Wildlife Health Management

WILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENTWILDLIFE HEALTH MANAGEMENTDr. A. D. Dr. A. D. KholkuteKholkute

B.B.VScVSc.. & A.H.& A.H.

Treatment of Elephant woundsTreatment of Elephant wounds

Injury

Injection

First Aid Kit

1]Tr. Iodine2] Hydrogen Peroxide3] Boric Powder4]Pot. Permanganate5]Detol6] Sprit7] Cotton Bundle8] Gauge9]Iodex

10] Anti Septic Tube11] Tr. Iodine Spray12] Analgesic Spray13] Oil Turpentine14] Betadin

1] Syringes---------10 ml., 20 ml., 50 ml.2] I |V set3] Scissors , Straight & Curved4] Irrigater5] B.P.Handle & Blades6] Hand Gloves7] Thermometer8] Artery Forceps9] Adhesive Tape

Classification Of DiseasesClassification Of Diseases

1, Contagious1, Contagious——From one animal to otherFrom one animal to otherBacterial, Viral,Fungal & ParasiticBacterial, Viral,Fungal & Parasitic

2, Non Contagious2, Non Contagious3, Fungal Disease3, Fungal Disease4, Protozoan4, Protozoan5, Parasitic5, Parasitic

ContagiousContagious

Spread through direct contacts, Vehicles, HumanSpread through direct contacts, Vehicles, HumanAir, Water, Contaminated Food & WaterAir, Water, Contaminated Food & WaterCommon Grazing landCommon Grazing land

Out Breaks

Precautions & DutiesPrecautions & Duties

** Inform immediately to higher OfficerInform immediately to higher Officer* Do not inform orally* Do not inform orally* Collect information about the suspected * Collect information about the suspected

DiseaseDisease* Symptoms* Symptoms* Mortality, if any* Mortality, if any* Contact * Contact SirpanchSirpanch & tell him to report about the & tell him to report about the out break to Animal Husbandry Dept.in writingout break to Animal Husbandry Dept.in writingImmediately stop the grazing of domestic Immediately stop the grazing of domestic cattle's in Forest area to avoid contactcattle's in Forest area to avoid contact

Foot and Mouth Disease

Turmeric Powder Treatment

Turmeric Powder Treatment Turmeric Powder Treatment

Mr. Shripati (Vehicle Driver)

Determination of Age

Wild HerbivoresWild Herbivores

Spotted Deer, Spotted Deer, SamberSamber

A] Antler A] Antler B] Size ofB] Size of FaecalFaecal matter.matter.C] Wear & tare of TeethC] Wear & tare of Teeth

BLACK BUCK,BISON, OtherBLACK BUCK,BISON, Other

Number of rings on hornsNumber of rings on hornsWear & tare of TeethWear & tare of Teeth

CarnivoresCarnivores

** Wear & tare of teethWear & tare of teeth* Section of Premolar, Molar teeth* Section of Premolar, Molar teeth* Size of Scat* Size of Scat* Size of animal* Size of animal* Pug Marks* Pug Marks

Skull of Tiger

Lower Mandible of Tiger

Canine

IncisorPremolar

Molar

AGE --- 8 - 12 Months

Incisor

Canine

Estimation of the age of Tiger

Pugmark of Tiger

PML

PMB

Male

Female

PML -Below 5 cm. - Small Cat

PML - 5-7 cm. - Leopard

PML -7- 9.5-cm - Aged Leopard

PML -7-10- cm - Tiger Cub

PML - 9 – 17cm - Adult Tiger

Rearing of Orphaned cub to adulthood

Reared in captivity at Bor

Wild animal behavior

Pugmark of a Tiger outside the cage

Hand Rearing of Hyena Cubs

Care of Capture Wild AnimalCare of Capture Wild AnimalKeep away from any disturbancesPrefer Isolate placeDon't disturbReintroduce in the Forest as early as possibleVeterinary carePut a cloth on the cageNo DisplayKeep the animal in Forest to avoid disturbances

Care prior to ReintroductionCare prior to ReintroductionDon't disturb the animalReintroduce the animal where there is presence of the reintroduce animal.Don't reintroduce the wild animal in Evening hours.Area of reintroduction must be sufficient prey base.Selection of site must be having following facilities,Prey baseSufficient waterSafe atmosphere & Shelter. Don't introduce ill , Injured,Weak animal. Take opinion of Veterinarian.

Re-Introduction

Dr. A D Kholkute

General Observations to bedone by forest personals

* Pug Marks* Fecal Samples* Territory Markings* Kill* Different Calls

Different Calls of wild herbivores -

Personal Experience

Wild Animal Looking At Type of Call

Chital Human Wild Carnivores

Once Kruk Continuously Kruk,

Samber Human Carnivores

Bhyak Continuous Bhyak

Monkeys Carnivores Khek Khek

Bison Human Carnivores

Shuuuuuuu Shuuu shuuuuu Shue-------

Chinkara Predator Bhyar Bhyar Bhyar

Nilgay Bhya Bhya Bhya

Alertness and Confidence

Keen Observation

Alertness – Ears Erect

Alertness – Ears Erect

Relax but Alert

Evaluation of Health

Note down the following conditions :

Evaluation Report FormatName of person------------Post----Date of visit-----Compartment no.---

General Health of Wild LifeVery Good--------+ + + [Write 3 plus marks]Good- + + Weak- +Accordingly write down the general health of total wild herbivores in a flock. Write about the abnormalities observed if any.

Name of Vegetables In The CompartmentGrasses----

Fruit trees

Trees

Distance of water sourceNear the compartment or away from compartment

Presence of Mineral Depot [ Salt Lick ]

There are certain areas in the Forest where Minerals are present. Wild animals use to go to that place & licks soil or stones

Distance from VillageGrazing alone in groups or with Domestic HerbivoresOut break of any disease in near by villagesIf yes, immediately report to Higher authority& also inform to near by Govt. Veterinary DoctorNames of Wild Carnivores present in the area

Write down on all above points & submit your report to higher authority for necessary action.With the help of your report monitoring of wild life heath will be possible.Compartments where heath of wild life is weak, more attention is to be given.The conditions in the healthy area are in the record & are with you. Compare it on following points.1] Availability of Grasses, Fruit trees in both areas. In healthy & in weak wild life area.

Note down the difference between two areasTake suitable measures accordingly. Introduce the new verity of trees & grasses in weak sector for better results.2] Other factors like water holes, Common grazing of wild life & domestic animals & mineral depot must be consider on war footage.3] make the weak wild life area like that of healthy area. This will definitely help in improving general health of wild life.4] Collect faecal material from all the area. Get it examined.Collect only random samples & not of each wild life,The above measures will definitely improves the general health of wild life in all ranges.

Difference between Cervidae & Antelopes

Deers [ Mrug Kul ]Only Males are having antlers & are solid

Shedding of antlers every yearPresence of Canine teeth[ Shwa dant ]

In upper jaw

AntilopesHorns are present

No shadding of hornsHorns –Two layers ---Outer & Inner [ Solid ]

Females may have hornsAnnual ring on horns—every year

Presence of lachrymal glands below eyes

Shedding of Antlers

Shedding of AntlersStage 1]— 6 months to 18 years

At the age of 6 month– Bud or Pedicle develops[ Sir par unchaarea 2 gagah par]Having velvet over it.[ Makhamali

khal ki parat.]

Difference between Horn and AntlerDifference between Horn and Antler

Gestation PeriodGestation PeriodLion 110 days Tiger 104 daysLeopard 95-105 daysSloth Bear 7 monthsHyena 84 daysBison 8-9 monthsChinkara 165 daysFour Horned Antelope –240 –250 daysBlack Buck 165-180 days

Gestation PeriodGestation PeriodBlue Bull[ Nil Gay] 8-9 monthsSwamp Deer [ Bara Singha] 6 monthsSamber 8 monthsSpotted Deer 180-210 daysBarking Deer 6 monthsWild Boar 4 months

UREA POISONINGUREA POISONING

Dr.A.D.Kholkute BVSC&AH

Nagpur

Artificial water holes

Artificial water holes

Artificial water holes

Urea Poisoning

Death of Bison due to Urea (Ammonia) Poisoning

Urea (Ammonia) PoisoningUrea (Ammonia) Poisoning

Common FertilizerEasily availableAvailable at subsidized rates to farmers

Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning

Chemical Formula CH4N2ODiamide of carbonic acidWhite crystalline powder&odorlessEasily soluble in waterLiberates ammonia odor

Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning

Poachers use urea to kill wild animalsIntake increases blood urea & ammonia levelToxic dose-100gms in cattle, 10-25gms in goatsBlood ammonia nitrogen level reaches 0.84mg-1.3mg%Rumen content-780mg/100ml

Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--SymptomsSymptoms

Ammonia gas & strong solution of ammonia act as CAUSTIC ALKALISevere ColicStaggering gaitShiveringForced rapid breathingMarked Jugular PulseDeath after violent struggling & bellowing

Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--PM findingsPM findings•Mucous membrane of stomach & intestine - Hemorrhagic patches,

Ulceration & Oedema

•Liver - Enlarged, Pale & Friable

•Skin - Blood spots[ Pin Point]

• Heart , Thymus & Lungs - General passive congestion & hyperemia.

•Kidney--- Cloudy swelling & Necrotic foci

Field Test for detection of Urea in water

pH Paper Test

Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--Diagnosis & Lab testDiagnosis & Lab test

Examine stomach contentpH of water-7.0 & urea-7.2

pH paper test of ruminal fluid

Chemical Test- Heat 5ml water sample, NH3gas liberates & liquid turns turbid-allow it to cool. Add 10ml of water, 1ml 10%NaOH & 0.5ml CuSO4- Reddish violet colour develops1ml sample+1mlHNO3- WHITE CRYST.ppt

Urea PoisoningUrea Poisoning--TreatmentTreatment

½-1gallon 5%acetic acid(vinegar)CNS Depressant-Ergotamines,BarbituratesI/V Glucose or Cal borogluconate

Panchnama Panchnama (FIR) Report and (FIR) Report and Examination of CarcassExamination of Carcass

Panchanama Panchanama (FIR) Report & (FIR) Report & Examination of CarcassExamination of Carcass

Attend the site as early as possibleIsolate the areaDraw map of the areaShow directions i.e. East,WestUse hand glovesCollect samples & doubtful materialWrite down every finding on a paper

Examination Of CarcassExamination Of Carcass

First examine the size of eyesA] Pupil looks rounded, Change in colour of

eyes, Diameter of eyes– 15-16mmTime of death—30 min to 2 hoursB] Decrease in size of pupil, Diameter of

eyes becomes—14-15mm Time of death------3 hrs

Examination Of CarcassExamination Of Carcass

C] pupil becomes smaller in size- wrinkles on eyes, Diameter of eyes—11-12 mmTime of death----6 hrs

D] Colour of eyes becomes ash, Pupil looks much smaller, Diameter of eyes—6-7 mmTime of death—11 hr

E] Eyes go deep in the orbit, Eyes bluishTime of death—30 hrs.

Stage oneFlies & Eggs

•Numerous flies on carcass.•Lays numerous white colour eggs on natural orifices•Mouth•Nose•Eyes•Anus & Vagina•Wounds•Time of death—Appro.–Just after death

*******

Stage Two

1. Presence of MaggotsAfter 8-12 hours

2 PupaeAfter 4-5 days

3 Complete FlyAfter 5 days

Post Mortem changesPost Mortem changesColour of skin turns greenish -12 –18 hrs

Skin- Colourless with blue & greenish spots

36-48 hrs

Prolaps of uterus & anus - 2-3 days

Loss of hairs, nails & teeth - 3-6 days

All organs turns blackish & soft - 6-10 days

Muscles detached from bones - 6-10 days

Rupture of rumen - 6-10 days

Site Map (Collection of Evidences)

Liquor bottleRope

Electric wire

Poison

cigarette

Vomite

Bidi Bundle

Water

Cloth

GlassProhibited area Tyre marks

Footwear

Foot impression

Matchbox

Bullet Mark on tree

Axe

Main electric supply

Dead cattle

WEST

EAST

Wounds

SOUTH

NORTH

Presence of Fly and numerous Eggs

Just after

death of

animal

Presence of Maggots after 10 to 12 hours of death

Emergence of wings after 4 to 5 days

Complete fly after 5 days

Changes on Carcass

12 to 18 hrs. Greenish coloration on skin

36 to 48 hrs. Greenish and bluish spots on skin followed by discoloration

2 to 3 days – Prolapse of Anus and Uterus

3 to 6 days –falling of hairs, nails and tooth

5 to 10 days - Rupture of stomach, intestine turns black, detachment of muscles from bone

Skeletal of Tiger

Male Female

Pelvic girdle

Material Needed At Time Of Post Mortem

A] Formalin----------------10% , 40%Common saltGlycerin Saline 50%Thermo cools Square & Round IceEthyl AlcoholSprit

B] Wide Mouth Bottles [ Pearl Pet]

250 gr. 500gr. 1 Kg, 2 Kg. [ 6 Each]

Empty Air Tight Plastic Bags 1 to 2 Doz.

Sharp Knife

Scissor

Forceps

B.P. Handles & Blades

Glass Slides

Sprit Lamp

Spatula

Pipette

Empty Injection Vials, 10 ml., 30 ml. 50ml.

Absorbent Cotton

Cloth for Packing

Thread bundle & needles

Hand gloves

C] Metal seal of officeResin steak [ Lakh]CandlesMatch boxNote bookPencilStickersMeasuring tapeSticking tapeCamera & colour roleVernier calliper

Sending of materialsBacterial DiseasesUse Wide Mouth Bottles Only.1] Liver, Spleen. Kidneys, Lymph Nodes, Lungs & Brain

With out preservatives if distance is short.[ Only On ICE. ]

2] In Delay—25% Glycerin Saline.Send Larger Pieces.

Toxicological PurposeTo Forensic LaboratoryUse Wide Mouth Bottles Only.Only on ICE or DRY ICEUse Thermo Cool Boxes. Put Sample bottles & Put sufficient Ice around the bottles.Stomach with contents,Ileum & Colon tie their ends tightly.0.5 Kg. LiverOne or both KidneysAdipose tissue.Contents of Urinary Bladder.Vomits, Hairs etc.

Guide- Lines For Submitting Samples In Out breaks & for Forensic Work USE HAND GLOVES WHILE COLLECTING SAMPLES

1] Viral MaterialSamples collected must be SEND ON ICE ONLY.Sterile 50% Glycerol Soln.[ 5-10 volume]is added in the WIDE MOUTH Sample bottle.Dispatch on Ice, Dry Ice or Ice BagsHeart Blood, Blood Serum & Cerebrospinal fluid is to be forwarded in Refrigerated Sterile Vials.Rabies- Entire Head in Water tight Metal container on Ice or Dry Ice.Brain- Divide Brain in two parts between Cerebral Hemispheres.

One part-In undiluted Neutral.Other Hemisphere- 10% Formalin

Small Dead BirdsImmersed in 5 % Lysol Soln.Wrapped in Lysol soaked cheese cloth on Dry Ice.

Parasites70% Ethyl alcohol

Or5% Formalin

H.P.Work0.5 cm. block in 10% Formalin

1 Part commercial Formaldehyde

Tranquilisation Gun

Tranquilisation kit

Parts of Dart

Head

Feather or Stabilizer

Complete dart

Tranquilised a spotted deer

TRANQUILISATIONTRANQUILISATION

Why ? For veterinary work.Research workTransportationProblematic casesOther work

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

Easy to handle the wild animalSafe to bothMinimum chance of dangerConditionLimited man powerMedicine dose –small quantity

ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL INFRASTUCTUREINFRASTUCTURE

Man powerTranquilisation gunMedicine & antidote

Transportation cagesStretcher, gunny bags & grassGood vehicle

PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO PRECAUTIONS PRIOR TO TRANQUILISATIONTRANQUILISATION

Check all necessary infrastructureMedicine & antidoteAvoid tranquilisation near water source , in hot atmosphere, in night hours, lame animal, pregnant animal, mother with cub, wild animal on treeSpecial troop to control mobPresence of veterinarian with essential life saving medicine & instrument

SELECTION OF MEDECINESELECTION OF MEDECINE

Minimum Dose, Maximum Concentration & maximum EffectHarmlessAntidoteHarmless To Human

C.N.S. DEPRESENTC.N.S. DEPRESENTTERMINOLOGYTERMINOLOGY

TranquiliserCalmness reduce tensionAnalgesicPain reliever

SEDATIONMake them sleep, to calm depressionFeelings of unhappiness, hopelessness

HYPNOTICSRelaxed or drowsy stateProducing sleep

NARCOTICSDrowsiness, unconsciousnessAddictive drug which affects mood orbehaviour

DISSOCIATIVESeparate, two different drugs

TRAN. MEDECINESTRAN. MEDECINES

TRANQUILISER-----Acepromazine,vallium, dizepam,promazine, azaperone

HYPNOTICS& SEDATIVES----Chloral hydrate, barbiturates, magnesium

sulphate

NARCOTICS & ANALGESIC-------Opium,etorphine,m-99, immobilon innover vet.Dissociative-------Combination of two different drugs

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ACTION OF DRUGACTION OF DRUG

Innoculation siteDrug combinationKind of animal----promazine not used in carnivores, etorphine hcl not used infelidaeSex & seasonWeight of animal

MENTAL STATE OF ANIMALFeedingHealth of animal

SIGNS OF ANAESTHESIASIGNS OF ANAESTHESIA

Change in behaviourClosing of eyelidsUnable to walkSalivationGoes away from groupFall down on groundNumbness of tail

Precautions after Precautions after immobilisationimmobilisation

Shift the animal in a cageKeep head in elevated position i.e. on a gunny bag filled with grassSternum recumbence positionKeep calmness, Avoid direct sun lightput cloth on eyes & on cageGive antidote

COMMON DRUGS & DOSESCOMMON DRUGS & DOSES

Diazepam -- 1—3.5 mg/ kg b.W.Acepromazine male—1-2 mg/kg b.W.Xylazine hcl-----1-2mg/kg b.W.Anti dote---yohimbine hcl- antagogilKETAMINE hcl—2-50mg/kg b.W. To check salivation-Atropin sul.-0.05ml/kg b.W.

HELLABRUNN MIX.HELLABRUNN MIX.---- H.B.M.H.B.M.Combination of ketamine & xylazineConcentration —1ml=100mgDose —successfully immobilised leopard, tigress,spotted deer

Dr.A.D.Kholkute,dr.S.V.Upadhe.Dr.V.M.Dhoot & shri kishor mishrikotkar

Leopard—Male ,Wight 50 kg. —X 150 mg. and K 100 mg. On dated 15-10-2000

Leopard -- Male ,Wight 80-90 Kg. — K150mg and X 150 mg

On dated 27-11-2000

Spotted deer — X 100 mg. and K 100 mg.(Adult male)

Leopards (4 in number)-- X-125mg + K 125 mg.per animal

On dated-27-09-2007

Tigress-{ at bor sanctuary ] K 150 mg. + X 150 mg.

DOSESDOSES

TIGRESS adult —X 250mg and K 200mgLeopard — 1.5mlSloth bear — 2-3.5mlWolf — 1-1.5mlHyaena — 1-1.5mlCivet cat — 0.25ml

Suggested by Dr. B. M. Arora

DOSESDOSES

Wild herbivores -Chital — 3 - 5ml.Barsinga — 4 ml.Samber — 6-7ml.Black buck — 2.75ml.

Other essential drugsOther essential drugsAtropin sul. --- Checks excessive salivationHyaluronidase -- enzyme prep. for rapid absorption

Dexamethy sulfoxide- increases drug absorptionVit. E-- protect muscles from oxidative

damage

Doxapram hcl----- Res. StimulantYohimbine----------C.N.S. StimulantAdrenaline----------heart stimulantDexamethasone— anti inflammat.

anti shockSod. Bi carb.------ adjust blood acid

balance

Balanced i/v fluid—ringers lactatedRinger soln increases renal perfusion to combat shock

DARTING EQUIPMENTDARTING EQUIPMENT

Blow pipe---- 1-8 m pneumatic blowpipe mod. 45- 20 mGas pistol 35 n-------------- 40 mGas rifle model 50-------- 50 mModel 30 [small cartrige]---- 25 mSyringe projector mod.------ 60 m

CARTRIDGE TYPE & CARTRIDGE TYPE & DISTANCEDISTANCE

Blue 1-12 mRed 10-20 mYellow 5-25 mBrown 25-40 mWhite 30-35 mBlack 45-70 M

CANULA [ NEEDLES]CANULA [ NEEDLES]

1, Smooth2, Barbed3, Collar

SELECTION OF CANULASELECTION OF CANULA

16 mm---------Spotted deer, Monkey, 19 mm----------Samber, Black buck,

Leopard, Hyena28 mm---------Samber [M], Blue bull,

Tiger, lion32-38 mm-----Gour, Bear, Zebra45-51 mm----------Rhino51-63 mm------------Elephant

AIR PRESSUREAIR PRESSURE

4-8 BAR 20 m.5 BAR 10ml. DART8 BAR 10 ml. 20 ml. and 30ml.

Transportation cagesTransportation cages

Types of cages1] Transportation Cage------ For Transportation Only2] Squeeze Cage---------------For Treatment3] Bait Cage--------------------For Capturing

Sizes Of Cages Of CagesTransportation Cage –L-8 Feet, W- 5&1/2 Feet, H.- 4&1/2 FeetSqueeze Cage-----L – 8&1/2Feet, W-5&1/2 Feet, H.- 4 Feet Bait Cage---------L- 8 Feet, W- 4 Feet, H – 4 Feet

Care to be taken prior to Reintroduction ofCaptured Wild Animal

Complete information of the reintroducing area.Not too far from captured area.Sufficient Man power.Proper condition of transporting cage.Sufficient cloth to cover cage.Good vehicle.Silent atmosphere.Do not rescue in night hours.Do not rescue at hot time.Reintroduce only in the area where rescue wild life is present.Information about Prey & Predator ratioEarly morning is proper time of rescue. . Wild animals take time to come out of the cage. So don’t compel them for early coming.Many a times animal comes out of the cage & use to observe the surrounding area. It may attach the person who opened the cage get. So proper care must be taken prior to rescue.

Care at time of transportGo as early as possible.

Avoid human contact.

Do not waste time at Dhaba or hotel.

Be in Govt. Uniform.

Get the captured animal examined by a Veterinary Doctor [Graduate]before release.

POST MORTEM-FINDINGS

Electric Shock

Face-Pale, Eyes-Congested, Pupils-Dilated R.M. appearance early.Entrance & Exit Marks greenish white circular spots are seen ate Entrance & Exit spot.Lungs-congested & oedematous.Brain-congested.Peteachial Haemorrahages-under endocardium, Pericardium, Pleura, Drain & Spinal cord.Necrosis of blood vessel walls.Death due to paralysis of medulary centre.(Respl.)

Lightning Stock

Current 1000 million volts even more.

Blast like lesions.

Contusions, Laceration, Fracture, Rupture of organs.

R.M. soon & disappear quickly.

Hemorrhage brain

Patchily Hemorrhage-Pericardium &Lungs.

Contraction of Heart, Blood- thin or coagulate

Contact skin (part)-Blackish. Red Skin & Hairs-Burning

Snake Bite

Impression of two Teeth at site of bite.

Swelling & blooding from bite portion

Blood thin &Puree color.

Patchily Hemorrhage on vital organs

Starvation

All organs-Reduced in size & weight except BrainSkin-Inelastic, PigmentedFat-Absent subcutaneous EdemaHairs-No shiningHeart-Smaller in size & chambers are emptyLungs-Pale, Collapsed.Bowel Contains-offensive odor & gases Liver-atrophied & show necrosisWall of Intestine-Looks like tissue paperSpleen-ShrunkenKidney-Atrophy Urinary Bladder-EmptyBlood volume-Reduced, Anemia

Organ phosphorus poisons-(Derived from phosphoric acid)

[Malathion,Dimefox, alkali-phosphate tik 20]-Aryl-phosphateSigns of AsphyxiaCyanosis of lips, toesBlood stained froth from mouth & Nostrils (NOSE)Stomach contains-Kerosene smellMucosa of stomach-Congested with patchily hemorrhages.Respiratory passage-congested having frothy hemorrhagic exudates.Lungs-Gross Congestion, excusive edema & sub pleural patchier.Internal organs-congested & poeticize.ENDRIN-Mouth & Stomach contents-Kerosene smellZINK PHOSPHATE-Garlicky odor of stomach contents Blood cherry Red, fatty Degeneration -neuroses

Chart Showing Age of Chart Showing Age of Puberty, Puberty, GastrationGastration PeriodPeriod

S.no. Name of Wild Animal

Puberty Age (years)

Mating Season

Castration Period

Delivery Month

Life Span in year

1. Common Hanuman Languor

3-4 End of April to August. Through out year

6 Month Jan. to March

25 years

2. Tiger 3-4 After Rainy Season

104 Days Feb. to May

15-20

3. Leopard 2-3 T.O.Y. 95-110 Days

T.O.Y. 12-20

4. Hyaena 4 Winter 84 Days Summer 20

5. Wild Dogs 3 Nov./Dec. 60-62 Days

Jan. to Feb.

20-22

6. Jackal 3 T.O.Y. 63 Days T.O.Y. 10-15

7. Wolf 3-4 End of Rainy Season

61-63 Days

Dec. 15-20

S.no. Name of Wild Animal

Puberty Age (years)

Mating Season

Castration Period

Delivery Month

Life Span in year

8. Bison 3-4 March to May

9 Month Nov. to March

20-30

9. Wild-Buff 3-4 After Rainy Season August/sept.

9 Month March to May

20-

10. Chinkara 2.5 April to May & T.O.Y.

165 Oct. to Feb.

12-15

11. Four Horned Antelope

2-3 Summer 8-8.5 Oct. to Feb.

15

12. Black Buck

19-23 Month

Feb. to March

165 Days Dec. On wards

12-15

13. Blue Bull 25 Month T.O.Y. 8-9 Month ------------ 20 Year

14. Samberg 4 Years Nov. to Dec.

8 Month on Wards

May to June

20

15. Spotted Deer

4 Years Summer Winter Max. in May

210-215 Days

Sept. Onwards

20-25

DiseasesSymptoms, Transition & P.M. charges resembles to the counter part species.

Bacterial DiseasesTuberculosis

Monkeys &Dears are susceptible. Chronic & Contagious disease. Dry cough, Loss of weight, dull hair coat, Dispend, & Depression.Diagnosis

Tuberculin test, sputum culture & occasionally from faecal culture.Tuberculin Test

0.1 ml. of tuberculin is injected intradermly in the middle of cervical region. (on neck area) Diffused o demotes swelling with

not feeling-After 72 hoursIn Primates

Thoracic ‘x’ rayTuberculin Test

By injecting 10000 units of old mammalian tuberculin (0.5-1ml) intradermally in to the skin of each eyelid with Tuberculin syringe & needle.

Treatment-Streptomycin daily for first 2 moths, 15 mg/kg B.W. After wards Twice weekly for 10 months.Ionized tab.-Daily for first two moths.5 mg/kg B.W. vat B 6Necropsy Findings-Lesions are seen in Lungs Nodular lesions with pus.Organ affected-lungs, pleura, liver, peritoneum, kidney &spleen. Regional lymphnode.PasturellosisAcute & chronic form.Chervils & Bovines are affected Elephant & Rhinos are also susceptible.Symptoms-are rarely observed.In Deer-Nasal, oral discharge & prostration.Bison’s-Swelling over neck region. hot & painful.P.M. Findings-Hemorrhagic lungs & pleura & pericardium.Musculature of body is pink & edematous Lymph nodes are swollen & hemorrhagic. Patchily hemorrhage on Various tissues.Treatment-Streptomycin 10-15 mg per lb. b/w (2.2 lb=1kg)Evading 33.5% I/V 100.200 ml

3. LeptospirosisDeer, Antilopes, swamp deer, chinkara, and one tiger.Lepto, enter the body through m.m. of the eyes, nose, mouth or through abraded skin.Contaminated water & food by urine.Organism, localized in kidney, liver.

Symptoms- Jaundice, Inter mitten fever abortion.Lab.Exa.-Microscopic exa. of sediment of urine. Send kidney & liver pieces in 10% Formalin for H.P.Treatment-Penicillin & Tetracycline for 7-10 days

Anthrax-acute septic, disease. Hyper pyrexia.Soil born infection-Bleeding from natural orifices. Sudden death. Birds also spread diseases.Irradiated from- Spores are present in alimentary tract of birds.India-Rhinos in airing Asiatic Elephant Wild Herbivores Carnivores.NO.P.M.Lab.exa-Blood smears, ear piece should be sent to lab.Treatment-Crystalline penicillin 40.80 lakes crys4 - 40 lakes at 6 hour Interval Anti Anthrax serum 100-200 ml I/V

Viral Diseases

F.M.D.Natural hosts-cattle, yak, gaur, bison, mithun wild dogs, Deer, Antilopes, Camel, Elephant. sheep & goatsStrains-OAC Asia 1, sat 1, 2,3In India-OAC Asia 1Acute & highly contagious disease in wild herbivores

SymptomsVesicles or Erosions in mucosa of mouthRise in TempVesicles in cleft of hoofSalivationLamenessStarvationUnable to Drink

Treatment

Very difficult to treat wild herbivores in in-situcondition.

I came across an out break of F.M.D. at Navergaon National Park, Dist. Bhandara[M.S.]. 5-6 Bison’s died due to this disease. Though the mortality is less but I observed 6-8% Mortality

HistoryThere was out break of F.M.D. in near cattle. The

area of out break was very near to National Park.

Local Cattle & wild herbivores use to graze together in Forest. So due to this disease spread in the Bosons, out break in cattle occurred in octs.2001. Out break in Bison was reported on 6-5-2002.

It was not possible to Tranquilise every Bison for treatment. So a thought came in my mind to treat the Bison’s on Artificial water holes.(Summer Season)

Line of Treatment-“Water hole Treatment”

1. First all artificial water holes were identified. Filled them with fresh water

Added – Khuren, Homeopathy medicine 15 bottles in each water hole Twice daily

Pot, permanganate-3%

Cephalexin

Vimerol liquid

2. Area around 10-15 feet was first soaked with water by spraying water.

3. Sprayed Turmeric powder on soaked area.

4. Above medication was done Twice daily

Very Good results were observed.

Rinder-Pest

Highly Contagious viral disease.Symptoms-High fever, erosive steatites, gastro enteritis DiarrheaDisease spread from infected Domestic animals.Outbreak - Barasinga (Kanha 1967)Gaur, Nilgai, Samber, Spotted deer & Four horned antelopesP.M. Findings-Necrotic ulcers on buccal m.m.(brain like)Skin Irruption. Large Intestine-Zebra MarkingIleum -Necrosis & deep ulcers (payers patches)Upper Resp.tract - patchierBladder & Vagina- ------!!-------.Samples for Lab. Work & Confirmation-Sample of spleen Blood, liver, IntestineIn 50% Buffered glycerin- Saline or In plastic bages ON ICE.H.P.-Tissues in 10% Formalin

DENTITION

1.Tiger

2{ I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 3/2 M- 1/1 } = 30

2.Bovines/Cervids

2 { I- 0/4 C- 0/0 P- 3/3 M- 3/3 }= 32

3.Hyeana/Wolf

2 { I- 3/3 C- 1/1 P- 4/4 M- 2/3 }= 42

Thank you, have a nice time.