Transcript
WATER CONSERVATIONNecessity for Sustainable Growth
SIRAJ U. AHMED
DEPARTMENT OF CIVL ENGG.
J.M.I University
New Delhi
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER Water is one of the main spring elements of our existence Water provides life and colour to our earth. Water & Water but nothing to drink Water: Nectar turning into poison Improved water supply and sanitation has significant
impacts on various spheres of life, from health to time savings to social status.
Access to water supply and sanitation has improved in the last 20 years but it has neither been as widespread nor as rapid as had been expected.
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER Annually, there are around 2.4 million deaths related to
water and sanitation It is estimated that every second death (50%) due to water
related diseases is because of diarrhoeal diseases. There is a direct relationship between sanitation and health It is an established fact that when piped water is supplied
either into or near the household, reductions upto (20%) in total mortality and (40%) in diarrhoeal disease mortality would occur.
Half of the hospital beds of developing world are occupied because of unsafe water.
Why Conserve Water ONLY SOURCE OF CLEAN WATER IS RAIN WATER IRRIGATION IS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN CROP
PRODUCTION DRINKING WATER BECAME SCARCE RAIN IS A NATURAL SOURCE OF IRRIGATION RAIN FALL IS RESTRICTED TO MERE 100 DAYS RAIN WATER REACHES SEA WITHIN 48 HOURS GROUND WATER STATUS IS FAST DEPLETING CATCHMENT AREAS HAD BECOME UNCOVERED CHANGING LIFE STYLE DOES’NT ALLOW WATER TO
PERCOLATE THIRD WORLD WAR WILL BE FOR WATER
Where Conserve Water
AT THE CATCHMENT AREAS AND WATER SHED LEVEL
Macro Scale AT THE INSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION
Meso Scale AT HOUSEHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
Micro Scale
When to Conserve Water
DURING PRE MONSOON DURING MONSOON DURING RECEDENCE OF MONSOON DURING MANUFECTURING DURING IRRIGATION DURING DOMESTIC UTILIZATION
24 Hours a day
7 days a week
365 days a year
70 years of life
Water Recycling in Hydrologic Cycling
Waste Water Reclaimed Water Water Reuse
Smaller Recycle loops Public Health Engineering Economics Aesthetic Public acceptance
Life depends on water
•Nature’s Water Cycle
WHAT IS A WATERSHED ?
A watershed is an area of land from which surface water drains into a single outlet like a stream or a river or a lake. The rain water flows from the ridges, along the slopes, into the nallas and finally collects in the village ponds. This entire area with one common drainage is called a watershed.
Watershed area
-Small Stream = Few Hectares -Large River = Many Square Kilometeres -Ideal = 1000 to 2500 Hectares -Implementation Period = 2- 3 years.
52” of rain
42” Lost
Average of 52 inches of rain per yearAlmost 45 inches “lost” to evaporation and transpiration
Two Seasons…Wet & Dry70% of annual rain falls during summerReplenishes lakes and underground aquifers
INDIAN SCENARIO
WATER AVAILABLITY/PER PERSON
YEAR Cu. M.1951 3450
1999 1250
2050 760
How to Conserve Water
SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES WATER MANAGEMENT MEASURES CROP MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Do the Math… One drop per second from a
leaky faucet =
2,700 gallons per year!
In a city of 10,000 homes =27 MILLION gallons!!!
SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES
DIGGING OF PITS IN CATCHMENT AREA AND FARM
CONSTRUCTION OF CHECK DAMS AND/SUB-SURFACE DAMS
ADOPTION OF TERRACE CULTIVATION IN SLOPY LANDS
CONTOUR BUNDING CONTOUR TRENCHING ANY OTHER METHOD WHICH WILL HELP SOIL
CONSERVATION
WHAT IS WATER HARVESTING?
It means capturing rain water where it falls or capturing the run off in your own village or town. and taking measures to keep that water clean by not allowing polluting activities to take place in the catchment.Water harvesting through:-
Capturing runoff from rooftops Capturing runoff from local catchments Capturing seasonal floodwaters from local streams Capturing and Conserving water through
watershed management
CONSERVE FOREST CONSERVE WATER CONSERVING STRUCTURES
LIKE PONDS,PADDDY FIELD ETC; FLOOD MANAGEMENT RIVER LINKING WATER RESERVOIR AND DAMS ANY OTHER MEASURES WHICH WILL LEAD TO
WATER CONSERVATION
Rural scenario
Let us assume that India’s 587,000 villages can harvest the runoff from 200 million hectares of land, excluding inaccessible forest areas, high mountains and other uninhabited terrains, that still gives every village an average access to 340 hectares or a rainfall endowment of 3.75 billion liters of water. These calculation show the potential of rainwater harvesting is enormous .
INCREASING WATER USE EFFICIENCY IRRIGATE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS ONLY UTILISE NON-TOXIC WASTE WATER FOR
IRRIGATION (SEWAGE MANAGEMENT) PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT
(PIM) CULTIVATION OF CROPS/VARIETIES ACCORDING
TO THE MINIMUM WATER AVAILABILITY EXPECTED
SUMMER PLOUHING MULCHING ADOPTING HI-TECH PRACTICES
MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
Groundwater dams are structures that intercept or obstruct the natural flow of groundwater and provide storage for water underground. They have been used in several parts of the world, notably India, Africa and Brazil.A sub-surface dam intercepts or obstructs the flow of an aquifer and reduces the variation of the level of the groundwater table upstream of the dam. It is built entirely under the ground
Water Savings Incentive Program (Water SIP)
Cooperative 50/50 funding up to $50,000
Technology-based water conservation projects
Start Saving Water Today
Bathroom– 5 min showers. (Saves 75 gal/wk/person)
– low-flow showerheads. (Saves 230 gal/wk)
– Shallow baths. (Saves 100 gal/wk/person)
– Water displacement toilet device. (Saves 50 gal/wk)
– Ultra-low flush toilets. (Saves 350 gal/wk)
Start Saving Water Today
• Repair toilet leaks. Drop teaspoon of food coloring in tank. If color appears in bowl after 15 min, replace flapper valve. (Saves 100 gal/wk/toilet)
• Turn water off while brushing teeth. (Saves 35 gal/wk/person)
– Repair leaky faucets, fixtures and pipes around your home. (Saves 150 gal/leak)
– Wash only full laundry loads. (Saves 100 gal/wk)
Start Saving Water Today
– Water lawns once a week, early in the morning or after the sun sets. (Saves 250 gal/wk)
– Adjust sprinklers- don’t spray sidewalks. Test sprinkler systems periodically for proper application. (Varies~ 250 gal/wk)
– Set lawn mower blades one notch higher. Use Bark, peat moss, or gravel to cover bare ground in gardens and around trees. (Saves 200 gal/wk)
Start Saving Water Today
– Dishwasher full loads only. (Saves 30 gal/wk)– Put food waste in trash/rinse plates w/short
blasts of water. (Saves 60 gal/wk)– Run garbage disposal on alternate days.
(Saves 25 gal/wk)
Natural & Man Made Recycling
Watering your lawn every other day for 15-30 minutes adds up to 7 feet of water per year MORE than what your
grass needs to stay green and healthy
Water Use-Where it goes...
Total Water100 Units
Streamflow29 Units
Evaporation andEvapotranspiration71 Units
Non-economicEvaporation32 Units
EvapotranspirationCrops, pasture, forest39 Units
Municipal/Rural1 Unit
Industry5 Units
Irrigation3 Units
Not Withdraw from streamflow20 Units
•Water early in the day• – best before sunrise•Water deeply = longer roots•Keep mower blades sharp• and raise the blade•Don’t fertilize until summer rains
Demands of Various Sectors
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1997 2010 2025 2050
Dem
and
(Bil
lion
cu
bic
met
re)
Evaporation Losses
Environment(Ecology)
Inland Navigation
Power
Industries
Domestic
Irrigation
Waste Water Reuse CategoriesIssues & Constraints
Electricity Consumption No (Almost)
Regular Maintenance No Continuos Supervision No Chemical Consumption No Can Absorb Shocking Load YES Climatic Condition for Efficient
Performance Tropical Initial Investment Less Impact on Landscape Positive
Advantages of Root Zone Treatment System
Decomposition of organic load is done in the following three steps
1.Metabolism of micro organisms.2.Metabolism of plants (halophytes).3.Immobilization in the soil and filter material respectively.
The above action of soil, plants and sewage gives rise to a complex interaction of physical chemical and biological process
Theory of Sewage Treatment By Root Zone Treatment System
Chemical ParameterSERIES 1Hydraulic Loading: 48 l/m2/d
Type of Bed HORIZONTAL
S.No. Sample Code pH T.S.S. mg/l C.O.D mg/. B.O.D. mg/l
1. INF. 7.7 191 403 54
2. H1 7.83 13 222 21
3. H11 7.67 384 284 56
4. H12 7.56 405 429 102
5. H13 7.49 928 811 303
6. H2 7.52 12 106 4
7. H21 7.53 413 193 24
8. H22 7.41 471 168 2
9. H23 7.22 2981 214 12
SERIES-4Hydraulic Loading Rate Horizontal Bed :43 l/m2/dayVertical Bed :93 l/m2/day
S.No. Sample Code
pH T.D.S. C.O.D. B.O.D. Po4-P TKN
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l
1 H1 7.45 3824 71 12 3.4 10.36
2 H2 7.23 3912 106 22 0.86 13.7
3 V1 7.1 4220 94 17 0.72 10.9
4 V2 7.24 2852 71 23 4.43 16.5
5 INF 6.57 3056 1888 1066 2.38 61
6 H1(1) 7.16 2900 340 162 3.96 Not Done
7 H1(2) 7.23 2756 217 84 3.07 Not Done
8 H1(3) 7.2 2832 345 72 4.21 Not Done
9 H2(1) 7.22 2720 183 66 6.48 Not Done
10 H2(2) 7.25 2852 194 36 5.73 Not Done
11 H2(3) 7.45 2788 144 56 5.54 Not Done
12 V1(3) 6.95 3300 63 2 0.18 Not Done
13 V1(4) 7.98 3344 90 8 0.83 Not Done
14 V2(3) 7.16 2712 325 125 0.92 Not Done
15 V2(4) 7.18 2952 40 8 0.51 Not Done
Chemical ParameterSeries 4
Efficiency Vs B.O.D. Loading of H1
Influent B.O.D.Hydraulic Loading
RateFinal B.O.D. of H2 B.O.D. Loading Efficiency
mg/l l/m2/d g/m2/d %
a b c axb/1000 (a-c)x100/a
1580 24.71 19 39.04 98.80
1066 43 12 45.84 98.87
784 48 76 37.63 90.31
448 75 121 33.60 72.99
Microbiological Parameter
SAMPLING LOCATION FAECAL COLIFORMS TOTAL COLIFORMS
l/m2/d Nos./100 ml Nos./100 ml
INF 420000 27100000
H1 0 158000
H2 0 55000
V1 100 18000
V2 200 85000
Conclusion The samples of influent. Interim and out flow were analyzed for pH,
BOD, (Efficiency as high as 90%)
COD, (Efficiency as high as 90%)
PO4, (Efficiency as high as 60%)
TKN (Efficiency as high as 70%)
Total and Faceal Coliforms . (Efficiency as high as 99.9%)
The result were very encouraging for all parameters accept TDS
It was also concluded by experiments that vertical beds can treat BOD
effectively as high as 125 gm/m2/day and Horizontal beds 45
gm/m2/day (greater that the limits being recommended )
CONCLUSION
Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be optimised and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.
Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.
The resources should be conserved and the availability augmented by maximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like lining in the conveyance system, modernization and rehabilitation of existing systems , recycling and re-use of treated effluents and techniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted.
CONCLUSION
Water is essential for our survival and personal cleanliness. (Blue Gold)
Every religion has given due importance to water. Holy Quran says: “It is He who send down water upon you from heaven with which to purify you.”(8:11).
Natural water is pure and meant for purifications. Minimization of contamination and conservation of water by low
cost and low maintenance technology appears to be the key for healthy life and
sustainable development as Mahatma Gandhi very appropriately said “Mother Nature can meet the need of all but not the greed of one”
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