paired Watershed area: 4796 acres Control watershed: 2117 acres Treatment watershed: 2679 acres Treatments: First harvest: 5 clearcuts adjacent to non-fish bearing streams (2005). Second harvest: 4 clearcuts adjacent tributary and mainstem fish bearing streams (2008). Status: Study ran from 2001-2011
Hinkle Creek
First Harvest in Small, Headwater Streams Hinkle Creek
Increase
Decrease
No change
Didn’t measure
Second Harvest Along Fish-Bearing Streams Hinkle Creek
Increase
Decrease
No change
Didn’t measure
4 Clearcuts = 324 acres Fish bearing streams With Overstory buffer
NBL
NB6
NB7
Alsea Watershed Study: Then and Now Alsea Revisited
Alsea Watershed Study (1966):
• Entire watershed harvested
• Burned with no stream buffers.
1966 2009
Current forest practice rules: •Minimize clearcut to 120 acres • Buffers on fish-bearing streams • Prohibit excessive slash in streams.
Hydrology 1966
• Increases in low flows
• Small increases in peak flows
Hydrology 2009
• Increase during transition months
Hydrology Response to Harvest Alsea Revisited
Sediment Response to Harvest
1966
• Sediment increased (hot prescribed fire and channel disturbance)
2009
• Preliminary results indicate no major increases in sediment
Alsea Revisited
Stream Temperature Response to Harvest
Temperature 1966
• Increased >10 deg C
Temperature 2009
• Increased < 1.0 deg C in the buffered and un-buffered portion
Alsea Revisited
Dissolved Oxygen Response to Harvest
Dissolved Oxygen 1966
• Decreases in DO concentrations
Dissolved Oxygen 2009
• Little to no change in DO
Alsea Revisited
Fish Response to Harvest
Fish 1966
• Long-term depression of cutthroat trout population
Fish 2009
• Increased cutthroat trout biomass and abundance post harvest
Alsea Revisited
Trask Watershed Study Introduction Trask River
•The 6500 acres •Headwaters of the Trask River •West side of Oregon Coast Range Crest
Mostly State and Private ownership with some Federal lands Numerous cooperators
Nested design : local and downstream sites Size: 6500 acres Treatment: Small headwater catchments (average of 93 acres) Extensive pre- and post-harvest study: 4+ years of pre-harvest and 4 year post-harvest data collection.
Trask Study Design Trask River
Conceptual Model of Linkages Trask River
• Effects of forest harvest on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of small headwater streams
• Extent to which harvest influences the physical, chemical and biological characteristics in downstream fish reaches.
• Increase understanding of major processes that influence aquatic ecosystems through forest-stream interactions.
2006-11 2011 2012 2012-16 Baseline Road Headwater Post-treatment data collection upgrades harvest in data collection 8 basins
Study Timeline Trask River
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Tillamook Burn, burned and cut - Oreg. State Univ. Archives, Agr. Exp. Sta. Photo. Collec., Wildfire Risk Explorer, P029:Acc 87:6
• Landscape key to understanding pattern and process, • Physical and biological context as an early phase of research
Understanding The Landscape
•Trask Landscape Setting •Physical Setting •Fire History and Vegetation •Recent Management •The Aquatic Environment
Trask River
8/1/20107/21/20107/11/20107/1/20106/21/20106/11/20106/1/2010
350
300
250
200
150
100
Date Time
Sta
ge
(m
m)
PH 1 well stage (mm)
PH 2 well stage (mm)
PH 3 well stage (mm)
PH 4 well stage (mm)
Variable
Pothole Cr small well stages (mm)
Earthflow terrain
The small watersheds with more earthflow terrain: • Less responsive to rainfall • Moderated drop in summer flow.
Low Flow Hydrology Trask River
• N:P ratios indicate biological activity
• Most sites Phosphorus limited
• Pothole cluster is Nitrogen limited
• Some sites (example: Gus1) highly variable over time while some are more consistent
• Will pattern change after harvest and how does it affect aquatic biota?
Trask Watershed StudyNitrogen & Phosphorus Ratios<15 = N limitation, >15 = P limitation
Site
PH
2P
H3
PH
4P
HD
SG
S1
GS
2G
S3
GS
DS
UM
1U
M2
UM
3U
MD
SR
K1
RK
3R
KD
S
Ratio
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
165Aug 2006
April 2007
May 2008
June 2008
Water Chemistry Trask River
Amphibian Abundance and Movement
Initial Results
• Tailed frog larvae: – Greater downstream movement than
Pacific Giant Salamanders
• Tailed frog abundance: – Increases in a downstream direction
– Higher abundance below downstream boundary of treatment areas (prior to harvest)
• Downstream sites: – Maintain mass during advanced
development stages better than headwater sites
B. McCreary
Trask River
• Fish Growth: Fastest for small salmon and trout, and minimal for larger coastal cutthroat trout.
• Movement: Restricted for coastal cutthroat trout.
• Overlap between seasonal patterns of diet and food limitation for salmonids and sculpins.
Linking Physical and Biological Responses: Fish Trask River
Trask Watershed Study Stable Isotopes
All Downstream Sites (Means)
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
-36.0 -34.0 -32.0 -30.0 -28.0 -26.0 -24.0 -22.0 -20.0
d13C Carbon Signal
d15N
Nit
rog
en
Sig
nal
Terrestrial Plants
Detritus
Algae
Aquatic Mosses
Invert Consumers
Vert. Herbivore
Invert. Predators
Sculpins
Salamanders
Trout & Salmon
Trask Watershed Study Stable Isotopes
All Headwater Sites (Means)
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
-36.0 -34.0 -32.0 -30.0 -28.0 -26.0 -24.0 -22.0 -20.0
d13C Carbon Signal
d15N
Nit
rog
en
Sig
nal
Terrestrial Plants
Detritus
Algae
Aquatic Mosses
Invert Consumers
Vert. Herbivore
Invert. Predators
Sculpins (absent)
Salamanders
Trout
Stable isotopes: Connections between elements of the food web
Nitrogen: Relative position
Carbon: Energy source
Will forest management shift this balance?
Trask Food Web Trask River
Contemporary Forest Watershed Studies Summary
Hinkle Creek • Designed Contemporary forest practices resulted in detectable
changes (both increases and decreases). • Changes were often difficult to detect and were within observed
variability of watershed. Alsea • Magnitude of changes far less than earlier forest practices. Trask Watershed Study • Builds on previous studies • Designed to measure differences in patterns and processes
underlying those patterns • Understanding process allow inferences to other settings • Managed forests within ecosystem context
Summary: Science Findings and Policy Decisions
• Oregon has a long history of research informing forest policy and management
• Important that we continue to ask the hard questions
• Use scientific methods to provide insights
• How do science findings help inform your policy decisions?
Northwest Oregon State Forests Management Plan
WRC Overview: Questions?
The aim of science is not to open the door to infinite wisdom, but to set a limit to infinite error.
Bertolt Brecht
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