World War I 1914-1919

World War I 1914-1919

http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif

Causes of WWI- M.A.I.NCauses of WWI- M.A.I.N

• MILITARISM

• ALLIANCES

• IMPERIALISM

• NATIONALISM

Nationalism- Germany & Nationalism- Germany & FranceFrance

• Germany was feeling strong military and new industrial growth

• France wanted to regain

power as was before

Congress of Vienna• Regain pride/territory lost

during Franco-Prussian War in 1870

Austria-Hungary Empire

Nationalism- Eastern EuropeNationalism- Eastern Europe

• Russia- supported nationalism called Pan-Slavism

• Russia defend all Slavs (Serbia)

• Threatened Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empires

“POWDER KEG OF EUROPE”

Militarism- Glorification of MilitaryMilitarism- Glorification of Military

• Part of Social Darwinism

• Increase in size of armies and navies

• Germany V. Britain expanded funding for navies (Why Britain?)

http://www.mrswallace.com/Alliances/empiremap.jpg

Standing Armies in Europe 1914

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Standing Armies in Europe,1914

Great Britain

France

Russia

Austria-Hungary

Germany

Alliances- Central Vs. AlliesAlliances- Central Vs. AlliesTwo Big Alliances:

1. Triple Alliance (1882) = Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary (Ottoman)

2. Triple Entente (1904) = France, Russia, and Britain (Japan)

http://www.historyofwar.org/Maps/ww1_a_prewar.gif

Italy’s Irredenta

Assassination- Immediate Assassination- Immediate CauseCause

• Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary was killed in Bosnia (nephew of Emperor)

• Who/Why? Serbian (Slavs) nationalists wanted self-rule and end foreign government http://clio.rediris.es/udidactica/IGM/images/

assassination_archduke_ferdinand.gif

Chain Reaction• Austria-Hungary got Germany’s support

(declared war on Serbia)

• Serbia got help from Russia (Germany declared war on Russia)

• Russia asked for help from France (Germany declared war on France)

• Italy and Britain remain neutral at first

http://www.johndclare.net/images/Alliances.GIF

The “Great War”The “Great War”

“One out of every four men who went out to the World War did not come back again”

A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War

•German – von-Schleifen Plan

•Will it work?

The Western FrontThe Western Front

The Western FrontThe Western Front

• Russia won small victories at first led Germany to move troops from the west to the east

• Stalemate deadlock

http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/mbracy/WesternFront.jpg

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

• Dug out trenches

• Hot summers, cold winters

• “No man’s land” in between enemy trencheshttp://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/

divine5e/medialib/images/div0093.jpeg

Trench Warfare Trench Warfare http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.JPGhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.JPG

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

Verdun – February, 1916

Verdun – February, 1916

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

German offensive.

Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916

The Somme – July, 1916

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.

Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in WarSacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” GunKrupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

Battles- Takes a TollBattles- Takes a Toll

• 1916- attacks to break the stalemate

• 11 month struggle that cost ½ million deaths on both sides (Verdun)

• 1 million killed at Somme River with no side gaining an advantage

http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/digit/Digital%20Art%20-%20Chess%20board%20by%20Joe%20Wallis%20-%202002.jpg

TheEastern

Front

TheEastern

Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

1916-18

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-

19

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The“Colonial

”Fronts

The“Colonial

”Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mounstain

Gunner

British Sikh Mounstain

Gunner

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

New TechnologyNew Technology1. Machine guns

2. Poison gas/gas masks (wind became problem)

3. Armored tank

4. Aircraft (zeppelins)

5. German U-Boats

6. Convoys

Machine Guns Machine Guns http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpghttp://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/Weapons/images/machinegun-grenades-sm.jpg

Poison Gas Poison Gas http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/ww_gas_train_01.jpghttp://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/ww_gas_train_01.jpg

Armored Tank Armored Tank http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/library/features/featmo/images/wwi_tank.jpghttp://www.nysl.nysed.gov/library/features/featmo/images/wwi_tank.jpg

AircraftAircraft

http://rwebs.net/avhistory/bluemax/wwiimgs.htm

http://catalog.chaosium.com/images/zeppelins.gif

U-BoatsU-Boats

http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DWWI%2Bu-boats%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D18&w=855&h=623&imgurl=www.dutchsubmarines.com%2Fboats%2Fimages%2Fsubmarines%2Fboat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dutchsubmarines.com%2Fboats%2Fboat_o7.htm&size=70.4kB&name=boat_o7_ozd_baracks_den_helder_wwi.jpg&p=WWI+u-boats&type=jpeg&no=10&tt=38&oid=d968a776b4da5bbe&ei=UTF-8

Total WarTotal War

• Using a nation’s entire resources into the war struggle

• Conscription- “draft”

• Raised taxes and rationed food supplies

PropagandaPropaganda• Controlling public

perspective

• Censored the press

• Propaganda- spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

• Tales of atrocitieshttp://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_08.jpg

http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/images/pp_uk_04.jpg

Australian PosterAustralian Poster

American PosterAmerican Poster

Financing the WarFinancing the War

WomenWomen

• Took over men’s jobs

• Nurses

• Helped lead to women’s suffrage

http://frank.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

• Russians left the war for revolution at home

• Overthrew the Russian monarchy

• Signed the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with Germany (pulled out of war)

http://www.digitalbrain.com/roztru/web/AF/Russian%20Revolution.db_psc-tvl-path-baseX5fmainimg-u-5077-z-f.jpg

AmericaJoinsthe

Allies

AmericaJoinsthe

Allies

U.S. Enters War, 1917U.S. Enters War, 1917• Sinking of Lusitania in

1915 (128 Americans)

• Most Americans supported the allies for cultural reasons

• Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note (1917)- German note that was intercepted on route to Mexico

http://www.usgennet.org/usa/mo/county/stlouis/ww1-music/sinking-lusitania.jpg

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Zimmerman Telegram

The YanksAre

Coming!

The YanksAre

Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

Americans in the Trenches

Wilson- Fourteen PointsWilson- Fourteen Points

• List of terms for resolving the war and future wars

• Freedom of seas, free trade, reduction of arms, and end to secret treaties, est. fair peace, est. League of Nations

• Armistice- 11/11 at 11 AM in 1918 ended WWI

http://visualhistory.freewebpages.org/_webimages/14%20Points.gif

The Effects of WarThe Effects of War

• 8.5 – 9 million people died

• Over 17 million were wounded

• Pandemic (1918)- flu that killed 20 millionhttp://firstworldwar.com/photos/graphics/cpe_gas_effects_01.jpg

9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead9,000,0009,000,000 DeadDead

Effects of War

• Europe was destroyed (infrastructure)

• Pay of national debt and rebuilding was a problem

• ReparationsReparations- payments for war damage (Germany)

Effects of WarEffects of War

Governments collapsed:

1. Russia

2. Germany

3. Austria-Hungary

4. Ottoman Empire

http://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/versailles.gifhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~c016003a/versailles.gif

Treaty of Versailles (B.R.A.T.)Treaty of Versailles (B.R.A.T.)• Germany had to take

full Blame for war

• Had to pay Reparations (leads to rise of Hitler)

• $30 billion

• Reduced Army and took away German Territory

Map ChangesMap Changes http://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/Versailles.jpg

•Treaty of Brest-Litovsk strips Russia of land

New nations are formed in

Eastern Europe

Not all ethnic groups are satisfied

Deaths and ResponsibilitiesDeaths and Responsibilities

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

The Somme American Cemetary, France

The Somme American Cemetary, France

116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died

World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties

01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000

10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total 2,133,190 387,800