Will technology impact future co-operation and resource sharing ?

INSIGHTS ON THE NEXT GENERATION OF LIBRARY SYSTEMS AND THEIR POTENTIAL TO SUPPORT ILL, DOCUMENT DELIVERY AND REFERENCE WORK

Marshall BreedingIndependent Consult, Author, Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guideshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/http://twitter.com/mbreeding

15 April 2013

Will technology impact future co-operation and resource sharing?

Nationell konferens om fjärrlån, resursdelning och referensarbete

Summary Marshall Breeding will present a summary of the

latest trends in library management systems and discovery services.  Many of these new products, especially those based on cloud computing technologies, have a profound impact on the models of resource sharing available to libraries.  Breeding will also review some of the major tech products and organizational trends that have transpired in recent times.  On many fronts libraries are consolidating their resource sharing arrangements to form ever larger pools of resources available to their clients. 

Library Technology Guides

www.librarytechnolog

y.org

Library Journal Automation Marketplace

Published annually in April 1 issue Based on data provided by each vendor Focused primarily on North America

Context of global library automation market

LJ Automation MarketplaceAnnual Industry report published in Library Journal: 2012: Agents of Change 2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts, minds

and tech dollars 2010: New Models, Core Systems 2009: Investing in the Future 2008: Opportunity out of turmoil 2007: An industry redefined 2006: Reshuffling the deck 2005: Gradual evolution 2004: Migration down, innovation up 2003: The competition heats up 2002: Capturing the migrating customer

Library Technology Reports

Resource Sharing in Libraries: Concepts, Products, Technologies, and Trends

January 2013 Vol 49, No. 1

Library Technology Reports Supplementing your local collection through resource sharing is a smart way to

ensure your library has the resources to satisfy the needs of your users. Marshall Breeding’s new Library Technology Report explores technologies and strategies for sharing resources, helping you streamline workflows and improve resource-sharing services by covering key strategies like interlibrary loan, consortial borrowing, document delivery, and shared collections. You’ll also learn about such trends and services as:

OCLC WorldCat Resource Sharing, and other systems that facilitate cooperative, reciprocal lending

System-to-system communications that allow integrated systems to interact with resource-sharing environments

Technical components that reliably automate patron requests, routing to suppliers with tools for tracking, reporting, and staff intervention as needed

Specialized applications that simplify document delivery, such as Ariel, Odyssey, or OCLC’s Article Exchange

How the NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol (NCIP) can enable borrowing among consortial libraries using separate integrated library systems 

The Orbis Cascade Alliance consortium, examined using a case study

Academic Libraries in Sweden

Public Libraries in Sweden

Libraries in Denmark

Libraries in Finland

Libraries in Norway

ILS Turnover Report

ILS Turnover Report – Reverse

Mergers and Acquisitions

Mergers and Acquisitionshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/automationhistory.pl

Eventual product consolidation Alma for resource management

Eventual transition of Voyager and Aleph Immediate transition of Verde SFX DigiTool for digital collections

Primo / Primo Central for Discovery Rosetta for Preservation

Possible integration into Alma?

OCLC will eventually consolidate products to platforms

CBS (PICA) TouchPoint (Sisis) Zportal / Xportal

(FDI) WorldCat Link

Resolver

All Legacy ILS VDX

WorldCat WorldShare

Speculative

Overarching concern

Library success depends on technical infrastructure well

aligned with its strategic missions

Key Context: Each type of library faces unique challenges

Academic: Emphasis on subscribed electronic resources

Public: Engaged in the management of print collections Dramatic increase in interest in E-books

School: Age-appropriate resources (print and Web), textbook and media management

Special: Enterprise knowledge management (Corporate, Law, Medical, etc.)

Key Context: Libraries in Transition Academic Shift from Print > Electronic

E-journal transition largely complete Circulation of print collections slowing E-books now in play (consultation > reading)

Public: Emphasis on Customer Engagement Increased pressure on physical facilities Increased circulation of print collections Dramatic increase in interest in e-books

All libraries: Need better tools for access to complex multi-format

collections Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

Reconceptualization of Automation Current organization of functionality based on

past assumptions Possible new organizing principles

Fulfillment = Circulation + ILL + DCB + e-commerce

Resource management = Cataloging + Acquisitions + Serials + ERM

Customer Relationship Management = Reference + Circulation + ILL (public services)

Enterprise Resource Planning = Acquisitions + Collection Development

Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management Moving away from individual record-by-record creation Life cycle of metadata

Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed

Manage metadata in bulk when possible E-book collections

Highly shared metadata knowledge bases drive new-generation automation

Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data Very little progress in linked data for operational systems AACR2 > RDA MARC > RDF & Linked Data (Library of Congress Bibliographic

Framework Transition Initiative) Bibframe.org

Bibliographic Services Arena OCLC will maintain and increase

dominant position But:

Other platform providers will build competing services

Ex Libris Community Zone Serials Solutions expanded

KnowledgeWorks Innovative Interfaces / SkyRiver

Metadata now a commodity Linked data may change everything

Key Context: Technologies in transition

Client / Server > Web-based computing Beyond Web 2.0

Integration of social computing into core infrastructure

Local computing shifting to cloud platforms Application Service Provider offerings standard New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-

service Full spectrum of devices

full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of

device and interface cycles

Fundamental technology shift Mainframe computing Client/Server Cloud Computing

http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html

http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html

Software as a Service Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern

approach One copy of the code base serves multiple

sites Software functionality delivered entirely

through Web interfaces No workstation clients

Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments

Data as a service SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data

models WorldCat: one globally shared copy that serves all

libraries Primo Central: central index of articles maintained by

Ex Libris shared by all libraries implementing Primo / Primo Central

KnowledgeWorks database of e-journal holdings shared among all customers of Serials Solutions products

General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows

Open Systems Achieving openness has risen as the key

driver behind library technology strategies Libraries need to do more with their data Ability to improve customer experience and

operational efficiencies Demand for Interoperability Open source – full access to internal

program of the application Open API’s – expose programmatic

interfaces to data and functionality

Mobile Computing

Challenge: More integrated approach to information and service delivery Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos:

Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module) Search the Web site Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections OpenURL linking services E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides) Local digital collections

ETDs, photos, rich media collections Metasearch engines Discovery Services – often just another choice among many

All searched separately

Online Catalog

Books, Journals, and Media at the Title Level

Not in scope: Articles Book Chapters Digital objects Web site content Etc.

Scope of SearchSearch:

Search Results

ILS Data

Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface (2002-2009) Single search box Query tools

Did you mean Type-ahead

Relevance ranked results (for some content sources)

Faceted navigation Enhanced visual displays

Cover art Summaries, reviews,

Recommendation services

Discovery Interface search modelSearch: Digital

Collections

ProQuest

EBSCOhost

…MLA

Bibliography

ABC-CLIO

Search Results

Real-time query and responses

ILS Data

Local Index

Metasearch Engine

Discovery Products

http://www.librarytechnology.org/discovery.pl

Differentiation in Discovery Products increasingly specialized

between public and academic libraries Public libraries: emphasis on engagement

with physical collection + e-books Academic libraries: concern for discovery of

heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects

Discovery from Local to Web-scale Initial products focused on technology

AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind, LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena Mostly locally-installed software

Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery Primo Central (Ex Libris) Summon (Serials Solutions) WorldCat Local (OCLC) EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) Encore Synergy (no index, though)

Public Library Information PortalSearch:

Digital Collections

Web Site ContentCommunit

yInformatio

n

…Customer-providedcontent

Reference Sources

Search Results

Pre-built harvesting and indexing

Consolidated Index

LMS Data

Aggregated Content packages

Archives

Usage-generate

dData

Customer

Profile

Web-scale Search ProblemSearch:

Search Results

Pre-built harvesting and indexing

Consolidated Index

???

Non Participating

Content SourcesProblem in how to deal with

resources not provided to ingest into consolidated index

Digital Collections

Web Site ContentInstitution

al Repositori

es

…E-Journals

ILS Data

Aggregated Content packages

Populating Web-scale index with full text

Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation

Indexing full text of content amplifies access Every title, phrase, term becomes an

access point Important to understand depth indexing

Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation Many other factors

Full-text Book indexing HathiTrust: 11 million volumes, 5.3

million titles, 263,000 serial titles, 3.5 billion pages

HathiTrust in Discovery Indexes Primo Central (Jan 20, 2012) [previously

indexed only metadata] EBSCO Discovery Service (Sept 8 2011) WorldCat Local (Sept 7, 2011) Summon (Mar 28, 2011)

Challenge for Relevancy Technically feasible to index hundreds of

millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR

Difficult to order records in ways that make sense

Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query

Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings

Challenges for Collection Coverage To work effectively, discovery services

need to cover comprehensively the body of content represented in library collections

What about publishers that do not participate?

Is content indexed at the citation or full-text level?

What are the restrictions for non-authenticated users?

How can libraries understand the differences in coverage among competing services?

Evaluating Index-based Discovery Services Intense competition: how well the index covers the

body of scholarly content stands as a key differentiator

Difficult to evaluate based on numbers of items indexed alone.

Important to ascertain now your library’s content packages are represented by the discovery service.

Important to know what items are indexed by citation and which are full text

Important to know whether the discovery service favors the content of any given publisher

Open Discovery Initiative NISO Work Group to Develop Standards

and Recommended Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search

Informal meeting called at ALA Annual 2011

Co-Chaired by Marshall Breeding and Jenny Walker

Term: Dec 2011 – May 2013

Balance of ConstituentsLibraries

Publishers

Service Providers

46

Marshall Breeding, Vanderbilt UniversityJamene Brooks-Kieffer, Kansas State University Laura Morse, Harvard UniversityKen Varnum, University of Michigan

Sara Brownmiller, University of OregonLucy Harrison, College Center for Library Automation (D2D liaison/observer)Michele Newberry

Lettie Conrad, SAGE PublicationsBeth LaPensee, ITHAKA/JSTOR/PorticoJeff Lang, Thomson Reuters

Linda Beebe, American Psychological Assoc

Aaron Wood, Alexander Street Press

Jenny Walker, Ex Libris GroupJohn Law, Serials SolutionsMichael Gorrell, EBSCO Information Services

David Lindahl, University of Rochester (XC)Jeff Penka, OCLC (D2D liaison/observer)

ODI Project Goals: Identify … needs and requirements of the three

stakeholder groups in this area of work. Create recommendations and tools to streamline

the process by which information providers, discovery service providers, and librarians work together to better serve libraries and their users.

Provide effective means for librarians to assess the level of participation by information providers in discovery services, to evaluate the breadth and depth of content indexed and the degree to which this content is made available to the user.

Timeline

Milestone Target Date Status

Appointment of working group December 2011

Approval of charge and initial work plan March 2012

Agreement on process and tools June 2012

Completion of information gathering October 2012

Completion of initial draft January 2013

Completion of final draft May 2013

48

ODI Survey: www.surveymonkey.com/s/QBXZXSB

The rise of e-books Academic libraries: e-books included in

aggregated content packages E-books used primarily for research and

consultation, not long reading Public Libraries: Subscriptions to e-book

services that provide an outsourced collection of loanable e-books

K-12 Schools, Colleges, Universities: interest in electronic textbooks

Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure

Current approach involves mostly outsourced arrangements

Collections licensed wholesale from single provider

Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers

Loading of MARC records into local catalog with linking mechanisms

No ability to see availability status of e-books from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface

E-book Technology Issues Access to materials controlled through Digital Rights

Management Closed ecosystems that control content through

identity management and rights policies Imposes significant overhead on the user

experience: Download an install DRM components Establish user credentials in site trusted by DRM Works only with devices that comply with DRM

restrictions Library backlash against DRM, but stands as current

reality

2013: The current state of discovery

Online Catalogs of ILS modules in decline Increasing numbers of academic libraries offer

discovery services Index-based search emerges

Summon, Primo/Primo Central, EBSCO Discovery Service, WorldCat Local

Indexes growing in comprehensiveness and depth. Relevancy algorithms gaining sophistication Increasing numbers of publishers and providers

cooperate with library discovery services Open Discovery Initiative launched October 2011

Changing models of Resource Sharing

BibliographicDatabase

Library System

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

Holdings

Main Facility

Search:

Integrated Library System

Patrons useCirculation featuresto request itemsfrom other branches

Floating Collectionsmay reduce workload forInter-branchtransfers

Model:Multi-branchIndependentLibrary System

BibliographicDatabase

Library System A

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

WorldCat

WorldCat Resource Sharing

User:Password:

Place Request

Needed by: Dec 30, 2012 5:00pm

ILLiad

Patron has Citation for item not held by Library

Interlibrary LoanRequest Form

Interlibrary LoanPersonnel

WorldCat Resource Sharing

Request Submission

Resource tracking and fulfillment

ILS Synchronization

BibliographicDatabase

Library System A

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

BibliographicDatabase

Library System B

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

BibliographicDatabase

Library System C

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

BibliographicDatabase

Library System D

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

BibliographicDatabase

Library System F

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

BibliographicDatabase

Library System E

Branch 1

Branch 2

Branch 3

Branch 4

Branch 5

Branch 6

Branch 7

Branch 8

HoldingsMain Facility

Resource Sharing Application

BibliographicDatabase

Discovery and Request Management Routines

Staff Fulfillment Tools

Inter-System Communications

NCIP SIP ISO

ILLZ39.50

NCIP

NCIP

NCIP

NCIP

NCIP

NCIP

Search:

Consortial Resource Sharing System

BibliographicDatabase

Shared Consortia System

Library 2

Library 3

Library 4

Library 5

Library 7

Library 8

Library 9

Library 10

Holdings

Library 1 Library 6

Shared Consortial ILS

Search:

Model:Multipleindependentlibraries in aConsortiumShare an ILS

ILS configuredTo supportDirect consortialBorrowing throughCirculation Module

Strategic Cooperation and Resource sharing

Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate

Many regional consortia merging (Example: Illinois Heartland Library System)

State-wide or national implementations New Zealand: Kōtui, Te Puna

Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based implementations Many libraries share computing

infrastructure and data resources

Auckland City Libraries 7 separate

library services merged in2010

MyLibraryNYC

Auckland City Libraries 7 separate

library services merged in2010

OhioLink

Innovative Interfaces

INN-Reach

Iceland Libraries

South AustraliaSA Public Library Network

140 Public Libraries

Chile

Georgia PINES 275 Libraries 140 Counties 9.6 million books Single Library

Card

43% of population in Georgia

Northern Ireland Recently consolidated from 4 regional

networks into one 96 branch libraries 18 mobile libraries Collections managed through single

Axiell OpenGalaxy LMS

http://www.ni-libraries.net/

Illinois Heartland Library Consortium

LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members

Orbis Cascade Alliance 37 Academic Libraries Combined enrollment of 258,000 9 million titles 1997: implemented dual INN-Reach systems Orbis and Cascade consortia merged in 2003 Moved from INN-Reach to OCLC Navigator /

VDX in 2008 Current strategy to move to shared LMS

based on Ex Libris Alma

Orbis-Cascade Alliance

Denmark

Denmark Shared LMS Common Tender for joint library system

February 2013 88 municipalities: 90 percent of Danish

population Public + School libraries

Process managed by Kombit: non-profit organization owned by Danish Local Authorities

Danish Joint National Library Infrastructure

2CUL

Shared Services:Collection DevelopmentTechnical Services

Shared Infrastructure?:

Illinois Heartland Library Consortium

LargestConsortiumin US by Number of Members

Orbis Cascade Alliance 37 Academic Libraries Combined enrollment of 258,000 9 million titles 1997: implemented dual INN-Reach systems Orbis and Cascade consortia merged in 2003 Moved from INN-Reach to OCLC Navigator /

VDX in 2008 Current strategy to move to shared LMS

based on Ex Libris Alma

New Generation Management

Appropriate Automation Infrastructure

Current automation products out of step with current realities

Increasing proportions of library collection funds spent on electronic content

Majority of automation efforts support print activities Management of e-content continues with inadequate

supporting infrastructure New discovery solutions help with access to e-

content Library users expect more engaging socially aware

interfaces for Web and mobile

Library Automation in the Cloud Almost all library automation vendors offer

some form of “cloud-based” services Server management moves from library to

Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription

payment Offsets local server purchase and maintenance Offsets some local technology support

Leveraging the Cloud Moving legacy systems to hosted

services provides some savings to individual institutions but does not result in dramatic transformation

Globally shared data and metadata models have the potential to achieve new levels of operational efficiencies and more powerful discovery and automation scenarios that improve the position of libraries overall.

Is the status quo sustainable? ILS for management of (mostly) print Duplicative financial systems between library and campus Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS) OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to

full-text electronic articles Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm,

DigiTool, etc.) Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) Discovery-layer services for broader access to library

collections No effective integration services / interoperability among

disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

Integrated (for print) Library System

Circulation

BIB

Staff Interfaces:

Holding / Items

CircTransact User Vendor Policies$$$

Funds

Cataloging Acquisitions Serials OnlineCatalog

Public Interfaces:

Interfaces

BusinessLogic

DataStores

LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model

Circulation

BIB

Staff Interfaces:

Holding / Items

CircTransactUserVendor Policies$$$

Funds

CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog

Public Interfaces:

Application Programming Interfaces`

LicenseManagement

LicenseTerms

E-resourceProcurement

VendorsE-JournalTitles

Protocols: CORE

Common approach for ERM

Circulation

BIB

Staff Interfaces:

Holding / Items

CircTransactUserVendor Policies$$$

Funds

CatalogingAcquisitionsSerials OnlineCatalog

Public Interfaces:

Application Programming Interfaces

Budget License Terms

Titles / Holdings

Vendors

Access Details

Gaps in Automation Almost no systematic automation

support for references and research services Customer Relationship Management?

Resource sharing / Interlibrary loan management

Collection development support

Comprehensive Resource Management No longer sensible to use different software

platforms for managing different types of library materials

ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model

Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows

Support for management of metadata in bulk Continuous lifecycle chain initiated before

publication

Library Services Platform Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries

automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services

Services Service oriented architecture Exposes Web services and other API’s Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users

Platform General infrastructure for library automation Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to

extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

Library Services Platform Characteristics

Highly Shared data models Knowledgebase architecture Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate

local data stores Delivered through software as a service

Multi-tenant Unified workflows across formats and media Flexible metadata management

MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX New structures not yet invented

Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability

Consolidated indexUnified Presentation LayerSearch:

Digital Coll

ProQuest

EBSCO…

JSTOR

Other Resour

ces

New Library Management Model

`API Layer

Library Services Platform

LearningManageme

nt

Enterprise ResourcePlanning

StockManageme

nt

Self-Check /

Automated Return

Authentication

Service

Smart Cad /

Payment systems

Discovery

Service

Development / Deployment perspective

Beginning of a new cycle of transition Over the course of the next decade,

academic libraries will replace their current legacy products with new platforms

Not just a change of technology but a substantial change in the ways that libraries manage their resources and deliver their services

Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se, Open Galaxy LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, NCS

Traditional Open Source ILS Evergreen, Koha

New generation Library Services Platforms Ex Libris Alma Kuali OLE (Enterprise, not cloud) OCLC WorldShare Management Services, Serials Solutions Intota Innovative Interfaces Sierra (evolving)

Competing Models of Library Automation

Convergence Discovery and Management solutions will

increasingly be implemented as matched sets Ex Libris: Primo / Alma Serials Solutions: Summon / Intota OCLC: WorldCat Local / WorldShare Platform Except: Kuali OLE, EBSCO Discovery Service

Both depend on an ecosystem of interrelated knowledge bases

API’s exposed to mix and match, but efficiencies and synergies are lost

Concluding thoughts Urgency to align technology with library

missions Innovate locally Collaborate aggressively collectively Drive strategic development

Reassess expectations of Technology

Many previous assumptions no longer apply

Technology platforms scale infinitely No technical limits on how libraries share

technical infrastructure Cloud technologies enable new ways of

sharing metadata Build flexible systems not hardwired to

any given set of workflows

Reassess workflow and organizational options

ILS model shaped library organizations New Library Services Platforms may

enable new ways to organize how resource management and service delivery are performed

New technologies more able to support strategic priorities and initiatives

Time to engage Transition to new technology models just

underway More transformative development than

in previous phases of library automation Opportunities to partner and collaborate

Vendors want to create systems with long-term value

Question previously held assumptions regarding the shape of technology infrastructure and services

Provide leadership in defining expectations

Questions and discussion