Water conservation HPCB.ppt

WATER CONSERVATIONNecessity for Sustainable Growth

SIRAJ U. AHMED

DEPARTMENT OF CIVL ENGG.

J.M.I University

New Delhi

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER Water is one of the main spring elements of our existence Water provides life and colour to our earth. Water & Water but nothing to drink Water: Nectar turning into poison Improved water supply and sanitation has significant

impacts on various spheres of life, from health to time savings to social status.

Access to water supply and sanitation has improved in the last 20 years but it has neither been as widespread nor as rapid as had been expected.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER Annually, there are around 2.4 million deaths related to

water and sanitation It is estimated that every second death (50%) due to water

related diseases is because of diarrhoeal diseases. There is a direct relationship between sanitation and health It is an established fact that when piped water is supplied

either into or near the household, reductions upto (20%) in total mortality and (40%) in diarrhoeal disease mortality would occur.

Half of the hospital beds of developing world are occupied because of unsafe water.

Why Conserve Water ONLY SOURCE OF CLEAN WATER IS RAIN WATER IRRIGATION IS A CRITICAL FACTOR IN CROP

PRODUCTION DRINKING WATER BECAME SCARCE RAIN IS A NATURAL SOURCE OF IRRIGATION RAIN FALL IS RESTRICTED TO MERE 100 DAYS RAIN WATER REACHES SEA WITHIN 48 HOURS GROUND WATER STATUS IS FAST DEPLETING CATCHMENT AREAS HAD BECOME UNCOVERED CHANGING LIFE STYLE DOES’NT ALLOW WATER TO

PERCOLATE THIRD WORLD WAR WILL BE FOR WATER

Where Conserve Water

AT THE CATCHMENT AREAS AND WATER SHED LEVEL

Macro Scale AT THE INSTITUTION AND ORGANISATION

Meso Scale AT HOUSEHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

Micro Scale

When to Conserve Water

DURING PRE MONSOON DURING MONSOON DURING RECEDENCE OF MONSOON DURING MANUFECTURING DURING IRRIGATION DURING DOMESTIC UTILIZATION

24 Hours a day

7 days a week

365 days a year

70 years of life

Water Recycling in Hydrologic Cycling

Waste Water Reclaimed Water Water Reuse

Smaller Recycle loops Public Health Engineering Economics Aesthetic Public acceptance

Life depends on water

•Nature’s Water Cycle

WHAT IS A WATERSHED ?

A watershed is an area of land from which surface water drains into a single outlet like a stream or a river or a lake. The rain water flows from the ridges, along the slopes, into the nallas and finally collects in the village ponds. This entire area with one common drainage is called a watershed.

Watershed area

-Small Stream = Few Hectares -Large River = Many Square Kilometeres -Ideal = 1000 to 2500 Hectares -Implementation Period = 2- 3 years.

52” of rain

42” Lost

Average of 52 inches of rain per yearAlmost 45 inches “lost” to evaporation and transpiration

Two Seasons…Wet & Dry70% of annual rain falls during summerReplenishes lakes and underground aquifers

INDIAN SCENARIO

WATER AVAILABLITY/PER PERSON

YEAR Cu. M.1951 3450

1999 1250

2050 760

How to Conserve Water

SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES WATER MANAGEMENT MEASURES CROP MANAGEMENT MEASURES

Do the Math… One drop per second from a

leaky faucet =

2,700 gallons per year!

In a city of 10,000 homes =27 MILLION gallons!!!

SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES

DIGGING OF PITS IN CATCHMENT AREA AND FARM

CONSTRUCTION OF CHECK DAMS AND/SUB-SURFACE DAMS

ADOPTION OF TERRACE CULTIVATION IN SLOPY LANDS

CONTOUR BUNDING CONTOUR TRENCHING ANY OTHER METHOD WHICH WILL HELP SOIL

CONSERVATION

WHAT IS WATER HARVESTING?

It means capturing rain water where it falls or capturing the run off in your own village or town. and taking measures to keep that water clean by not allowing polluting activities to take place in the catchment.Water harvesting through:-

Capturing runoff from rooftops Capturing runoff from local catchments Capturing seasonal floodwaters from local streams Capturing and Conserving water through

watershed management

CONSERVE FOREST CONSERVE WATER CONSERVING STRUCTURES

LIKE PONDS,PADDDY FIELD ETC; FLOOD MANAGEMENT RIVER LINKING WATER RESERVOIR AND DAMS ANY OTHER MEASURES WHICH WILL LEAD TO

WATER CONSERVATION

Rural scenario

Let us assume that India’s 587,000 villages can harvest the runoff from 200 million hectares of land, excluding inaccessible forest areas, high mountains and other uninhabited terrains, that still gives every village an average access to 340 hectares or a rainfall endowment of 3.75 billion liters of water. These calculation show the potential of rainwater harvesting is enormous .

INCREASING WATER USE EFFICIENCY IRRIGATE DURING CRITICAL PERIODS ONLY UTILISE NON-TOXIC WASTE WATER FOR

IRRIGATION (SEWAGE MANAGEMENT) PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT

(PIM) CULTIVATION OF CROPS/VARIETIES ACCORDING

TO THE MINIMUM WATER AVAILABILITY EXPECTED

SUMMER PLOUHING MULCHING ADOPTING HI-TECH PRACTICES

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

Groundwater dams are structures that intercept or obstruct the natural flow of groundwater and provide storage for water underground. They have been used in several parts of the world, notably India, Africa and Brazil.A sub-surface dam intercepts or obstructs the flow of an aquifer and reduces the variation of the level of the groundwater table upstream of the dam. It is built entirely under the ground

Water Savings Incentive Program (Water SIP)

Cooperative 50/50 funding up to $50,000

Technology-based water conservation projects

Start Saving Water Today

Bathroom– 5 min showers. (Saves 75 gal/wk/person)

– low-flow showerheads. (Saves 230 gal/wk)

– Shallow baths. (Saves 100 gal/wk/person)

– Water displacement toilet device. (Saves 50 gal/wk)

– Ultra-low flush toilets. (Saves 350 gal/wk)

Start Saving Water Today

• Repair toilet leaks. Drop teaspoon of food coloring in tank. If color appears in bowl after 15 min, replace flapper valve. (Saves 100 gal/wk/toilet)

• Turn water off while brushing teeth. (Saves 35 gal/wk/person)

– Repair leaky faucets, fixtures and pipes around your home. (Saves 150 gal/leak)

– Wash only full laundry loads. (Saves 100 gal/wk)

Start Saving Water Today

– Water lawns once a week, early in the morning or after the sun sets. (Saves 250 gal/wk)

– Adjust sprinklers- don’t spray sidewalks. Test sprinkler systems periodically for proper application. (Varies~ 250 gal/wk)

– Set lawn mower blades one notch higher. Use Bark, peat moss, or gravel to cover bare ground in gardens and around trees. (Saves 200 gal/wk)

Start Saving Water Today

– Dishwasher full loads only. (Saves 30 gal/wk)– Put food waste in trash/rinse plates w/short

blasts of water. (Saves 60 gal/wk)– Run garbage disposal on alternate days.

(Saves 25 gal/wk)

Natural & Man Made Recycling

Watering your lawn every other day for 15-30 minutes adds up to 7 feet of water per year MORE than what your

grass needs to stay green and healthy

Water Use-Where it goes...

Total Water100 Units

Streamflow29 Units

Evaporation andEvapotranspiration71 Units

Non-economicEvaporation32 Units

EvapotranspirationCrops, pasture, forest39 Units

Municipal/Rural1 Unit

Industry5 Units

Irrigation3 Units

Not Withdraw from streamflow20 Units

•Water early in the day• – best before sunrise•Water deeply = longer roots•Keep mower blades sharp• and raise the blade•Don’t fertilize until summer rains

Demands of Various Sectors

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1997 2010 2025 2050

Dem

and

(Bil

lion

cu

bic

met

re)

Evaporation Losses

Environment(Ecology)

Inland Navigation

Power

Industries

Domestic

Irrigation

Waste Water Reuse CategoriesIssues & Constraints

Electricity Consumption No (Almost)

Regular Maintenance No Continuos Supervision No Chemical Consumption No Can Absorb Shocking Load YES Climatic Condition for Efficient

Performance Tropical Initial Investment Less Impact on Landscape Positive

Advantages of Root Zone Treatment System

Decomposition of organic load is done in the following three steps

1.Metabolism of micro organisms.2.Metabolism of plants (halophytes).3.Immobilization in the soil and filter material respectively.

The above action of soil, plants and sewage gives rise to a complex interaction of physical chemical and biological process

Theory of Sewage Treatment By Root Zone Treatment System

Chemical ParameterSERIES 1Hydraulic Loading: 48 l/m2/d

Type of Bed HORIZONTAL

S.No. Sample Code pH T.S.S. mg/l C.O.D mg/. B.O.D. mg/l

1.   INF. 7.7 191 403 54

2.   H1 7.83 13 222 21

3.   H11 7.67 384 284 56

4.   H12 7.56 405 429 102

5.   H13 7.49 928 811 303

6.   H2 7.52 12 106 4

7.   H21 7.53 413 193 24

8.   H22 7.41 471 168 2

9.   H23 7.22 2981 214 12

SERIES-4Hydraulic Loading Rate Horizontal Bed :43 l/m2/dayVertical Bed :93 l/m2/day

S.No. Sample Code

pH T.D.S. C.O.D. B.O.D. Po4-P TKN

      mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

1 H1 7.45 3824 71 12 3.4 10.36

2 H2 7.23 3912 106 22 0.86 13.7

3 V1 7.1 4220 94 17 0.72 10.9

4 V2 7.24 2852 71 23 4.43 16.5

5 INF 6.57 3056 1888 1066 2.38 61

6 H1(1) 7.16 2900 340 162 3.96 Not Done

7 H1(2) 7.23 2756 217 84 3.07 Not Done

8 H1(3) 7.2 2832 345 72 4.21 Not Done

9 H2(1) 7.22 2720 183 66 6.48 Not Done

10 H2(2) 7.25 2852 194 36 5.73 Not Done

11 H2(3) 7.45 2788 144 56 5.54 Not Done

12 V1(3) 6.95 3300 63 2 0.18 Not Done

13 V1(4) 7.98 3344 90 8 0.83 Not Done

14 V2(3) 7.16 2712 325 125 0.92 Not Done

15 V2(4) 7.18 2952 40 8 0.51 Not Done

Chemical ParameterSeries 4

Efficiency Vs B.O.D. Loading of H1

Influent B.O.D.Hydraulic Loading

RateFinal B.O.D. of H2 B.O.D. Loading Efficiency

mg/l l/m2/d   g/m2/d %

a b c axb/1000 (a-c)x100/a

1580 24.71 19 39.04 98.80

1066 43 12 45.84 98.87

784 48 76 37.63 90.31

448 75 121 33.60 72.99

Microbiological Parameter

SAMPLING LOCATION FAECAL COLIFORMS TOTAL COLIFORMS

l/m2/d Nos./100 ml Nos./100 ml

INF 420000 27100000

H1 0 158000

H2 0 55000

V1 100 18000

V2 200 85000

Conclusion The samples of influent. Interim and out flow were analyzed for pH,

BOD, (Efficiency as high as 90%)

COD, (Efficiency as high as 90%)

PO4, (Efficiency as high as 60%)

TKN (Efficiency as high as 70%)

Total and Faceal Coliforms . (Efficiency as high as 99.9%)

The result were very encouraging for all parameters accept TDS

It was also concluded by experiments that vertical beds can treat BOD

effectively as high as 125 gm/m2/day and Horizontal beds 45

gm/m2/day (greater that the limits being recommended )

CONCLUSION

Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be optimised and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.

Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.

The resources should be conserved and the availability augmented by maximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like lining in the conveyance system, modernization and rehabilitation of existing systems , recycling and re-use of treated effluents and techniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted.

CONCLUSION

Water is essential for our survival and personal cleanliness. (Blue Gold)

Every religion has given due importance to water. Holy Quran says: “It is He who send down water upon you from heaven with which to purify you.”(8:11).

Natural water is pure and meant for purifications. Minimization of contamination and conservation of water by low

cost and low maintenance technology appears to be the key for healthy life and

sustainable development as Mahatma Gandhi very appropriately said “Mother Nature can meet the need of all but not the greed of one”