We can use Adjectives to compare two or more people, places ...

We can use Adjectives to compare two or more people, places or things. For

example:

1. This boy is tall.

2. His brother is taller than him.

3. Their father is the tallest in the family.

Adjectives change in form to show comparison. These are called degrees of

comparison. There are three degrees of comparison:

1. The positive Degree

This is the first degree where the adjective denotes some quality of a person

or thing without making any comparison; as—

This boy is tall.

2. The comparative Degree

This is the second degree where the adjective denotes a higher degree of

quality while comparing two persons or things; as—

His brother is taller than him.

3. The superlative Degree

This is the third degree where the adjective denotes the highest degree of

quality while comparing more two persons or things; as—

Their father is the tallest member in the family.

Read the comparison in the following examples:

a) The chair is comfortable (Positive degree)

Subject – English Language (Class – V)

Topic- 4 Comparison of Adjectives

b) The sofa is more comfortable (Comparative degree)

c) The bed is the most comfortable. (Superlative degree)

1. We usually add -er to the adjective to make the comparative degree and

-est to the adjective to make the superlative degree.

Positive Comparative Superlative

Clean Cleaner cleanest

fast faster Fastest high Higher highest

slow Slower Slowest small smaller smallest

soft Softer softest 2. If the adjective ends in e, we just add –r to form the comparative and –st

to form the superlative degree.


able abler ablest close Closer Closest

fine finer finest

Large larger largest Safe Safer safest

wise wiser wisest 3. If the adjective is a short word and it ends in a consonant having a single

vowel in the middle, we double the consonant then add –er to make the

comparative and –est to make the superlative degree.


Big Bigger biggest sad Sadder Saddest

slim slimmer Slimmest

Thin thinner thinnest Wet wetter wettest

Formation of Comparative and Superlative Degrees

4. If the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, we change the y into –i

and add –er to make the comparative and –est to make the superlative

degree.


easy Easier Easiest

happy Happier happiest

heavy heavier heaviest

lovely Lovelier loveliest

pretty prettier prettiest

Tiny tinier Tiniest

5. If the adjective has two or more than two syllables, we add more before

the adjective to make the comparative degree and most before the adjective

to make the superlative degree.


beautiful more beautiful Most beautiful

comfortable more comfortable most comfortable

difficult more difficult most difficult

exciting more exciting most exciting

handsome more handsome most handsome

interesting more interesting most interesting

A few adjectives do not form their comparative and superlative degrees in

any of the ways described above. The comparative and superlative degree of

these adjectives are different words, called irregular degrees.


bad Worse Worst

far farther/further Farthest/furthest

good Better Best

little Less least

Irregular Comparative and Superlative Degrees

much More most

many more most

old Older/elder Oldest/eldest

The comparative degree is mostly followed by –than.

Example : John is taller than Ankit.

A superlative degree is generally preceded by –the.

Example : Rahul is the tallest boy in the class.

Never use double comparative or superlatives. For Example:

1. Alia is the most prettiest girl in the school. (incorrect)

Alia is the prettiest girl in the school. (correct)

2. John is more stronger than Anil. (incorrect)

John is stronger than Anil. (correct)

Some adjectives when used in comparative degree are not followed by

than. They are followed by –to. For example:

1. She is senior to me in service.

2. He is junior to me in age.

3. This shirt is inferior to that.

Simile

Comparison of one thing with another is called simile. The similarity between

two things is usually made clear by words as….as and like . For example:

1. as blind as a bat

2. as brave as a lion

3. as soft as silk

Remember

4. like scattered sheep

5. a face like a mask

6. like the eyes of a hawk

A. Write the comparative and superlative forms of these adjectives:

Comparative Superlative

1. Ugly _____________ _____________

2. Crazy _____________ _____________

3. Shallow ____________ _____________

4. Generous _____________ _____________

5. Handsome _____________ _____________

6. Hardworking _____________ _____________

7. Obedient _____________ _____________

8. Proud _____________ _____________

9. Graceful _____________ _____________

10. Delicious _____________ _____________

B. Fill in the blanks with the comparative form of the given adjectives:

1. Mumbai is __________ than Chennai.

2. Alka is __________ than Richa.

3. My brother is __________ than me.

4. This box is __________ than that one.

5. December is _________ than March.

C. Fill in the blanks with the superlative form of the given adjectives:

Exercises

(big)

(intelligent)

(young)

(heavy)

(cold)

1. January is the__________ month of the year.

2. Mt. Everest is the__________ peak in the world.

3. This is the __________ story book I have ever read.

4. Mr Gupta is the __________ of all my friends.

5.Juhi is the __________girl in the class.

6. You have given your __________ in this test.

D. Fill in the blanks with the positive, comparative or superlative degrees of

adjectives. Add –er or –est wherever required:

1.Mumbai is the _________ of all Indian cities.

2. A cat is __________ than a dog.

3. Rajni is ________ than Reema.

4. A horse runs __________ than an ox.

5. I prefer to take __________ milk.

6. Mr Mehta is a _________man.

7. Agra is _________ than Kolkata to Delhi.

E. Fill in the blanks choosing suitable adjectives from the box given below:

1. as __________ as a kitten . 4. as _________ as a tiger.

2. as__________ as a bat. 5. as _________ as a bull.

3. as __________ as a lamb. 6. as__________ as a lark.

(cold)

(high)

(interesting)

(rich)

(pretty)

(good)

(hot)

(big)

(smart)

(fast)

(hot)

(prosperous)

(near)

(big)

(small)

(tall)

(fast)

(hot)

(rich)

(near)

happy fierce strong gentle blind playful

SStClass-5

L-ConservationofEnvironment

Meaningofconservation

Itisimportantthatweconserveournaturalresourcesanddonotdamageourenvironment.

Conservationisthepreventionofdamageandtheprotectionoftheenvironment.Wecanprotectour

environmentbypracticingthe4R's-Reduce,Reuse,RecycleandRefuse.

Followingarethestepstoprotectourenvironment.

1.Weshouldusethegarbagebinstothrowwastematerialorhouseholdgarbage.

2.Weshouldnotthrowthegarbageonpublicplaces.

3.Weshouldnotthrowanythingonstreets,drainsorrivers.

4.Weshouldnotspitorurinateanywhereontheroadoratpublicplaces.

Wastegenerationanddisposal

Waste-Anymaterialwhichisnolongerusefultousiscalledwaste.Itconsistsoffruits,vegetables

peels,oldnewspapersandmagazines

KindsofWaste

Biodegradablewaste:Thiskindofwaste

isobtainedfrom plantsandanimalswhich

roteasilyandmixwiththesoil.Vegetable

andfruitpeels,kitchenwaste,meatand

bones,flowers,leavesandpaperareallbio-

degradable.Micro-organismssuchas

bacteria,fungiandearthwormshelpto

decomposesuchwaste.

Non-biodegradablewaste:Ihewastethas

doesnotrotandremainsinthe

environmentforalongertimeiscalledd

non-biodegradablewaste.Plasticgoods

metalcans,syntheticglassbottlesand

silverfoilsareallnon-biodegradable.Ifno

disposedproperly,theychokedrains,clog

thelandandwaterbodiesandpolluteour

surroundings.Wastegeneratedfrom the

partsofelectronicgoodssuchas

computers,mobilephonesandtelevisions

haveleadinthem,whichispoisonous.

Theseareknownaselectronicwasteore-

waste.

Smartwaystodisposewaste

Incities,alargeamountofsolidwasteis

generatedeveryday.Thiswastecanbe

disposedoffbyusingthefollowing

methods:

Landfills:Deepditchesaredugintothe

groundtodumpwaste.Whenthepit15

filled,itiscoveredwithsoil.Overthe

years,garbageinthelandfillsrotsandis

absorbedbythesoil.Parksandgardensare

alsobuiltoverthem.Mostofthelandfills

arefoundintheoutskirtsofthecity.

Compostpits:Itisagoodmethodfor

disposingkitchenwasteandother

biodegradablewaste,Inthisprocess,

kitchenwasteisburiedinadeeppitwhich

iscovered.Withtime,thewasterotsand

becomescompost(highgrademanure).

Cropsgrownusingthiskindofmanureare

healthierascomparedtoonesgrownwith

chemicalfertilizersandarecalledas

organicfood.

Burning:Wasteiscollectedandthen

burnt.Everyoneshouldseparatehouse-holdwastessuchaspaper,kitchenwaste,

metalandglass.Thisiscalledwaste

segregation.Inthismethod,onlypaper

andkitchenwasteisburnt.

Opendumping:Wasteistakenfaraway

from townsandcitiesanddumpedinlarge

exposedareas.Thepilesofgarbagerotand

aregraduallyabsorbedintosoil.Disposing

ofwasteinthiswaypollutesthe

environment.

Reducingwaste

Tosaveourenvironment,wemust1OlOw

the4Rs-Refuse,Reduce,Reuseand

Recycle.

Refusethethingsthatcreate

garbage.Forexample,forshoppingcarry

yourownclothbagandrefusetheplastic

baggivenbytheshopkeeper.Say"No'to

paper-bills,alwaysaskfore-bills.

Reduce:Reducetheuseofthingswhich

generategarbagelikeplasticbottles,metal

cansetc.Wegenerallybuymorethanwhat

weneedandthendisposeoutsomeofit.

Forexample,ifwebuytoomanyfruits,

someofthem rotandhavetobethrown

away,therebyincreasinggarbage.Wemust

buyasperourneed,itwillreducegarbage.

Reuse:Insteadofdisposingawayplastic

bottle,theycanbeusedtostorewater.Used

glassjarscanbereusedtostorethingsin

thekitchen.Shoppingbagsanddusterscan

bemadefrom oldclothes.

Recycle:Thingsthatcannotbereusedcan

beusedtomakeotherusefulthings.Thisis

knownasrecycling.Thewastecollector

(kabadiwala),whobuysoldnewspapers,

magazines,plastics,glassandmetalwastes

takestheseforrecycling.Plastic,metaland

glasspiecesaremeltedandmadeintonew

things.Paperisalsorecycled.

Wecanevenrecyclethewaterweuseinour

kitchentowaterplants.

Questions-

1.Whatisbiodegradablewaste?

2.Whatarecompostpits?

3Nameanythreenon-biodegradablewaste

4Whatisrecycling.

5.Namethepoisonousmetalpresentine-waste.

6.Distinguishbetweenbiodegradableandnon-biodegradablewaste.Givetwoexamplesofeach.

7.Writeaboutthefourmethodsofwastedisposal.

8.Howdoesaplasticbagharm theenvironment?

9.Writeashortnoteonelectronicwaste(e-waste).

Social Studies

Class-5

Chapter 3.

Movement of the earth The earth is constantly moving around the sun. It moves in two ways rotation

and revolution. The movement of Earth on its axis is called rotation. The

movement of the earth around the sun is known as revolution both this

movements take place simultaneously.

Rotation causes day and night. Revolution causes change in seasons.

Rotation of the earth

The earth has its own axis on which it rotates. The axis of the Earth is an

imaginary line that passes straight from the North Pole to the South Pole

to the centre of the earth it is tilted at an angle of 23. 1/2° from the plane

of the centre of the earth. It takes 24 hours for the earth to complete one

rotation

Day and night Occurrence of day and night is the most important consequence of

Earth's rotation as the Earth rotates, a part of it gets sunlight and

experiences day. The part which does not face the sun experiences

night and remains dark this takes place alternatively because the Earth

rotates constantly. The earth's rotation also causes tides and influences

the direction of the wind. Another not noticeable consequence of the

earth's rotation is reflected in our dates

Revolution of the earth The Earth revolves around the sun in fixed and elliptical orbit. It takes

one year or 365 1/4days to complete one revolution however, a normal

calendar constitutes only 365 days. Then where does those 1/4 day or 6

hours go?

This part of the day or hours is accumulated for 4 years till it totals 24

hours this extra day is added to the month of February every fourth year.

So in every fourth year, February has 29 days such a year is known as

leap year. Thus, year comprises of 366 days.

Seasons on the earth

Seasons are caused due to the revolution and axial tilt of the earth.

Summer, winter, spring and autumn are the four distinct season we

experience on earth.

While revolving around the sun, the earth is tilted to one side. The half of

the earth that is tilted towards the sun gets longer hours of sunlight and

experiences summer. The half that is tilted away from the sun has lesser

hours of sunlight and experiences winter.

1. When the North Pole is tilted towards the sun, the South Pole is tilted

away from the sun as in June at this time the northern hemisphere

experiences summer and the southern hemisphere experiences winter.

2. When the South Pole is tilted towards the sun, the North Pole is tilted

away from it as in December therefore the southern hemisphere

experiences summer and the northern hemisphere experiences winter at

this time.

3. In March and September, both the poles are at an equal distance from

the sun. In March, therefore, the northern hemisphere has spring and the

southern hemisphere has autumn. In the September the northern

hemisphere has autumn and the southern hemisphere has spring.

Therefore when it is summer in India, it is winter in Australia and when it

is autumn in India, it is spring in Australia.

The revolution of the earth and its tilted Axis are responsible for causing

the seasons.

_________________________________________________________

Words to remember 1. Tilted: Not straight; slanting

2. Axis: imaginary line along with something spins

3. Orbit: fixed path on which the planets move around the sun

_________________________________________________________

Exercises A. Fill in the blanks.

1_____and____are two movement of the earth.

2. The earth completes one revolution in______.

3. The Earth revolves around the sun in a fixed path called an_____.

4. The earth's rotation also causes____and influences directions

of______.

B. Tick (✓) the correct answers.

1. The earth spins from:

a east to west b. West to east c East to North

2. The axis of the Earth is tilted at an angle of:

a.23.4°. b22 1\2° c.23. 1/2°

3. The revolution of the earth causes:

a. Change of seasons. b. Tides. c. Day and night

4. A leap year occurs in every:

a. 5 years. b 4 years. c. 3 years

Answer these questions:

1. Why do we not feel rotation?

2 what is the axis of the earth?

3 what is revolution?

4 how are seasons caused?

5. Name four seasons of the earth?

6. How are days and nights caused?

6. Why does Australia experience winter in June?

7. All parts of the earth experience day and night every 24 hours. Why?

We can use Adjectives to compare two or more people, places ...

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