VI - SCERT - The State Council Educational Research …scert.kerala.gov.in/images/text_books/txt_book/std6_t_s...Basic Science Std VI Part - I Tamil Medium Prepared by: State Council
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VI
˙LW[AW—
LpÆj’˚\
2009
A•lT˚P A±ÆVpTœß - 1
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp
Yœl◊
Basic ScienceStd VIPart - I
Tamil Medium
Prepared by :State Council of EducationalResearch and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala.Website www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail scertkerala@asianetindia.com
© Government of Kerala • Department of Education • 2009
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ClÈ™Ÿm Ceœ YÙ›m
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State Council of Educational Research and TrainingVidyabhavan, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012
Academic Co-ordinatorsSmt. Sobha Jacob
Dr.Ancy Varughese
Members participated in the Textbook workshop
Sri.Abubaker.PSri. Anil Kumar.ESri. Anil Kumar.S.SSri. Dileep.T.CSri. Hazeez.PSri. Madhusoodhanan.CSri. Manoj Kumar.P
Sri. Ravi.G.VSri. Sathyanathan.TSri. Seraphin Pin HiroSri. Shaji.M.VSri. Sunandan.T.PSri. Vasudevan.P
ArtistsSri. Abhilash.T.KSri. Bimal Kumar.SSri. Divakaran.M.MSri. Sajith Sudhakar
ExpertsDr. Jayaraman.P.RSri. Mohankumar.CSri. K.PappoottiDr. Subash BabuSri. K.Suresh BabuDr. Vijayakumaran Nair
National ExpertsDr. Vinod Raina
Dr.Anitha Ramphal
Tamil Version
Smt. Jeya, T Dr. Nainar, M Sri. Srinivasan,S. P
Academic Co-ordinator
Dr. Sahaya Dhas, D
Sri. Thobias, KSri. Thanislas, MDr. Vijayalakshmi, T
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
8
Rm[o YÙŸ RiΩo „¨V J¸ı
1
2
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4
Rm[o ÿRp SÙs CWiPÙm SÙs Íu\Ùm SÙs SÙuLÙm SÙs
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
9
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˙TÙ’ ÿR≠p ÿ˚[˙Yo (radicle) ˘Y∞Y⁄°\’. ÿ˚[˙Yo
Y[ok’ ˙YWÙL‹m, ÿ˚[dœ⁄j’ (plumule) Y[ok’
RiPÙL‹m UÙfl°\’.
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LiP±k’ œ±j’ ˚YŸeLs.
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VÙ˚Y?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
10
RÙYWm Ri•u Ru˚U
TÙLt ˘LÙ• TXUt\j Ri”, EhTœß ˘TÙs˚[VÙ]’, ˘LÙ•L[ÙLl
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EeLs Ts∞d·Pjßp LÙnL±j ˙RÙhPm EiPpXYÙ? ≈h•p EiPÙ?
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
11
œ˙[Ù±˙VÙ^Ù (Gloriosa) SpX™[œ ßWÙh˚N
Hfl ˘LÙ•Lfidœ ˙Yfl G”j’dLÙh”Ls Li” ©•ŸeLs
Tt±lTPW
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ER‹m £X £\l©Vp◊Ls C˚YLfidœi”. Cf£\l©Vp◊L˚[j
RL A˚Ul◊dLs (adaptations) G]XÙm. Tt±l ©•j’f ˘NpYRtœ
ER‹d·•V £fl YoLfim, —⁄s TÙu\ TÙLeLfim ( Ttfld Lm©Ls
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
12
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SÙu Etfl˙SÙd°V˚Y
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˘LÙiP RÙYWeL˙[ TPo˘LÙ•Ls. CYt±u
TtfldLm©Ls ApX’ L‘ (˛node) Æ≠⁄k’ E⁄YÙœm
˙YoLs C˚XL˚[ „¨V J¸ıdœ ˙SWÙL ®flj’YRtœ
ER‹°u\].
NodL˚WYs∞d°Zeœ
NodL˚WYs∞d°Zeœj RÙYWj˚Rl TÙojR
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
13
J⁄ UW˙U J⁄ LÙ”
LpLjRÙÆp Es[ ß °˙Wh T≤Vu h√ Gu\
BX UWjßu TPm Ceœ ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
CRtœ 250 Y⁄Pl TZ˚U Ei”. LÙ”˙TÙufl
TPok’ ®tœm CmUWjßtœ 2880 (Fufl
˙YoLs) Æ›’Ls Es[]. CmUWjßu
˙UtTœß J⁄ °˙XÙ ¡hP⁄dœm AßL
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°˚[´u ø[m 24.4 ¡hPWÙœm.
C˚Y Y[⁄°u\ —tfll◊\jßt˙LtT CYt±u RL A˚Ul◊Ls GqYÙfl Es[]?
RÙYWm RL A˚Ul◊Ls
BtfljRÙ˚Z
LiPpRÙYWm
L˚W´u LÙYXoLsBXUWjߤm Lt\Ù˚Z´¤m £XY˚Ld LiPp RÙYWeL∞¤m Ri•tœ
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ER‹°\’.
LiPp RÙYWeLfi˚PV‹m Lt\Ù˚Z´‡˚PV‹m TPeL˚[ Etfld LY≤ŸeLs.
LiPpLÙ”
BtfljRÙ˚Z
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
14
Su\ÙL Y[W:
Sh” Y[ojRlT”m RÙYWeLfidœ Y[Wj˙R˚YVÙ] YNßL˚[ SÙm ˘Nn’ ˘LÙ”d°˙\Ùm.
EtTjß˚Vl ˘T⁄dL ˙Yfl Gu˘]u] ˘NnVXÙm?
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RÙdœm Èf£L˚[d œ±j’s[ RLYpL˚[f
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C’Y˚Wd LiP±kRYt±u A•lT˚P´p AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊eLs.
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ÿßokR ®˚X´¤s[ ˘SoT´oLs YÙ•
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ß\mTPf ˘NVpT”°\’.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
15
˙X•˙T”
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RÙYWeLfidœ Su˚UTVdœm Gk˘RkR E´¨]eL˚[ EeLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm?
C˚Y RÙYWeLfidœf ˘NnŸm Su˚ULs VÙ˚Y?
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L˚[jRÙdœm £fl Èf£L˚[j ßufl AØdœm ˙X•˙T” (Lady bird)Yi”L˚[Ÿm E´¨]d Lh”lT”jßL[ÙLl TVu
T”j’°u\]o. •˚Wd˙LÙ˘PoUÙ, £Î˙PÙ˙UÙQÙv TÙu\
÷i‘´oLfim Èf£dLh”lTÙh•tœl TVuT”jRl
T”°u\].
Æ˚[ ®XeL∞p LÙQlT”m ©\ £±V E´¨]eLs VÙ˚Y? C˚Y Æ˚[fN¤dœj æ˚U
Æ˚[Æd°u\]YÙ?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
16
""C˙RÙ” ø ˘RÙ˚XkRÙn''
ß™o LÙhPÙ˙R.......... SÙu
Uh”UpX øŸm E]’ Y⁄m
R˚Xÿ˚\Ÿm ˘RÙ˚XVjRÙu
˙TÙ°»oLs
Èf£L˚[d Lh”lT”jR Cufl ˘T⁄U[Æp ©uTtfl°u\ÿ˚\ VÙ’?
øeLs LiP˚PkR ÿ˚\L˚[ Y˚LlT”j’eLs.
Èf£d˘LÙp≠ TVuTÙ” Èf£L˚[ Uh”UÙ
RÙdœ°u\]? ˙Yfl GYt˚\˘VpXÙm
RÙdœm? œ±l©”eLs.
CVkßWdLh”lTÙ” E´¨]d Lh”lTÙ” ˙Yß´Vp Lh”lTÙ”
˘TÙ±˚YjRp Yi”L˚[l TVuT”jßl
Èf£L˚[ AØjRp ˙TÙo˙PÙ LX˚Y ˘R∞jRp
................................... ...................................... ........................................
................................... ...................................... .........................................
................................... ...................................... .........................................
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
17
˙Yßl Èf£d˘LÙp≠Ls U≤R‡dœm, —tfll ◊\jßtœm BTjRÙ] Æ˚[‹L˚[
HtT”j’T˚YVÙœm.
B]Ùp U≤R‡dœm
— t fl l ◊ \ j ß t œ m
æeœÆ˚[ÆdLÙR’m
BeLÙe˙L RVÙ¨dLl
T”Y’UÙ] Èf£d
˘LÙp≠Lfim Es[].
A q Y l T œ ß L ∞ p
S ˚ P ÿ ˚ \ ´ ¤ s [
H˙R‡m E´¨]l
Èf£d˘LÙp≠L∞u
˘Nnÿ˚\ EeLfidœj ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
CjR˚LV Èf£dLh”lTÙh” ÿ˚\L˚[ SÙm Æ[mTWlT”jR ˙YiPÙUÙ? ˙Yßl
Èf£d˘LÙp≠Ls HtT”j’m —LÙRÙWm Utflm —tfll◊\ ©WfN˚]Ls Gu\ R˚Xl©p J⁄
L⁄jRWeœ SPjR ˙Yi”m. ˙Y[Ùi A¤YX⁄Pu ˙SoÿLm LÙQp, ˙Y[Ùi
UÙRCRrLs, ÆYNÙ´LfiPu LXk’˚WVÙPp ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j RLYp ˙N™jR¤dLÙLl
TVuT”jRXÙm.
˘Nnÿ˚\
YWm Gufl ®˚]j˙RÙm..... B]Ùp.....
Èf£d˘LÙp≠ TVuTÙh•p HtThP J⁄ ˘T⁄m UÙt\jßtœd LÙWQm
•.•.t±. (dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane) ´u Li”©•lTÙœm.
—ÆhNoXÙk’ SÙh”dLÙWo ˙TÙs˘aoUu ÿs[o Gu\ A±ÆVXÙ[o
C˚Rd Li”©•jRÙo. ˘LÙ—, ˘Rsfi, DdLs, Íh˚PlÈf£ ˙TÙu\
Èf£L˚[, AØlTRtLÙ] ß\u •.•.t±dœ Ei” G]d Li”©•jRRtLÙL
1948 ˛Cp ÿs[⁄dœ ˙SÙTpT¨— °˚PjR’. ˙Y[Ùi Æ˚[fNpL˚[j
RÙdœm A˙]L C]l Èf£L˚[ AØlTRtœ •.•.t± £\kR’ G] ®Ï©dLl
ThP˙RÙ” EXL˘Ueœm C˚Rl TVuT”jRj ˘RÙPe°]o.
B]Ùp CjR˚LV Èf£d˘LÙp≠Ls U≤R‡dœm, ÆXeœLfidœm,
—tfll◊\jßtœm æ˚U˚V Æ˚[Æd°u\]. AR]Ùp CkßVÙ EhTP
TX SÙ”L∞¤m CRu TVuTÙ” æÆWUÙLd Lh”lT”jRlTh”s[’.
Gu˙PÙNp@TÙu, ˚Pd˙LÙ˙TÙs, ©. Gf.£, ≠u˙Pu ˙TÙu\˚Y
TWYXÙLl TVuT”jRlT”°u\ ˙Yß Èf£d˘LÙp≠L[Ùœm.
◊˚L´˚X F\p
LÙnL±L∞p Èf£dLh”lTÙh•tœ ◊˚L´˚X F\p
™Lf£\kR’. J⁄ °˙XÙ°WÙm ◊˚L´˚X˚V £fl
’i”L[Ùd° 15 ≠hPo RiΩ¨p F\˚YdL ˙Yi”m
A˚R Y•Lh• G”j’ Aßp 100 °WÙm NX˚Y NÙl˚TŸm
L˚Wj’ ◊˚L´˚X F\p RVÙ¨dLlT”°\’. Èf£j
RÙdœRpL∞u A[Æt˙LtT CkR F\˚X øol©j’
TVuT”jRXÙm.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
18
22222
J¸ı˚VdLPjß Æ”m J¸ı˚V ¡[˚Ydœm
˘TÙ⁄hLs ˘TÙ⁄hLs
J¸ıŸ™›m LÙ™WÙ˚Yl TVuT”jßl ◊˚LlTPm G”lT˚RŸm, ≈•˙VÙ TP˘U”dL Bt\p
YÙnkR J¸ıÆ[dœL˚[l TVuT”j’Y˚RŸm TÙojRßp˚XVÙ?
CqÆ[dœLs GRtLÙLl TVuT”jRlT”°u\]?
˘TÙ⁄hL∞p J¸ıÆ›m˙TÙ’ Gu] SPdœm? C˚Rd
LiP±V J⁄ ˙NÙR˚]˚Vf ˘Nn’TÙodLXÙm.
G]’ Etfl ˙SÙdLp
LiQÙ• Su\Ù]Ùp
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs: ◊ßV vºp Rh”, LiQÙ•
(glass), B• (mirror), ˘R∞kR øo,..........
PÙof TVuT”jß Cl˘TÙ⁄hL∞p J¸ı˚V ÆZf˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
19
J¸ı ¡[p
(Reflection of Light)J¸ı J⁄ ˙UtTWl©p Æ›k’ ß⁄m©
Y⁄Y˚RjRÙu J¸ı¡[p Gu°˙\Ùm.
T[T[lTÙ]’m J›eLÙ]’UÙ] R[eLs
J¸ı˚V Su\ÙLl ©WßT≠d°u\].
˘NÙW˘NWlTÙ] R[eLs J¸ı˚V Su\ÙLl
©WßT≠lTßp˚X. Yk’Æ›m J¸ıdLß˚Wl
T”Lßo Guflm, ß⁄m©f ˘Np¤m J¸ıd
Lß˚W ¡sLßo Guflm ˘NÙpXXÙm.
∫l◊m, Ah˚Pl˘Th•Ÿm TVuT”jßd
Lßol˘Th• E⁄YÙd° J¸ı˚V B•´p
ÆZf˘NnV ˙Yi”m. B•´p Æ›m
J¸ı´‡˚PV‹m ß⁄m© Y⁄m J¸ı
´‡˚PV‹m TÙ˚R˚Vd LÙi°»o
L[Ù? ClTÙ˚RLfid°˚P˙V H˙R‡m
˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?
Lßol˘Th•˚Vl TVuT”jß SÙeLs
˘NnR ˙NÙR˚].
˙NÙR˚] ÿ˚\
Etfld LY≤jR˚Y
◊˚LYØ˙V LÙQXÙm
Lßol˘Th•dœl TßXÙL ˙XNo PÙof—m ◊˚Ll ˘Th•Ÿm TVuT”jß J⁄ ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn’
TÙodLXÙm.
L⁄ÆLs : ◊˚Ll ˘Th•, F’ Tjß, æl˘Th•, B•, ˙XNo PÙof.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
20
A
B
B•
T”Lß
o
T”˙LÙi
¡s˙L
Ùi
¡sLß
o
XmTm
J¸ı´u ¡[p
T”RÙ]m
˙NÙR˚]
F’Tjß˚V G¨V˚Yj’ ˙U˚N´u¡’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m. ◊˚Ll˘Th•˚V ARu˙Up
R˚X∏ZÙL ˚YdL˙Yi”m. ˘Th•´p ◊˚L ®˚\kR ©u ˙XNo PÙof£u J¸ı˚V A Gu\
TdLm YØVÙL B•´p Æ›mT•f NnV˙Yi”m. T”Lß⁄m ¡sLß⁄m R¨°\’ ApXYÙ?
˙YflThP ˙LÙiL∞p J¸ı˚V ÆZf˘Nn’ ˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. T”Lßo,
¡sLßo ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp Y˚WdL‹m.
◊˚Ll˘Th• E⁄YÙdLXÙm
ø[UÙ] J⁄ Ah˚Pl˘Th•˚V G”j’l
TPjßp Es[’ ˙TÙufl A, B TdLeL˚[f
N’WY•Æp Yh• UÙt±V ©u◊ LiQÙ•d
LÙ°Rm JhP˙Yi”m. ˘Th•´u A•l
TÙLj˚R Yh• UÙt\˙Yi”m. 'A' u Gßo
TdLjßp B•˚V Jh•˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
T”RÙ]jßp J⁄ XmTj˚Rd
LtT˚] NnŸeLs. T”Lß⁄dœm
XmTjßtœm C˚P´¤s[
˙LÙi T”˙LÙi (angle ofincidence) Bœm. XmTjßtœm
¡sLß⁄dœm C˚P´¤s[
˙LÙi ¡s˙LÙi (angle ofreflection) Bœm.
ÿLm TÙolTRtœ
B•´p SU’ E⁄Ym Su\ÙLj ˘R¨°\RpXYÙ. B]Ùp J⁄ £pYo Rh•˙XÙ A¤™≤Vm
Rh•˙XÙ CqY[‹ ˘R∞YÙL E⁄Ym ˘R¨VÙR’ Hu?
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
21
J›eLÙ]¡[v
J›eLt\ ¡[v
Bm◊Xu—L∞u ÿu Tœß´p AMBULANCE Gufl GqYÙfl G›RlTh”s[’? GRtLÙL
AqYÙfl G›RlT”°\’?
B•´p LÙ‘m ©mTjßu £\l©Vp◊Ls Gu˘]u]?
˙U˚N´u¡’ ˙YflThP C˚P˘Y∞L∞p J˙W
T⁄U‡˚PV ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˚Yj’ B•´u YØVÙL
AYt±u ©mTeL˚[ Etfld LY≤ŸeLs. ©mTe
L∞u T⁄Uu, ÁWm, ©\ R≤jRu˚ULs TÙu\Yt˚\
EtfldLY≤j’ ÿ•‹L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YŸeLs.
SÙu LiP˚PkR ÿ•‹Ls
J›eLÙ] ¡[¤m J›eLt\ ¡[¤m
T[T[lTÙ]’m NUR[UÙ]’m B] ˙UtTWl
©p Æ›m C˚QVÙ] J¸ıdLßoLs J¸ı
¡[¤dœl ©u◊ C˚QVÙLf ˘Np°u\].
C’˙Y J›eLÙ]¡[p. ˘NÙW˘NÙWlTÙ]
NUR[Ut\ ˙UtTWl©p Æ›m LßoLs ¡[X
˚Pk’ TX ß˚NL∞p ˘Np°\’. C’ J›eLt\
¡[p Bœm.
EeL[’ ˘TV˚W J⁄ LÙ°Rjßp G›ß B•´u
˙SWÙLl ©•ŸeLs. B•˚Vl TÙoj’l ˘TV˚W YÙ£dL
ÿ•°\RÙ? Gu] ˙YflTÙh˚Pd LÙi°»oLs?
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
22
©mTeLs HWÙ[m
ReL S˚LdL˚P´p
CjR˚] AßLm S˚LLs
EiPÙ? B•L[Ùp HtT”m
RkßWm ApXYÙ
A’?
UÙ±l ˙TÙœm
TdLeLs
J⁄ B•´p LÙQlT”m ©mTjßp
˘TÙ⁄∞u CP’TdLm ©mTjßu
YX’TdLUÙL‹m, ˘TÙ⁄∞u YX’
TdLm ©mTjßu CP’TdLUÙL‹m
˙RÙufl°\’. CjR≤j Ru˚U˚Vl
TdLUÙt\m (lateral inversion) Gufl
˘NÙpXXÙm.
C’ GqYÙfl S˚P˘Tfl°\’? SUdœ J⁄ ˘NVpTÙ” ˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
23
˙LÙQeL∞u A[‹ ©mTeL∞u Gi¶d˚L
300
450
600
900
1200
˘Yq˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p B•L˚[ ˚Ydœm˙TÙ’ HtT”m ©mTeL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V
EtfldLY≤j’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊eLs.
B•Lfid°˚P´¤s[ ˙LÙQeL∞u A[Ætœm, ©mTeL∞u Gi¶d˚Ldœm C˚P˙V
H˙R‡m ˘RÙPo◊ Es[RÙ?
NÙd¿v˘Th•´p J⁄ Èk˙RÙhPm
J⁄ NÙd¿v˘Th•´u EhTœß´p, S⁄dœ˙So Y⁄m ÆRjßp C⁄ B•L˚[ Jh• YdL
˙Yi”m. ˘Th•dœs ˘Yq˙Yfl ®\eLfis[ CWi˙PÙ, Íu˙\Ù ÈdLs ˚YdL˙Yi”m.
˘Th•´u J⁄ TdLjßp £fl ’˚[´h” AlTœß˚V Jh• B•´u WNm ÈNlThP
Tœß˚Vf £±’ ALt\ Yi”m. Cj’˚[´u YØVÙLl Th•´u EhTÙLj˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.
J˙W T⁄U‡˚PV CWi” B•L˚[ ˘Yq˙Yfl ˙LÙQeL∞p ˚Yj’ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞u
©mTeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°l TÙodL‹m.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
24
SÙu Etfld LY≤jR˚Y
NÙd¿v ˘Th•dœs SÙuœ TdLeL∞¤m B•L˚[ ˙S⁄dœ ˙So JhP˚Yj’
˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘NnŸeLs. ÿ•‹L˚[ A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp œ±j’d
˘LÙsfieLs.
C’˙TÙufl ˘RÙPo J∞¡[˚Xl TVuT”j’m Gk˘RkRd L⁄ÆL˚[
E⁄YÙdLXÙm?
L≠˙PÙv˙LÙl
10 N.¡ ø[ÿm 3 N.¡ ALXÿm Es[ 3 B•j’i”L˚[l
TPjßp LÙh•Ÿs[’ ˙TÙufl J›eL˚Uj’f ˘N˙XÙ˙Pl
TVuT”jß JhP ˙Yi”m. ß\kR TdLeL∞p Ju˚\
LiQÙ•d LÙ°Rm TVuT”jß ÍP˙Yi”m. £±’ Y˚[Vp
’i”L˚[ Es˙[ ˙TÙh”l TÙ⁄eLs. Gu]
LÙi°»oLs?
˘T¨v˙LÙl
E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm
TPjßp LÙhPlTh”s[˚Rl ˙TÙufl J⁄
˘Th•´p CWi” B•L˚[ 450 ´p ˚Yj’l
˘T¨v˙LÙl˚T E⁄YÙdLXÙm. ˘Th•dœl TßXÙLl
©.Æ.≥ œZÙŸm, Gp˙TÙdLfim TVuT”jß]Ù¤m ˙TÙ’m.
CdL⁄Æ´u TVuLs VÙ˚Y?
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
25
Gk˘RkRf „r®˚XL∞¤m L⁄ÆL∞¤m B•Ls TVuT”jRlT”°u\]? LiP±k’
G›’eLs.
B• ˙UtTWl◊ ©mTm
NUR[ B• J›eLÙ]’ ˘TÙ⁄∞u A˙R A[‹
œØVÙ•
œÆ B•
L⁄Æ/ TVu T”j’mLÙWQm
„r®˚X B•
©mTm
B•L˚[l TVuT”j’m £X L⁄Æ
L˚[ SÙm E⁄YÙd°˙]Ùm. ÿLm
TÙolTRtœm CjR˚LV B•L˚[j
RÙ˙] TVu T”j’°˙\Ùm? YÙL]e
L∞¤s[ B•, NYW B•, ˙TÙu\˚Y
CjR˚LV B•L[Ù? ˙NÙßj’l
TÙ⁄eLs. Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”L˚[
øeLs LiºoLs?
NUR[B•, œÆVÙ•, œØVÙ• ˙TÙu\
˚YL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’ ˙UtTWl
©‡˚PV‹m ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˚Yj’ B•´p HtT”m ©mTeLfi˚PV‹m
R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LiP±ŸeLs.
B•Ls TX Y˚L
J¸ı Su\ÙL ¡[X˚PVf Nn°u\ R[eLs
RÙu B•Ls. B•´u ¡[pR[m J›e
LÙ]’ Gu\Ùp A˚R NUR[ B• (planemirror)Guflm, ¡[pR[m ˘Y∞˙V
Ekß´⁄kRÙp AqYÙ•˚V œÆVÙ•
(convex mirror). Guflm, ¡[pR[m Es˙[
Y˚[kß⁄kRÙp A’ œØVÙ• (concavemirror) Guflm ˘NÙpXXÙm.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
26
˙SÙl
£˚X”
°∞l
B•
LiQ⁄œ
˘Xuv
33333—tfll◊\j˚Rd LY≤ŸeLs. GjR˚] GjR˚] RÙYWeLs!
Gu˘]u] ÆXeœLs! GpXÙm Jufl ˙TÙXYÙ Es[]?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ RÙYWjßtœm Gu˘]u] £\l©Vp◊Ls? J˙W
RÙYWjßu TX TœßLfim J˙W ˙TÙXYÙ C⁄d°u\]? C˚X,
Ri”, ˙Yo ˙TÙu\˚Y GqYÙfl ˙YflTh”s[]?
Cq˙YflTÙ”LfidLÙ] LÙWQm Gu]?
J⁄ RÙYWjßu ˘Yq˙Yfl TœßL˚[ ˘Xu˚Nl TVuT”jß
Etfld LY≤ŸeLs.
RÙYWlTœßL˚[l ˘T¨VRÙLl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ. AYt±u ÷i¶V TœßL˚[j
˘R∞YÙLl TÙodL ÿ•°\RÙ?
AßL ˙NÙR˚]dLÙL SÙm ÷i˙QÙd°˚Vl (Microscope) TVuT”jRXÙm.
÷i˙QÙd°˚Vl TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’
$ ÷i˙QÙd°´¤s[ B•˚Vf £˚X•p J¸ıÆ›m
ÿ˚\´p ˚YdL˙Yi”m.
$ `hP˚Wf N¨˘Nn’ ˙R˚YVÙ] A[‹ J¸ı˚Vd
LPjR ˙Yi”m.
$ øeLs TÙodL ˙Yi•V ˘TÙ⁄˚[d LiQÙ•
£˚X•p ˚Yj’d LYo °[Ù£]Ùp ÍP˙Yi”m.
°∞l˚Tl TVuT”jßf £˚X˚P A˚NVÙUp YdL
˙Yi”m.
$ LiQ⁄œ ˘Xuv (eye piece) YØVÙLl TÙ⁄eLs.
˘TÙ⁄s ˘R∞YÙLd LÙ‘mT• ÷i˙QÙd°´¤s[
ß⁄œL˚[f N¨˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
C˚Y Jq˘YÙu±‡˚PV‹m ™L ˘Up≠V ˙RÙ˚Xf ∫ÆG”j’ ÷i˙QÙd°´u
YØVÙL EtfldLY≤ŸeLs. v˘P´u ˙Noj’d LY≤jRÙp ™Lj ˘R∞YÙLd LÙQXÙm.
EP≠u £t\˚\Ls
RÙYWl Tœß Etfl ˙SÙdL≠u ÿ•‹
˙Yo
Ri”
C˚X
È
Gu˘]u] RÙYWlTœßL˚[ EtfldLY≤dLXÙm?
˙Nm◊ C˚X, ˙Nm◊jRi”, ˘Yt±˚X, ˘NmT⁄jßlÈ, YÙ˚Z´u C[m˙Yo, ˘YeLÙVj
˙RÙp, C˚Xÿ˚[f£, Íe°p œ⁄j’, LmÎ≤vh Tf˚N´u C[kRi”.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVpVI
27
˘Xu˚Nl TVuT”jß EtfldLY≤jR˙TÙ’ Gu] UÙt\j˚Rd LiºoLs?
£fl£fl A˚\L˚[ A”d° ˚YjR’˙TÙp ˙RÙufl°\RÙ?
˘YeLÙVj˙RÙ˚X ÷i˙QÙd°´p ˚Yj’ EtfldLY≤j’ ARu TPj˚R Y˚WŸeLs.
Etfld LY≤jR œ±l◊L˚[ G›’eLs.
WÙToh Õd
©\ RÙYWlTœßL˚[Ÿm ÷i˙QÙd° YØVÙL Etfld LY≤j’d LiPYt˚\Ÿm
TPj˚RŸm A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp œ±j’ ˚YŸeLs.
A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp Y˚WkR TPeL˚[f ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ TPeLfiPu Jl¿” NnŸeLs.
Etfld LY≤jR ÿ•‹
C˚X´¤s[ £t\˚\Ls˘YeLÙVj˙RÙ≠¤s[ £t\˚\Ls
£t\˚\ YWXÙfl
XiP≤¤s[ WÙVp ˘NÙ˚Nh•´p L⁄ÆL˚[l TÙ’LÙdœm
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AßL¨dL‹m ˘YlTlTœßL∞p Es[’ ˙TÙufl J⁄ —tfll◊\m RÙYWeLfidœ
°˚PdL‹m ˘Nn°\’. C˚R˙V T—˚U ≈h” Æ˚[‹ Gu°u\]o.
LiQÙ•˚Vl ˙TÙu˙\ J¸ı˚Vd LPjßÆP‹m B]Ùp ˘YlTLßoL˚[ R”dL‹m
˘Nn°u\ Ti◊ LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^”, ¡j˙Ru ˙TÙu\ £X YÙŸdLfidœm Ei”.
CjR˚LV YÙŸdL˚[ T—˚U≈h” YÙŸdLs G]XÙm. CYt±u LÙWQUÙL È™´u
Y∞UiPXjßp ˘YlTm ®˚X˘Tfl°\’. CYt±u A[‹ AßL¨jRÙp Y∞UiPXjßu
˘YlT®˚X ARt˙LtT ·”m. C˚R È˙LÙ[ ˘YlT®˚X (global watrming) Gu°u\]o.
C’ ˘T⁄m CVt˚Lf ∫t\eLfidœm LÙX®˚XUÙt\eLfidœm LÙWQUÙ°\’.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
37
Á£ TWl©
Y∞UiPXm UÙN˚PRXÙp HtT”m
£X —t\l◊\l ©WfN˚]L˚[d Liºo
L[pXYÙ. C’ SU’ EPp SX˚]l
TÙßd°\RÙ?
K˙NÙu TÙßl◊ (Ozone Depletion)È™´u Y∞UiPXjßp ™Ldœ˚\kR A[Æp LÙQlT”m YÙŸRÙu J˙NÙu.
—UÙo 20 ÿRp 25 °˙XÙ¡hPo EVWjßp C’ AßLUÙLd LÙQlT”°\’.
„¨V≤P™⁄k’ Y⁄m BTjRÙ] £X ◊\ FRÙdLßoL˚[ (Ultra Violet Rays)K˙NÙu TPXm R˚P ˘Nn°\’. CqYÙfl AdLßoLs È™˚V A˚PVÙUp
TÙ’LÙd°\’. B]Ùp œ[Ù˙WÙ ◊fi˙WÙ LÙoTuLs (CFC) ˚ShW_≤u
Bd˚^”Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y Y∞UiPXjßu ˙UpTœß˚Vf ˘Nu\˚PRp
J˙NÙu TPXjßu TÙßl©tœd LÙWQUÙ°\’. ≥.Gl.≥ £˚Rk’ E⁄YÙœm
œ˙[Ù¨u K˙NÙu TPXj˚R SÙNU˚PVf ˘Nn°\’. œ∞o NÙR]l ˘Th•,
HoLi•`]o, SflUQ v©˙WdLs ˙TÙu\˚YL∞p ≥.Gl.≥, TVu
T”jRlT”°\’. œ∞o NÙR]l ˘Th•´¤m, HoLi•`]oL∞¤m ˘TÙ’YÙL
BTj˚R Æ˚[ÆdLÙR YÙŸdLs ≥.Gl.≥dœl TßXÙL TVuT”jRj
˘RÙPe°Ÿs[]o. K˙NÙu TPXjßu ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd œ±j’m, CRu
TÙßlTÙp HtT”m ©WfN˚]L˚[d œ±j’m UdLfidœ ÆØl◊Qo˚Y
HtT”jR GpXÙ Y⁄Pÿm ˘NlPmTo 16˛m SÙs EXL K˙NÙu ß]m
˘LÙiPÙPlT”°\’.
K˙NÙu ß]m ˛ G]’
Ts∞´p
EeL[’ Ts∞´p K˙NÙu ß]d ˘LÙiPÙhPm
˘RÙPoTÙL SPjRlT”m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls VÙ˚Y.
$ £fl œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘NnRp
$
$
SiToLfiPu ˙Nok’ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhPl
T”j’eLs.
K˙NÙu SU’
TÙ’LÙl◊dLYNm!
TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm!
GßoLÙXjßtLÙL
A•lT˚PA±ÆVpVI
38
÷˚W¬W≠u UÙߨ
E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
LÙt˚\ Es∞›dœm ˙TÙ’m
(Es—YÙNm) ˘Y∞Æ”m ˙TÙ’m
(˘Y∞—YÙNm) ÷˚W¬W≠p —⁄e°
ƨRp GqYÙfl S˚P˘Tflm?
÷˚W¬W≠u UÙߨ˚Vj RVÙ¨j’
T¨˙NÙߟeLs.
C›j’d Lh•V TÌ≤u S”l
Tœß˚V ˘U’YÙLd ∏r˙SÙd°
C›eLs. œZÙ´p ˘TÙ⁄jßV
TÌuLfidœ Gu] UÙt\m
®L›m?
CqYÙfl —YÙ£lTRtœ Cu]¤flm ©\ „r®˚XL˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs
$
$
UÙN˚PkR LÙt˚\ —YÙ£dœm˙TÙ’ LÙtflPu ©\A—jReLfim —YÙN Efll◊dL˚[f
˘Nu\˚P°u\]. C˚Y —YÙN Efll◊dL˚[ ™L‹m TÙßd°u\].
—YÙ£jR≠p ˘NVpT”m Efll◊Ls VÙ˚Y?
$
$
—YÙN UiPXm (Respiratory System)
—YÙ£jRp
Íd°u YØVÙL Es˙[ Np¤m LÙtfl
—YÙNdœZÙnYØVÙL ÷˚W¬W¤dœs
Es[ £fl LÙt\˚\L˚[ (alveoli)A˚P°\’. Aeœd LÙt±¤s[
Bd≥_u WjRd œZÙndœsfim,
Wj’jߤs[ LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^”
LÙt±¤m LXd°u\]. CdLÙt˚\
÷˚W¬Wp ˘Y∞˙Vtfl°\’. Es∞
›dLlT”m LÙt±¤s[ Bd≥_≤u
J⁄ £flTœß˚V Uh”˙U EPp TVu
T”j’°\’,
J⁄ ©[Ùv•d œl©˚Vl
TÙßVÙL ˘Yh• G”dL‹m.
Í•´p ’˚[´h” 'Y' œZÙ˚Vf
˘NÙ⁄L˙Yi”m. 'Y' œZÙ´u
C⁄ ÿ˚]L∞¤m TPjßp
LÙhPl Th”s[’ TÙufl TÌu
˚Yj’ LhP˙Yi”m. œl©´u
ß\kR Tœß˚Vl TÌ]Ùp
C›j’d Lh• A˚PdL Yi”m.
E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\
Íf—d œZÙn
÷˚W¬Wp
CRVm
ERWÆRÙ]m
RU≤£˚W
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
39
÷˚W¬W≠p LÙtfl ÷˚ZY’m ˘Y∞˙VflY’m GqYÙfl Gufl —YÙNUiPXjßu TPj˚Rl
TÙoj’m ˙NÙR˚]´u A•lT˚P´¤m ÆY¨ŸeLs.
K• YkRÙp
—YÙ£jR≠u ˙YLm Gl˙TÙ’m J˙W˙TÙp Es[RÙ? NÙRÙWQUÙL J⁄ ®™Pjßp GjR˚]
ÿ˚\ —YÙ£jRp S˚P˘Tfl°\’ Gufl Gi¶l TÙ⁄eLs. ˚URÙ]jßp CWi˙PÙ,
ÿu˙\Ù ®™Pm K•V©u◊ —YÙNGi¶d˚L˚V ¡i”m T¨˙NÙߟeLs. ÆjßVÙNm
Es[RÙ?
K”YRtœ ÿu◊ K•V ©u◊
EsÍf—m Y∞Íf—m:
$ ˘Y∞f—YÙNd LÙt±p LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^•u A[‹ AßL¨dLd LÙWQ˘Uu]?
$ ˘Y∞f—YÙNd LÙt±p Bd≥_≤u A[‹ œ˚\Vd LÙWQ˘Uu]?
$ Es—YÙNdLÙt±¤m ˘Y∞—YÙNdLÙt±¤m UÙt\™pXÙR LÙW¶ VÙ’? GR]Ùp?
AhPY˚Q˚Vl T¨˙NÙßj’d LiP±kRYt˚\ A±ÆVp ◊jRLjßp
œ±j’˚YŸeLs.
AßL ˙YLjßp —YÙ£dœm ˙Yfl „r®˚XL˚[f ˘NÙp¤eLs.
$
$
$
LÙW¶Ls Es—YÙNdLÙt±p ˘Y∞f—YÙNd LÙt±p
Bd≥_u 21 % 18 %
˚ShW_u 78 % 78 %
LÙoTu˚P Bd˚^” 0.04 % 3 %
øoA[‹ œ˚\‹ ·”Rp
Íf£˚Wl◊
EPp Æ˚]Lfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Bt\p
EtTjßdœ Bd≥_u ˙R˚YVÙœm.
™LdL•]UÙ] Y˚XLfidœ ·”Rp Bt\p
˙R˚YlT”m. Al˙TÙ’ AßL ˙YLjßp
—YÙ£d°˙\Ùm.
A•lT˚PA±ÆVpVI
40
◊jRL ÷˚W¬Wp
GpXÙ ÆXeœLfim —YÙ£lT’ J˙W ÿ˚\´XÙ?
—YÙ£jRp TXY˚LUi◊› YÙŸUÙt\m SPj’Y’ RÙp YØVÙœm. ¡u
˘N‹s (gills) YØVÙLf —YÙ£d°\’. RY˚[
RiΩ¨p Es[ ˙TÙ’ ˙RÙpYØVÙL‹m, R˚W´p
Es[ ˙TÙ’ ÷˚W¬Wp YØVÙL‹m —YÙ£dœm.
£Xkß´u —YÙN Efll◊ ◊jRL÷˚W¬Wp (booklungs) G]lT”°u\’.
◊˚L©•dœm˙TÙ’:
SU’ ÷˚W¬Wp ™L‹m ˘Uu˚UVÙ]’. C˚Rl TÙ’LÙlT’ ™L‹m AY£Vm. ARtLÙ]
TÙ’LÙl◊ ÿ˚\Ls SU’ EP≠p Es[]. Íd°‡s LÙQlT”m WÙUeLs Es˙[ Np¤m
LÙt±¤s[ Á£L˚[j R”j’ ®flj’°u\]. Á£ ®˚\kR LÙt˚\f —YÙ£lT’m UÙN˚PkR
LÙt˚\f —YÙ£lT’m EPpSXj˚Rl TÙßd°u\’.
˘TÙ’ CPeL∞p ◊˚L ©•dLj
R˚P
˙T⁄k’®˚XVm, U⁄j’YU˚], ◊˚LYi• ®˚XVm
˙TÙu\ ˘TÙ’ CPeL∞p ◊˚Ll©•dLj R˚PÆßd
LlTh”s[RÙL AWNÙeLm A±Æj’s[’.
˘TÙ’ CPeL∞p ◊˚L©•dLj R˚P ÆßdLlThPRu ˙SÙdLm Gu]?
◊˚Ll©•jRXÙp HtT”m EPpSXl ©WfN˚]Ls VÙ˚Y?
A•lT˚PA±ÆVp VI
41
◊˚L©•lTRÙ¤m UÙN˚PkR LÙt˚\ —YÙ£lTRÙ¤m HtT”m EPp SXl ©WfN˚]Ls œ±jR
RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨ŸeLs.
U⁄j’Yo, EPp SX
A¤YXoLs, —LÙRÙWj’˚\,
£flLh”˚WLs, EPp SX
SÙ∞RrLs
®d˙LÙh•u◊˚L´˚X´p ®d˙LÙh•u Gu\
˙Yßl˘TÙ⁄s APe°Ÿs[’. C’ ’o
SÙt\ÿ˚PV’. ®d˙LÙh•u SWm◊
UiPXj˚Rj Ái•Æ”YRÙp ◊˚L©•l
TYoLfidœ RtLÙ≠L FdLm °˚Pd°\’
B]Ùp A’ ÷˚W¬Wp, SWm◊ UiPXm
˙TÙu\Yt±uÆ˚]L˚[j R˚Pl
T”jR‹m ˘Nn°u\’. ◊˚L´˚X´u
˘RÙPof£VÙ] TVuTÙ” ◊tfl ˙SÙndœd
LÙWQUÙ°\’. Ti˚PV LÙXm ÿRp Èf£d
˘LÙp≠ U⁄kRÙLl ◊˚L´˚X F\˚Xl
TVuT”jß Y⁄°˙\Ùm GuT’ ◊˚L´˚X
´p Sf—l˘TÙ⁄s APe°´⁄lTRtLÙ]
NÙu\pXYÙ.
Ge°⁄k’
˘R¨k’˘LÙs[XÙm.
SU’ LÙtfl
LÙtfl UÙN˚PR¤dœ SÙmRÙ˙]
˘TÙfllTÙ∞Ls? YÙL]eL∞u
Gi¶d˚L´p HtThP EVo‹
SLWeL∞p ˘T⁄U[‹ LÙtfl UÙN˚PR¤dœd LÙWQUÙ°u\’. ˙TÙdœYWj˚Rd Lh”l
T”j’m A¤YXoLs ÿLÍ• A¶Y’
LÙt±¤s[ ßPUÙ—dL˚[j R”lTRtLÙœm.
LÙtfl UÙN˚PR˚Xj R”dLÙÆhPÙp Án˚U
VÙ] LÙtfl CpXÙR J⁄ ®˚X HtTPXÙm.
EeLs Tœß´p LÙtfl UÙN˚PR¤dLÙ]
„r®˚XLs Es[]YÙ?
LÙtfl UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄dL SmUÙp Gu˘]u]
˘NnV CV¤m?
$
$
$
Ts∞d·Pjߤm, —tfll◊\jߤm LÙtfl UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄lTRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
˘NVpTÙh” YØÿ˚\L˚[j ßhP™h” S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR‹m.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
42
CWjR£Yl◊ A‘dLs
CWjR Ys˚[ A‘dLs
©[Ùh Xh”Ls
©[ÙvUÙ
CRVm ’•dœm TÙ’55555
C’ ˙TÙu\ —Y˘WÙh•L˚[ øeLs Ge˙LVÙY’ TÙojR’iPÙ?
WjRRÙ]m E´o RÙ]m Gufl ˘NÙpY’ GR]Ùp?
WjRRÙ]m ˘NnV ˙Yi•V „r®˚XLs VÙ˚Y?
EeLs WjRj˘RÙœß G’ Gufl ˘R¨ŸUÙ? SiToL∞u WjRj ˘RÙœßLs G˚Y G]
ÆNÙ¨j’j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙsfieLs.
WjR RÙ]m ˘NnV ˙Yi•V „r®˚XLs.
WjR RÙ]mB˙WÙd°Vÿs[ J⁄Yo 6 UÙRjßtœ J⁄ÿ˚\ WjRRÙ]m
˘NnVXÙm. RÙ]m ˘NnR WjRm —jRUÙdLlTh” WjRYe°´p (BloodBank) TÙ’LÙdLl T”°\’. Gp˙XÙ⁄˚PV WjRÿm Gp˙XÙ⁄dœm
˘TÙ⁄kRÙ’. WjRjߤs[ £X LÙW¶L∞u ˙YflTÙ˙P CRtœd
LÙWQm. CRu A•lT˚P´p WjRj˚R TX RÙœßL[ÙLl ©¨dLXÙm.
WjRm (Blood)©[ÙvUÙ Gu\ ßWYm, WjRf£t\˚\L[Ù°V £Yl◊
WjRf£t\˚\Ls, ˘Ys˚[WjRf £t\˚\Ls
©[Ùh˘Xh”Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y RÙu WjRjߤs[
ÿd°V LÙW¶Ls. WjRm E´o ®˚X ˙Tt±tœ
™L‹m ˙R˚YVÙœm. B˙WÙd°VUÙ] J⁄YW’
EP≠p 5˛6 ≠hPo Y˚W WjRm LÙQlT”m. J⁄YW’
G˚Pdœm T⁄U‡dœm HtT A[Æp ˙YflTÙ”
YWXÙm. WjRjßtœf £Yl◊ ®\j˚Rd ˘LÙ”lT’
Õ˙UÙ œ˙[Ù©u Gu\ ◊WR˙U. Cßp APe°Ÿs[
ÿd°V LÙW¶ C⁄m◊ Bœm. EPp £t\˚\Lfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] EQ‹
Nj’dL˚[Ÿm, Bd≥_˚]Ÿm ˘LÙi” ˘NpY’ WjRm Bœm.
WjRRÙ]m E´o RÙ]m! WjRm RÙ]m
˘Nn≈o! A¨V E´˚Wd LÙl¿o!!.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
43
EP≠u GpXÙ TœßLfidœm WjRm TW‹YRtœ Gk˘RkR
Efll◊dLs ER‹°u\]?
WjRdœZÙnL˚[d LÙQXÙm
EeL[’ ˚L˚V UPd°l TXUÙLl ©•ŸeLs. ◊\e˚L˚V
EtflLY≤ŸeLs. Gu] LÙi°»oLs?
SiT≤u Li C˚U˚V ƨj’d ∏rdLi C˚Udœs TÙ⁄eLs.
WjRdœZÙnLs ˘R¨°\RÙ? ÿu]o LiPYt±≠⁄k’ H˙R‡m
˙YflTÙ” EiPÙ?
EeLs ∏r ERh˚Pƨj’d LiQÙ•´p TÙ⁄eLs.
øeLs Etfl˙SÙd°V ˘Yq˙Yfl WjRdœZÙnL∞u ®\m, T⁄Uu
˙TÙu\˚Y J˙W ˙TÙufl RÙu C⁄kRÙ]YÙ?
øeLs LiP ˙YflTÙ”L˚[d œ±j’˚YŸeLs.
WjRd œZÙnLs
CRVjß≠⁄k’ EP≠u GpXÙ TÙLeLfidœm WjRm LÙi” Np¤m
WjRd œZÙnL˙[ RU≤Ls (arteries). EP≠u ˘Yq˙Yfl
TÙLeL∞≠⁄k’ CRVjßtœ WjRj˚Rd ˘LÙi” Y⁄m œZÙnLs
RÙu £˚WLs (veins). RU≤L˚[Ÿm £˚WL˚[Ÿm C˚Qdœm
÷i¶V WjRd œZÙnLs Rk’°Ls (capillaries) Bœm. CRVm.
WjRdœZÙnLs, WjRm TÙu\˚Y APe°V Efll◊L∞u UiPXj˚R
WjR KhP UiPXm (circulatory system) GuTo.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
44
©[Ùv•dœZÙn
©[Ùv•d
œZÙn
PVlWm
YY•Yd œZÙn
EP≠u ˙Yfl Gk˘RkRl TœßL∞p C’ ˙TÙu\ ’•l◊ EQWlT”°\’?
v˘PRv˙LÙl˚Tl TVuT”jß SiToL∞u CRVj’•l˚Tl T¨˙NÙߟeLs. J⁄ ®™Pjßp
GjR˚] ÿ˚\ CRVm ’•d°\’?
CRVj’•l◊
U⁄j’YoLs ˙SÙVÙ∞L∞u ˚L˚Vl©•j’l
T¨˙NÙßlT’ GRtLÙL?
TPjßp LÙiT’ ˙TÙufl SiT≤u ˚L˚V˙VÙ,
AYWYW’ ˚L˚V˙VÙ ©•j’TÙ⁄eLs. øeLs Gu]
EQ⁄°»oLs?
v˘PRv˙LÙl(Stethoscope)EP≠u ˘Yq˙Yfl TœßLfidœ WjRj˚Rf ˘N¤j’Y’ CRVm
Bœm. CRVm —⁄eL‹m, ƨV‹m ˘NnY’ RÙu CRVj’•l◊
(heart beat). CRVj’•l˚T A[lTRtœ TVuT”j’m L⁄Æ RÙu
v˘PRv˙LÙl.˙SÙVÙ∞´u EPp TœßL∞p v˘PRv˙LÙl˚T
˚Yj’ v˘PRv˙LÙl©¤s[ PV@TWjßu AßoÆu ÍXUÙL
CRVj ’•l©u Ru˚U˚V U⁄j’Yo ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs°\Ùo.
©[Ùv•d œZÙn, ◊]p, TÌu, Y-Y•YdœZÙn TÙu\Yt˚\l
TVuT”jß J⁄ v˘PRv˙LÙl˚T E⁄YÙdLXÙUÙ? CkR
v˘PRv˙LÙl˚T TVuT”jß ≈h•¤s[YoL∞u CRVj
’•l˚Tl T¨˙NÙߟeLs.
CRVm
EP≠u ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙ] Ko Efll◊ CRVm. SU’ CRVjßu
˘NVpTÙ”®ufl ÆhPÙp Gu] ®L›m?
CRVjßu NVpTÙh˚Pd œ±j’ G]dœj R¨kR ÆYWeLs.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
45
˘TÙ¨dœm TÙ’.
J⁄ ’i” Yt\˚X (£lv) Dod°≠p œjß G”j’ ˘U›œYojß´u —P¨p LÙh”eLs.
øeLs Gu] LÙi¿oLs?
Gi˘Qn´p ˘TÙ¨jR ˙Yfl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘Nn’
TÙ⁄eLs. Gi˘Qn´p ˘TÙ¨jR EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ AßLUÙL EiTYoL∞Pm SÙu
˘NÙpX Æ⁄m◊Y’.
LØ‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs
EP≠u GpXÙ TœßLfidœm Bd≥_˚]Ÿm, Nj’ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm ˘LÙi” ˘NpYßp
WjRm ÿd°V Teœ Y°d°\’. EPp Æ˚]L∞u LÙWQUÙL EP¤dœj ˙R˚YVt\ £X
˘TÙ⁄hLfim ˙RÙufl°u\]. CjR˚LV TX ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘NpY’m WjRUÙœm.
UÙ± UÙ±Y⁄m SU’ EQ‹ÿ˚\ CRVjßu TÙßl©tœd LÙWQUÙ°u\RÙ? LXk’˚WVÙPp
ÍXUÙLd LiP±ŸeLs.
CRV ˙SÙŸm EQ‹ ÿ˚\ŸmAßL A[Æp ˘LÙ›l◊ ®˚\kR EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[j
˘RÙPok’ TVuT”j’TYoLfidœ CRV˙SÙnLs
Y⁄YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊i”. LÙ›l◊ WjRd œZÙ´u —Y¨p
T•YRÙp WjR KhPjßp R˚PHtT”m. CRVj˚Rl
TÙ’LÙdLd ˘LÙ›l◊ œ˚\kR EQ‹l˘TÙ⁄hL˚[
EiT’Pu, ÿ˚\VÙ] EPtT´t£ ˘NnV‹m U⁄j’Yo
A±‹flj’Y’i”. A[Ætœ AßLUÙL El˚T
TVuT”j’Y’ CRVSXjßtœ SpXRpX.
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
46
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L˚[f £fløWLeLs Y•Lh• UÙtfl°u\].
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lT”m LØ‹Ls £fløoYØVÙL ˘Y∞˙Vt\l
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WjRjß≠⁄k’ CkRd LØ‹L˚[ ALtflY’ GqYÙfl?
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
47
ÆVo˚Y HtT”Yß]Ùp SUdœ H˙R‡m TVuEiPÙ?
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
48
£fløWLeL∞u SX‡dœ CRVjßu SX‡dœ
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UÙt±˚Ydœm Afl˚Y£°f˚NŸPu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˘NnßLfim, TPeLfim TjR¨˚LL∞p
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√lT˚W ˙TÙph TVuT”jß RÙe°´p ˘TÙ⁄j’eLs. £±V √lT˚W
˘T¨V √lT¨u ÿ˚]´p ˙TÙph TVuT”jß ˘TÙ⁄j’eLs.
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˙Yi”m. CWi” √lToLfim ˘TÙ⁄jßV Tœß´p ˘T¨V Tk˚RŸm
£±V √lT¨u UflU˚]´p £±V Tk˚RŸm C˚QdL ˙Yi”m.
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
50
˘LÙ˙WÙQÙ
™uÆ[d˚L G¨Vf˘NnV ˙Yi”m. √lToL˚[f —Zt±, £±V Tk’ ˘T¨V Tkß˚]f
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A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
51
˚YW˙UÙßWm
Y⁄Y’i”. °WLQj˚R øiP ˙SWm TÙoj’ ®u\Ùp
˘LÙ˙WÙQÙÆ≠⁄k’ Y⁄m CjR˚LV LßoLs
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ߺ˘Wufl ˘Y∞Y⁄m „¨VdLßoLs (˚YW˙UÙßWm)
Li¶‡s ˘LÙl◊[eL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°u\].
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TVuT”jß˙VÙ „¨V°WLQj˚R Etfld LY≤lT’ RÙu ™L‹m TÙ’LÙlTÙ]’.
NkßW °WLQm
„¨Vu, È™, NkßWu B°V˚Y J˙W ˙LÙh•¤m, NkßWu È™dœm „¨V‡dœm C˚P´¤m
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NkßW°WLQm HtT”Y’ GqYÙfl?
TÙ’LÙl◊Pu „¨Vd °WLQj˚R EtfldLY≤dL Gk˘RkR ÿ˚\L˚[d ˚LVÙ[XÙm?
™uÆ[d˚Lf —t±¤m √lToL˚[ ¡i”m —Zt±l TÙ⁄eLs. ˘T¨V Tkßu ®Z≠p £±V
Tk’ Y⁄YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊ EiPÙ?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
52
˙NÙR˚]Ls Utflm, LiP±kRYt±u A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ °WLQ ˙SWjߤm „¨Vu,
NkßWu, È™ TÙu\Yt±u C⁄l©Pj˚R Y˚Wk’ A˚Y GqYÙfl YflT”°u\] GuT˚R
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NkßW°WLQm HtT”Y’ GqYÙfl Gufl ÆY¨ŸeLs.
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NkßW≤u TVQm
NkßWu J⁄ ÿ˚\ È™˚Vf —t±YW 27 SÙhLfim 8 U¶ ˙SWÿm
˙Yi”m. C˙R ˙SWjßp NkßWu Ru˚]jRÙ˙] J⁄ ÿ˚\
—t\‹m ˘Nn°\’.
NkßWu Jq˘YÙ⁄ ÿ˚\ È™˚Vf —tflm ˙TÙ’m „¨V°WLQÿm NkßW °WLQÿm HtTP
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G]’ FLm
„¨V °WLQÿm, NkßW °WLQÿm GqYÙfl ˙YflTh•⁄d°\’?
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
53
NkßW≤u —tfllTÙ˚Rj R[m
È™´u —tfllTÙ˚Rj R[m
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R[jßp Cp˚X. È™´u —tfllTÙ˚R R[jß≠⁄k’ 5
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AR]Ùp NkßWu Jq˘YÙ⁄ ÿ˚\ È™˚Vf—tflm TÙ’m
„¨V °WLQ˙UÙ NkßW°WLQ˙UÙ HtTP˙Yi”
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A‡l©V ˘NVt˚L˙LÙs RÙu NÙkßWVÙu I. C’
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TVQjßtœj R˚X˚U Y°jR’.
NkßWu C≤˙Up CkßVÙ‹dœm...
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
54
’˚Qd˙LÙs (Satellite)˙LÙsL˚[f Nt±Y⁄m ˙LÙ[eL˚[j ’˚Qd˙LÙsLs
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AßL ’˚Qd˙LÙsL˚[d ˘LÙiP’ ÆVÙZu.
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◊Ru, —d°Wu ˙TÙu\Yt±tœj ’˚Qd˙LÙsLs
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Lfidœm È™˚Vf —t±Ÿs[ —tfllTÙ˚R´p L⁄ÆL˚[f
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LpÆ ˙R˚YLfidLÙL Uh”˙U CkßVÙ
A‡l©V ˙LÙs G•ÎNÙh (EDUSAT).
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
55
˙SW• J ıTWl◊
TPj˚R Etfld LY≤ŸeLs. ˘RÙ˚XÆp Jo CPjßp S˚P˘Tflm ˙TÙh•˚V
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A‡lTlT”°\’.
’˚Qd˙LÙs A‡l◊m A˚PVÙ[eL˚[
•x Bu±]Ù HtTÙu ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\’.
J¸ılTß‹•x Bu±]Ù YØVÙLd °˚Pdœm
A˚PVÙ[eLs TPeL[ÙL‹m J≠
L[ÙL‹m UÙt\lT”°u\].
A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VI
56
˘NnßL˚[l T¨UÙ±d˘LÙs[ ÿtLÙXjßp ˙Ut˘LÙiP YØÿ˚\Lfim Cu˚\V
YØÿ˚\Lfim GqYÙfl ˙YflT”°u\]?
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Aufl
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ßtœs RLYpL˚[j R⁄°u\’.
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RLYpL˚[ ˙YLUÙL‹m G∞˚UVÙL‹m ˙NL¨lTRtœm,
AYt˚\l TÙ’LÙlTRtœm T¨UÙ±d ˘LÙsYRtœm
TVuT”°u\ Cu˚\V ˘RÙØp ÷hTm RÙu RLYp ˘RÙØp
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Ko BYQjßu ApX’ TPjßu SL˚X ™L ˙YLjßp
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