Will technology impact future co-operation and resource sharing ?
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INSIGHTS ON THE NEXT GENERATION OF LIBRARY SYSTEMS AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO SUPPORT ILL, DOCUMENT DELIVERY AND REFERENCE WORK
Marshall BreedingIndependent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guideshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/http://twitter.com/mbreeding
15 April 2013
Will technology impact future co-operation and resource sharing?
Nationell konferens om fjärrlån, resursdelning och referensarbete
Summary Marshall Breeding will present a summary of the
latest trends in library management systems and discovery services. Many of these new products, especially those based on cloud computing technologies, have a profound impact on the models of resource sharing available to libraries. Breeding will also review some of the major tech products and organizational trends that have transpired in recent times. On many fronts libraries are consolidating their resource sharing arrangements to form ever larger pools of resources available to their clients.
Library Technology Guides
www.librarytechnolog
y.org
Library Journal Automation Marketplace
Published annually in April 1 issue Based on data provided by each vendor Focused primarily on North America
Context of global library automation market
LJ Automation MarketplaceAnnual Industry report published in Library Journal: 2012: Agents of Change 2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts, minds
and tech dollars 2010: New Models, Core Systems 2009: Investing in the Future 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil 2007: An industry redefined 2006: Reshuffling the deck 2005: Gradual evolution 2004: Migration down, innovation up 2003: The competition heats up 2002: Capturing the migrating customer
Library Technology Reports
Resource Sharing in Libraries: Concepts, Products, Technologies, and Trends
January 2013 Vol 49, No. 1
Library Technology Reports Supplementing your local collection through resource sharing is a smart way to
ensure your library has the resources to satisfy the needs of your users. Marshall Breeding’s new Library Technology Report explores technologies and strategies for sharing resources, helping you streamline workflows and improve resource-sharing services by covering key strategies like interlibrary loan, consortial borrowing, document delivery, and shared collections. You’ll also learn about such trends and services as:
OCLC WorldCat Resource Sharing, and other systems that facilitate cooperative, reciprocal lending
System-to-system communications that allow integrated systems to interact with resource-sharing environments
Technical components that reliably automate patron requests, routing to suppliers with tools for tracking, reporting, and staff intervention as needed
Specialized applications that simplify document delivery, such as Ariel, Odyssey, or OCLC’s Article Exchange
How the NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol (NCIP) can enable borrowing among consortial libraries using separate integrated library systems
The Orbis Cascade Alliance consortium, examined using a case study
Academic Libraries in Sweden
Public Libraries in Sweden
Libraries in Denmark
Libraries in Finland
Libraries in Norway
Mergers and Acquisitions
Mergers and Acquisitionshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/automationhistory.pl
Eventual product consolidation Alma for resource management
Eventual transition of Voyager and Aleph Immediate transition of Verde SFX DigiTool for digital collections
Primo / Primo Central for Discovery Rosetta for Preservation
Possible integration into Alma?
OCLC will eventually consolidate products to platforms
CBS (PICA) TouchPoint (Sisis) Zportal / Xportal
(FDI) WorldCat Link
Resolver
All Legacy ILS VDX
WorldCat WorldShare
Speculative
Overarching concern
Library success depends on technical infrastructure well
aligned with its strategic missions
Key Context: Each type of library faces unique challenges
Academic: Emphasis on subscribed electronic resources
Public: Engaged in the management of print collections Dramatic increase in interest in E-books
School: Age-appropriate resources (print and Web), textbook and media management
Special: Enterprise knowledge management (Corporate, Law, Medical, etc.)
Key Context: Libraries in Transition Academic Shift from Print > Electronic
E-journal transition largely complete Circulation of print collections slowing E-books now in play (consultation > reading)
Public: Emphasis on Customer Engagement Increased pressure on physical facilities Increased circulation of print collections Dramatic increase in interest in e-books
All libraries: Need better tools for access to complex multi-format
collections Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability
Reconceptualization of Automation Current organization of functionality based on
past assumptions Possible new organizing principles
Fulfillment = Circulation + ILL + DCB + e-commerce
Resource management = Cataloging + Acquisitions + Serials + ERM
Customer Relationship Management = Reference + Circulation + ILL (public services)
Enterprise Resource Planning = Acquisitions + Collection Development
Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management Moving away from individual record-by-record creation Life cycle of metadata
Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed
Manage metadata in bulk when possible E-book collections
Highly shared metadata knowledge bases drive new-generation automation
Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data Very little progress in linked data for operational systems AACR2 > RDA MARC > RDF & Linked Data (Library of Congress Bibliographic
Framework Transition Initiative) Bibframe.org
Bibliographic Services Arena OCLC will maintain and increase
dominant position But:
Other platform providers will build competing services
Ex Libris Community Zone Serials Solutions expanded
KnowledgeWorks Innovative Interfaces / SkyRiver
Metadata now a commodity Linked data may change everything
Key Context: Technologies in transition
Client / Server > Web-based computing Beyond Web 2.0
Integration of social computing into core infrastructure
Local computing shifting to cloud platforms Application Service Provider offerings standard New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-
service Full spectrum of devices
full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of
device and interface cycles
Fundamental technology shift Mainframe computing Client/Server Cloud Computing
http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html
http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html
Software as a Service Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern
approach One copy of the code base serves multiple
sites Software functionality delivered entirely
through Web interfaces No workstation clients
Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments
Data as a service SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data
models WorldCat: one globally shared copy that serves all
libraries Primo Central: central index of articles maintained by
Ex Libris shared by all libraries implementing Primo / Primo Central
KnowledgeWorks database of e-journal holdings shared among all customers of Serials Solutions products
General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows
Open Systems Achieving openness has risen as the key
driver behind library technology strategies Libraries need to do more with their data Ability to improve customer experience and
operational efficiencies Demand for Interoperability Open source – full access to internal
program of the application Open API’s – expose programmatic
interfaces to data and functionality
Mobile Computing
Challenge: More integrated approach to information and service delivery Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos:
Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module) Search the Web site Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections OpenURL linking services E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides) Local digital collections
ETDs, photos, rich media collections Metasearch engines Discovery Services – often just another choice among many
All searched separately
Online Catalog
Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level
Not in scope: Articles Book Chapters Digital objects Web site content Etc.
Scope of SearchSearch:
Search Results
ILS Data
Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface (2002-2009) Single search box Query tools
Did you mean Type-ahead
Relevance ranked results (for some content sources)
Faceted navigation Enhanced visual displays
Cover art Summaries, reviews,
Recommendation services
Discovery Interface search modelSearch: Digital
Collections
ProQuest
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
ABC-CLIO
Search Results
Real-time query and responses
ILS Data
Local Index
Metasearch Engine
Discovery Products
http://www.librarytechnology.org/discovery.pl
Differentiation in Discovery Products increasingly specialized
between public and academic libraries Public libraries: emphasis on engagement
with physical collection + e-books Academic libraries: concern for discovery of
heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects
Discovery from Local to Web-scale Initial products focused on technology
AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind, LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena Mostly locally-installed software
Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery Primo Central (Ex Libris) Summon (Serials Solutions) WorldCat Local (OCLC) EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) Encore Synergy (no index, though)
Public Library Information PortalSearch:
Digital Collections
Web Site ContentCommunit
yInformatio
n
…Customer-providedcontent
Reference Sources
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Consolidated Index
LMS Data
Aggregated Content packages
Archives
Usage-generate
dData
Customer
Profile
Web-scale Search ProblemSearch:
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Consolidated Index
???
Non Participating
Content SourcesProblem in how to deal with
resources not provided to ingest into consolidated index
Digital Collections
Web Site ContentInstitution
al Repositori
es
…E-Journals
ILS Data
Aggregated Content packages
Populating Web-scale index with full text
Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation
Indexing full text of content amplifies access Every title, phrase, term becomes an
access point Important to understand depth indexing
Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation Many other factors
Full-text Book indexing HathiTrust: 11 million volumes, 5.3
million titles, 263,000 serial titles, 3.5 billion pages
HathiTrust in Discovery Indexes Primo Central (Jan 20, 2012) [previously
indexed only metadata] EBSCO Discovery Service (Sept 8 2011) WorldCat Local (Sept 7, 2011) Summon (Mar 28, 2011)
Challenge for Relevancy Technically feasible to index hundreds of
millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR
Difficult to order records in ways that make sense
Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query
Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings
Challenges for Collection Coverage To work effectively, discovery services
need to cover comprehensively the body of content represented in library collections
What about publishers that do not participate?
Is content indexed at the citation or full-text level?
What are the restrictions for non-authenticated users?
How can libraries understand the differences in coverage among competing services?
Evaluating Index-based Discovery Services Intense competition: how well the index covers the
body of scholarly content stands as a key differentiator
Difficult to evaluate based on numbers of items indexed alone.
Important to ascertain now your library’s content packages are represented by the discovery service.
Important to know what items are indexed by citation and which are full text
Important to know whether the discovery service favors the content of any given publisher
Open Discovery Initiative NISO Work Group to Develop Standards
and Recommended Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search
Informal meeting called at ALA Annual 2011
Co-Chaired by Marshall Breeding and Jenny Walker
Term: Dec 2011 – May 2013
Balance of ConstituentsLibraries
Publishers
Service Providers
46
Marshall Breeding, Vanderbilt UniversityJamene Brooks-Kieffer, Kansas State University Laura Morse, Harvard UniversityKen Varnum, University of Michigan
Sara Brownmiller, University of OregonLucy Harrison, College Center for Library Automation (D2D liaison/observer)Michele Newberry
Lettie Conrad, SAGE PublicationsBeth LaPensee, ITHAKA/JSTOR/PorticoJeff Lang, Thomson Reuters
Linda Beebe, American Psychological Assoc
Aaron Wood, Alexander Street Press
Jenny Walker, Ex Libris GroupJohn Law, Serials SolutionsMichael Gorrell, EBSCO Information Services
David Lindahl, University of Rochester (XC)Jeff Penka, OCLC (D2D liaison/observer)
ODI Project Goals: Identify … needs and requirements of the three
stakeholder groups in this area of work. Create recommendations and tools to streamline
the process by which information providers, discovery service providers, and librarians work together to better serve libraries and their users.
Provide effective means for librarians to assess the level of participation by information providers in discovery services, to evaluate the breadth and depth of content indexed and the degree to which this content is made available to the user.
Timeline
Milestone Target Date Status
Appointment of working group December 2011
Approval of charge and initial work plan March 2012
Agreement on process and tools June 2012
Completion of information gathering October 2012
Completion of initial draft January 2013
Completion of final draft May 2013
48
ODI Survey: www.surveymonkey.com/s/QBXZXSB
The rise of e-books Academic libraries: e-books included in
aggregated content packages E-books used primarily for research and
consultation, not long reading Public Libraries: Subscriptions to e-book
services that provide an outsourced collection of loanable e-books
K-12 Schools, Colleges, Universities: interest in electronic textbooks
Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure
Current approach involves mostly outsourced arrangements
Collections licensed wholesale from single provider
Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers
Loading of MARC records into local catalog with linking mechanisms
No ability to see availability status of e-books from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface
E-book Technology Issues Access to materials controlled through Digital Rights
Management Closed ecosystems that control content through
identity management and rights policies Imposes significant overhead on the user
experience: Download an install DRM components Establish user credentials in site trusted by DRM Works only with devices that comply with DRM
restrictions Library backlash against DRM, but stands as current
reality
2013: The current state of discovery
Online Catalogs of ILS modules in decline Increasing numbers of academic libraries offer
discovery services Index-based search emerges
Summon, Primo/Primo Central, EBSCO Discovery Service, WorldCat Local
Indexes growing in comprehensiveness and depth. Relevancy algorithms gaining sophistication Increasing numbers of publishers and providers
cooperate with library discovery services Open Discovery Initiative launched October 2011
Changing models of Resource Sharing
BibliographicDatabase
Library System
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
Holdings
Main Facility
Search:
Integrated Library System
Patrons useCirculation featuresto request itemsfrom other branches
Floating Collectionsmay reduce workload forInter-branchtransfers
Model:Multi-branchIndependentLibrary System
BibliographicDatabase
Library System A
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
WorldCat
WorldCat Resource Sharing
User:Password:
Place Request
Needed by: Dec 30, 2012 5:00pm
ILLiad
Patron has Citation for item not held by Library
Interlibrary LoanRequest Form
Interlibrary LoanPersonnel
WorldCat Resource Sharing
Request Submission
Resource tracking and fulfillment
ILS Synchronization
BibliographicDatabase
Library System A
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
BibliographicDatabase
Library System B
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
BibliographicDatabase
Library System C
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
BibliographicDatabase
Library System D
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
BibliographicDatabase
Library System F
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
BibliographicDatabase
Library System E
Branch 1
Branch 2
Branch 3
Branch 4
Branch 5
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 8
HoldingsMain Facility
Resource Sharing Application
BibliographicDatabase
Discovery and Request Management Routines
Staff Fulfillment Tools
Inter-System Communications
NCIP SIP ISO
ILLZ39.50
NCIP
NCIP
NCIP
NCIP
NCIP
NCIP
Search:
Consortial Resource Sharing System
BibliographicDatabase
Shared Consortia System
Library 2
Library 3
Library 4
Library 5
Library 7
Library 8
Library 9
Library 10
Holdings
Library 1 Library 6
Shared Consortial ILS
Search:
Model:Multipleindependentlibraries in aConsortiumShare an ILS
ILS configuredTo supportDirect consortialBorrowing throughCirculation Module
Strategic Cooperation and Resource sharing
Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate
Many regional consortia merging (Example: Illinois Heartland Library System)
State-wide or national implementations New Zealand: Kōtui, Te Puna
Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations Many libraries share computing
infrastructure and data resources
Auckland City Libraries 7 separate
library services merged in2010
MyLibraryNYC
Auckland City Libraries 7 separate
library services merged in2010
OhioLink
Innovative Interfaces
INN-Reach
Iceland Libraries
South AustraliaSA Public Library Network
140 Public Libraries
Chile
Georgia PINES 275 Libraries 140 Counties 9.6 million books Single Library
Card
43% of population in Georgia
Northern Ireland Recently consolidated from 4 regional
networks into one 96 branch libraries 18 mobile libraries Collections managed through single
Axiell OpenGalaxy LMS
http://www.ni-libraries.net/
Illinois Heartland Library Consortium
LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members
Orbis Cascade Alliance 37 Academic Libraries Combined enrollment of 258,000 9 million titles 1997: implemented dual INN-Reach systems Orbis and Cascade consortia merged in 2003 Moved from INN-Reach to OCLC Navigator /
VDX in 2008 Current strategy to move to shared LMS
based on Ex Libris Alma
Orbis-Cascade Alliance
Denmark
Denmark Shared LMS Common Tender for joint library system
February 2013 88 municipalities: 90 percent of Danish
population Public + School libraries
Process managed by Kombit: non-profit organization owned by Danish Local Authorities
Danish Joint National Library Infrastructure
2CUL
Shared Services:Collection DevelopmentTechnical Services
Shared Infrastructure?:
Illinois Heartland Library Consortium
LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members
Orbis Cascade Alliance 37 Academic Libraries Combined enrollment of 258,000 9 million titles 1997: implemented dual INN-Reach systems Orbis and Cascade consortia merged in 2003 Moved from INN-Reach to OCLC Navigator /
VDX in 2008 Current strategy to move to shared LMS
based on Ex Libris Alma
New Generation Management
Appropriate Automation Infrastructure
Current automation products out of step with current realities
Increasing proportions of library collection funds spent on electronic content
Majority of automation efforts support print activities Management of e-content continues with inadequate
supporting infrastructure New discovery solutions help with access to e-
content Library users expect more engaging socially aware
interfaces for Web and mobile
Library Automation in the Cloud Almost all library automation vendors offer
some form of “cloud-based” services Server management moves from library to
Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription
payment Offsets local server purchase and maintenance Offsets some local technology support
Leveraging the Cloud Moving legacy systems to hosted
services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation
Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall.
Is the status quo sustainable? ILS for management of (mostly) print Duplicative financial systems between library and campus Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to
full-text electronic articles Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm,
DigiTool, etc.) Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) Discovery-layer services for broader access to library
collections No effective integration services / interoperability among
disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes
Integrated (for print) Library System
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransact User Vendor Policies$$$
Funds
Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Interfaces
BusinessLogic
DataStores
LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransactUserVendor Policies$$$
Funds
CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces`
LicenseManagement
LicenseTerms
E-resourceProcurement
VendorsE-JournalTitles
Protocols: CORE
Common approach for ERM
Circulation
BIB
Staff Interfaces:
Holding / Items
CircTransactUserVendor Policies$$$
Funds
CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces
Budget License Terms
Titles / Holdings
Vendors
Access Details
Gaps in Automation Almost no systematic automation
support for references and research services Customer Relationship Management?
Resource sharing / Interlibrary loan management
Collection development support
Comprehensive Resource Management No longer sensible to use different software
platforms for managing different types of library materials
ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model
Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows
Support for management of metadata in bulk Continuous lifecycle chain initiated before
publication
Library Services Platform Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries
automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services
Services Service oriented architecture Exposes Web services and other API’s Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users
Platform General infrastructure for library automation Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to
extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data
Library Services Platform Characteristics
Highly Shared data models Knowledgebase architecture Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate
local data stores Delivered through software as a service
Multi-tenant Unified workflows across formats and media Flexible metadata management
MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX New structures not yet invented
Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability
Consolidated indexUnified Presentation LayerSearch:
Digital Coll
ProQuest
EBSCO…
JSTOR
Other Resour
ces
New Library Management Model
`API Layer
Library Services Platform
LearningManageme
nt
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
StockManageme
nt
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Authentication
Service
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Discovery
Service
Development / Deployment perspective
Beginning of a new cycle of transition Over the course of the next decade,
academic libraries will replace their current legacy products with new platforms
Not just a change of technology but a substantial change in the ways that libraries manage their resources and deliver their services
Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se, Open Galaxy LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, NCS
Traditional Open Source ILS Evergreen, Koha
New generation Library Services Platforms Ex Libris Alma Kuali OLE (Enterprise, not cloud) OCLC WorldShare Management Services, Serials Solutions Intota Innovative Interfaces Sierra (evolving)
Competing Models of Library Automation
Convergence Discovery and Management solutions will
increasingly be implemented as matched sets Ex Libris: Primo / Alma Serials Solutions: Summon / Intota OCLC: WorldCat Local / WorldShare Platform Except: Kuali OLE, EBSCO Discovery Service
Both depend on an ecosystem of interrelated knowledge bases
API’s exposed to mix and match, but efficiencies and synergies are lost
Concluding thoughts Urgency to align technology with library
missions Innovate locally Collaborate aggressively collectively Drive strategic development
Reassess expectations of Technology
Many previous assumptions no longer apply
Technology platforms scale infinitely No technical limits on how libraries share
technical infrastructure Cloud technologies enable new ways of
sharing metadata Build flexible systems not hardwired to
any given set of workflows
Reassess workflow and organizational options
ILS model shaped library organizations New Library Services Platforms may
enable new ways to organize how resource management and service delivery are performed
New technologies more able to support strategic priorities and initiatives
Time to engage Transition to new technology models just
underway More transformative development than
in previous phases of library automation Opportunities to partner and collaborate
Vendors want to create systems with long-term value
Question previously held assumptions regarding the shape of technology infrastructure and services
Provide leadership in defining expectations
Questions and discussion
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