We can use Adjectives to compare two or more people, places ...
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We can use Adjectives to compare two or more people, places or things. For
example:
1. This boy is tall.
2. His brother is taller than him.
3. Their father is the tallest in the family.
Adjectives change in form to show comparison. These are called degrees of
comparison. There are three degrees of comparison:
1. The positive Degree
This is the first degree where the adjective denotes some quality of a person
or thing without making any comparison; as—
This boy is tall.
2. The comparative Degree
This is the second degree where the adjective denotes a higher degree of
quality while comparing two persons or things; as—
His brother is taller than him.
3. The superlative Degree
This is the third degree where the adjective denotes the highest degree of
quality while comparing more two persons or things; as—
Their father is the tallest member in the family.
Read the comparison in the following examples:
a) The chair is comfortable (Positive degree)
Subject – English Language (Class – V)
Topic- 4 Comparison of Adjectives
b) The sofa is more comfortable (Comparative degree)
c) The bed is the most comfortable. (Superlative degree)
1. We usually add -er to the adjective to make the comparative degree and
-est to the adjective to make the superlative degree.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Clean Cleaner cleanest
fast faster Fastest high Higher highest
slow Slower Slowest small smaller smallest
soft Softer softest 2. If the adjective ends in e, we just add –r to form the comparative and –st
to form the superlative degree.
Positive Comparative Superlative
able abler ablest close Closer Closest
fine finer finest
Large larger largest Safe Safer safest
wise wiser wisest 3. If the adjective is a short word and it ends in a consonant having a single
vowel in the middle, we double the consonant then add –er to make the
comparative and –est to make the superlative degree.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Big Bigger biggest sad Sadder Saddest
slim slimmer Slimmest
Thin thinner thinnest Wet wetter wettest
Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees
4. If the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, we change the y into –i
and add –er to make the comparative and –est to make the superlative
degree.
Positive Comparative Superlative
easy Easier Easiest
happy Happier happiest
heavy heavier heaviest
lovely Lovelier loveliest
pretty prettier prettiest
Tiny tinier Tiniest
5. If the adjective has two or more than two syllables, we add more before
the adjective to make the comparative degree and most before the adjective
to make the superlative degree.
Positive Comparative Superlative
beautiful more beautiful Most beautiful
comfortable more comfortable most comfortable
difficult more difficult most difficult
exciting more exciting most exciting
handsome more handsome most handsome
interesting more interesting most interesting
A few adjectives do not form their comparative and superlative degrees in
any of the ways described above. The comparative and superlative degree of
these adjectives are different words, called irregular degrees.
Positive Comparative Superlative
bad Worse Worst
far farther/further Farthest/furthest
good Better Best
little Less least
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Degrees
much More most
many more most
old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
The comparative degree is mostly followed by –than.
Example : John is taller than Ankit.
A superlative degree is generally preceded by –the.
Example : Rahul is the tallest boy in the class.
Never use double comparative or superlatives. For Example:
1. Alia is the most prettiest girl in the school. (incorrect)
Alia is the prettiest girl in the school. (correct)
2. John is more stronger than Anil. (incorrect)
John is stronger than Anil. (correct)
Some adjectives when used in comparative degree are not followed by
than. They are followed by –to. For example:
1. She is senior to me in service.
2. He is junior to me in age.
3. This shirt is inferior to that.
Simile
Comparison of one thing with another is called simile. The similarity between
two things is usually made clear by words as….as and like . For example:
1. as blind as a bat
2. as brave as a lion
3. as soft as silk
Remember
4. like scattered sheep
5. a face like a mask
6. like the eyes of a hawk
A. Write the comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives:
Comparative Superlative
1. Ugly _____________ _____________
2. Crazy _____________ _____________
3. Shallow ____________ _____________
4. Generous _____________ _____________
5. Handsome _____________ _____________
6. Hardworking _____________ _____________
7. Obedient _____________ _____________
8. Proud _____________ _____________
9. Graceful _____________ _____________
10. Delicious _____________ _____________
B. Fill in the blanks with the comparative form of the given adjectives:
1. Mumbai is __________ than Chennai.
2. Alka is __________ than Richa.
3. My brother is __________ than me.
4. This box is __________ than that one.
5. December is _________ than March.
C. Fill in the blanks with the superlative form of the given adjectives:
Exercises
(big)
(intelligent)
(young)
(heavy)
(cold)
1. January is the__________ month of the year.
2. Mt. Everest is the__________ peak in the world.
3. This is the __________ story book I have ever read.
4. Mr Gupta is the __________ of all my friends.
5.Juhi is the __________girl in the class.
6. You have given your __________ in this test.
D. Fill in the blanks with the positive, comparative or superlative degrees of
adjectives. Add –er or –est wherever required:
1.Mumbai is the _________ of all Indian cities.
2. A cat is __________ than a dog.
3. Rajni is ________ than Reema.
4. A horse runs __________ than an ox.
5. I prefer to take __________ milk.
6. Mr Mehta is a _________man.
7. Agra is _________ than Kolkata to Delhi.
E. Fill in the blanks choosing suitable adjectives from the box given below:
1. as __________ as a kitten . 4. as _________ as a tiger.
2. as__________ as a bat. 5. as _________ as a bull.
3. as __________ as a lamb. 6. as__________ as a lark.
(cold)
(high)
(interesting)
(rich)
(pretty)
(good)
(hot)
(big)
(smart)
(fast)
(hot)
(prosperous)
(near)
(big)
(small)
(tall)
(fast)
(hot)
(rich)
(near)
happy fierce strong gentle blind playful
SStClass-5
L-ConservationofEnvironment
Meaningofconservation
Itisimportantthatweconserveournaturalresourcesanddonotdamageourenvironment.
Conservationisthepreventionofdamageandtheprotectionoftheenvironment.Wecanprotectour
environmentbypracticingthe4R's-Reduce,Reuse,RecycleandRefuse.
Followingarethestepstoprotectourenvironment.
1.Weshouldusethegarbagebinstothrowwastematerialorhouseholdgarbage.
2.Weshouldnotthrowthegarbageonpublicplaces.
3.Weshouldnotthrowanythingonstreets,drainsorrivers.
4.Weshouldnotspitorurinateanywhereontheroadoratpublicplaces.
Wastegenerationanddisposal
Waste-Anymaterialwhichisnolongerusefultousiscalledwaste.Itconsistsoffruits,vegetables
peels,oldnewspapersandmagazines
KindsofWaste
Biodegradablewaste:Thiskindofwaste
isobtainedfrom plantsandanimalswhich
roteasilyandmixwiththesoil.Vegetable
andfruitpeels,kitchenwaste,meatand
bones,flowers,leavesandpaperareallbio-
degradable.Micro-organismssuchas
bacteria,fungiandearthwormshelpto
decomposesuchwaste.
Non-biodegradablewaste:Ihewastethas
doesnotrotandremainsinthe
environmentforalongertimeiscalledd
non-biodegradablewaste.Plasticgoods
metalcans,syntheticglassbottlesand
silverfoilsareallnon-biodegradable.Ifno
disposedproperly,theychokedrains,clog
thelandandwaterbodiesandpolluteour
surroundings.Wastegeneratedfrom the
partsofelectronicgoodssuchas
computers,mobilephonesandtelevisions
haveleadinthem,whichispoisonous.
Theseareknownaselectronicwasteore-
waste.
Smartwaystodisposewaste
Incities,alargeamountofsolidwasteis
generatedeveryday.Thiswastecanbe
disposedoffbyusingthefollowing
methods:
Landfills:Deepditchesaredugintothe
groundtodumpwaste.Whenthepit15
filled,itiscoveredwithsoil.Overthe
years,garbageinthelandfillsrotsandis
absorbedbythesoil.Parksandgardensare
alsobuiltoverthem.Mostofthelandfills
arefoundintheoutskirtsofthecity.
Compostpits:Itisagoodmethodfor
disposingkitchenwasteandother
biodegradablewaste,Inthisprocess,
kitchenwasteisburiedinadeeppitwhich
iscovered.Withtime,thewasterotsand
becomescompost(highgrademanure).
Cropsgrownusingthiskindofmanureare
healthierascomparedtoonesgrownwith
chemicalfertilizersandarecalledas
organicfood.
Burning:Wasteiscollectedandthen
burnt.Everyoneshouldseparatehouse-holdwastessuchaspaper,kitchenwaste,
metalandglass.Thisiscalledwaste
segregation.Inthismethod,onlypaper
andkitchenwasteisburnt.
Opendumping:Wasteistakenfaraway
from townsandcitiesanddumpedinlarge
exposedareas.Thepilesofgarbagerotand
aregraduallyabsorbedintosoil.Disposing
ofwasteinthiswaypollutesthe
environment.
Reducingwaste
Tosaveourenvironment,wemust1OlOw
the4Rs-Refuse,Reduce,Reuseand
Recycle.
Refusethethingsthatcreate
garbage.Forexample,forshoppingcarry
yourownclothbagandrefusetheplastic
baggivenbytheshopkeeper.Say"No'to
paper-bills,alwaysaskfore-bills.
Reduce:Reducetheuseofthingswhich
generategarbagelikeplasticbottles,metal
cansetc.Wegenerallybuymorethanwhat
weneedandthendisposeoutsomeofit.
Forexample,ifwebuytoomanyfruits,
someofthem rotandhavetobethrown
away,therebyincreasinggarbage.Wemust
buyasperourneed,itwillreducegarbage.
Reuse:Insteadofdisposingawayplastic
bottle,theycanbeusedtostorewater.Used
glassjarscanbereusedtostorethingsin
thekitchen.Shoppingbagsanddusterscan
bemadefrom oldclothes.
Recycle:Thingsthatcannotbereusedcan
beusedtomakeotherusefulthings.Thisis
knownasrecycling.Thewastecollector
(kabadiwala),whobuysoldnewspapers,
magazines,plastics,glassandmetalwastes
takestheseforrecycling.Plastic,metaland
glasspiecesaremeltedandmadeintonew
things.Paperisalsorecycled.
Wecanevenrecyclethewaterweuseinour
kitchentowaterplants.
Questions-
1.Whatisbiodegradablewaste?
2.Whatarecompostpits?
3Nameanythreenon-biodegradablewaste
4Whatisrecycling.
5.Namethepoisonousmetalpresentine-waste.
6.Distinguishbetweenbiodegradableandnon-biodegradablewaste.Givetwoexamplesofeach.
7.Writeaboutthefourmethodsofwastedisposal.
8.Howdoesaplasticbagharm theenvironment?
9.Writeashortnoteonelectronicwaste(e-waste).
Social Studies
Class-5
Chapter 3.
Movement of the earth The earth is constantly moving around the sun. It moves in two ways rotation
and revolution. The movement of Earth on its axis is called rotation. The
movement of the earth around the sun is known as revolution both this
movements take place simultaneously.
Rotation causes day and night. Revolution causes change in seasons.
Rotation of the earth
The earth has its own axis on which it rotates. The axis of the Earth is an
imaginary line that passes straight from the North Pole to the South Pole
to the centre of the earth it is tilted at an angle of 23. 1/2° from the plane
of the centre of the earth. It takes 24 hours for the earth to complete one
rotation
Day and night Occurrence of day and night is the most important consequence of
Earth's rotation as the Earth rotates, a part of it gets sunlight and
experiences day. The part which does not face the sun experiences
night and remains dark this takes place alternatively because the Earth
rotates constantly. The earth's rotation also causes tides and influences
the direction of the wind. Another not noticeable consequence of the
earth's rotation is reflected in our dates
Revolution of the earth The Earth revolves around the sun in fixed and elliptical orbit. It takes
one year or 365 1/4days to complete one revolution however, a normal
calendar constitutes only 365 days. Then where does those 1/4 day or 6
hours go?
This part of the day or hours is accumulated for 4 years till it totals 24
hours this extra day is added to the month of February every fourth year.
So in every fourth year, February has 29 days such a year is known as
leap year. Thus, year comprises of 366 days.
Seasons on the earth
Seasons are caused due to the revolution and axial tilt of the earth.
Summer, winter, spring and autumn are the four distinct season we
experience on earth.
While revolving around the sun, the earth is tilted to one side. The half of
the earth that is tilted towards the sun gets longer hours of sunlight and
experiences summer. The half that is tilted away from the sun has lesser
hours of sunlight and experiences winter.
1. When the North Pole is tilted towards the sun, the South Pole is tilted
away from the sun as in June at this time the northern hemisphere
experiences summer and the southern hemisphere experiences winter.
2. When the South Pole is tilted towards the sun, the North Pole is tilted
away from it as in December therefore the southern hemisphere
experiences summer and the northern hemisphere experiences winter at
this time.
3. In March and September, both the poles are at an equal distance from
the sun. In March, therefore, the northern hemisphere has spring and the
southern hemisphere has autumn. In the September the northern
hemisphere has autumn and the southern hemisphere has spring.
Therefore when it is summer in India, it is winter in Australia and when it
is autumn in India, it is spring in Australia.
The revolution of the earth and its tilted Axis are responsible for causing
the seasons.
_________________________________________________________
Words to remember 1. Tilted: Not straight; slanting
2. Axis: imaginary line along with something spins
3. Orbit: fixed path on which the planets move around the sun
_________________________________________________________
Exercises A. Fill in the blanks.
1_____and____are two movement of the earth.
2. The earth completes one revolution in______.
3. The Earth revolves around the sun in a fixed path called an_____.
4. The earth's rotation also causes____and influences directions
of______.
B. Tick (✓) the correct answers.
1. The earth spins from:
a east to west b. West to east c East to North
2. The axis of the Earth is tilted at an angle of:
a.23.4°. b22 1\2° c.23. 1/2°
3. The revolution of the earth causes:
a. Change of seasons. b. Tides. c. Day and night
4. A leap year occurs in every:
a. 5 years. b 4 years. c. 3 years
Answer these questions:
1. Why do we not feel rotation?
2 what is the axis of the earth?
3 what is revolution?
4 how are seasons caused?
5. Name four seasons of the earth?
6. How are days and nights caused?
6. Why does Australia experience winter in June?
7. All parts of the earth experience day and night every 24 hours. Why?
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